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city_n burrough_n parish_n town_n 5,480 4 10.8608 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A43524 Cyprianus anglicus, or, The history of the life and death of the Most Reverend and renowned prelate William, by divine providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury ... containing also the ecclesiastical history of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from his first rising till his death / by P. Heylyn ... Heylyn, Peter, 1600-1662. 1668 (1668) Wing H1699; ESTC R4332 571,739 552

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die_v though_o his_o munificence_n survive_v he_o it_o be_v then_o midlent-sunday_n and_o the_o court-sermon_n at_o whitehall_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a custom_n in_o the_o afternoon_n at_o what_o time_n the_o sad_a news_n pass_v through_o london_n begin_v to_o be_v rumour_v in_o the_o court_n as_o laud_n be_v go_v into_o the_o pulpit_n to_o preach_v before_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o council_n the_o officer_n of_o the_o household_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o great_a concourse_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o people_n which_o usual_o repair_v thither_o at_o those_o solemn_a sermon_n before_o he_o be_v come_v to_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o the_o certainty_n of_o the_o king_n death_n more_o general_o know_v among_o they_o the_o confusion_n which_o he_o see_v in_o the_o face_n of_o all_o the_o company_n his_o own_o grief_n and_o the_o dolorous_a complaint_n make_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o buckingham_n occasion_v he_o to_o leave_v the_o pulpit_n and_o to_o bestow_v his_o pain_n and_o 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clergy_n four_o that_o they_o shall_v double_v the_o yearly_a rent_n which_o be_v reserve_v unto_o the_o crown_n by_o their_o former_a grant_n and_o final_o that_o these_o condition_n be_v perform_v on_o their_o part_n the_o king_n shall_v settle_v their_o estate_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n home_n go_v the_o commissioner_n with_o joy_n for_o their_o good_a success_n expect_v to_o be_v entertain_v with_o bell_n and_o bonfire_n but_o they_o find_v the_o contrary_a the_o proud_a scot_n be_v general_o resolve_v rather_o to_o put_v all_o to_o hazard_v than_o to_o quit_v that_o power_n and_o tyranny_n which_o they_o have_v over_o their_o poor_a vassal_n by_o which_o name_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o french_a they_o call_v their_o tenant_n and_o hereunto_o they_o be_v encourage_v underhand_o by_o a_o party_n in_o england_n who_o fear_v that_o by_o this_o agreement_n the_o king_n will_v be_v so_o absolute_a in_o those_o northern_a region_n that_o no_o aid_n can_v be_v hope_v from_o 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and_o other_o learned_a man_n according_a to_o the_o act_n of_o the_o assembly_n at_o aberdeen_n shall_v commend_v unto_o they_o but_o these_o direction_n be_v either_o discontinue_v or_o careless_o follow_v after_o his_o decease_n and_o the_o five_o article_n of_o perth_n not_o press_v so_o diligent_o on_o the_o people_n as_o they_o may_v have_v be_v the_o scot_n be_v general_o as_o great_a stranger_n to_o the_o liturgy_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n as_o when_o king_n james_n first_o come_v among_o we_o his_o majesty_n can_v not_o be_v so_o ill_o serve_v as_o not_o to_o be_v well_o enough_o inform_v how_o thing_n go_v in_o scotland_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o to_o venture_v rash_o upon_o such_o a_o business_n wherein_o he_o may_v receive_v a_o foil_n he_o thereupon_o resolve_v to_o proceed_v no_o further_o in_o matter_n which_o concern_v the_o church_n than_o to_o pass_v a_o act_n of_o ratification_n a_o act_n confirmatory_n of_o such_o law_n and_o statute_n relate_v unto_o church-concernments_a as_o by_o king_n james_n have_v be_v obtain_v with_o great_a charge_n and_o cunning_a and_o though_o he_o carry_v this_o act_n at_o last_o yet_o be_v it_o not_o without_o a_o far_o great_a opposition_n than_o he_o have_v reason_n to_o expect_v from_o that_o convention_n but_o the_o commission_n of_o surrendry_n do_v so_o stick_v in_o their_o stomach_n that_o they_o can_v not_o choose_v but_o vent_v their_o disaffection_n on_o the_o first_o occasion_n nor_o will_v they_o suffer_v he_o to_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o that_o act_n so_o hardly_o get_v with_o peace_n and_o honour_n but_o follow_v he_o into_o england_n with_o a_o pestilent_a libel_n in_o which_o they_o charge_v he_o to_o have_v carry_v that_o act_n by_o corrupt_v some_o and_o a_o plain_a downright_o buy_v of_o the_o voice_n of_o other_o this_o be_v the_o first_o taste_v which_o they_o give_v the_o king_n of_o their_o malevolency_n towards_o his_o person_n and_o government_n but_o it_o shall_v not_o prove_v to_o be_v the_o last_o his_o majesty_n have_v another_o business_n to_o effect_v at_o his_o be_v there_o for_o which_o he_o need_v not_o their_o assistance_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n do_v not_o ask_v it_o this_o be_v the_o raise_n of_o the_o city_n of_o edinburgh_n to_o a_o see_v episcopal_n which_o before_o be_v only_o a_o borough_n town_n belong_v ancient_o to_o the_o diocese_n and_o jurisdiction_n of_o st._n andrews_n the_o metropolitan_a of_o st._n andrews_n be_v willing_a for_o the_o common_a good_a to_o yield_v unto_o this_o diminution_n of_o his_o power_n and_o profit_n and_o that_o the_o whole_a county_n of_o lothian_n extend_v from_o edenborough-fryth_n to_o the_o town_n of_o barwick_n shall_v be_v dismember_v from_o his_o own_o diocese_n to_o serve_v as_o a_o diocese_n to_o this_o bishop_n of_o new_a election_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o duke_n of_o lenox_n who_o ancestor_n have_v long_o enjoy_v the_o priory_n of_o st._n andrews_n with_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v willing_a to_o let_v his_o majesty_n have_v a_o good_a pennyworth_n of_o some_o part_n of_o those_o land_n to_o serve_v as_o a_o patrimony_n to_o this_o new_a episcopal_n see_v and_o the_o bishop_n of_o it_o which_o provision_n be_v thus_o make_v and_o settle_v forbesse_n a_o right_a grave_n and_o solid_a divine_a be_v make_v the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o city_n his_o cathedral_n fix_v in_o the_o church_n of_o st._n giles_n be_v the_o fair_a in_o the_o town_n a_o dean_n appoint_v for_o that_o church_n some_o minister_n of_o edinburgh_n and_o the_o part_n adjoin_v be_v nominate_v for_o the_o canon_n or_o prebend_n of_o it_o a_o design_n pious_a in_o itself_o and_o purposely_o intend_v to_o inure_v the_o edenburgher_n to_o the_o fatherly_a government_n of_o a_o bishop_n who_o by_o temper_v the_o exorbitancy_n of_o
archbishop_n know_v full_a well_o how_o small_a a_o progress_n he_o shall_v make_v in_o his_o reformation_n for_o reduce_v the_o french_a and_o dutch_a to_o a_o communion_n with_o the_o church_n of_o england_n and_o the_o church_n of_o england_n to_o itself_o if_o london_n be_v not_o bring_v to_o some_o conformity_n which_o city_n have_v a_o strong_a influence_n on_o all_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v general_o look_v on_o as_o the_o compass_n by_o which_o the_o lesser_a town_n and_o corporation_n be_v to_o steer_v their_o course_n the_o practice_n of_o it_o be_v plead_v upon_o all_o occasion_n for_o vestry_n lecture_n and_o some_o other_o innovation_n in_o the_o state_n of_o the_o church_n and_o to_o this_o nothing_o more_o concur_v than_o that_o the_o benefice_a clergy_n be_v but_o mean_o provide_v for_o be_v force_v to_o undertake_v some_o lecture_n or_o otherwise_o to_o connive_v at_o many_o thing_n contrary_a to_o their_o own_o judgement_n and_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o church_n in_o hope_n that_o gain_v the_o good_a will_v thereby_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o their_o parish_n they_o may_v be_v gratify_v by_o they_o with_o entertainment_n present_n and_o some_o other_o help_v to_o mend_v their_o maintenance_n the_o lecturer_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n as_o be_v creature_n of_o the_o people_n and_o depend_v whole_o on_o the_o purse_n of_o the_o wealthy_a citizen_n not_o only_o overtop_v they_o in_o point_n of_o power_n and_o reputation_n but_o general_o of_o profit_n and_o revenue_n also_o not_o that_o these_o lecturer_n be_v maintain_v so_o much_o by_o the_o zeal_n and_o bounty_n of_o their_o patron_n as_o by_o a_o general_a fraud_n which_o for_o many_o year_n last_o pass_v have_v be_v put_v upon_o the_o regular_a clergy_n by_o the_o diminish_n of_o who_o just_a due_n in_o tithe_n and_o offering_n such_o lecturer_n and_o trencher-chaplain_n have_v be_v feed_v and_o cherish_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1228._o roger_n niger_n bishop_n of_o london_n ordain_v by_o a_o synodical_a constitution_n that_o the_o citizen_n shall_v pay_v of_o every_o pound_n rend_v by_o the_o year_n of_o all_o house_n shop_n etc_n etc_n the_o sum_n of_o 3_o s._n 5_o d._n as_o time_n out_o of_o mind_n have_v former_o be_v pay_v which_o 3_o s._n 5_o d._n do_v arise_v from_o the_o offering_n upon_o every_o sunday_n and_o thirty_o of_o the_o principal_a holyday_n in_o the_o same_o year_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o one_o halspeny_n for_o every_o twenty_o shilling_n rend_v of_o their_o house_n shop_n etc_n etc_n this_o order_n of_o roger_n niger_n remain_v in_o force_n till_o the_o year_n 1397._o and_o the_o c●●●gy_n be_v keep_v to_o such_o rate_n for_o the_o rent_n of_o house_n as_o at_o the_o first_o make_v of_o the_o same_o it_o be_v decree_v by_o thomas_n arundel_n then_o bishop_n of_o canterbury_n that_o as_o the_o rent_n increase_v so_o the_o offering_n or_o tithe_n shall_v increase_v also_o that_o the_o say_a order_n shall_v be_v read_v in_o every_o parish-church_n four_o time_n in_o the_o year_n and_o a_o curse_v lay_v upon_o all_o those_o who_o shall_v not_o obey_v it_o confirm_a by_o pope_n innocent_n seven_o and_o nicholas_n v_o with_o a_o proviso_n that_o the_o say_a oblation_n shall_v be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o true_a yearly_a value_n of_o the_o shop_n and_o house_n it_o so_o remain_v until_o the_o twenty_o five_o year_n of_o henry_n viij_o at_o what_o time_n many_o of_o the_o former_a holyday_n be_v abrogate_a by_o the_o king_n authority_n the_o yearly_a profit_n of_o the_o clergy_n find_v a_o great_a abatement_n the_o great_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o variance_n which_o arise_v betwixt_o they_o and_o their_o parishioner_n about_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o due_n the_o people_n take_v the_o advantage_n of_o some_o disorder_n which_o the_o clergy_n at_o that_o present_a have_v be_v bring_v unto_o by_o acknowledge_v the_o king_n for_o the_o supreme_a head_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n upon_o this_o variance_n a_o complaint_n be_v make_v unto_o the_o king_n who_o refer_v the_o whole_a matter_n to_o cranmer_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n audley_n lord_n chancellor_n gardiner_z bishop_n of_o winton_n cromwell_n chief_a secretary_n of_o estate_n fitz-iames_n and_o norwich_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o several_a bench_n by_o who_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o from_o thenceforth_o 2_o s._n 9_o d._n only_o shall_v be_v pay_v out_o of_o every_o pound_n for_o the_o rent_n of_o house_n shop_n etc_n etc_n and_o to_o this_o order_n the_o citizen_n do_v not_o only_a consent_n as_o they_o have_v good_a reason_n but_o bind_v themselves_o by_o a_o act_n of_o common_a council_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o the_o say_a decree_n confirm_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o the_o twenty_o seven_o and_o afterward_o in_o the_o thirty_o seven_o of_o that_o king_n with_o a_o power_n give_v to_o the_o lord_n mayor_n to_o commit_v to_o prison_n every_o person_n whatsoever_o who_o shall_v not_o pay_v his_o tithe_n and_o due_n according_a to_o that_o proportion_n but_o contrary_a to_o the_o true_a intent_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o say_a decree_n and_o the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n which_o confirm_v the_o same_o the_o covetous_a and_o unconscionable_a landlord_n who_o have_v the_o fee-simple_n or_o some_o long_a lease_n at_o the_o least_o of_o such_o shop_n and_o house_n devise_v many_o base_a and_o fraudulent_a way_n to_o put_v a_o cheat_n upon_o the_o law_n and_o abuse_v the_o clergy_n reserve_v some_o small_a sum_n in_o the_o name_n of_o a_o rent_n and_o covenant_v for_o other_o great_a sum_n to_o be_v pay_v quarterly_a or_o half_a yearly_a in_o the_o name_n of_o fines_n annuity_n pension_n income_n interest_n money_n etc_n etc_n find_v these_o payment_n so_o condition_v and_o agree_v upon_o to_o be_v too_o visible_a a_o cheat_n some_o be_v so_o wise_a as_o to_o take_v their_o fine_n in_o gross_a when_o they_o seal_v their_o lease_n some_o inconsiderable_a rent_n be_v charge_v upon_o they_o other_o so_o cunning_a as_o to_o have_v two_o lease_n on_o foot_n at_o the_o same_o time_n one_o at_o a_o low_a contemptible_a rent_n to_o gull_v the_o incumbent_n of_o his_o due_n the_o other_o with_o a_o rent_n four_o or_o five_o time_n as_o great_a to_o keep_v down_o the_o tenant_n and_o some_o by_o a_o more_o cleanly_a kind_n of_o conveyance_n reserve_v a_o small_a rent_n as_o other_o do_v cause_v their_o tenant_n to_o enter_v into_o several_a bond_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o so_o much_o money_n yearly_a with_o reference_n to_o the_o term_n which_o they_o have_v in_o their_o lease_n by_o which_o device_n and_o deceit_n the_o house-rent_n be_v reduce_v to_o so_o low_a a_o value_n that_o some_o alderman_n who_o do_v not_o use_v to_o dwell_v in_o shed_v and_o cottage_n can_v be_v charge_v with_o no_o more_o than_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o a_o whole_a year_n tithe_n the_o rent_n reserve_v amount_n after_o that_o proportion_n but_o to_o seven_o pound_n yearly_a the_o clergy_n by_o the_o alteration_n of_o religion_n have_v lose_v those_o great_a advantage_n which_o have_v before_o accrue_v unto_o they_o by_o obit_n mortuary_n obvention_n to_o the_o shrine_n and_o image_n of_o some_o special_a saint_n church_n land_n and_o personal_a tithe_n according_a to_o man_n honest_a gain_n which_o last_o be_v think_v to_o have_v amount_v to_o more_o than_o the_o tithe_n of_o house_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o one_o and_o abuse_v in_o the_o other_o they_o be_v force_v in_o the_o sixteen_o of_o king_n james_n anno_fw-la 1618._o to_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o court_n of_o exchequer_n by_o the_o baron_n whereof_o it_o be_v declare_v that_o according_a to_o the_o true_a intent_n of_o the_o say_a act_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o london_n and_o the_o liberty_n thereof_o aught_o to_o pay_v the_o tithe_n of_o their_o house_n shop_n etc_n etc_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o two_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n in_o the_o pound_n proportionable_a to_o the_o true_a yearly_a value_n of_o the_o rent_n thereof_o in_o order_n whereunto_o it_o be_v then_o order_v by_o the_o court_n that_o a_o shed_v which_o have_v be_v build_v and_o make_v a_o convenient_a dwell_a house_n shall_v pay_v twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n yearly_a in_o the_o name_n of_o a_o tithe_n as_o be_v afterward_o award_v by_o sir_n henry_n yeluerton_n upon_o a_o reference_n make_v unto_o he_o that_o one_o rawlins_n who_o pay_v forty_o shilling_n yearly_a to_o his_o landlord_n in_o the_o name_n of_o a_o rent_n and_o twelve_o pound_n by_o the_o name_n of_o a_o fine_a shall_v from_o thenceforth_o pay_v his_o tithe_n to_o the_o incumbent_n of_o the_o parish_n in_o which_o he_o dwell_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o fourteen_o pound_n yearly_o this_o and_o the_o like_a arbitrement_n about_o that_o time_n
some_o article_n peculiar_a to_o their_o several_a jurisdiction_n for_o the_o space_n of_o three_o year_n the_o same_o to_o be_v allow_v by_o their_o metropolitan_a and_o afterward_o to_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o say_a article_n so_o enlarge_v and_o accommodate_v for_o all_o time_n succeed_v some_o other_o thing_n there_o be_v in_o proposition_n and_o design_n that_o never_o ripen_v into_o act_n or_o execution_n there_o have_v be_v a_o design_n in_o deliberation_n touch_v the_o draw_v and_o digest_v of_o a_o english_a pontifical_a to_o be_v approve_v by_o this_o convocation_n and_o tender_v to_o his_o majesty_n confirmation_n which_o say_v pontifical_a be_v to_o contain_v the_o form_n and_o manner_n of_o his_o majesty_n late_a coronation_n to_o serve_v for_o a_o perpetual_a stand_a rule_n on_o the_o like_a occasion_n another_o form_n to_o be_v observe_v by_o all_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n for_o consecrate_v church_n churchyard_n and_o chapel_n and_o a_o three_o for_o reconcile_a such_o penitent_n as_o either_o have_v do_v open_a penance_n or_o have_v revolt_v from_o the_o faith_n to_o the_o law_n of_o mahomet_n which_o three_o together_o with_o the_o form_n of_o confirmation_n and_o that_o of_o order_v bishop_n priest_n and_o deacon_n which_o be_v then_o in_o force_n be_v to_o make_v up_o the_o w●ole_a body_n of_o the_o book_n intend_v but_o the_o trouble_n of_o the_o time_n grow_v great_a and_o great_a it_o be_v think_v expedient_a to_o defer_v the_o prosecution_n of_o it_o till_o a_o fit_a conjuncture_n many_o have_v take_v exception_n against_o the_o tie_n up_o of_o preacher_n to_o the_o form_n of_o prayer_n appoint_v to_o be_v use_v before_o their_o sermon_n can._n 55._o for_o who_o relief_n therein_o a_o short_a prayer_n be_v draw_v contain_v all_o the_o head_n of_o that_o in_o the_o canon_n and_o be_v so_o draw_v up_o it_o be_v to_o have_v be_v tender_v by_o the_o hand_n of_o one_o of_o the_o clergy_n who_o will_v have_v undertake_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v universal_o receive_v by_o all_o those_o which_o dislike_v the_o other_o but_o the_o archbishop_n choose_v rather_o to_o adhere_v to_o the_o canon_n than_o to_o venture_v on_o any_o new_a experiment_n that_o canon_n be_v found_v on_o the_o injunction_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o king_n edward_n vi_fw-la at_o the_o first_o reformation_n and_o so_o the_o proposition_n fall_v without_o move_v further_o gryffith_n a_o clerk_n for_o one_o of_o the_o welsh_a diocese_n a_o moderate_a and_o sober_a man_n propose_v unto_o the_o house_n that_o a_o new_a edition_n may_v be_v make_v of_o the_o welsh_a church-bible_n the_o old_a one_o be_v corrupt_a in_o some_o place_n and_o defective_a in_o other_o which_o he_o instance_a in_o the_o motion_n well_o approve_v by_o the_o clergy_n and_o by_o the_o house_n of_o bishop_n commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o the_o ●our_n welsh_a bishop_n of_o who_o proceed_v in_o the_o work_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o follow_a trouble_n there_o be_v little_a hope_n nor_o do_v the_o archbishop_n speed_n much_o better_a in_o a_o motion_n of_o he_o which_o be_v that_o his_o majesty_n may_v be_v move_v for_o the_o new_a print_n of_o the_o common-prayer_n book_n in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n to_o the_o end_n though_o i_o can_v positive_o say_v that_o he_o express_v so_o much_o at_o that_o time_n that_o it_o may_v be_v use_v in_o all_o college_n and_o hall_n in_o officiate_a the_o morning-prayer_n at_o which_o no●e_n be_v bind_v to_o be_v present_a but_o such_o as_o be_v presume_v to_o understand_v the_o language_n for_o do_v whereof_o he_o conceive_v he_o have_v good_a ground_n in_o the_o first_o rubric_n after_o the_o preface_n to_o the_o common-prayer_n book_n in_o which_o it_o be_v declare_v that_o though_o it_o be_v appoint_v in_o the_o aforesaid_a preface_n that_o all_o thing_n shall_v be_v read_v and_o sing_v in_o the_o english_a tongue_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o congregation_n may_v be_v thereby_o edify_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o mean_v but_o when_o man_n say_v morning_n and_o evening_n prayer_n private_o they_o may_v say_v the_o same_o in_o any_o language_n that_o they_o themselves_o do_v understand_v and_o he_o have_v also_o the_o constant_a example_n of_o christ-church_n in_o oxon._n in_o which_o the_o first_o morning-prayer_n be_v continual_o officiate_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n for_o the_o prebend_n student_n and_o other_o of_o the_o foundation_n and_o at_o the_o cathedral-hour_n in_o the_o english_a only_o for_o instruction_n and_o devotion_n of_o the_o choir-man_n alms-man_n servant_n and_o all_o other_o which_o resort_n unto_o they_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n which_o deserve_v no_o small_a admiration_n that_o these_o canon_n like_o the_o first_o building_n of_o the_o temple_n without_o the_o noise_n of_o axe_n and_o hammer_n shall_v pass_v the_o house_n with_o such_o a_o general_a calm_a and_o quiet_a and_o be_v receive_v with_o so_o many_o storm_n and_o tempest_n when_o they_o go_v abroad_o the_o very_a sit_v of_o the_o convocation_n condemn_v ●or_a a_o illegal_a act_n as_o if_o it_o be_v a_o crime_n to_o outlive_v the_o parliament_n and_o much_o sport_n make_v by_o ignorant_a and_o malicious_a man_n touch_v the_o metamorphosis_n of_o a_o old_a convocation_n into_o a_o new_a synod_n as_o they_o scoff_v it_o which_o have_v sufficient_o be_v answer_v in_o that_o before_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o canon_n vote_v by_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o in_o the_o follow_a parliament_n 16_o to_o be_v against_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n against_o the_o king_n prerogative_n property_n of_o the_o subject_a the_o right_a of_o parliament_n and_o to_o tend_v to_o faction_n and_o sedition_n which_o shall_v be_v answer_v as_o sufficient_o in_o that_o which_o follow_v the_o seven_o las●_n passionate_o oppose_v by_o martin_n and_o some_o other_o ecclesiastical_a judge_n before_o they_o pass_v the_o royal_a assent_n as_o tend_v to_o the_o visible_a discouragement_n if_o 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