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city_n	bishop_n	church_n	rome_n	9,289	5	7.3911	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A53222	America : being the latest, and most accurate description of the new vvorld containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither, the conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru and other large provinces and territories : with the several European plantations in those parts : also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers : their habits, customs, manners, and religions, their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents : with an appendix containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown south-land and the arctick region : collected from most authentick authors, augmented with later observations, and adorn'd with maps and sculptures / by John Ogilby ...	Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683. Nieuwe en onbekende weereld.	1671 (1671)	Wing O165; ESTC R16958	774,956	643

with their Legs in salt Water which they drink Manner of taking Parrots The Parrots which breed here us'd to be taken by the Natives after a strange manner A Boy having a Bundle of Herbs about his Head climbs up to the top of a Tree holding a Parrot over his Head which by griping he forces to make a noise and thereby draws others to come flying about him upon which being expert in this Art he throws a String with a Noose made fast to a Stick about them and pulls them to him There are a sort of four-footed Serpents by the Natives call'd Yguanas of which they us'd to eat The Flesh of Tortoises or Turtles was accounted a great Dainty amongst them especially those of the biggest size of which some have been known to weigh a hundred and thirty Pound The Feet of them are said to cure the Leprosie and Scabs Amongst the peculiar Trees of this Countrey are the Zagua and the Caninga The Cotton which is of the natural Growth of this Place is exceeding fine Here is also the Bird Flamingo and another sort of Bird call'd Bambayas In former times Cuba was Govern'd by several Lords each Commanding over his own Province Chief Provinces of Cuba The chiefest of these Provinces are Mayzi Bayamo Cueyba Camguey Macaca Xagua Habana and Uhima some of them are plain others mountainous and being more or less fruitful were very populous before the Spaniards came thither but since their cruel Massacres scarce any of the antient Natives are left Nor are the Spaniards here at present very populous considering the largeness of the Island In the Province of Camaguey is a Valley three Leagues in bigness where Nature produces a great number of large Stones so exactly round that no Man with a Compass can make a more exact Circle Though the Gold which is digg'd out of the Mines and found in Rivers is none of the purest yet the Copper which this Countrey affords is accounted excellent HAVANA The Serpents here are about the bigness of a Hare having Heads like Weezles Serpents they prey on little Beasts call'd Guabiniquinazes and have been accounted delicious and wholsom Meat Antient Customs of the Natives The antient Natives went formerly naked The Men made it a Custom to forsake their Wives when they pleas'd yet the Women were still oblig'd to be faithful to them though from the very first day of their Marriage they were taught to Cuckold them by a certain wicked Ceremony in use amongst them for the Bridegroom lay not with his Bride the first Night but suffer'd her to be enjoy'd by one of his Friends of equal Quality with himself whether he were Lord Merchant Laboring-man or what Estate soever The Spaniard at first beaten by the Natives This Island was reduc'd under the Spanish Government not without great effusion of Blood for the Natives having had continual Wars with the Cannibals as hath been said were not ignorant in the Exercise of Arms. The first Spanish Commander sent against them was Valdivia whom they slew with all his Men and hew'd his Ship in pieces Little better escap'd Fogeda whose Men were all cut off and he himself escaping very miraculously died not long after of his Wounds in St. Domingo St. Jago built by Valasquez Within two years after viz. Anno 1514. Diego Valasquez with better success set forth for Cuba where the first thing he did was to build a City which he call'd St. Jago lying near a Southern Bay full of Fish and defended with several small Isles behind which the Ships in the greatest Storm may Ride very secure by reason whereof the new City increas'd so much that in a short time it could shew two thousand Inhabitants a brave Church a Cloyster and was made a Bishop's See but subordinate to that of St. Domingo The Copper Mountains Three or four Leagues from the City are those famous Mountains by the Spaniards call'd Sierra de Cobre or The Copper Mountains from the abundance of that Metal which the Mines in them afforded and do yet afford but the City was afterwards almost left desolate divers Houses in the same standing empty having in it scarce two hundred Inhabitants St. Jago taken by the English which made it the easier to be taken by a hundred and sixty English-men led by Captain Cliff Anno 1601. who carried from thence a hundred thousand Pieces of Eight and a Ships Lading of Hides and Sugar 2. Besides St. Jago Valasquez built the Town Baracoa on the Eastern Shore of Cuba Baracoa wash'd by the River Mares which falls into the Ocean between two Mountains on one side and a flat Point on the other and is a most excellent Harbor Not far from which grows the best Ebony Wood. 3. He also built the Town St. Salvador St. Salvador one of the most healthful Promontories of all Cuba near the River Bayamo which produces round Stones us'd there in stead of Bullets 4. He likewise built Trinidad Trinidad before which hardly accessible Harbor many a Ship hath been cast away But this Fort was by a mighty Storm levell'd even with the Ground Puerto del Principe 5. Near the Haven before the Town Puerto del Principe is a Fountain out of which at certain times flows liquid Pitch Villa Sancti Spiritus 6. The Town call'd Villa Sancti Spiritus six Leagues from the Ocean boasts fifty brave Houses and is wash'd by the River Saaz 7. The chiefest City which the Spaniards possess in the West-Indies Havana and the present Seat of their Governor is Christovall de Havana which stood first on the South side of Cuba but was afterwards built on the North opposite to Florida The Harbor before it is large and safe for it is able to contain a thousand Ships without the least endangering of one another and yet the Entrance so narrow between a Promontory and a square Fort that two Ships cannot Sail in together the shallowest part thereof hath six Fathom Water On each side the Mouth of the Harbor is a Fort the one call'd Mesa de Maria which stands built on a Champain Ground the other call'd Morro which lies at the Foot of two Hills on whose tops several Guns are planted which Command the Town and Haven Betwixt these two Forts is a Tower cover'd on the top whereof is a round Lantern wherein stands continually a Watch-man who puts forth as many Flags as he discovers Ships at Sea to give notice thereof to the City which is a Mile from thence Before Havana stands a third Castle well stor'd with Guns as likewise the rest are in all to the number of two hundred and forty and strongly Garrison'd of which great care was taken by the General Jean de Texeda and Baptista Antonelli an Architect sent thither by Philip the Second King of Spain to secure the Place from all foreign Assaults because the Plate-Fleet and other Ships that

Sugar-Canes and other Fruits on Shore From hence Tasman Sail'd Northerly between many Isles and a Channel that separates New Guinee from Gilolo by Cerani Manipe Bolao and Burro to a narrow Opening where Pangesane being on his Larboard rose with exceeding high Rocks as Botton on the Starboard These Rocks are most of them overgrown with Trees and Brambles In the middle of this Channel also lies a Rock for its shape call'd A Galley by which Tasman Sailing bent his Course homeward and at last on the fifteenth of June Anno 1643. cast Anchor before Batavia CHAP. V. Terra Borealis or The Artick Region HAving spoken something of the Terra Australis Incognita or Unkown South-Land there remains something to be said of the opposite part namely the Terra Borealis or the Artick Region which is call'd Incognita in like manner as the Terra Australis in regard though very much as well of the one as of the other hath been search'd into and in part discover'd by several Voyagers yet doubtless there is a very vast Tract of Land in the Artick Region especially if it be not rather Sea which is altogether unknown and those parts which have been discover'd as Groenland Iseland Nova Zembla Spilbergen Hudson's Straights and Bay c. so imperfectly known that they may well deserve the Title of Unknown The several parts of this Artick Region are 1. Terra Subpolaris Incognita or that part which lies directly under the Pole and is otherwise call'd Orbis Arcticus 2. Groenland 3. Spilbergen or Nieuland 5. Iseland 6. Nova Zembla A Description of Terra Subpolaris The Terra Subpolaris is describ'd by a certain Seaman of Bosleduc to be a great black Rock about thirty five Leagues in compass and of an extraordinary heighth through the Land adjoyning to which the Sea violently breaking makes four great and violent Euripi or Whirlpools whose Waters driving Northward with so forcible a Stream that no Ship though carry'd by nexer so strong a Gale is able to stem the Current are at last swallow'd up in the Earth It is also reported that between two of these Euripi namely that made by the Scythick Ocean and that on the back side of Groenland there lieth an Island Northward of Lappia and Biarmia inhabited by Pygmies Much more to this purpose is related of the Subpolar Region but since it is very improbable that any one could come so near as to make any discovery thereof to say more of this Matter would be but to insist upon things savoring more of Fables than Reality Bounds and Situation of Groenland Groenland is that part of Terra Septentrionalis which winds about from South to East and decline Northward from Cape Faruel in the Deucaledonian Sea however Groenland hath been generally taken for an Island yet many late Navigators think it joyns with the Continent of Tartary and others leave it in doubt whether it be Island or Continent It is bounded towards the East with the Deucaledonian Ocean towards the West with Hudson's Straights and Bay which separate it from America towards the North its Bounds are altogether unknown and is not without reason suppos'd to be the utmost part of the World towards the North Pole There are who believe it to be one Continent with America and that upon this ground because several who have attempted to pass through the Straight commonly call'd The Straight of Davis into the East-Indies affirm that they found it to be a Gulph but one Captain John Monk who was also a great Undertaker in the North-West Passage through this Straight or Gulf of Davis alledges great Probabilities of this Lands being divided by Sea from the Continent of America The Topography of Groenland from the Danish and Iseland Chronicles This Countrey hath anciently been divided into two Regions East-Groenland and West-Groenland answerable to which Division Errick surnam'd The Ruddy the Son of Torvalde is reported by the Danish Chronicle to have built two Forts or Lodges Ostrebug and Westrebug in the Eastern part The first Planters of Christianity built the City Garde which became as the said Chronicle mentions a City of great Repute and Traffick and not long after the Town Albe and towards the Sea-Coast a Monastery dedicated to St. Thomas The City Garde was a Bishop's See to which belong'd a Cathedral Church by the Title of St. Nicholas built in the same City though a certain Iseland Chronicle makes mention of the Church of Strosnes as the chief Metropolitan and Bishop's See of Groenland The Bishop assisted oftentimes in the Assembly of the Estates of Denmark and held of the Bishop of Nidrosia or Drunthen in Norway as the Temporal Estates of Groenland held of the Crown of Norway the Norwegians being the onely known Planters of this Countrey deriving their Original from the aforesaid Errick according to the testimony of Mr. Vormius and also of Angrimus Jonas in his Specimen Islandicum and the Vice-Roy of Norway the Nomophylax as the said Angrimus calls him or Sovereign Judge of the Countrey The Inhabitants of Westreburg or the Western Coast of Groenland are by some call'd Skreglinguers According to the Iseland Chronicle the Towns and Places of chief note are Skageford in the most Eastern part a little farther West the Port of Funchebuder so call'd from a Page of St. Olaus King of Norway who together with several others were cast away upon that place a little higher the Roansen full of white Bears and other wild Beasts In the Western Coast Kindelfiord an Arm of the Sea on the right Shore whereof stands Korsekirk i. e. a Church built cross-ways also the Town Vandalebug and not far off a Monastery dedicated to St. Olaus and St. Augustine the next Place is Rumpesinfiord where there is a religious Convent and divers little Islands in which are Springs of Water warm in the Winter and temperate in the Summer which are accounted Medicinal and of great Vertue in the curing of divers Maladies upon the same Coast lies Etsnatsfiord between which and Rupesinfiord is the Palace Fos and a great Church dedicated to St. Nicholas near the Promontory Clining is another great House call'd Daller and beyond Eynatsfiord a great Island denominated Reynatsen from the abundance of Rein-Deer which breed there In the same Island is a Quarry of the Stone Talguestin not consumable by Fire and yet soft enough to be cut into any form insomuch that Vessels have been made of it containing twelve Tun. More Westerly lies the Island Langen and another Royal House call'd Hellestad then Erricksfford another Arm of the Sea and at the Entrance thereof the Island Herrieven part whereof belongs to the Dome or Cathedral and the other part to the Church of Dunes the principal Church of Groenland next to the Cathedral North-West from Erricksfiord is Midfiord and farther Northward Bondeford near which are several little Isles and Ports Between Ostrebug and Westrebug is a large Desart altogether uninhabited This

And also the Mexicans of their Original giving the Spaniards a far better Account when first they came thither wherein we must a little deviate viz. How they were remov'd from some other place as Robert Comtaeus relates who with many Learned and seemingly true Arguments affirms That the Original of the Americans must be sought for either among the Phenicians Sydonians Tyrians or Carthaginians Lib. 1. cap. 7. being indeed all one People Herodotus saith thus of the Phenicians They liv'd formerly according to their own Relation along the Shore of the Red-Sea from whence removing they planted the Sea-Coast of the Syrians Festus Avienus the Latin Poet agrees with this Opinion where he saith On the Phenicians Coasts the Ocean beats Who through the Red-Sea Sailing chang'd their Seats They were the first that ventur'd through the Seas And freighted Ships with richer Merchandise Fair or foul Weather They without controule Sought Foreign Trade directed by the Pole Original and Habitations of the Phenicians of whom according to serval Learned the Americans are extracted Aristotle from a Greek Word calls them Phenicians from their being red or bloody with the Slaughter of all Strangers that Landed on their Coast but rather and so indeed they are call'd Phenicians or Erythreans from Esau or Edom from whom they are deriv'd for these two Words or Denominations signifie in Greek Red the two last the like in Hebrew Phenix himself first planted all the Countrey lying between the River Eleutherus and the Egyptian City Pelusium and afterwards Damiata wash'd by the Mediterrane But since these Boundaries are alter'd on the North by Judea Westward by the Mediterrane Southerly by Egypt and towards the East by the Desart Arabia The chiefest Cities are Ptolemais otherwise call'd Acon Sidon Arad Great Cana Sarepta Biblis Bothrit Berithus and their Princess Tyre formerly scituate in an Isle but since joyn'd to the Main-Land by Alexander the Great None can disown but that the Phenicians have every where been Admirals of the Sea so that they were formidable to the greatest Princes When the Persian King Cambyses came with a vast Army against the Carthaginians Heredot lib. 1. he was forc'd to give over his Design because the Phenicians refus'd to help him with their Fleet being allied to and the City founded by them But they not only built Carthage Salust in Igurtha which strove with Rome to be the Empress of the World but also the famous Cities Leptis Utica Hippo and Adrumetum in Africa with Cad●z and Tartessus in Spain nay they sent Plantations of People into the Heart of Iberia and Lybia It will not be amiss to add Q. Curtius his Relation who tells us Where-ever the Phenicians came with their Fleets Wonderful Power of the Phenicians Landing their Men they subdu'd whole Countreys and by that means spread their Colonies over the known World Carthage in Africa Thebes in Boetia and Cadiz near the Western Ocean Aristotle relates That they made such rich Returns of their Merchandize and chiefly of their Oyl in Spain that their Anchors Pins and all Iron Materials belonging to a Ship in stead of that Metal were Silver But to return to our Discourse and disprove the former Testimony That the Phenicians found America The formention'd Comtaeus saith thus None can justly doubt Testimonies that the Americans are deriv'd from the Phenicians but that since the Phenicians took the Command of the Sea from the Rhodians they more and more increas'd their Fleets and growing experter in Navigation passing the Gibraltar Northward became Masters of Cadiz and still prepar'd new Fleets which searching beyond Atlas Southward discover'd the Coasts of Africa and the adjacent Isles driving a great Trade to the Canaries and to those which lay scatter'd along Cape de Verd formerly call'd the Gorgades This way of Trade also was not unknown to the Greeks Iberians and other People but after the Phenicians assum'd it wholly to themselves without any respect or difference of Countreys they sunk all whomsoever they could catch Curtius further adds saying First Testimony I believe that the Phenicians sailing into the Main Ocean have discover'd unknown Countreys And which are those Not the Gorgades or Canary Isles for those were sufficiently known before but a Main Land far beyond Is contradicted But though the Phenicians were most expert yet not skilful enough to make out such Discoveries They indeed were the first that before any other sail'd out of the Mid-land Sea nay they ventur'd a good way into the main Ocean beyond the Straights of Gibraltar or the Herculean Pillars But how far Not to the Gorgades above half way betwixt Spain and America but to the Cassiterides or Flemish Islands which to the number of nine lie in sight of Spain Strabo affirms this Truth Lib. 3. Geogr. saying The Cassiterides are ten lying in order close by one another Flemmish Islands One remains uninhabited on the rest live a swarthy People This way the Phenicians sail'd first when they were in quest for Trade from Cadiz And though he reckons ten there are indeed but nine viz. St. Michael St. Mary St. George Tercera de Pico or Tenariff so call'd from the Mountain which vomits Fire Fayal Las Flores Del Cuervo and Gratiosa Moreover the same Strabo relates Lib. 17. That the Carthaginians did not throw over-board the Traders on the remote Gorgades but those especially that came from Sardinia or Cadiz Salt-Islands how long known Joan. Mariana de Reb. Hispan lib. 1. cap. 20. Mean while we cannot deny but that the Gorgades that lye before Cape de Verd were frequented by the Carthaginians long before the Birth of our Savior but with so much admiration that Hanno their Captain in that Expedition was listed amongst the number of their Heroes hapning thus The Carthaginians sailing for Cadiz to assist the Phenicians against the Spaniards made that the Seat of War which soon drew on a greater Design for Hamilco and Hanno being impowr'd by the Senate at Carthage manag'd the War in Spain Both of them were ambitious to discover new Countreys Hamilco sail'd along the Coast of Spain and Gaule reaching to Batavia Hanno steer'd Southerly Very remarkable Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian along the Coast of Africa to the Salt-Islands carrying thirty thousand Men of all Trades in his Fleet purposing to build a new City in some place or other and got beyond the Promontory Ampelusium now call'd Cabo Spatil the River Ziloa which washeth the City Arzilla and the Stream Lix now Lusso where the Poets place the Gardens of the Hesperides in the custody of a waking Dragon From thence proceeding on his Voyage he came to an Anchor in the Mouth of the River Subur at this day call'd Subu and afterwards before the City Sala now call'd Salle at that time made very dangerous by the voracious Beasts in the neighboring Woods At last the Fleet reach'd the Foot of the

into a Stone Trough set for that purpose underneath then the Figure of a Man Carv'd in Alabaster bowing forward as if looking into the Trough upon the Blood Those which were sacrificed were Prisoners taken on the neighboring Coasts whom bringing before their Idols they ripping open make no farther inspection but onely to whip out the Heart with which having smear'd the Lips of their Idols they throw it into the Fire the Heads and Corps they let lie unburi'd whose fleshy parts especially their Cheeks they feast upon The next Island is inhabited by Women Maiden-Island to which Annually their Neighbors go pretending merry kindness but upon amorous inclinations and Plough and Till their Ground and Weed their Gardens Pontenchianum a City The chief City of Tabasco is Pontenchianum and contains above fifteen hundred Houses all built of Stone hardned with baking after their manner which in some Places besides their Turrets and Temples yield a pleasant Prospect at a great distance Fourteen eminent Towns more did the Spaniards also see in Tabasco FERDINAND MAGELLANUS Strange making of Obligations When in conversing with them they observ'd their strange manner of Sealing their Bargains and Contracts one with another they were amaz'd for not using Wax they usually Seal'd their Compacts with their own Blood commonly drawn with a Stone Knife either from their Tongue Hand or Arms. Their. Priests live single and if found to be Unchast are punisht with Death An Adulteress is sold for a Slave Unmarry'd People may not frequently converse with Marry'd Thirty five days in the year makes their Lent in which they abstain not onely from Flesh but Fish also feeding onely upon Roots and Herbs In this place the Spaniards were receiv'd in great state Canopy'd with green Palm-Tree-Branches and in like manner conducted aboard again not without many Presents viz the Effigies of a Man curiously wrought in Gold wherewith they return'd to Cuba SECT IX The Expedition of Ferdinand Magaglian commonly call'd Magellane Bishop Casis sad effect concerning the Pearl catching THe Bishop Bartholomew de Casis living a considerable time in Hispaniola in the City Dominico being inform'd of the abundance of Pearls which were caught before Cubagua and the unsupportable cruelty of the Spaniards there under Ocampus us'd against the Inhabitants went to Spain with a design to obtain of the Emperor Charles the Fifth the Government over Cumana and Cubagua under pretence to draw the ignorant Natives from their Idolatry to Christianity which his request was especially promoted by William of Nassaw the Emperors prime Favorite so that having his Letters Patents granted to that purpose he took Ship and arriv'd with three hundred Spanish Gentlemen of Quality in Cumana And that they might have the greater respect shown to them there they had each a Red Cross given them such as the Knights of Calatrava generally wear Yet little did Ocampus the old Governor of Cumana regard either them or their Authority for in stead of receiving and submitting he kept the Bishop de Casis out by force of Arms who then made complaint to the Vice-Roy of the West-Indies in Hispaniola and in the mean time put his Cargo into a hew Store-house But whilst he made his Addresses Ocampus having sufficiently inrich'd himself departed which incourag'd the Cumaners who already were incens'd and weary of their former sufferings to venture on a design whereby they might revenge themselves of the Spaniards which their undertaking prov'd so successful that very few escap'd the Massacre Of which de Casis being inform'd and much discontented thereat betook himself to a Dominican Cloyster in Hispaniola Cruelty of Castellio in Cumana Yet not long after the Cumaners paid dear for that slaughter for one Castellio though not without several Engagements with various success lasting forty days together having at last utterly vanquish'd them put to an ignominious Death Hanging up seventy of their Princes and to them of meaner quality shewing as little mercy As little success had Lodowick Lampagnano sent out by some Spanish Merchants with Letters Patents from the Emperor to Fish for Pearl before the same Cubagua to which purpose he carry'd peculiar Nets and other necessaries with him But the Cubaguan Spaniards unanimously withstood him Lampaguano discontented so that not being able to effect his design over-power'd with a Melancholly Distemper that broke his Heart he dy'd Magellanus Expedition how it happen'd In the interim while these scarce considerable Voyages turn'd to so small account Ferdinand Magaglianus for so Peter Martyr calls him and not Magellanus which herein deserves to be credited because they were intimately acquainted and great friendship between them undertook to Sail round about the World the occasion of which we will here relate at large This Magaglianus or Magellanus a Gentleman of Portugal having perform'd things of great importance for his King in Africa although with no less trouble than Charge desir'd an addition of half a Ducket a Moneth added to his Annual Pension an inconsiderable Sum to make a Request for yet though so little was as niggardly deny'd Whereupon highly incensed he study'd no little revenge to which effect soon after an opportunity was presented by means of Franciscus Serranus who writ from Ternata to him that he should speedily come thither which he soon after did upon this account Pope Alexander the Sixth having fixt Terminaries between the Kings of Castile and Portugal both busie at that time in discovering new Countreys Order'd That Castile should possess all the Coasts lying to the West of the chief Meridian and Portugal to the East By vertue of this partition the rich Spicy Molucca Islands fell absolutely to the Portuguese Now Magellanus perswaded Charles the Fifth that they might be Sail'd to with a Westerly Course and therefore belong'd to Castile Which advice Charles the Fifth considering and approving Rigg'd out five Ships with which Magellanus set Sail from Sevil the tenth of August Anno 1519. five Moneths he ply'd up and down the Coast inhabited by the Patagones Strange Giant where he found none but one single Person or rather a Monster a Giant ten Foot high who coming Aboard his Ship devour'd a great Hamper full of Biskets and at one Draught drunk up nine Pottels of Water He also saw several Trees which had been Hew'n with Axes and Crosses made on the tops of them Whilst he lay in that Harbor which was call'd St. Julian he Cashier'd his Vice-Admiral John Carthagena with his Father Confessor and sparing their lives set them ashore and there left them to seek their Fortunes though they had Conspir'd to Murther him Streights of Magellan how found Magellanus from thence Sailing afterwards Southerly along America to forty two Degrees Southern Latitude was engag'd with the eddyings of a very strong Current which driving one of the Ships into a Bay split against a blind Rock but the Men being sav'd in their Boat were driven farther and farther

the Indians to withstand stop'd not Pizarro from his intended course for first having the success to master Tampez thence he made nothing to march his Forces over the River Ambato there burning a Temple Dedicated to the Sun The Portico stood towards the East the rising of their God Peruvian Temple before which hung a Curtain of their fine Cotton Stuff within stood the presentations of two Golden Rams shaded with Black and as many Dragons before which the Fire never went out continually supply'd with Offerings of burnt Incense on the Pillars hung several Men flead their Flesh kept firm and free from all Putrifaction with the infusion of a sharp Juyce Here Almagro coming to Pizarro with fresh Forces they made no little penetration into Peru satisfying every where their thirst of Gold and slaughtering the Toothless Tombezes a people who having offended their King had by his order the upper Teeth of the whole Nation beaten out Alvarado's Exploits Peter Alvarado inform'd concerning the Riches of Peru and well knowing how to insinuate with the Emperor in his fawning Letters at last by his Friends so prevail'd that he also got leave to go thither in pursuance of which Anno 1534. he Weigh'd Anchor with seven Ships from Guatimala a City built by him between two Mountains But Landing at Puerto Viejo and Marching Easterly over Snowy Mountains he was met by Almagro between whom a bloody incounter was like to have happen'd but after some time a Treaty being set a Foot they came to a Composition on these Articles That Alvarado upon the receipt of a hundred thousand Duckets should leave his Men with Almagro and depart from Peru with which sum being inrich'd he soon after fitted out fourteen Sail to discover new Countreys to the West but being busie in his preparations was sent for to Mexico by Don Antonio Mendoza the Vice-Roy to undertake a Voyage with him to the new-discover'd Countrey of Sibolla abounding in Gold and Saffron according to the report of four Dominican Monks and having already rais'd seven hundred Men news came to Mexico that Peter Zunica had receiv'd an overthrow by the Indians of Salisco to whose assistance Alvarado March'd with all speed and found the Indians incamp'd on a high Mountain fortifi'd with conjoyn'd Trees and great Stones ty'd together with Rushes behind which they were secure from Shot The Spaniards climbing up the Mountain approach'd their Works when on a sudden the Defendants giving a great Shout cut the Cords which held their Fortification together Notable Stratagem of the Peruvians whereupon the Stones and Trees tumbled down with such force that they kill'd both Men and Horse few escaping alive In this conflict Alvarado himself was lost Wickedness of a Woman His Wife Beatrix Cuova made a stately Funeral for her Husband and caus'd her House to be Painted black refusing either to Eat or Drink for a set time yet notwithstanding all her pretence of sorrow she so minded her business that she took the Government of Guatimala into her own hands but her Dominion lasted not long for on the eighteenth of September Anno 1541. happen'd a hideous Tempest of Wind and Rain mixt with continual Lightning and horrible claps of Thunder and what was more terrible Guatimala destroy'd by a stood was answer'd with roars and horrid bellowings from the caverns of the Mountain at whose foot Guatimala stood About midnight the Mountain was deliver'd whose Birth was the irruption of an Inundating River a precipitate torrent tumbling down full of Rocks and Stones which carry'd all before it so that in few minutes Guatimala was utterly swept away not the least mark remaining nor any left alive except Alvarado's Bastard Daughter by an Indian and in the adjacent Fields some few and they maim'd with broken Arms or Legs after this utter destruction they re-built another Guatimala three Leagues more Easterly But though Alvarado was lost in this Enterprize yet the Voyage to Sibolla was not laid aside for Francisco Velasques March'd thither with eight hundred Men Velasque's Journey of which most were Horse but found nought else but Snowy Mountains and barren Plains insomuch that his Men and Horses were starv'd for want of Provision wherefore he return'd without success to Mexico having onely burnt some Villages and had several Rencounters with the Natives ATHABALIBA ultimus Rex Peruanorum But Attabaliba a Peruan Prince inform'd of Pizarro and Almagro's coming commanded them both to depart out of his Kingdom but they not regarding it march'd directly to Caxamalca where Attabaliba kept his Court who again sent other Messengers to them with command to leave his Dominions Attabal●ba's message to Pizarro Pizarro made answer that he could not obey any Commands but those of his Master the Emperor who had order'd him to speak with the King himself at his own Palace Attabaliba hearing that Pizarro resolv'd to come forward sent him a pair of Painted Shooes and Armlets that he might put them on when he appear'd before his Throne Captain Ferdinand Sotto march'd before with twenty Horse passing close on the Flank of Attabaliba's Army The Indians amaz'd at the prauncing of their Horses retreated into their Fortifications but were for their cowardize immediately slain by the King's Order Sotto sent a Message to Attabaliba That the Spaniards desir'd peaceably to Treat with him to which he receiv'd answer That no Peace could be made unless they restor'd the Gold and Silver to the Owners which they had Plunder'd from them and forsook his Territories which so doing they should have Audien●● the next day His discourse with a Spanish Bishop and his apparel Hereupon the Bishop Vincent de Villa Viridi was conducted into the Royal Palace in the City of Caxamalca and brought before Attabaliba who came thither in great State with a Guard of twenty five thousand Men he was carry'd on the Shoulders of his prime Nobles in a Sedan about which hung Garlands of Gold and divers colour'd Feathers himself was cloth'd in a white loose Vest without Sleeves his Temples were bound with a red Ribbon with a long Tassel on his left Cheek on his Fore-head stuck three curious Feathers before him March'd three hundred of his Life-Guard all in one Livery who clear'd the way through which the King was to pass The before-mention'd Bishop carry'd in one Hand a Cross in the other a Book discoursing with the King to this effect That God is the Trinity Adam the first Man Christ Born of a Virgin dy'd on the Cross the Pope God's Vice-Gerent who according to the Power he had from Heaven had given Peru to the Emperor Charles as also all other Countreys in America and if he should prove obstinate and resist he must expect nothing less than utter ruine Attabaliba reply'd That he serv'd Pachamaca being the Creator of all things and next to him the Sun and Moon How glorious do they appear said he in comparison of a Crucifi'd God

for Venison Amongst other Beasts is also the Teuthlacokauhqui or Fortress of the Serpents it hath a Head like an Adder thick Belly glittering Scales a black Back sprinkled with white Crosses at its Tail there grows yearly a Bone with which it makes a noise when it stirs its poysonous Teeth destroy those which are bit therewith in twenty four Hours unless the part which is wounded be held in the Earth so long till the pain be over Notwithstanding the noise terrible aspect and gestures of this Animal the Indian Hunters make nothing to take the same by the Tail and wrap it up in Linnen and carrying it home make it tame It is able to live a whole Year without either Meat or Drink its Head when cut off grows to the bigness of a Man's Thigh in ten days time No less resolute are the Indians in taking the Ibitobaca which is an Ell long of a crimson Colour full of black and white Specks the Bones whereof they wear about their Necks in stead of Chains The Serpent Iquanna The Iquanna is a Serpent which doth no manner of hurt though terrible to look upon to those which know it not having a Bag under its Chin a glittering Comb on its Head and on its Back sharp Bones which stand like a Saw and a long Tail It lays fifty Eggs at a time as big as Acorns of a very good taste and fit to eat when boyl'd It also lives both in the Water and on the Land Here are also many Baboons Baboons which are big and heavy with ugly Heads short Legs like a Man and Tails standing upwards they eat all sorts of Fruit but chiefly covet after Wine and Bread and are so lascivious that they often set upon Women The Females generally bring forth two one Male and the other Female There is also another sort whose Skins being red are full of little Spots The ancient Inhabitants of Chiapa divided into the Chiapaneca's the Zeques the Zeltates and the Quelenes are very Civil and Witty also skilful in Painting Singing Breaking of Horses and many other Trades Towns and Villages of Note The Places of more principal note in this Countrey inhabited by the Spaniards are 1. Ciudad Real pleasantly seated in the midst of a round Vale or Plain and almost encompass'd with Hills representing the form of an Amphitheatre also at the Foot of one which stands in the midst of the rest the City is built It is a City specially Priviledg'd by the King of Spain having a Court of Justice Cathedral and Dominican Cloyster of a pure and temperate Air and the Countrey round about plentifully abounding both in Corn and Fruit onely somewhat too cold to produce Lemmons and Oranges but for Pears Apples Peaches Quinces Cherries and the like they grow here in great abundance 2. Chiapa which giveth Name to the Valley aforesaid It is a Bishop's See and famous if but for one of its Prelates viz. Bartholomeo de las Casas of the Order of Predicants who was Bishop of this City and his Memory justly precious amongst the poor Americans at this day for his Charity towards them and for the stout and zealous opposition which he made against the Spaniards cruel and inhumane dealings with the Natives at the beginning of their Conquests by which at last notwithstanding much difficulty and resistance made by interested Persons of the other Side he procur'd them liberty and an Edict from the Emperor in favor of them whereby they were declar'd to be a Free People and not Slaves and the Spaniards forbidden to use them any longer as such or to force them to any kind of Labour against their wills or otherwise than by agreement with them which Liberty they enjoy to this day and though the Spaniards are said to give them very small Wages in some places and for their Work in their Sugar-Mills which is no small Labor not above five Reyals or Two shillings six pence a Week for the Maintenance of themselves their Wives and Children yet by reason it is with Consent and in a Countrey where all things are plentiful and cheap their Condition is much better than it was and the favor which that good Bishop did them never to be forgotten It is at present a great and populous City and lieth almost in the mid-way betwixt the Cities of Mexico and Guatimala 3. St. Bartholomews in the Countrey of the Quelenes 4. Tecpatlan the chief of twenty five Villages said to belong to the Zoques Here the Dominicans have another Cloyster The Zeltates possess a fruitful Countrey have thirteen Villages planted with Trees that yield Cochenile being under a Common-wealth Government The chief Place of the Quelenes is Copanavatzla where there is good Cheese and store of brave Cattel The River Chiepa gliding through the midst thereof loseth it self in the Northern Ocean In this part of the Country are Beasts not unlike Apes with long Tails which they wind about the Legs of those whom they find swimming and so pull them under Water wherefore they that go to Swim take Axes along with them to cut off their Tails The Water of the River Blanco is clear and wholsom running for the most part through Rocky Grounds which nevertheless are overspread with Trees In the highest Ground of Chiapa a League and a half from the City Reall spring clear Fountains whose Water ebbs and flows every six hours Near the Village call'd Afixa is one which runs three years together though in the driest Season and is dry three years though it Rain never so much Not far from the Village Cinacatan is another Spring whose Water cures several Sicknesses but kills all Birds and Beasts which drink of the same Here are likewise divers Baths The Rivers which run out of the Valley Chiapa fall into two great Pits Near the Village Bartholomew in the Province Quelenes is a strange Cavern out of which by the throwing of a stone into the same are heard mighty noises like claps of Thunder Not far from the Village Chicomucolo appears a Cavern in which is a great Plain on one side and a standing Lake whose Water is like Sand on the other The Spaniards if they wanted not Slaves might dig good store of Gold Silver Copper Lead Tin and Quicksilver out of the Mynes on the Mountain Ecatepeck which is in nine Leagues compass The Wind blows so strong after Sun-rising that no Man is able to travel for it but in the Night SECT II. Vera Paz. VEra Paz or The Countrey of True Peace was so nam'd by the Spaniards Situation and Bounds as they say because it was never conquer'd by the Sword but reduc'd to Obedience onely by the Preaching of the Dominican Fryers It is bounded on the West and South-West with Chiapa on the East with some part of Guatimala and Honduras and on the North with Jucatan It contains about thirty Leagues in length and almost as much in breadth being a woody and mountainous

worship them because as they say the Devil often appears to them in that shape Besides the Tygers Squerrils the Inhabitants of Mechaocan are exceedingly molested with Squerrils which not only carry much Fruit into their Holes but also under-mine the Houses so that they often sink or fall on one side the mischief being the worse because they increase daily Most of them bear four young at a time which on the third day run about for Prey and can scarce be taken because of their exceeding swiftness leaping a great distance from one Tree to another their Tails serve them on divers occasions for leaping they use it like a Wing and at their crossing over a River for a Sail in tempestuous Weather they stop their holes therewith to keep out the Wind. Several kinds of them There are six several sorts of these Squerrils the first call'd Tlilic cover themselves with their Tails the second Quapatchli is as big again and can never be made tame the third Techallotl with a bald Tail and great Eyes the fourth Talmototly hath a thick Head and a Tail full of black and white streaks the fifth Quimitchpatlan hath a little Head and long Legs and leaping from one Tree to another seems to flie the last sort call'd Yztactechalotl is whitish The Foxes do also great mischief here their Urine smells so horribly Foxes that forty days after none are able to abide near the place where they have urin'd and on whatsoever Stuff or Cloth a drop thereof chanceth to light the stink can never be wash'd away The Bird Auras Here breeds also a sort of Birds call'd Auras which are not unlike Moore-Hens they flie exceeding high in the Air feed on nought but stinking Carrion which they scent at a great distance they have a hairy Head and Neck and ugly Face Some of the Fowls of this Countrey stay here all the year long others go away and return at certain times Ingenuity of the Natives The Natives since the Spaniards coming thither have gotten their Habits and Language learn'd all sorts of Trades their Tables Chests and Cupboards made of Brasile-Wood are no way inferior to the best that are made in Europe Painting is also in great esteem amongst them They make handsom Clothes Shooes and strange Copper Locks They have a peculiar Art in Tilling their Ground They teach the Spanish Dogs several tricks but not feeding them well they cause them to run from them and turn wilde whence they are call'd Cimarrones because they do much hurt to the Cattel The Inhabitants when a Feaver or Ague is upon them at the highest leap into cold Water against other Sicknesses they use Herbs whose soveraign Power Experience hath long since taught them Since the Spaniards made Mechoacan a Bishoprick they have built ninety four Schools fifty Churches several Hospitals and Cloysters inhabited by Franciscan and Augustin Monks There are said to be in this Bishoprick a hundred and fifty Towns or Burroughs besides many scatter'd Villages most of which have Free-Schools erected in them for the Training up of Youth in the Christian Religion good Literature and Arts and few of them without an Hospital for the Sick of which Towns the principal are as followeth Principal Towns 1. Zinzoutza the Seat of the ancient Kings of Mechoacan 2. Pascuar a City forty seven Leagues distant from Mexico once a Bishop's See 3. Valladolid the Metropolis or chief City of the Province since the Episcopal Chair was remov'd from Pascuar thither It lieth upon a great Lake equal amost for bigness to that of Mexico and is about seven Leagues distant from Pascuar towards the East 4. St. Michaels a good Town forty Leagues Westward of Mexico and in the Way to the Zacatecas but lying in a Road that is somewhat dangerous being not a little infested with Salvages on both sides of it 5. St. Philips 6. La Conception de Salaya seventeen Leagues distant from Valladolid and a convenient Stage for Travellers being indeed with the two last mention'd built chiefly for the defence and securing of the Countrey against the Salvages 7. Guaxanata a Town on the Borders of Panuco where there are very rich Mynes of Silver 8. Leon another Town likewise of very rich Mynes twenty four Leagues distant from Valladolid and threescore from Mexico 9. Zamorra 10. Villa de los Lagos and others Towards the Sea there is 1. Acatlan but two Miles distant from the Sea-Coast and a small Town yet by reason of a safe and very good Harbor which it hath for Shipping a Place of no little Trading 2. Natividad another well known and convenient Haven upon Mare del Zur pertaining to this Province and from whence they usually set Sail for the Philippine Islands 3. St. Jago de buena Speranza so call'd by the Spaniards perhaps from the abundance of good Pearls they found upon this Coast 4. Colyma 5. Zacatula and some others This Province as we said was at first a distinct Kingdom of it self yet subordinate and Tributary to that of Mexico the King whereof nam'd Tamgaiva or Bimbicha as Laet reporteth at the first coming of the Spaniards thither after the Conquest of Mexico voluntarily submitted himself to them and was Baptiz'd Nevertheless afterwards upon a pretence of I know not what Treason intended by him against them and which the Spanish Writers themselves professedly think to have been feigned by command of Nunnez de Gusman President of the Chancery of Mexico he was most inhumanely burnt alive and his Kingdom seiz'd upon by the Spaniards SECT III. Tlascalla Situation and Descriptian of Tlascalla THe Bishoprick of Tlascalla formerly call'd Tlascalteca Tlaxcala and Tlascalan is a Province of New Spain which extendeth it self entirely from one Sea to another from the Atlantick to Mare del Zur with which it is bounded on the East and West Parts lying otherwise and for the most part betwixt the Provinces of Mexicana last spoken of and that of Guaxata which followeth containing in length from one Sea to the other not much less than an hundred Leagues and in some places fourscore in breadth but towards the South Sea growing much narrower It is a Countrey exceedingly plentiful both in Corn and Cattel full of rich Pasturage and so plentifully stor'd with Maiz Wheat and other Grain that it is accounted as it were the Granary of America besides Deer all manner of Venison and great store of Fowl There is likewise Copperess Allom Silver-Mynes Manna Anime and Liquid Amber with a sweet smelling Gum which drops out of a Tree The Rivers feed no Fish because they fall with exceeding force from the Mountains onely near Topoyanco is a deep Lake of fresh Water inhabited round about by Indians enjoying the pleasure and profit of the many Cumbeba-Trees which yield Cochinele producing yearly above two hundred thousand Dupkets worth of that Commodity In this Lake swim black Hedge-hogs whose Flesh is good and wholsom to eat The

ancient State of the Tlascallans The People of this Countrey when the Spaniards came first amongst them liv'd in the form of a Common-wealth or Free-State refusing to be subject to the King of Mexico with whom they had almost continual War and upon that account as hath been said assisted Cortesius in the Conquest of the Kingdom without whose help 't is most certain he had never been able to do any thing They enjoy therefore many special Priviledges and Immunities more than other Americans do They pay no Tribute but onely a handful of Wheat yearly for every Person by way of acknowledgment otherwise living under the Protection of the Spaniards wholly in the Form of their ancient Government In former times they were great Man-eaters and not onely eat the Flesh of their Enemies but also of one anotther insomuch that Man's-flesh hung in publick to be sold River Zahuatl The River Zahuatl which rushes out of the Mountain Xicoleucalt oftentimes overflows all the Countrey near it and washes away divers Houses Zahuatl signifies Scabby Water because all those especially Children that wash in the same are sure to be Scabby On its Banks the Spaniards have built many Houses the fashion whereof is now also imitated by the Indians of this Province who formerly built quite after another manner for they made low Houses of Earth Wood and Stone with large and strange Chambers some a Stones-cast one from another others close together had narrow crooked Streets that ran betwixt them Tlascallans Language In this Province are two sorts of Languages spoken viz. the Mexican and that of the Ottomons who formerly deserting Mexico chose the Tlascallans for their Protectors They are a toilsom and painful People To the Northward of Tlascalla are Mountains which all the year long except three Moneths are cover'd with Mist and the Woods on the tops of them are a great shelter to Lyons Tygers Wolves and wild Dogs call'd Adives and other wild Beasts which do much hurt to the small Cattel Here are also many Serpents and Adders The whole Province is said to contain two hundred good Towns and Burroughs and more than one thousand Villages all of them exceedingly populous and suppos'd to contain in the whole above a Million and half of Natives besides Spaniards who have some few Colonies in the Countrey for securing of it Towns and Villages The chief Towns of the Province are 1. Tlascalla it self which denominates the whole Countrey as the Metropolis and where the Bishop's See was at first till in the Year 1550. it was remov'd to Puebla de los Angelos It is a fair Town and commodiously seated in the midst of a large and fertile Champain of threescore Miles in compass It consisteth of four large and beautiful Streets or Quarters and in the midst of them where they all meet hath a Piazza or Market-place equal to that of Mexico and able to receive twenty or thirty thousand Persons conveniently to Buy and Sell in it and whose Shambles seldom shew less than fifteen thousand Sheep four thousand Oxen and two thousand Hogs 2. Puebla de los Angelos or The City of Angels a Town built by Sebastian Ramirez a Church-man and he that was the first President or chief Governor of Mexico under the Crown of Castile It was built in the Year 1531. almost in the Road-way from Vera Crux to Mexico and seated in a very delicate and fertile Countrey and of a good Air. It is a Bishop's See and valu'd at twenty thousand Ducats of yearly Rent the City it self suppos'd to contain about fifteen hundred Families where there is abundance of excellent Cloth made and for fineness not yielding to the best of Spain It s chief Edifices are the Cathedral and four stately Cloysters belonging to the Dominicans Franciscans Augustines and Capuchins as also a Free-School for five hundred Indian Children endow'd by Ramirez with a yearly Revenue 3. Zempoallan seated upon a River of the same Name 4. Napalaca in the Valley Ocumba ows its original to an Indian call'd Juan who at first had onely one House and a Herd of Hogs there till upon his invitation all the neighboring People came from the tops of the Hills insomuch that in a short time the place was Peopled by thousands of Families 5. Guaxacingo all hitherto great and ancient Towns of the Natives 6. Segura de la Frontera a Spanish Town built by Cortez presently upon the Conquest of Mexico for the securing of the Confines as the Name importeth 7. Vera Crux a Town built by Cortez and his Companions at their first Landing and where afterwards by a Stratagem and out of a resolution either to Conquer or Die in the Countrey he caus'd all his Ships to be burnt that his Soldiers might not so much as think of returning back from whence they came The Town was at first built five or six Leagues up within Land but the place being found not to be so healthful the Inhabitants in a short time deserted it and seated themselves upon a Bay of the Sea right over against St. John D' Ullua 8. Medellin another Spanish Town built likewise by Cortez in memory of his own Birth-place which was Medellin a small Town of Estramadura a Province of Spain but was afterwards destroy'd by some Spanish Commanders out of malice to Cortez Lastly St. John D' Ullua a noted and the most usual Port to all this Province and likewise to the City of Mexico it self from the North Sea but of difficult entrance especially to such as are not well acquainted with the Passage or want Guides by reason of certain Rocks and Quicksands wherewith the Mouth of the Haven is said to be bar'd but within the station is more safe It hath likewise two strong Bulwarks or Forts rais'd on either side of the Entrance one to defend the Passage besides a strong Castle built since Captain John Hawkins surpris'd twelve Ships richly Laden within the Haven and thirteen others that arriv'd with a new Vice-Roy from Spain valu'd at near sixty Tun of Gold of which he might easily have made Prize had he not trusted to the Vice-Roys Promise to give him all satisfaction he should require by which being deceiv'd he lost all his Fleet but two Ships Between Tlascala and Los Angelos are the Fountains out of which the River hath its Original which gliding by Machaocan and Zacatula falls into the South Sea This River is so exceeding full of Crocodiles Great increase of Grocodiles that they have made several places which formerly were Inhabited on its Banks utterly desolate for the Females laying generally Eggs as big as those of a Goose increase prodigiously and were it not that the Indian Mice call'd Ichneumones destroy'd them they would grow still to greater numbers But this Animal creeping in at the Crocodiles Mouth eats his way out of the Belly again Water-Serpents Hawks Buffeloes and especially Tygers are also their mortal Enemies for they throwing the

Leaves are of a Purple colour The third sort Jetiope being white hath a very good rellish and cures the Ague The Pepper which is here call'd Axi grows in the warmest Valleys and the more by being often water'd there are of it divers kinds differing in colour smell and taste one from the other for one sort is green yellow or red another sort yields a strong musky scent and one sort is sharper another milder the Veins and Kernels thereof are eaten with Salt The Herb Cevadilla cures all manner of Sores This Countrey also breeds an innumerable company of Deer Hogs Goats Beasts Sheep Oxen and Horses and of hurtful Creatures Pismires which do great mischief to the Plants and Locusts which fall in huge swarms on the Corn and cannot be frighted from the same by any means whatsoever The want of Water is also no small prejudice to the Fields The biggest River call'd Guadalajara with many windings runs North-westward into the Southern Ocean and four Leagues from the City of the same falling down from a steep Rock it makes such a horrible noise that it deafens those which approach the same The Lake Mechoacan opens here also with a wide Mouth Two sorts of Hedge-hogs The River before mention'd produces all manner of Fish in great abundance and also a sort of Hedge-hogs call'd Iguana which live both in the Water and on the Land and are of two sorts The first call'd Senembi is four Foot long of a deep green colour with black and white Spots hath a scaly Skin white Spots on each side of the Head a row of sharp Prickles from the Head to the Tail wide Nostrils great black Eyes and little Teeth The second sort call'd Tejaguacu differs from the first in having white Spots on a brown Skin a longer Tail and a red Tongue which is slit Both sorts are reported to fast eight Moneths together and though often terribly wounded and dead to all imagination yet live a great while after and though they swim up and down in Rivers yet they Lay their Eggs in the Sand their Flesh boyl'd is both wholsom and of a good relish The manner of the Spaniards living The Spaniards which inhabit New Gallicia drive a considerable Trade in Merchandizing Husbandry breeding of Cattel and working in the Mines They use Wayns and Carrs drawn by Oxen Mules and Horses to carry their Loads as also Spanish Weights and Measures They are little troubled with any other Mischiefs but what may happen from the treacherous Natives who take all opportunities to run into the Woods that there they may exercise their Pagan Religion in freedom in which having spent some time they gather a considerable number together and oftentimes fall unawares on the Spaniards who use Leather Shields and Helmets and furr'd Cotton Clothes to secure them from the Arrows which the Indians lying in Ambuscades shoot at them out of the Bushes The Nature Habits and Customs of the Natives The Natives though subtile are lazy and will not work unless for great Rewards They wear Cotton Shirts square Cloaks of the same Stuff made fast with two Buttons on their Breasts Drawers and soal'd Shoes Flag-Matts serve them for Beds on which they lie under Cotton Clothes About their Necks Arms and Legs they wear green Stones and Snale Shells for an Ornament Their greatest Recreation is Dancing their Musick being nothing else but the noise or sound of a piece of hollow Wood. Horse-flesh and Bread made of Maiz is by them accounted a great Dainty The Drink Cacao is also highly esteem'd amongst them but much more the Wine that they make of Maquey which is the wonderful Tree that affords many necessary things viz. Syrrup Honey Oyl Vinegar Yarn Needles Water and Wine every Man making it his Business to plant and preserve the same with great care near his House notwithstanding they grow in several places of the Fields they have broad thick Leaves with sharp ends out of which is drawn a Thorn which serves them for a Needle or Pin. These Leaves have a hairy Filament about them which serves in stead of Thred the young Sprout being cut produces a sweet Juice which boyl'd makes good Wine when grown sowre serves for Vinegar but being twice boyl'd becomes a Syrrup and being hung over the Fire a third time a perfect Honey Also the Wood being spungie keeps Fire as well as Match Moreover the Inhabitants when they travel carry Leather Bags with them full of Cacao Maiz and Pepper mix'd together Over each Village in this Countrey the Spaniards have plac'd an Indian Casique Alcalde and Alguazil where all sorts of Provisions are sold at a Set-price The Casiques are succeeded by their Heirs who resent nothing worse than Affronts and take pride in nothing more than their Valour The Moors or Negro's which are brought hither from Guinee do all manner of hard Labour The Guachichiles and Guamares are a valiant People and have each their peculiar Language utterly different from the Mexican Division of Nova Gallicia This Countrey comprehends these inferior Provinces 1. Guadalajara 2. Xalisco 3. Chiametta 4. Couliacan 5. Cino-loa all of them on the Western Shore 6. Zacatecas to which some add Nova Biscaia and Nova Mexico though others treat of them as distinct Countreys apart from the rest SECT II. Guadalajara Bounds of Guadalajara GUadalajara is bounded on the West with Xalisco on the South and South-West with New Spain and on the North with Zacatecas It is a Countrey exceeding pleasant and rich in all kind of Commodities but especially in its Mines of Silver It is well water'd with the River Barania which runneth through the midst of it and with divers other Streams yielding abundantly both Wheat Maiz and some other Grain In a word there is nothing said of the properties of New Gallicia in general either for Soil Climate or People but is peculiarly verifi'd of this Province Towns and Cities The chief Towns are 1. Guadalajara which gives Name to the whole Province It is seated on the Banks of the River Barania in a most delectable and sweet Air and a rich Soil by advantage whereof it is become the Metropolis of New Gallicia honour'd with an Episcopal See which was translated thither from Compostella in the Year 1570. with the Courts of Judicature and the Residence of the King's Treasurers for that Province This City was built on the Plain Molino by Nunnez de Guzman in the Year 1531. The neighboring Mountains afford store of Timber All manner of Spanish Plants grow here likewise in great plenty In the City is a Cathedral several Cloysters inhabited by Augustine and Franciscan Monks The Bishop of this City belongs to the Arch-bishop of Mexico The Air very temperate neither molesting the Inhabitants with too great Cold nor excess of Heat 2. St. Maria de los Lagos a Town thirty Leagues Eastward of Guadalajara being a Fronteer Place and built on purpose to secure the

midst of it upon which in a convenient place and upon rais'd Ground the Portuguese have built a very strong Castle well Wall'd on all sides save onely towards the River where it is planted with Ordnance It is built in a quadrangular form and hath at least three hundred Persons of the Portuguese Nation besides the Garrison Soldiers belonging to it who have all Employment enough about the Cotton-Wool Sugar-Canes and Tobacco which the Countrey is said to afford in great plenty A Relation of the Proceedings of the Netherland West-India Company in Brasile to the Year 1658. THe chief Disturbers of the Portuguese in the possession of the Countrey of Brasile were the United Netherlanders for they having had good success with their first Fleet under the Command of John Molenaer John Dignumszoon John Schelinger Simon Mau and the Merchants Cornelis Woddman Gerard Beveningen and Heinier van Heb Anno 1595. in the East-Indies where they got such footing that they took whole Kingdoms to the great enriching of the Eastern World where they spread their Trade over the whole Country were thereupon emboldned to venture also to the West that thereby they might cut off the Sinews of the King of Spain's Wars he being continually supply'd with Treasures from America Urbs SALVADOR A. Coenobium de Carmo B. Portude Carmo C. Collegium Jesuitarum D. Coenobium S. Francisci E. Basilica F. Carcer G. Aula Marctionis et Vice-regis Brasiliae H. Porta S. Benti I. Suburbium K. Coenobium S. Benti L. Repositorium M. Castellum maritim●m N. Aguae mediterranca O. Castellum S. Alberti This Victory was scarce obtain'd when Colonel Dorth who had lost the Fleet at Point Vincent arriv'd here after all was done and caus'd Edicts to be publish'd in which the fled Citizens were promis'd greater Priviledges under the Netherlanders Protection than ever they had under the King of Spain Whereupon a few Portuguese return'd to the City but the greatest part of them and those the most considerable were partly kept back by Command of the Bishop Teixera who laid the fault concerning the loss of the City on the Governor Furtado and partly because they judg'd the Netherlanders unable to defend them against the Spanish Power About the same time several rich laden Vessels arriv'd there from Lisbon Janeiro Spirito Santo Angola and other Places all ignorant of the Conquest of St. Salvador Whilest Dorth and Willekens were ordering all things within the City the out-staying Portuguese at last taking courage Storm'd the City from Midnight till the next day in the Afternoon but fearing they should be set upon behind unawares Retreated after which Dorth thinking he had been free from all fear of Enemies and with a small Guard riding out of the City to take a view of the adjacent Countrey was scarce got a Bowe-shot from the Walls Col. Dorth kill'd by an Ambuscade when a great Body of Brasilians rush'd forth unexpectedly from an Ambuscade and wounded him so mortally that he fell dead from his Horse and had his Head suddenly chopt off and his Body mangled very terribly Allart Schouten being chosen Governor in Dorth's stead took no care to fortifie the City and after his Decease his Brother William Schouten succeeding him regarded it less so that all things went to ruine every one striving onely to enrich themselves Amongst other Booties they took the rich laden Vessel which Francisco de Sarmiento Governor of Chili brought to St. Salvador with fifty eight thousand Guilders and a much greater sum of Gold and Pearls all which was imbezled away Description of St. Salvador This City St. Salvador built by Thomas de Sosa along the Sea-side runs up broad at the Suburb Carmo hath four Market-places into the biggest whereof being of a long square run nine Streets the chief of which being very broad hath many stately Houses The second Market-place is of like form onely it winds a little towards the Right and at the Entrance stands a strong Prison The Cloyster St. Francis inhabited by Jesuits stands in a Park near the Wall by which the Moat runs Towards the Sea-side they have a second Structure much statelier than the Franciscan Cloyster Near the Prison stands the Armory and somewhat farther the great Church which Anno 1624. was not quite finish'd The Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary appears with a high Spire near the Gate Bento without which the great Cloyster Bento is built but the chief Church is St. Salvador On the utmost Point towards the South-West of the City lies the Fort Antonio between which and the City stands a very neat Pleasure-house belonging to the Bishop Besides Antonio there are four other considerable Forts viz. Diego St. Maria De Gracia and Vittoria About half way between Vittoria and the Cloyster Bento stands the Castle with four Bulwarks but on the North-side the City is guarded by the Forts St. Peter Philippo and Tapecipe A great Fleet set out by the King of Spain for the recovery the recovery of St. Salvador The Spanish King seeming exceedingly concern'd at the loss of so eminent a Place fitted out a great Fleet for the recovery of what had been taken from him but the Netherland West-India Company having notice of it put themselves into a posture of Defence and in a short time made ready eighteen Men of War and seven Ketches Mann'd with a thousand six hundred and ninety Seamen and a thousand three hundred and fifty Land-Soldiers John Dirkszoon Lam being Admiral But news coming day after day of the extraordinary Preparations in Spain it was judg'd convenient to strengthen the Fleet with fourteen Ships and two Ketches more carrying a thousand four hundred and thirty Seamen and five hundred eighty Soldiers under the Command of General Boudewyn Henrickszoon and Admiral Andries Veron Moreover the West-India Company fitted out a third Fleet consisting of four Frigats and three Ketches Commanded by Henry Kat with Orders to Cruise along the Spanish Coast In the beginning of the Year 1625. Frederick de Toledo weighed Anchor from Cales with one and thirty Gallions four Pinnaces three Tartans and a Carvel all carrying seventy five hundred Men. The Soldiers were divided into three Regiments Commanded by the Colonels Pedro Osorio Juan Orellana and the Marquess De Torreclusa Near St. Jago at the African Cape Verde Toledo joyn'd with the Portuguese Fleet consisting of twenty one Gallions and fourteen Carvels and Barques Mann'd with four thousand Seamen two Regiments of Soldiers Commanded by Antonio Nunnez Barreio and Francisco de Almeida but the chief Commander of this Fleet was Emanuel Meneses Which great Fleet being arriv'd at St. Salvador Toledo himself Landed at the Fort Antonio leaving the Command of the Fleet to Juan Fajardo The first thing he did was to set upon the Cloyster Bento which having gain'd he left Serjeant Troppani with two Regiments in the same whilest he went and Storm'd the Carmelites Minster and at last took it but in the mean