possession_n of_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o his_o brother_n but_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o camora_n which_o city_n he_o endeavour_v to_o take_v from_o his_o sister_n then_o alfonso_n his_o brother_n vi._n who_o have_v hitherto_o dwell_v with_o the_o moorish_a king_n of_o toledo_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o castille_n and_o leon._n 1073._o and_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o toledo_n which_o be_v in_o those_o day_n esteem_v impregnable_a 1085._o but_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n have_v receive_v fresh_a reinforcement_n out_o of_o africa_n get_v new_a courage_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o christian_n defeat_v they_o in_o two_o battle_n till_o alfonso_n get_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o they_o oblige_v the_o moorish_a king_n of_o corduba_n to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n nevertheless_o he_o be_v afterward_o again_o overthrow_v in_o a_o battle_n fight_v with_o the_o moor_n where_o he_o lose_v his_o only_a son_n sanctius_n who_o death_n he_o revenge_v soon_o after_o upon_o they_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1109._o vrraca_n his_o daughter_n be_v heiress_n to_o the_o kingdom_n she_o be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o arragon_n vii_o which_o marriage_n under_o pretence_n of_o too_o near_o a_o consanguinity_n and_o adultery_n commit_v by_o the_o queen_n be_v afterward_o dissolve_v again_o viii_o but_o because_o alfonso_n will_v nevertheless_o keep_v castille_n as_o the_o dowry_n of_o the_o queen_n it_o cause_v great_a intestine_a war_n and_o division_n for_o alfonso_n viii_o son_n of_o vrraca_n by_o raymond_n of_o burgundy_n her_o first_o husband_n who_o be_v come_v out_o of_o france_n to_o assist_v her_o father_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n that_o alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v busy_v in_o take_v beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o saragossa_n from_o the_o moor_n 1118._o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o arragon_n and_o castille_n 1122._o afterward_o alfonso_n of_o castille_n make_v war_n against_o the_o moor_n with_o great_a success_n take_v from_o they_o divers_a place_n of_o note_n but_o alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n 1134._o fight_v with_o the_o moor_n and_o leave_v no_o child_n behind_o he_o those_o of_o navarre_n choose_v for_o their_o king_n garsias_n who_o be_v of_o the_o race_n of_o their_o former_a king_n but_o the_o arragonian_n confer_v the_o crown_n upon_o ramirus_n brother_n to_o the_o decease_a king_n who_o have_v be_v a_o monk_n alfonso_n of_o castille_n in_o opposition_n to_o both_o pretend_v to_o have_v a_o right_n to_o these_o kingdom_n conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o cause_v himself_o with_o consent_n of_o pope_n innocent_a ii_o who_o be_v suppose_v to_o do_v it_o in_o spite_n to_o the_o german_a emperor_n to_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n of_o spain_n but_o this_o difference_n be_v also_o at_o last_o compose_v it_o be_v agree_v that_o ramirus_n shall_v give_v his_o only_a daughter_n together_o with_o the_o kingdom_n to_o raymond_n earl_n of_o barcelona_n by_o which_o mean_v catalonia_n and_o arragon_n be_v unite_v 1137._o then_o alfonso_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n attack_v again_o the_o moor_n take_v from_o they_o the_o city_n of_o almeria_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v a_o great_a seaport_n and_o harbour_n for_o privateer_n raymond_n take_v from_o the_o moor_n tortosa_n lerida_n and_o other_o strong_a hold_v alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1157._o §_o 6._o iu._n the_o same_o alfonso_n though_o spain_n have_v suffer_v sufficient_o by_o its_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o government_n leave_v to_o his_o son_n sanctius_n castille_n to_o ferdinand_n leon_n and_o gallicia_n sanctius_n who_o do_v nothing_o that_o be_v remarkable_a except_o that_o he_o beat_v twice_o those_o of_o navarre_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1158_o ix_o leave_v his_o son_n alfonso_n ix_o a_o child_n of_o four_o year_n of_o age._n during_o the_o time_n of_o his_o minority_n there_o be_v great_a disturbance_n in_o castille_n occasion_v partly_o by_o the_o division_n among_o the_o nobility_n partly_o by_o the_o war_n with_o ferdinando_n of_o leon_n and_o sanctius_n of_o navarre_n who_o take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o castilian_n but_o come_v to_o his_o ripe_a year_n he_o do_v extricate_v himself_o though_o not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n out_o of_o those_o trouble_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n who_o always_o keep_v the_o spanish_a king_n in_o exercise_n he_o suffer_v extreme_o so_o that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o they_o because_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o leon_n at_o the_o same_o time_n fall_v upon_o he_o at_o last_o there_o be_v a_o confederacy_n make_v betwixt_o these_o king_n with_o a_o certain_a agreement_n how_o such_o place_n shall_v be_v dispose_v of_o as_o shall_v be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n in_o the_o year_n 1210_o a_o most_o memorable_a expedition_n be_v undertake_v against_o the_o moor_n where_o present_v themselves_o a_o great_a many_o foreigner_n who_o come_v to_o signalise_v themselves_o but_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v soon_o tire_v out_o return_v home_o at_o that_o time_n be_v fight_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o lasa_n where_o 200000_o moor_n be_v slay_v they_o lose_v all_o their_o strength_n in_o this_o battle_n sanctius_n king_n of_o navarre_n break_v first_o through_o a_o chain_n which_o surround_v the_o moorish_a army_n he_o afterward_o bear_v a_o chain_n with_o a_o emerald_n in_o his_o shield_n in_o this_o war_n be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o calatrava_n the_o king_n of_o leon_n take_v alcantara_n alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1214_o leave_v behind_o he_o his_o son_n henry_n henry_n who_o minority_n occasion_v great_a disturbance_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o year_n 1217._o he_o have_v two_o sister_n the_o elder_a blanch_n be_v marry_v to_o lewis_n viii_o son_n of_o philip_n augustus_n king_n of_o france_n the_o second_o berengaria_n be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o leon._n the_o crown_n by_o right_a of_o succession_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o elder_a and_o her_o heir_n but_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n the_o state_n bear_v to_o stranger_n they_o confer_v the_o kingdom_n upon_o ferdinand_n sanctus_n surnamed_n the_o holy_a son_n of_o berengaria_n who_o with_o all_o speed_n imaginable_a possess_v himself_o of_o it_o before_o he_o can_v be_v prevent_v by_o his_o father_n surmount_v all_o the_o difficulty_n which_o be_v raise_v against_o he_o partly_o by_o his_o father_n partly_o by_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n it_o be_v relate_v by_o some_o that_o blanch_n be_v not_o the_o elder_a sister_n but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o castilian_a nobleman_n do_v dispute_v the_o right_n of_o berengaria_n to_o the_o crown_n because_o the_o pope_n have_v declare_v her_o marriage_n with_o alfonso_n void_a and_o their_o child_n illegitimate_a as_o be_v too_o near_o in_o blood_n 1230._o by_o the_o death_n of_o alfonso_n leon_n and_o castille_n be_v reunite_v under_o ferdinand_n at_o what_o time_n the_o moor_n suffer_v extreme_o in_o their_o affair_n 1230._o king_n james_n of_o arragon_n take_v from_o they_o majorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1232._o minorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1234._o yvica_n in_o the_o year_n 1238._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o valencia_n ferdinand_n take_v from_o they_o beside_o other_o place_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o merida_n and_o badajoz_n in_o the_o year_n 1236_o 1240._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o corduba_n murcia_n surrender_v itself_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o year_n 1243_o 1248._o jaen_n sevile_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o andalusia_n but_o whilst_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n to_o carry_v the_o war_n into_o africa_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1252._o §_o 7._o x._o the_o history_n of_o the_o next_o follow_v year_n be_v full_a of_o trouble_n and_o division_n alfonso_n it_o be_v true_a be_v famous_a in_o foreign_a country_n for_o his_o wisdom_n and_o great_a skill_n in_o astronomy_n so_o that_o it_o be_v report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o use_v to_o say_v that_o if_o god_n will_v have_v advise_v with_o he_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n the_o world_n shall_v have_v be_v make_v more_o uniform_a yet_o he_o be_v unfortunate_a at_o home_n and_o hate_v by_o his_o subject_n the_o first_o occasion_n of_o which_o be_v that_o he_o be_v desirous_a to_o fill_v his_o treasury_n which_o be_v exhaust_v he_o cause_v the_o current_a coin_n to_o be_v diminish_v which_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n and_o whilst_o to_o prevent_v this_o he_o set_v certain_a rate_n on_o all_o commodity_n 1256._o which_o occasion_v a_o general_a scarcity_n of_o all_o thing_n the_o
11._o before_o we_o come_v to_o rome_n carthage_n we_o must_v say_v something_o of_o carthage_n this_o city_n have_v long_o contest_v with_o rome_n for_o the_o superiority_n so_o that_o the_o roman_a government_n do_v not_o think_v itself_o well_o secure_v as_o long_o as_o this_o city_n be_v in_o be_v this_o city_n though_o it_o be_v rather_o fit_v for_o trade_n than_o war_n yet_o have_v acquire_v vast_a riches_n by_o its_o traffic_n and_o be_v vast_o increase_v in_o power_n and_o inhabitant_n force_v not_o only_o the_o next_o adjacent_a country_n in_o africa_n to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n but_o also_o send_v vast_a army_n into_o sicily_n sardinia_n and_o spain_n this_o occasion_v the_o war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o roman_n the_o two_o first_o they_o maintain_v with_o extraordinary_a resolution_n and_o valour_n but_o in_o the_o three_o they_o be_v bring_v to_o utter_v destruction_n if_o they_o have_v avoid_v to_o meddle_v with_o the_o roman_a affair_n they_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v be_v able_a for_o a_o great_a while_n to_o defend_v their_o liberty_n ambition_n therefore_o be_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o their_o ruin_n since_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o government_n be_v such_o as_o be_v adapt_v for_o trade_n do_v not_o require_v any_o great_a possession_n except_o a_o few_o land_n for_o the_o use_n of_o their_o citizen_n and_o some_o seaport_n in_o spain_n and_o sicily_n for_o conveniency_n of_o commerce_n and_o ship_n but_o the_o conquest_n of_o large_a country_n be_v more_o hurtful_a than_o profitable_a to_o they_o for_o those_o general_n who_o command_v their_o army_n abroad_o prove_v at_o last_o dangerous_a to_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o after_o so_o much_o glory_n and_o vast_a riches_n obtain_v to_o be_v put_v in_o the_o same_o rank_n with_o their_o fellow_n citizen_n the_o inhabitant_n beside_o of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o so_o well_o fit_v for_o land-service_n so_o that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o fill_v up_o their_o army_n with_o mercenary_a soldier_n collect_v out_o of_o several_a nation_n these_o be_v a_o vast_a and_o certain_a charge_n to_o they_o the_o hope_n of_o the_o benefit_n remain_v uncertain_a and_o beside_o this_o their_o faith_n be_v very_o inconstant_a and_o the_o conquer_a place_n can_v scarce_o be_v trust_v to_o those_o who_o faith_n may_v easy_o be_v buy_v by_o money_n after_o their_o first_o war_n with_o the_o roman_n they_o experience_v almost_o to_o their_o utter_a ruin_n how_o dangerous_a it_o be_v to_o wage_v war_n altogether_o with_o foreign_a and_o mercenary_a soldier_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v not_o possible_o hold_v out_o against_o the_o roman_n who_o fight_v with_o a_o much_o great_a constancy_n for_o their_o native_a country_n than_o these_o foreign_a mercenary_n do_v for_o their_o pay_n it_o be_v a_o capital_a error_n in_o the_o carthaginian_n that_o they_o do_v not_o take_v care_n in_o time_n so_o to_o establish_v their_o power_n at_o sea_n that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o have_v fear_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o roman_n that_o way_n but_o after_o they_o have_v once_o let_v the_o roman_n become_v master_n at_o sea_n they_o can_v not_o but_o expect_v they_o one_o time_n or_o another_o at_o their_o city-gate_n at_o the_o time_n when_o hannibal_n have_v such_o prodigious_a success_n against_o the_o roman_n it_o prove_v also_o a_o fatal_a neglect_n in_o they_o that_o they_o do_v not_o timely_o send_v fresh_a supply_n to_o reinforce_a he_o so_o that_o he_o may_v have_v prosecute_v the_o war_n to_o the_o destruction_n of_o rome_n for_o after_o they_o have_v once_o give_v leisure_n to_o the_o roman_n to_o recollect_v themselves_o they_o conscious_a of_o their_o former_a danger_n never_o rest_v till_o they_o have_v raze_v carthage_n to_o the_o ground_n §_o 12._o city_n it_o be_v worth_a the_o while_n to_o trace_v the_o commonwealth_n of_o rome_n back_n to_o its_o original_a because_o none_o ever_o yet_o equal_v it_o in_o power_n and_o greatness_n and_o because_o young_a student_n be_v first_o enter_v and_o best_o read_v in_o the_o roman_a history_n this_o city_n be_v perfect_o make_v for_o war_n from_o whence_o the_o first_o have_v she_o rise_v and_o afterward_o her_o fall_n its_o first_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o sorry_a rabble_n of_o indigent_a people_n the_o very_a dregs_o of_o italy_n be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o belong_v to_o commerce_n and_o not_o expert_a in_o any_o handycraft_n trade_n for_o the_o carry_v on_o of_o the_o first_o rome_n be_v not_o commodious_o situate_v and_o the_o latter_a be_v at_o that_o time_n unknown_a in_o italy_n that_o small_a parcel_n of_o ground_n which_o at_o first_o they_o have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o maintain_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o people_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o vacant_a ground_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n which_o can_v be_v till_v for_o their_o use_n if_o therefore_o they_o will_v not_o always_o remain_v beggar_n nothing_o be_v leave_v they_o but_o their_o sword_n wherewith_o to_o cut_v out_o their_o fortune_n and_o true_o rome_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o den_n of_o wolf_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n like_o wolf_n always_o thirst_v after_o their_o neighbour_n good_n and_o blood_n live_v by_o continual_a robbery_n it_o be_v then_o necessary_a for_o a_o city_n under_o these_o circumstance_n to_o keep_v up_o a_o constant_a stock_n of_o valiant_a citizen_n to_o effect_v this_o the_o better_a populous_a romulus_n command_v that_o no_o child_n shall_v be_v kill_v except_o such_o as_o be_v very_o deform_v which_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v also_o then_o very_o common_a among_o the_o grecian_n beside_o this_o he_o order_v that_o all_o slave_n at_o rome_n together_o with_o their_o liberty_n shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o city_n from_o who_o afterward_o descend_v great_a family_n their_o posterity_n be_v ambitious_a by_o great_a deed_n to_o efface_v the_o memory_n of_o their_o base_a original_a but_o above_o all_o one_o thing_n do_v mighty_o contribute_v towards_o the_o increase_n of_o rome_n that_o romulus_n do_v not_o suffer_v the_o man_n to_o be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n in_o such_o place_n as_o be_v take_v by_o force_n by_o the_o roman_n nor_o will_v let_v they_o be_v sell_v for_o slave_n but_o receive_v they_o into_o rome_n grant_v they_o the_o same_o privilege_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o citizen_n the_o roman_a writer_n give_v this_o for_o one_o reason_n why_o athens_n and_o sparta_n can_v not_o so_o long_o maintain_v their_o conquest_n as_o rome_n do_v since_o they_o seldom_o naturalize_v stranger_n whereas_o romulus_n frequent_o use_v to_o receive_v the_o same_o as_o citizen_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o who_o he_o have_v fight_v in_o the_o morning_n for_o war_n can_v be_v carry_v on_o without_o a_o good_a stock_n of_o man_n nor_o can_v conquest_n be_v maintain_v without_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o valiant_a soldier_n upon_o who_o faith_n the_o government_n can_v rely_v in_o case_n of_o a_o attack_z but_o that_o the_o conquer_a place_n may_v not_o be_v leave_v destitute_a of_o inhabitant_n and_o rome_n may_v not_o be_v fill_v up_o with_o too_o much_o rabble_n they_o use_v only_o to_o transplant_v the_o best_a and_o rich_a man_n of_o the_o conquer_a place_n to_o rome_n fill_v up_o their_o place_n with_o the_o poor_a of_o the_o roman_a citizen_n who_o settle_v a_o continual_a good_a correspondence_n betwixt_o the_o conquer_a and_o the_o roman_n serve_v also_o for_o a_o garrison_n in_o these_o place_n by_o these_o mean_v the_o most_o valiant_a and_o rich_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o neighbour_a country_n be_v draw_v to_o rome_n and_o the_o poor_a among_o the_o roman_n obtain_v thereby_o in_o those_o place_n large_a possession_n but_o although_o necessity_n give_v a_o edge_n to_o the_o roman_a valour_n it_o be_v not_o that_o alone_a that_o make_v they_o so_o warlike_a a_o people_n for_o the_o courage_n of_o their_o king_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o military_a affair_n and_o harden_v they_o to_o danger_n have_v a_o great_a share_n in_o it_o though_o the_o thing_n right_o consider_v it_o be_v not_o always_o adviseable_a to_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o a_o state_n upon_o military_a constitution_n since_o the_o change_n of_o war_n be_v uncertain_a and_o then_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o quiet_a of_o any_o state_n that_o martial_a temper_n shall_v prevail_v too_o much_o in_o it_o wherefore_o peaceable_a time_n do_v never_o agree_v with_o the_o roman_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v free_v from_o the_o danger_n of_o foreign_a enemy_n they_o sheathe_v their_o sword_n in_o each_o other_o bowel_n §_o 13._o there_o be_v also_o other_o thing_n worth_a our_o observation_n institution_n which_o do_v great_o advance_v the_o military_a affair_n of_o rome_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a be_v that_o their_o king_n servius_n tullius_n have_v order_v that_o only_o the_o
and_o emma_n brother_n of_o hardiknut_n on_o the_o mother's-side_n who_o have_v seek_v sanctuary_n in_o normandy_n be_v call_v in_o to_o be_v king_n of_o england_n he_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1042_o and_o to_o gain_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o people_n he_o remit_v a_o tax_n call_v danegeld_v which_o have_v be_v constant_o pay_v for_o forty_o year_n last_o pass_v he_o reign_v very_o peaceable_o except_o that_o he_o be_v now_o and_o then_o pester_v with_o the_o irish_a and_o danish_a pirate_n who_o nevertheless_o he_o quick_o overcome_v he_o be_v the_o first_o to_o who_o be_v attribute_v that_o virtue_n which_o even_o to_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o england_n be_v say_v to_o have_v to_o heal_v by_o touch_v that_o disease_n which_o in_o england_n be_v call_v the_o king_n be_v evil._n 1066._o he_o die_v without_o child_n he_o intend_v to_o have_v leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o cousin_n edgar_n atheling_n grandson_n of_o king_n edmund_n ironside_n but_o he_o be_v very_o 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quarrel_n wherefore_o she_o be_v very_o careful_a to_o uphold_v these_o jealousy_n betwixt_o they_o to_o find_v a_o opportunity_n to_o set_v up_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n and_o his_o party_n thereby_o to_o balance_v those_o of_o guise_n she_o pretend_v to_o be_v no_o enemy_n to_o the_o protestant_a religion_n under_o which_o pretence_n the_o same_o be_v much_o in_o request_n at_o court._n to_o suppress_v the_o reform_a religion_n montmorency_n the_o house_n of_o guise_n and_o the_o mareschaal_n of_o st._n andrew_n join_v in_o a_o confederacy_n who_o call_v themselves_o the_o triumvirate_n draw_v also_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n in_o to_o their_o party_n poissy_n after_o this_o a_o conference_n and_o disputation_n be_v hold_v betwixt_o some_o divine_n of_o both_o religion_n at_o poissy_n after_o which_o the_o royal_a protection_n be_v by_o a_o public_a edict_n promise_v to_o the_o protestant_a religion_n 1562._o which_o from_o the_o month_n be_v call_v the_o edict_n of_o january_n 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