asturias_n then_o cut_v gallicia_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o form_n cape_n finisterre_n butt_v out_o far_o into_o the_o sea_n by_o this_o mountain_n be_v divide_v the_o vltramontani_fw-la from_o the_o citramontani_n or_o those_o beyond_o from_o those_o on_o this_o side_n the_o mountain_n from_o these_o mountain_n spring_n that_o former_o call_v idubeda_n now_o oca_n take_v the_o name_n of_o the_o ancient_a city_n auca_n who_o ruin_n be_v to_o be_v see_v near_o villafranca_n about_o 5_o league_n from_o burgos_n this_o mountain_n rise_v near_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o river_n ebro_n on_o the_o border_n of_o asturias_n where_o be_v a_o town_n call_v fontibre_n or_o the_o fountain_n of_o ebro_n and_o run_v down_o by_o bribiesca_n and_o the_o arevaci_n near_o mount_n orbion_n and_o moncayo_n pass_v along_o between_o calatayud_n and_o daroca_n and_o end_n in_o the_o mediterranean_n not_o far_o from_o tortosa_n from_o which_o city_n that_o part_n of_o these_o mountain_n take_v name_n from_o 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asta_n which_o the_o ancient_n place_v on_o the_o island_n of_o guadalquivir_n be_v now_o two_o league_n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o it_o not_o far_o from_o the_o rise_n of_o orospeda_n and_o near_o moncayo_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o great_a plain_n other_o mountain_n lift_v up_o their_o head_n which_o no_o doubt_n be_v branch_n of_o the_o pyrenean_n as_o all_o other_o that_o cross_n spain_n be_v the_o rise_n of_o this_o be_v scarce_o perceivable_a at_o first_o but_o for_o the_o fall_n of_o several_a water_n and_o because_o the_o river_n duero_n who_o source_n be_v in_o the_o pelendones_n and_o who_o course_n be_v southward_o as_o far_o as_o soria_n it_o be_v there_o by_o they_o turn_v away_o to_o the_o westward_n among_o ancient_a author_n i_o find_v no_o mention_n of_o these_o mount_n at_o present_a they_o have_v several_a name_n take_v for_o the_o most_o part_n from_o the_o neighbour_a city_n as_o of_o soria_n segovia_n and_o avila_n castille_n the_o great_a province_n of_o spain_n be_v by_o these_o mountain_n divide_v into_o the_o old_a and_o the_o new_a hence_o they_o run_v on_o near_o coma_n and_o placentia_n be_v water_v on_o the_o left_a by_o the_o river_n tagus_n and_o pass_v on_o part_n portugal_n into_o two_o almost_o equal_a portion_n they_o expire_v at_o sintra_n which_o be_v on_o mount_n tagrus_n seven_o league_n to_o the_o northward_o of_o lisbon_n where_o they_o form_n in_o the_o ocean_n the_o cape_n call_v by_o solinus_n promontorium_n artabrum_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a division_n of_o spain_n of_o the_o language_n use_v there_o and_o of_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o spaniard_n spain_n be_v divide_v by_o the_o roman_n into_o three_o part_n lusitania_n betica_n and_o tarraconensis_n the_o spain_n lusitani_n inhabit_a the_o far_a part_n of_o spain_n westward_n their_o limit_n be_v the_o river_n duero_n on_o the_o north_n and_o guddiana_n on_o the_o south_n and_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o that_o part_n of_o duero_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o simancas_n to_o puente_n del_fw-it arçobispo_n and_o thence_o through_o the_o oretani_n which_o be_v that_o part_n where_o almagro_n now_o stand_v to_o the_o bank_n of_o guadiana_n which_o line_n part_v they_o from_o the_o province_n tarraconensis_n in_o such_o manner_n that_o within_o lusitania_n be_v comprehend_v the_o country_n about_o avila_n salamanca_n soria_n and_o other_o place_n now_o belong_v to_o castille_n betica_fw-la or_o andalusia_n be_v shut_v in_o on_o three_o side_n by_o the_o river_n guadiana_n and_o the_o sea_n as_o far_o as_o murgis_n or_o muxacra_n a_o town_n near_o the_o promontory_n charidemum_fw-la or_o cape_n gatas_fw-la from_o whence_o a_o line_n draw_v to_o castulon_n and_o the_o oretani_n where_o stand_v the_o rich_a town_n of_o almagro_n make_v the_o four_o side_n towards_o the_o east_n all_o the_o remain_a part_n of_o spain_n be_v include_v in_o the_o province_n tarraconensis_n so_o call_v from_o the_o noble_a city_n tarragona_n a_o 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of_o wool_n be_v beyond_o measure_n there_o be_v mine_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o vein_n of_o iron_n transparent_a stone_n like_o looking-glass_n as_o also_o many_o quarry_n of_o rich_a marble_n of_o several_a colour_n no_o country_n yield_v more_o vermillion_a especial_o about_o amaden_n a_o town_n ancient_o call_v sisapone_n among_o the_o people_n former_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o oretani_n the_o soil_n in_o several_a place_n vary_v some_o produce_v wood_n some_o corn_n and_o some_o be_v bare_a for_o the_o most_o there_o be_v but_o few_o river_n and_o spring_n but_o the_o ground_n be_v of_o that_o goodness_n it_o common_o yield_v twenty_o or_o thirty_o for_o one_o increase_n some_o good_a year_n eighty_o for_o one_o yet_o this_o be_v but_o very_o rare_a in_o many_o part_n of_o spain_n there_o be_v barren_a mountain_n and_o some_o bare_a and_o stony_a hill_n which_o have_v something_o of_o deformity_n this_o be_v most_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n for_o the_o southren_n 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beyond_o all_o the_o province_n of_o europe_n and_o africa_n now_o in_o our_o age_n that_o the_o spaniard_n have_v make_v their_o way_n to_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n it_o abound_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o riches_n and_o may_v be_v say_v to_o exceed_v all_o other_o nation_n the_o quantity_n of_o gold_n silver_n precious_a stone_n and_o other_o thing_n of_o great_a value_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v hither_o be_v so_o great_a if_o relate_v it_o will_v seem_v incredible_a yet_o which_o be_v much_o to_o the_o honour_n and_o advantage_n of_o our_o nation_n and_o the_o no_o small_a benefit_n of_o other_o who_o be_v partaker_n of_o our_o riches_n and_o plenty_n spain_n be_v the_o most_o western_a part_n of_o europe_n it_o be_v divide_v from_o france_n by_o the_o pyrenean_n hill_n form_n and_o from_o africa_n by_o the_o narrow_a straits_n of_o gibraltar_n the_o form_n of_o it_o be_v that_o of_o a_o ox_n hide_n extend_v as_o represent_v by_o geographer_n encompass_v on_o all_o side_n 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the_o conveniency_n of_o its_o harbour_n than_o for_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n which_o be_v but_o inconsiderable_a or_o for_o its_o value_n be_v extreme_o poor_a after_o cape_n venus_n or_o cruces_fw-la which_o be_v near_o colibre_n follow_v the_o two_o cape_n call_v former_o lunarium_n and_o ferrarium_fw-la or_o tenebrium_n make_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n ebro_n in_o this_o interval_n be_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n lobregat_n which_o run_v red_a into_o the_o sea_n and_o thence_o be_v call_v by_o the_o ancient_n rubricatus_n that_o be_v ruddy_a on_o this_o same_o side_n stand_v the_o city_n bercelona_n tarragona_n tortosa_n and_o monviedro_n the_o former_o famous_a saguntum_n the_o goth_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o ruin_n call_v it_o murvetrum_n that_o be_v old_a wall_n a_o place_n well_o know_v for_o its_o fidelity_n to_o the_o roman_n and_o for_o its_o destruction_n after_o monviedro_n follow_v valencia_n the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n xucar_n denia_n and_o cape_n gatas_fw-la so_o call_v from_o the_o many_o agate_n there_o find_v the_o greek_n call_v it_o promontorium_n charidemum_fw-la which_o signify_v gracious_a believe_v those_o stone_n do_v win_v the_o good_a will_n of_o man_n and_o make_v they_o friend_n next_o be_v almeria_n which_o some_o believe_v to_o be_v build_v out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ancient_a abdera_n other_o be_v of_o opinion_n it_o be_v the_o ancient_a vrci_n seat_v among_o the_o bastetani_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o baça_n still_o run_v along_o that_o coast_n there_o follow_v malaga_n and_o then_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o straits_n former_o call_v heraclea_n or_o calpe_n now_o gibraltar_n peter_n mantuanus_fw-la in_o his_o annotation_n upon_o the_o history_n of_o mariana_n prove_v out_o of_o strabo_n and_o other_o author_n that_o tarifa_n be_v not_o call_v tartessum_n but_o that_o this_o name_n be_v give_v to_o cadiz_n the_o city_n of_o carteia_n and_o another_o city_n that_o stand_v in_o a_o island_n 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bridge_n so_o little_o be_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o straits_n to_o cape_n finisterre_n former_o nerium_n promontorium_n sailor_n reckon_v 226._o league_n because_o cape_n st._n vincent_n former_o promontorium_n sacrum_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o the_o pyrenean_n mountain_n and_o make_v the_o great_a distance_n in_o spain_n run_v far_o out_o into_o the_o sea_n stretch_v out_o the_o extent_n of_o that_o coast_n much_o long_a than_o if_o it_o can_v be_v go_v in_o a_o strait_a line_n on_o this_o coast_n face_v the_o ocean_n be_v seat_v sevil_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n guadalquivir_fw-fr and_o lisbon_n on_o the_o tagus_n city_n not_o inferior_a to_o many_o of_o the_o best_a of_o europe_n for_o greatness_n populousness_n and_o trade_n the_o three_o side_n of_o spain_n lie_v east_n and_o west_n contain_v 134._o league_n not_o in_o a_o strait_a line_n as_o pomponius_n mela_n think_v but_o full_a of_o creek_n and_o bay_n the_o chief_a port_n in_o that_o 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oviedo_n which_o reach_v from_o the_o river_n mearo_n and_o town_n of_o ribadeo_n to_o the_o port_n of_o llanes_n moreover_o there_o belong_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon_n all_o that_o part_n of_o old_a castille_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o wood_n of_o pernia_n and_o the_o river_n carrion_n till_o it_o come_v to_o pisuerga_n and_o fall_v into_o duero_n then_o pass_v duero_n another_o river_n call_v hera_n and_o regamon_n that_o fall_v into_o it_o make_v the_o bound_n of_o this_o kingdom_n last_o a_o line_n draw_v betwixt_o salamanca_n and_o avila_n over_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n to_o the_o border_n of_o portugal_n these_o be_v former_o the_o limit_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon._n in_o process_n of_o time_n there_o be_v add_v to_o it_o all_o the_o province_n of_o estremadura_n so_o call_v because_o for_o many_o year_n it_o be_v the_o extreme_a or_o far_a part_n of_o what_o the_o christian_n possess_v sometime_o this_o kingdom_n reach_v as_o far_o as_o merida_n in_o lusitania_n and_o badajoz_n in_o betica_n the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n the_o three_o of_o the_o five_o in_o order_n be_v among_o the_o people_n former_o call_v vascones_n this_o kingdom_n on_o one_o side_n be_v bound_v by_o the_o pyrenean_n hill_n and_o part_n of_o that_o which_o run_v to_o cape_n finisterre_n on_o the_o other_o side_n by_o the_o river_n arragon_n or_o arga_n towards_o the_o south_n and_o on_o the_o west_n by_o another_o small_a river_n that_o fall_v into_o ebro_n below_o calahorra_n and_o by_o part_n of_o the_o river_n ebro_n this_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o that_o part_n beyond_o ebro_n for_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n possess_v by_o way_n of_o dower_n the_o town_n of_o tudela_n of_o navarre_n and_o other_o place_n adjacent_a though_o this_o kingdom_n be_v small_a and_o so_o ill_o people_v that_o at_o present_v it_o contain_v not_o above_o 40000_o family_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o name_v it_o among_o the_o principal_a part_n of_o spain_n because_o the_o ancient_a vascones_n inhabitant_n thereof_o by_o their_o own_o valour_n without_o any_o assistance_n recover_v that_o country_n from_o the_o moor_n and_o erect_v a_o kingdom_n which_o last_v till_o the_o memory_n of_o our_o father_n and_o often_o so_o enlarge_v their_o territory_n that_o sepulcher_n of_o their_o king_n be_v still_o see_v in_o the_o city_n najara_n and_o in_o many_o place_n far_o distant_a from_o navarre_n be_v still_o the_o monument_n of_o their_o sovereignty_n some_o derive_v this_o word_n navarre_n from_o another_o like_o it_o which_o be_v navaerria_n which_o be_v make_v up_o of_o the_o biscain_n and_o spanish_a language_n signify_v a_o plain_a country_n the_o castilian_n call_v plain_n navas_n the_o cantabri_n call_v the_o land_n erria_n which_o put_v together_o signify_v plain_a land_n this_o be_v a_o witty_a and_o not_o contemptible_a fancy_n we_o in_o this_o history_n call_v the_o people_n and_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n vascones_n in_o latin_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o six_o part_n or_o liberty_n which_o be_v that_o of_o pamplona_n of_o estela_n of_o tudela_n of_o olite_a and_o of_o sanguessa_n the_o first_o call_v vltrapuertos_n the_o chief_a town_n whereof_o be_v call_v st._n john_n de_fw-fr pie_n de_fw-fr puerto_n be_v the_o only_a one_o that_o remain_v unite_v to_o the_o lordship_n of_o bearn_n the_o kingdom_n of_o arragon_n be_v divide_v into_o catalonia_n valencia_n and_o arragon_n proper_o so_o call_v on_o the_o south_n east_n and_o north_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n that_o part_n of_o the_o pyrenean_n mountain_n where_o former_o inhabit_v the_o ceretani_fw-la now_o cerdania_n and_o the_o border_n of_o navarre_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v divide_v from_o navarre_n by_o the_o river_n ebro_n and_o from_o thence_o forward_o by_o a_o crooked_a line_n draw_v by_o tarraçona_n daroca_n hariça_n tiruel_a xativa_n and_o origuela_n to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n segura_n which_o be_v between_o alicant_n and_o carthagena_n where_o it_o reach_v to_o the_o sea_n and_o part_n the_o dominion_n of_o arragon_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o spain_n the_o people_n of_o arragon_n enjoy_v privilege_n and_o be_v govern_v by_o law_n far_o different_a from_o the_o other_o people_n of_o spain_n most_o tend_v to_o curb_n the_o excessive_a power_n of_o their_o king_n the_o name_n of_o arragon_n be_v derive_v from_o tarraco_n which_o be_v tarragona_n or_o what_o be_v most_o likely_a from_o the_o river_n arragon_n now_o arga_n which_o run_v through_o that_o part_n whence_o first_o the_o border_n of_o this_o kingdom_n begin_v to_o be_v enlarge_v under_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n so_o call_v from_o its_o many_o castle_n and_o which_o be_v not_o only_o the_o large_a but_o most_o fertile_a and_o beautiful_a of_o all_o spain_n and_o inferior_a to_o no_o other_o province_n be_v comprehend_v that_o part_n of_o asturias_n call_v the_o santillana_n and_o all_o cantabria_n former_o a_o small_a province_n as_o not_o reach_v to_o the_o pyrenean_n but_o afterward_o enlarge_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o city_n call_v cantabria_n which_o be_v suppose_v be_v betwixt_o logrono_n and_o viana_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o ebro_n upon_o a_o high_a clift_n to_o this_o day_n call_v cantabria_n beside_o st._n eulogius_n martyr_n speak_v of_o the_o river_n cantaber_n which_o be_v believe_v to_o be_v ega_n or_o ebro_n into_o which_o fall_v the_o river_n arragon_n which_o prove_v that_o cantabria_n be_v once_o large_a than_o ptolemy_n make_v it_o and_o than_o that_o part_n we_o now_o call_v biscay_n be_v the_o lordship_n of_o biscay_n be_v divide_v into_o biscay_n guipuscoa_n alaba_n and_o the_o mountain_n in_o biscay_n which_o stretch_v along_o the_o sea_n from_o portugalete_fw-la to_o hondarroa_n be_v the_o town_n of_o bilbao_n and_o bermeo_n the_o sea-coast_n of_o guipuscoa_n reach_v from_o biscay_n to_o fuenterabia_n within_o its_o liberty_n beside_o st._n sebastian_n and_o the_o port_n of_o guetaria_n be_v salinas_n tolosa_n the_o city_n vitoria_n and_o mondragon_n town_n of_o alaba_n in_o castille_n we_o call_v all_o that_o be_v of_o that_o lordship_n and_o use_v that_o language_n biscainer_n as_o we_o do_v all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n in_o gallia_n belgica_n flemings_n though_o flanders_n be_v but_o a_o small_a part_n of_o that_o dominion_n beside_o this_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n comprehend_v many_o city_n of_o old_a castille_n among_o they_o burgos_n segovia_n avila_n soria_n and_o osma_n the_o kingdom_n of_o toledo_n be_v also_o part_n of_o it_o and_o be_v now_o call_v new_a castille_n former_o carpetania_n through_o it_o run_v the_o river_n tagus_n the_o most_o note_a of_o spain_n for_o its_o golden_a sand_n the_o sweetness_n of_o the_o water_n fruitfulness_n and_o beauty_n of_o the_o field_n it_o wash_v it_o run_v towards_o the_o west_n but_o turn_v somewhat_o southward_o as_o do_v also_o the_o river_n duero_fw-la guadiana_n and_o guadalquivir_n tagus_n run_v by_o toledo_n a_o city_n seat_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o spain_n the_o ornament_n and_o fortress_n of_o it_o strong_a by_o nature_n remarkable_a for_o its_o beauty_n and_o the_o wit_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n famous_a for_o its_o zeal_n in_o religion_n and_o learning_n and_o happy_a for_o the_o serenity_n of_o its_o air._n and_o though_o the_o ground_n it_o stand_v on_o be_v barren_a and_o rocky_a it_o be_v abundant_o provide_v from_o the_o neighbour_a country_n the_o river_n almost_o gird_v it_o about_o be_v pen_v in_o betwixt_o two_o high_a mountain_n which_o be_v a_o wonderful_a work_n of_o nature_n only_o on_o the_o north_n side_n there_o be_v leave_v open_a a_o steep_a and_o rough_a way_n into_o the_o city_n beyond_o toledo_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o same_o river_n be_v talavera_n by_o ptolemy_n call_v libora_n a_o populous_a and_o plentiful_a town_n then_o run_v on_o tagus_n cut_v lusitania_n in_o two_o and_o be_v increase_v by_o many_o river_n fall_v into_o the_o sea_n near_o the_o city_n of_o lisbon_n within_o this_o same_o part_n of_o spain_n be_v include_v the_o province_n carthaginensis_n in_o which_o be_v carthago_n spartaria_n now_o call_v carthagena_n murcia_n cuenca_n and_o the_o celtiberi_n who_o metropolis_n be_v numantia_n beside_o the_o mancha_n of_o arragon_n or_o the_o contestani_n moreover_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n belong_v the_o province_n betica_n now_o andaluzia_n in_o which_o be_v sevil_n cordova_n and_o granada_n former_o iliberis_n or_o at_o least_o iliberis_n be_v very_o near_o it_o as_o appear_v by_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n of_o granada_n to_o this_o day_n call_v elvira_n and_o a_o mountain_n hard_a by_o of_o the_o same_o name_n all_o the_o spaniard_n at_o present_a use_n one_o language_n which_o we_o call_v castillian_a and_o be_v compound_v of_o many_o other_o tongue_n especial_o the_o latin_n which_o appear_v by_o the_o name_n it_o bear_v be_v spain_n call_v romance_n
brother-in-law_n pygmalion_n to_o murder_v he_o this_o voyage_n be_v for_o some_o time_n lay_v aside_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o sichaeus_n pygmalion_n set_v out_o with_o a_o fleet_n from_o tyre_n and_o land_v among_o the_o turduli_n that_o be_v in_o andaluzia_n at_o the_o place_n where_o now_o stand_v almunecar_n he_o build_v a_o town_n for_o the_o security_n of_o trade_n call_v it_o axis_n or_o exis_fw-la and_o return_v home_o with_o much_o treasure_n make_v afterward_o several_a voyage_n till_o he_o come_v as_o far_o as_o cadiz_n which_o island_n before_o call_v erythrea_n from_o that_o time_n be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o gadira_n that_o be_v a_o bulwark_n either_o in_o respect_n it_o be_v the_o bulwark_n of_o spain_n against_o the_o swell_a sea_n or_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o fortification_n raise_v by_o the_o phoenicians_n they_o also_o build_v a_o temple_n to_o hercules_n on_o that_o point_n of_o land_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o the_o continent_n and_o be_v thence_o call_v promontorium_n herculeum_n the_o phoenicians_n grow_v rich_a with_o the_o trade_n of_o spain_n and_o have_v build_v malaga_n and_o abdera_n think_v of_o nothing_o less_o than_o possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o whole_a country_n at_o this_o same_o time_n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n be_v lay_v hezekiah_n reign_v in_o jerusalem_n after_o salmanasar_n king_n of_o the_o assyrian_n have_v extirpate_v the_o kingdom_n of_o israel_n this_o be_v the_o same_o salamanasor_n who_o lay_v siege_n to_o jerusalem_n and_o design_v to_o conquer_v the_o whole_a world_n go_v with_o a_o mighty_a army_n into_o egypt_n where_o he_o be_v overthrow_v by_o taracho_n king_n of_o egypt_n and_o aethiopia_n taracho_n after_o that_o victory_n subdue_v many_o kingdom_n strabo_n testify_v he_o pass_v over_o into_o europe_n and_o our_o historian_n say_v he_o come_v into_o spain_n where_o not_o far_o from_o the_o river_n ebro_n he_o build_v the_o city_n tarragona_n which_o the_o scipio_n long_a after_o rebuilt_a and_o make_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n in_o spain_n which_o give_v occasion_n not_o only_o to_o the_o ignorant_a but_o to_o learned_a author_n and_o among_o they_o pliny_n and_o solinus_n to_o attribute_v the_o foundation_n of_o it_o to_o they_o after_o the_o death_n of_o queen_n dido_n the_o power_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n increase_v by_o sea_n and_o land_n their_o chief_a aim_n be_v to_o extend_v their_o empire_n in_o europe_n to_o this_o end_n they_o attempt_v undertake_n sicily_n sardinia_n and_o corsica_n but_o be_v repulse_v by_o the_o native_n think_v fit_a to_o try_v their_o fortune_n upon_o lesser_a island_n in_o order_n hereunto_o direct_v their_o course_n towards_o spain_n they_o possess_v themselves_o of_o iviça_n which_o be_v a_o island_n gird_v with_o rock_n and_o difficult_a of_o access_n unless_o towards_o the_o south_n where_o be_v a_o large_a and_o spacious_a harbour_n this_o island_n be_v opposite_a to_o cape_n denia_n about_o 100_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o coast_n of_o spain_n it_o be_v small_a be_v not_o above_o 20_o mile_n in_o circumference_n at_o that_o time_n it_o be_v wild_a and_o cover_v with_o wood_n of_o pinetree_n whence_o the_o greek_n call_v it_o pytuissa_n it_o produce_v great_a plenty_n of_o salt_n the_o air_n be_v temperate_a and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n such_o it_o do_v not_o only_o breed_v no_o vermin_n or_o venomous_a creature_n but_o if_o any_o be_v bring_v thither_o they_o present_o die_v this_o be_v the_o more_o wonderful_a for_o that_o as_o ancient_a cosmographer_n affirm_v near_o it_o be_v another_o island_n not_o habitable_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o snake_n and_o poisonous_a animal_n whence_o it_o be_v call_v ophiusa_n that_o be_v island_n of_o snake_n we_o can_v certain_o determine_v which_o island_n this_o shall_v be_v at_o present_a some_o say_v it_o be_v formentera_n because_o but_o two_o mile_n from_o iviça_n other_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v dragonera_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o likeness_n of_o the_o name_n the_o most_o learned_a be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o mountain_n call_v colubre_n join_v to_o the_o continent_n and_o opposite_a to_o peniscola_n be_v call_v in_o greek_a ophiusa_n and_o in_o latin_a colubraria_n notwithstanding_o ancient_a geographer_n place_v their_o ophiusa_n near_o to_o iviça_n the_o carthaginian_n be_v possess_v of_o iviça_n and_o have_v build_v there_o a_o city_n of_o the_o same_o name_n resolve_v next_o to_o attempt_n majorca_n and_o minorca_n distant_a 30_o mile_n from_o one_o another_o and_o 60_o from_o the_o coast_n of_o spain_n the_o greek_n sometime_o call_v they_o gynesiae_n by_o reason_n the_o inhabitant_n go_v naked_a and_o other_o while_n baleares_n for_o their_o skill_n in_o cast_v stone_n with_o sling_n but_o in_o particular_a the_o great_a be_v call_v clumba_n and_o the_o lesser_a nura_n as_o antoninus_n testify_v and_o from_o he_o florian._n before_o they_o will_v attempt_v to_o land_n the_o carthaginian_n go_v round_o these_o island_n to_o view_v all_o their_o creek_n and_o harbour_n and_o be_v terrify_v by_o the_o island_n fierceness_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v lose_v some_o of_o their_o forward_a man_n that_o dare_v go_v a_o shore_n they_o despair_v of_o success_n there_o and_o stoodover_v for_o the_o coast_n of_o spain_n with_o a_o design_n to_o make_v discovery_n and_o gain_v some_o foot_n there_o but_o with_o little_a success_n for_o the_o people_n of_o saguntum_n foresee_v the_o danger_n of_o such_o neighbour_n persuade_v the_o native_n to_o have_v no_o commerce_n with_o they_o which_o together_o with_o the_o distress_n of_o their_o own_o country_n at_o that_o time_n labour_v under_o civil_a broil_n and_o set_v upon_o by_o the_o neighbour_a african_n oblige_v the_o carthaginian_n to_o return_v home_o where_o to_o appease_v their_o god_n they_o institute_v a_o inhuman_a sacrifice_n of_o youngman_n which_o be_v afterward_o use_v in_o spain_n with_o such_o rigour_n that_o in_o their_o great_a distress_n they_o think_v none_o a_o sufficient_a sacrifice_n but_o the_o king_n be_v elder_a son_n a_o custom_n take_v from_o the_o moabite_n and_o sometime_o practise_v by_o the_o idolatrous_a jew_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o age_n of_o argantonius_n the_o phoenicians_n attempt_v to_o subdue_v all_o spain_n but_o be_v repulse_v send_v for_o aid_n to_o the_o carthaginian_n who_o ravage_n the_o country_n but_o sustain_v great_a loss_n from_o the_o native_n about_o the_o year_n 620_o before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n and_o 132_o after_o the_o building_n of_o rome_n be_v the_o age_n of_o argantonius_n king_n of_o the_o tartessi_fw-it who_o according_a to_o silius_n italicus_n account_n 132._o age._n live_v 300_o year_n pliny_n out_o of_o anacreon_n assign_v he_o 150._o to_o he_o for_o his_o great_a skill_n in_o war_n and_o long_a experience_n the_o people_n commit_v the_o government_n hope_v by_o his_o courage_n and_o conduct_n to_o be_v able_a to_o oppose_v the_o design_n of_o the_o phoenicians_n who_o have_v now_o lay_v aside_o their_o mask_n and_o open_o aim_v at_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o all_o spain_n have_v to_o this_o effect_n pass_v over_o from_o cadiz_n to_o the_o continent_n they_o use_v policy_n as_o well_o as_o strength_n sow_v dissension_n among_o the_o native_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o several_a place_n the_o native_n gather_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o king_n argantonius_n not_o only_o check_v the_o phoenicians_n but_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o drive_v they_o out_o of_o all_o the_o province_n of_o betica_n or_o andaluzia_n and_o even_o out_o of_o the_o island_n of_o cadiz_n a_o thing_n the_o more_o likely_a for_o that_o many_o be_v go_v before_o to_o the_o relief_n of_o their_o own_o country_n the_o city_n of_o tyre_n be_v then_o besiege_a by_o the_o mighty_a king_n nabuchadnezzar_n after_o he_o have_v take_v jerusalem_n this_o relief_n that_o go_v from_o cadiz_n get_v into_o tyre_n be_v the_o cause_n it_o hold_v out_o four_o year_n and_o nabuchadnezzar_n be_v call_v away_o into_o egypt_n raise_v the_o siege_n and_o have_v subdue_v the_o great_a part_n of_o africa_n resolve_v spain_n to_o pass_v over_o into_o spain_n as_o well_o to_o possess_v himself_o of_o the_o riches_n of_o that_o country_n as_o to_o take_v revenge_n for_o the_o relief_n send_v thence_o to_o tyre_n he_o land_v his_o army_n near_o the_o pyrenean_n and_o from_o thence_o without_o any_o opposition_n range_v all_o the_o country_n over_o till_o he_o come_v to_o cadiz_n josephus_n say_v he_o conquer_a all_o spain_n the_o native_n take_v courage_n begin_v to_o make_v head_n the_o king_n fear_v to_o tempt_v fortune_n and_o satisfy_v that_o he_o have_v stretch_v his_o empire_n to_o the_o utmost_a limit_n of_o the_o earth_n load_v with_o riches_n return_v home_o in_o the_o year_n 171._o after_o the_o building_n of_o rome_n this_o come_n
of_o nabuchadnezzar_n be_v much_o speak_v of_o in_o the_o hebrew_n book_n and_o this_o give_v occasion_n to_o affirm_v that_o many_o town_n in_o andaluzia_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o toledo_n which_o have_v hebrew_a name_n be_v then_o build_v by_o the_o jew_n that_o be_v in_o his_o army_n among_o those_o place_n be_v reckon_v toledo_n escalona_n noves_fw-la maqueda_n yepes_n and_o other_o of_o less_o note_n which_o they_o say_v take_v their_o name_n from_o ascalon_n nobe_n mageddo_n and_o joppe_n city_n of_o palestine_n call_v toledo_n they_o say_v be_v derive_v from_o toledoth_n which_o in_o hebrew_n signify_v family_n that_o gather_v to_o build_v that_o place_n i_o will_v not_o approve_v or_o reject_v these_o opinion_n but_o only_o note_v that_o no_o ancient_a author_n make_v mention_n of_o any_o such_o thing_n our_o historian_n add_v that_o after_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o phoenicians_n and_o return_v of_o the_o babylonian_n the_o phocenses_n inhabitant_n of_o a_o city_n so_o 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phoenicians_n be_v increase_v in_o power_n and_o riches_n return_v to_o spain_n and_o repossess_v themselves_o of_o the_o island_n of_o cadiz_n design_v upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n that_o shall_v offer_v to_o pass_v over_o into_o the_o continent_n they_o want_v a_o pretence_n and_o think_v none_o so_o good_a as_o that_o of_o religion_n they_o ask_v leave_v of_o the_o native_n to_o erect_v a_o temple_n to_o hercules_n feign_v he_o have_v appear_v and_o order_v they_o so_o to_o do_v have_v by_o this_o fraud_n obtain_v their_o desire_n they_o build_v a_o temple_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o fort_n many_o under_o colour_n of_o devotion_n resort_v thither_o in_o a_o small_a time_n it_o grow_v to_o the_o grandeur_n of_o a_o city_n which_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v stand_v where_o now_o medina_n sidonia_n be_v which_o the_o name_n sidon_n seem_v to_o confirm_v and_o the_o small_a distance_n of_o only_a 16_o mile_n from_o the_o coast_n of_o cadiz_n beside_o this_o they_o become_v 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the_o limit_n of_o these_o people_n therefore_o it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o labour_v to_o fix_v their_o bound_n no_o more_o than_o those_o of_o the_o massieni_n selbisii_n curenses_n lignii_n and_o other_o who_o name_n be_v find_v in_o approve_a author_n but_o what_o place_n particular_o they_o inhabit_a can_v not_o be_v assign_v but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n the_o native_n provoke_v by_o the_o wrong_n they_o receive_v from_o the_o phoenicians_n and_o grow_v jealous_a of_o the_o increase_n of_o their_o new_a city_n hold_v a_o great_a consultation_n in_o which_o they_o treat_v of_o the_o injury_n they_o have_v receive_v and_o danger_n that_o may_v ensue_v from_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o those_o strange_n baucius_fw-la capetus_n prince_n of_o the_o turdetani_n be_v there_o present_a he_o take_v upon_o he_o with_o wise_a word_n to_o raise_v their_o droop_a spirit_n and_o do_v it_o so_o spaniard_n effectual_o that_o they_o all_o present_o vote_v the_o war_n against_o the_o phoenicians_n they_o appoint_v officer_n and_o give_v they_o power_n to_o raise_v man_n withal_o recommend_v to_o all_o to_o be_v private_a that_o so_o they_o may_v surprise_n their_o enemy_n to_o baucius_fw-la for_o his_o great_a experience_n and_o the_o love_n all_o the_o people_n bear_v he_o they_o assign_v the_o whole_a management_n of_o the_o war._n thus_o have_v gather_v a_o mighty_a army_n they_o fall_v upon_o the_o phoenicians_n who_o where_o whole_o unprovided_a and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n take_v all_o the_o city_n they_o have_v build_v and_o those_o they_o have_v conquer_a give_v the_o plunder_v of_o all_o their_o riches_n to_o the_o soldier_n the_o city_n medina_n sidonia_n whither_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o phoenicians_n flee_v confide_v in_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o temple_n soon_o follow_v the_o fate_n cadiz_n of_o the_o rest_n and_o all_o within_o it_o be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n such_o be_v their_o desire_n of_o revenge_n that_o lay_v aside_o all_o thought_n of_o compassion_n and_o zeal_n of_o religion_n they_o fire_v and_o lay_v the_o temple_n level_v with_o the_o ground_n thus_o all_o the_o riches_n they_o have_v be_v many_o year_n heap_v and_o the_o stately_a building_n they_o have_v with_o great_a cost_n erect_v be_v destroy_v and_o nothing_o leave_v the_o phoenicians_n on_o the_o continent_n except_o some_o few_o small_a town_n which_o escape_v unregarded_a and_o not_o because_o they_o can_v make_v any_o opposition_n those_o of_o cadiz_n despair_v of_o accommodation_n with_o the_o native_n find_v they_o must_v either_o resolve_v to_o quit_v spain_n or_o send_v for_o succour_n from_o abroad_o to_o expect_v relief_n from_o tyre_n in_o that_o distress_n be_v too_o tedious_a therefore_o they_o agree_v to_o call_v to_o their_o assistance_n the_o carthaginian_n to_o who_o they_o be_v ally_v as_o descend_v from_o the_o same_o original_a and_o otherwise_o unite_v by_o continual_a commerce_n and_o amity_n the_o ambassador_n be_v admit_v to_o audience_n in_o the_o senate_n lay_v before_o they_o the_o extreme_a danger_n those_o of_o cadiz_n be_v in_o that_o they_o seek_v not_o to_o recover_v what_o they_o have_v lose_v but_o to_o preserve_v carthaginian_n their_o liberty_n and_o life_n that_o the_o opportunity_n they_o have_v so_o long_o desire_v of_o enter_v into_o spain_n now_o offer_v itself_o very_o honourable_a in_o defence_n of_o their_o ally_n and_o in_o revenge_n of_o the_o religion_n profane_v in_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o temple_n of_o hercules_n who_o they_o chief_o worship_v the_o senate_n of_o carthage_n bid_v they_o be_v of_o good_a heart_n and_o make_v good_a their_o ground_n till_o a_o sufficient_a fleet_n can_v be_v fit_v out_o to_o be_v send_v to_o their_o relief_n the_o carthaginian_n at_o this_o time_n be_v master_n of_o the_o sea_n have_v great_a fleet_n abroad_o as_o well_o of_o merchant_n as_o ship_n of_o war_n and_o be_v possess_v not_o only_o of_o
the_o province_n betica_n or_o andaluzia_n where_o they_o total_o subvert_v a_o colony_n of_o the_o phocencian_n the_o name_n of_o it_o be_v not_o know_v but_o it_o be_v the_o first_o that_o raise_v the_o commotion_n in_o that_o province_n as_o also_o the_o first_o that_o suffer_v for_o they_o at_o carthage_n upon_o the_o news_n of_o the_o death_n of_o hamilcar_n the_o city_n be_v divide_v betwixt_o the_o edi_n and_o barcini_n about_o name_v he_o a_o successor_n but_o at_o last_o by_o the_o interest_n of_o hannibal_n asdrubal_n be_v appoint_v for_o that_o command_n in_o the_o year_n of_o rome_n 524._o asdrubal_n have_v settle_v the_o affair_n of_o spain_n the_o year_n follow_v return_v to_o carthage_n 524._o hope_v to_o get_v the_o whole_a government_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n into_o his_o own_o hand_n but_o be_v hamilcar_n disappoint_v be_v glad_a to_o reassume_v his_o command_n in_o spain_n he_o find_v the_o province_n in_o peace_n and_o therefore_o resolve_v to_o build_v in_o the_o province_n of_o the_o contestani_n on_o the_o sea-coast_n a_o city_n which_o be_v call_v new_a carthage_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o that_o found_v by_o hamilcar_n on_o the_o river_n ebro_n this_o city_n have_v a_o good_a harbour_n secure_v from_o all_o wind_n by_o high_a hill_n which_o encompass_v it_o round_o leave_v only_o a_o narrow_a channel_n to_o pass_v into_o it_o opposite_a to_o which_o be_v a_o small_a island_n first_o call_v herculea_n then_o by_o the_o latin_n scombraria_n of_o a_o certain_a sort_n of_o fish_n whereof_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n thereabouts_o former_o the_o city_n be_v inferior_a to_o none_o for_o the_o strength_n of_o its_o wall_n beauty_n of_o the_o building_n nobility_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o citizen_n at_o present_a it_o be_v reduce_v to_o a_o small_a number_n of_o inhabitant_n yet_o retain_v some_o footstep_n of_o its_o grandeur_n and_o be_v call_v carthagena_n the_o roman_n understanding_n what_o be_v do_v in_o spain_n and_o be_v jealous_a of_o the_o carthaginian_n endeavour_v by_o mean_n of_o the_o people_n of_o marseilles_n to_o settle_v some_o alliance_n in_o spain_n it_o be_v no_o difficult_a task_n for_o they_o to_o compass_v their_o design_n all_o the_o people_n be_v jealous_a of_o the_o proceed_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n ampurias_fw-la be_v the_o first_o city_n that_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o roman_n it_o be_v seat_v among_o the_o people_n then_o call_v indegetes_n that_o border_v on_o the_o laletani_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o ceretani_fw-la on_o the_o other_o and_o reach_v from_o the_o river_n than_o sameroca_n now_o sambucha_n to_o the_o ryrenean_n hill_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o those_o of_o ampurias_fw-la saguntum_n and_o denia_n come_v into_o the_o league_n which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o bloody_a war_n that_o soon_o after_o ensue_v between_o the_o roman_n and_o carthaginian_n asdrubal_n be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o these_o proceed_n but_o he_o think_v fit_a to_o wink_v at_o they_o till_o all_o thing_n be_v ready_a for_o the_o war_n he_o design_v in_o order_n to_o which_o though_o with_o much_o difficulty_n he_o obtain_v of_o the_o senate_n to_o send_v hannibal_n into_o spain_n at_o his_o arrival_n the_o soldier_n and_o his_o friend_n receive_v he_o with_o great_a demonstration_n of_o joy_n and_o asdrubal_n declare_v he_o his_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o year_n after_o the_o build_n of_o rome_n 528._o at_o this_o time_n come_v into_o spain_n ambassador_n from_o rome_n who_o propose_v that_o whereas_o the_o roman_n and_o carthaginian_n 528._o be_v friend_n and_o confederate_n and_o that_o there_o be_v of_o late_a alliance_n between_o the_o say_a roman_n and_o some_o of_o the_o people_n of_o hispania_n citerior_fw-la therefore_o to_o prevent_v all_o misunderstanding_n and_o that_o neither_o may_v encroach_v upon_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o other_o the_o river_n ebro_n shall_v be_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o carthaginian_a province_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o saguntum_n be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o that_o river_n they_o shall_v not_o intrude_v upon_o their_o liberty_n in_o fine_a that_o none_o shall_v offer_v any_o wrong_n to_o the_o friend_n and_o ally_n of_o the_o other_o this_o embassy_n be_v very_o ungrateful_a to_o the_o carthaginian_n think_v it_o too_o great_a a_o presumption_n in_o the_o roman_n to_o give_v law_n to_o the_o conqueror_n in_o their_o own_o province_n however_o they_o think_v fit_a to_o submit_v to_o the_o necessity_n of_o time_n till_o they_o be_v better_o provide_v to_o carry_v on_o a_o war_n and_o therefore_o agree_v to_o all_o the_o ambassador_n demand_v and_o the_o more_o because_o they_o understand_v the_o gaul_n have_v be_v defeat_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o 40000_o of_o they_o slay_v in_o the_o battle_n beside_o 10000_o take_v the_o ambassador_n be_v go_v asdrubal_n spend_v three_o year_n in_o provide_v all_o necessary_n for_o the_o war_n he_o design_v but_o death_n put_v a_o stop_n to_o his_o proceed_n for_o he_o be_v kill_v by_o a_o slave_n in_o revenge_n of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o master_n who_o name_n be_v tagus_n a_o noble_a 532._o spaniard_n that_o have_v be_v slay_v by_o asdrubal_n the_o second_o year_n of_o the_o 139_o olympiad_n and_o 532._o of_o the_o build_n of_o rome_n so_o great_a be_v the_o satisfaction_n this_o slave_n receive_v in_o kill_v of_o asdrubal_n at_o the_o altar_n as_o he_o be_v offer_v sacrifice_n that_o though_o he_o be_v take_v and_o put_v to_o exquisite_a torment_n he_o never_o express_v the_o least_o sense_n of_o pain_n but_o bear_v all_o with_o a_o cheerful_a and_o smile_a countenance_n chap._n iii_o the_o beginning_n progress_n and_o end_n of_o the_o saguntine_n war_n with_o the_o utter_a extirpation_n of_o that_o city_n asdrubal_n be_v slay_v as_o above_o the_o government_n of_o spain_n by_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o soldier_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o people_n be_v confer_v upon_o his_o brother-in-law_n spain_n hannibal_n he_o be_v then_o in_o the_o prime_n of_o his_o youth_n be_v 26_o year_n of_o age_n of_o great_a courage_n and_o resolution_n endow_v with_o excellent_a natural_a part_n but_o no_o less_o incline_v to_o vice_n of_o body_n hardy_a as_o inure_v to_o labour_n his_o mind_n generous_a and_o more_o covetous_a of_o honour_n than_o ease_n his_o boldness_n be_v extraordinary_a his_o prudence_n and_o secrecy_n nothing_o inferior_a all_o these_o virtue_n be_v darken_v by_o his_o treachery_n cruelty_n and_o irreligion_n yet_o be_v he_o esteem_v and_o general_o belove_v by_o all_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o government_n and_o fear_v lest_o death_n shall_v cut_v he_o off_o as_o have_v happen_v to_o asdrubal_n his_o only_a study_n be_v how_o to_o carry_v on_o a_o war_n against_o the_o roman_n it_o be_v requisite_a to_o find_v some_o colour_n and_o pretence_n and_o therefore_o he_o resolve_v first_o to_o break_v with_o saguntum_n to_o revenge_v some_o injury_n do_v to_o his_o ally_n before_o he_o enter_v upon_o this_o great_a undertake_n he_o think_v fit_a to_o celebrate_v his_o nuptial_n with_o himilce_a a_o native_a of_o castulon_n than_o a_o noble_a city_n where_o now_o stand_v the_o poor_a cottage_n of_o cazlona_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n baeza_n where_o be_v still_o some_o footstep_n of_o its_o greatness_n this_o lady_n be_v of_o the_o race_n of_o milico_n a_o ancient_a king_n of_o spain_n and_o it_o be_v say_v that_o cyrrheus_fw-la the_o phocensian_a from_o who_o also_o she_o be_v descend_v have_v found_v that_o city_n and_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o his_o mother_n castulona_n her_o dower_n be_v very_o great_a and_o the_o power_n of_o hannibal_n hereby_o much_o increase_v because_o the_o people_n look_v upon_o he_o as_o their_o countryman_n and_o friend_n in_o his_o time_n also_o and_o by_o his_o order_n be_v discover_v several_a mine_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o be_v call_v hannibal_n well_n we_o may_v guess_v at_o the_o treasure_n these_o mine_n yield_v by_o one_o of_o they_o call_v bebelus_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v record_v there_o be_v daily_o take_v 300_o pound_n weight_n of_o pure_a silver_n hannibal_n first_o war_n be_v against_o the_o carpetani_n that_o be_v the_o kingdom_n of_o toledo_n a_o fierce_a and_o warlike_a nation_n and_o which_o in_o number_n of_o man_n exceed_v any_o other_o in_o spain_n of_o these_o the_o olcades_n where_o now_o ocana_n stand_v though_o stephanus_n place_v they_o near_o the_o river_n ebro_n be_v the_o first_o subdue_v then_o near_o unto_o tagus_n be_v fight_v a_o bloody_a battle_n in_o which_o the_o native_n be_v defeat_v at_o the_o same_o time_n there_o arise_v difference_n among_o the_o people_n of_o saguntum_n which_o serve_v to_o make_v way_n for_o their_o enemy_n who_o let_v slip_v no_o opportunity_n to_o quell_v these_o tumult_n the_o wise_a sort_n have_v recourse_n to_o rome_n whence_o at_o their_o
happen_v that_o during_o the_o engagement_n one_o of_o worsted_n the_o rebel_n cry_v out_o great_a number_n of_o french_a and_o german_n will_v soon_o come_v to_o our_o aid_n and_o cut_v you_o all_o to_o piece_n the_o king_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n be_v not_o far_o off_o therefore_o advice_n be_v give_v he_o of_o what_o that_o soldier_n have_v say_v and_o he_o send_v 10000_o man_n under_o the_o command_n of_o wandemirus_n to_o reinforce_v the_o other_o these_o be_v so_o eager_a to_o engage_v that_o march_v all_o night_n they_o reach_v the_o town_n by_o break_n of_o day_n before_o the_o assault_n begin_v at_o the_o sight_n of_o such_o a_o multitude_n paul_n be_v dismay_v yet_o endeavour_v to_o hide_v it_o and_o put_v the_o best_a countenance_n upon_o it_o he_o encourage_v his_o men._n the_o assault_n be_v give_v and_o last_v most_o part_n of_o the_o day_n till_o the_o besiege_a be_v quite_o spend_v with_o labour_n and_o overpower_v give_v way_n and_o suffer_v the_o 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about_o four_o mile_n from_o the_o town_n alight_v off_o his_o horse_n and_o kneel_v with_o tear_n in_o his_o eye_n beg_v for_o the_o rebel_n the_o king_n who_o be_v no_o less_o merciful_a than_o brave_a promise_v a_o general_n pardon_v to_o all_o except_o the_o head_n of_o who_o alone_o he_o design_v to_o make_v a_o example_n but_o argebaudus_n still_o press_v that_o there_o may_v be_v no_o exception_n wamba_n with_o a_o angry_a countenance_n bid_v he_o be_v satisfy_v with_o what_o be_v grant_v and_o think_v all_o be_v favour_n that_o extend_v not_o to_o the_o life_n of_o the_o least_o offender_n chap._n vi_o wamba_n return_v into_o spain_n punish_v the_o head_n of_o the_o rebel_n his_o public_a work_n eleven_o council_n of_o toledo_n a_o great_a fleet_n of_o saracen_n destroy_v wamba_n depose_v ervigius_n usurp_v the_o crown_n the_o king_n march_v to_o the_o city_n with_o the_o strength_n of_o his_o army_n at_o his_o arrival_n all_o that_o take_v hold_v out_o before_o submit_v and_o paul_n deliver_v up_o the_o theatre_n where_o be_v with_o he_o gumildus_n the_o bishop_n and_o other_o head_n of_o the_o conspirator_n who_o be_v all_o secure_v and_o paul_n himself_o lead_v by_o the_o hair_n of_o the_o head_n betwixt_o two_o officer_n to_o the_o king_n presence_n all_o the_o criminal_n cast_v themselves_o at_o the_o king_n foot_n who_o give_v thanks_o to_o almighty_a god_n give_v they_o their_o life_n yet_o so_o that_o they_o shall_v remain_v in_o custody_n till_o he_o determine_v what_o shall_v be_v do_v with_o they_o some_o french_a and_o saxon_n that_o be_v find_v in_o the_o town_n part_n as_o hostage_n and_o other_o who_o come_v to_o serve_v be_v well_o treat_v and_o send_v home_o this_o be_v the_o end_n of_o those_o great_a commotion_n which_o threaten_a destruction_n to_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o goth_n many_o think_v this_o a_o judgement_n of_o god_n upon_o those_o people_n for_o rob_v the_o church_n and_o wamba_n after_o make_v a_o strict_a search_n cause_v all_o that_o can_v be_v find_v to_o be_v restore_v he_o order_v the_o city_n wall_n to_o be_v repair_v the_o dead_a body_n to_o be_v bury_v which_o take_v up_o three_o day_n then_o the_o rebel_n be_v bring_v into_o the_o king_n presence_n and_o sentence_n pass_v upon_o they_o after_o the_o king_n have_v set_v his_o foot_n upon_o their_o neck_n and_o other_o formality_n paul_n and_o all_o his_o adherent_n be_v condemn_v to_o death_n and_o to_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n yet_o in_o case_n the_o king_n shall_v pardon_v their_o life_n at_o least_o they_o shall_v have_v their_o eye_n put_v out_o the_o hair_n be_v a_o mark_n of_o nobility_n therefore_o wamba_n to_o be_v think_v merciful_a be_v content_a only_o to_o have_v their_o head_n shear_v now_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o chilperick_n the_o second_o king_n of_o france_n draw_v near_o with_o his_o army_n in_o battalion_n wamba_n have_v taking_n the_o field_n and_o wait_v four_o day_n think_v he_o have_v do_v enough_o as_o unwilling_a to_o break_v into_o the_o territory_n of_o france_n and_o make_v himself_o the_o aggressor_n and_o therefore_o resolve_v to_o return_v into_o spain_n at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o be_v inform_v that_o lupus_n a_o french_a general_n waste_v and_o destroy_v all_o the_o country_n of_o bezier_n he_o move_v towards_o he_o but_o the_o frenchman_n think_v himself_o too_o weak_a to_o withstand_v retire_v to_o the_o neighbour_a mountain_n leave_v all_o the_o baggage_n behind_o so_o that_o it_o look_v more_o like_a flight_n than_o a_o retreat_n with_o this_o and_o the_o other_o booty_n get_v in_o france_n the_o king_n army_n be_v enrich_v and_o return_v to_o narbonne_n whence_o the_o great_a part_n be_v disperse_v into_o the_o neighbour_a garrison_n in_o france_n other_o at_o canaba_n a_o town_n in_o the_o country_n of_o narbonne_n have_v leave_v give_v they_o to_o return_v home_o and_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n of_o their_o labour_n a_o great_a number_n stay_v with_o the_o king_n who_o from_o thence_o return_v into_o spain_n at_o toledo_n he_o be_v receive_v in_o manner_n of_o a_o triumph_n as_o be_v due_a for_o have_v perform_v spain_n such_o great_a action_n in_o only_a six_o month_n which_o be_v the_o time_n since_o he_o set_v out_o from_o that_o city_n the_o order_n of_o it_o be_v thus_o in_o the_o first_o place_n go_v the_o rebel_n upon_o camel_n their_o head_n and_o beard_n shear_v barefooted_a and_o ill_o clothe_v paul_n in_o derision_n have_v on_o his_o head_n a_o crown_n of_o black_a leather_n then_o follow_v the_o soldier_n in_o their_o best_a attire_n last_o of_o all_o come_v the_o king_n who_o venerable_a grey_a hair_n and_o the_o memory_n of_o his_o exploit_n add_v to_o the_o majesty_n of_o his_o countenance_n and_o person_n all_o the_o city_n go_v out_o to_o meet_v he_o withloud_n acclamation_n wish_v he_o long_a life_n and_o prosperity_n to_o conclude_v the_o criminal_n be_v confine_v to_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n thus_o spain_n by_o the_o valour_n of_o 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do_v not_o only_o fix_v himself_o in_o his_o new_a kingdom_n increase_v of_o asturias_n but_o descend_v into_o the_o plain_a waste_v all_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o moor_n his_o force_n daily_o increase_v with_o the_o fame_n of_o his_o action_n so_o that_o he_o take_v the_o city_n leon_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n that_o part_n galicia_n and_o asturias_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 722._o some_o will_v have_v it_o that_o from_o this_o time_n pelayus_n style_v himself_o king_n of_o leon_n but_o it_o appear_v 722._o none_o of_o his_o successor_n call_v themselves_o by_o any_o other_o title_n than_o king_n of_o oviedo_n till_o the_o time_n of_o ordonius_n the_o second_o who_o first_o call_v himself_o king_n of_o leon_n yet_o it_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v that_o upon_o the_o take_n of_o that_o city_n the_o ancient_a arm_n of_o the_o gothish_a king_n be_v change_v into_o argent_fw-fr he_o a_o lion_n rampant_a gules_a which_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n and_o the_o 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this_o battle_n take_v name_n alvelda_n and_o calahorra_n this_o memorable_a battle_n be_v fight_v in_o the_o clavijo_n year_n 844._o be_v the_o second_o of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n ramiro_n have_v return_v thanks_o to_o almightly_a god_n the_o victorious_a army_n by_o vow_n oblige_v all_o spain_n though_o the_o great_a part_n be_v subject_a then_o to_o the_o moor_n to_o pay_v for_o ever_o yearly_a a_o certain_a measure_n of_o wine_n or_o corn_n for_o every_o akre_n of_o land_n as_o also_o that_o whensoever_o any_o booty_n be_v divide_v st._n james_n shall_v have_v 844._o his_o share_n as_o a_o horse_n man._n of_o the_o spoil_n take_v this_o war_n the_o king_n cause_v a_o stately_a church_n to_o be_v build_v in_o honour_n of_o our_o bless_a lady_n which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v to_o this_o day_n half_o a_o league_n from_o oviedo_n on_o the_o side_n of_o mount_n naurancius_n and_o near_o it_o be_v build_v another_o dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n the_o queen_n who_o some_o call_v vrraca_n other_o paterna_fw-la mother_n to_o d._n ordono_fw-it and_o d._n garcia_n furnish_v those_o church_n with_o all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o she_o use_v to_o spare_v all_o that_o be_v possible_a of_o her_o own_o expense_n and_o lay_v it_o out_o upon_o church_n especial_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n james_n the_o joy_n and_o advantage_n of_o this_o great_a victory_n be_v not_o last_a or_o considerable_a as_o may_v have_v be_v expect_v by_o reason_n of_o another_o war_n that_o ensue_v our_o nation_n have_v scarce_o begin_v to_o shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n lay_v upon_o they_o by_o the_o moor_n who_o come_v from_o the_o south_n when_o it_o labour_v under_o another_o plague_n send_v from_o the_o north._n such_o norman_n be_v the_o norman_n who_o drive_v by_o necessity_n or_o rather_o the_o desire_n
month_n his_o severity_n and_o the_o mutability_n of_o those_o people_n cause_v his_o ruin_n one_o mahomet_n be_v put_v into_o his_o place_n and_o reign_v one_o year_n four_o month_n and_o twenty_o two_o day_n and_o then_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o citizen_n the_o same_o befall_v hiaya_n the_o son_n of_o hali_n who_o be_v of_o the_o other_o faction_n and_o have_v be_v before_o proclaim_a king_n he_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n slay_v at_o malaga_n whither_o as_o be_v say_v he_o have_v retire_v when_o he_o have_v reign_v in_o cordova_n only_o three_o month_n and_o twenty_o day_n after_o this_o idric_n brother_n to_o hali_n and_o uncle_n to_o hiaya_n be_v send_v for_o out_o of_o africa_n where_o he_o be_v lord_n of_o ceuta_n to_o take_v the_o crown_n this_o man_n be_v come_v into_o spain_n what_o on_o account_n of_o his_o kindred_n with_o the_o other_o two_o and_o what_o by_o force_n of_o arm_n possess_v himself_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o granada_n sevil_n almeria_n and_o other_o 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itself_o in_o great_a power_n and_o splendour_n in_o spain_n so_o visible_o decay_v that_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o many_o sovereignty_n for_o every_o one_o that_o can_v possess_v himself_o of_o a_o city_n call_v himself_o principality_n king_n of_o it_o jahuar_fw-mi seize_v cordova_n albudazin_n sevil._n haytan_n he_o that_o at_o first_o assist_v hissem_n and_o then_o become_v his_o enemy_n secure_v toledo_n some_o will_v have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o toledo_n to_o be_v more_o ancient_n because_o that_o city_n often_o rebel_v against_o the_o king_n of_o cordova_n other_o kingdom_n be_v erect_v in_o other_o city_n too_o long_o and_o confuse_a to_o insert_v here_o it_o will_v suffice_v to_o know_v that_o these_o sovereignty_n continue_v till_o the_o powerful_a family_n of_o the_o almoravide_n come_v into_o spain_n with_o their_o king_n thesephin_n which_o be_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1091._o let_v we_o turn_v back_o now_o to_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o christian_n under_o the_o earl_n d._n sancho_n and_o king_n alonso_n chap._n ix_o the_o last_o action_n of_o d._n alonso_n king_n of_o leon_n and_o his_o death_n the_o reign_n of_o d._n bermudo_n the_o three_o his_o son_n sancho_n earl_n of_o castille_n poison_n his_o mother_n his_o son_n garcia_n murder_v d._n sancho_n earl_n of_o castille_n desire_v to_o revenge_v the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n and_o leon_n that_o be_v his_o ally_n enter_v the_o kingdom_n moor_n of_o toledo_n put_v all_o that_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n to_o fire_n and_o sword_n the_o same_o havoc_n be_v make_v in_o the_o territory_n of_o cordova_n whither_o our_o force_n advance_v encourage_v with_o their_o success_n in_o both_o place_n a_o great_a booty_n of_o captive_n and_o cattle_n be_v take_v though_o the_o harm_n be_v great_a much_o more_o be_v the_o terror_n this_o strike_v into_o the_o infidel_n who_o be_v embroil_v in_o civil_a war_n can_v not_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n so_o that_o they_o who_o not_o long_o before_o keep_v the_o christian_n peace_n in_o continual_a fear_n be_v now_o force_v to_o buy_v a_o peace_n at_o a_o dear_a sepulveda_n a_o town_n on_o the_o frontier_n also_o osma_n santistevan_n de_fw-fr gormaz_n and_o other_o town_n take_v by_o the_o moor_n in_o the_o last_o war_n be_v now_o recover_v from_o this_o time_n some_o anthor_n write_v the_o nobility_n of_o castille_n be_v exempt_v from_o follow_v the_o war_n at_o their_o own_o cost_n only_o upon_o the_o hope_n of_o booty_n and_o it_o be_v ordain_v they_o shall_v receive_v pay_v as_o be_v use_v in_o all_o other_o country_n d._n sancho_n in_o a_o great_a measure_n blemish_v the_o honour_n gain_v in_o this_o expedition_n by_o the_o death_n he_o put_v his_o mother_n he_o to_o she_o fall_v in_o love_n with_o a_o lewd_a brawny_a moor_n and_o dare_v not_o marry_v he_o not_o so_o much_o for_o any_o scruple_n of_o conscience_n as_o for_o fear_n of_o her_o son_n and_o therefore_o resolve_v to_o murder_v he_o by_o that_o mean_n to_o make_v way_n to_o her_o infamous_a wedding_n the_o do_v be_v prepare_v to_o poison_n he_o but_o the_o earl_n have_v intelligence_n of_o it_o force_v his_o mother_n by_o way_n of_o respect_n to_o drink_v first_o of_o the_o cup_n she_o offer_v he_o hence_o some_o think_v spring_v the_o custom_n use_v in_o some_o part_n of_o spain_n to_o make_v the_o woman_n drink_v before_o the_o men._n other_o author_n write_v that_o a_o lady_n belong_v to_o the_o countess_n have_v see_v she_o prepare_v the_o do_v give_v notice_n to_o her_o husband_n who_o some_o call_v sancho_n del_fw-it valle_n de_fw-fr espinosa_n and_o he_o to_o the_o earl_n and_o thereby_o obtain_v that_o privilege_n enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n by_o the_o family_n of_o monteros_n de_fw-fr espinosa_n of_o guard_v the_o king_n person_n by_o night_n true_a it_o be_v i_o find_v no_o good_a ground_n to_o believe_v this_o relation_n but_o it_o be_v so_o record_v and_o the_o people_n of_o that_o town_n affirm_v it_o as_o a_o certain_a truth_n they_o add_v that_o the_o earl_n to_o atone_v for_o this_o fault_n and_o allay_v the_o hatred_n the_o people_n have_v conceive_v against_o he_o build_v a_o monastery_n for_o nun_n and_o in_o honour_n of_o his_o mother_n give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o ona_n which_o monastery_n sancho_n the_o great_a king_n of_o navarre_n give_v to_o the_o monk_n of_o cluni_n and_o in_o our_o day_n be_v the_o chief_a in_o that_o country_n d._n sancho_n by_o his_o wife_n da._n vrraca_n have_v d._n garcia_n da._n nuna_n da._n teresa_n and_o da._n trigida_n the_o two_o elder_a daughter_n be_v marry_v to_o great_a man_n trigida_n be_v abbess_n in_o the_o monastery_n of_o ona_n about_o the_o same_o time_n d._n sancho_n make_v a_o new_a way_n for_o issue_n stranger_n to_o travel_v to_o the_o church_n of_o st._n james_n the_o apostle_n through_o navarre_n rioja_n briviesca_n and_o the_o country_n of_o burgos_n before_o this_o time_n the_o christian_a dominion_n be_v of_o a_o small_a extent_n the_o pilgrim_n that_o come_v out_o of_o france_n use_v to_o travel_v with_o much_o difficulty_n through_o biscay_n and_o the_o mountain_n of_o asturias_n where_o the_o way_n be_v uncouth_a and_o there_o be_v a_o general_a want_n of_o all_o necessary_n king_n alonso_z enjoy_v a_o perfect_a peace_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n among_o the_o moor_n and_o the_o league_n that_o be_v between_o the_o christian_a prince_n give_v his_o mind_n whole_o to_o the_o civil_a government_n and_o hold_v a_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n or_o parliament_n at_o oviedo_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1020._o in_o this_o parliament_n the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o goth_n be_v correct_v 1020._o the_o king_n at_o his_o own_o cost_n and_o charge_n rebuilt_a the_o city_n
come_v in_o sight_n of_o each_o other_o near_o a_o town_n call_v atapuerca_n about_o four_o league_n from_o burgos_n there_o encamp_v entrench_v first_o and_o then_o draw_v out_o in_o order_n of_o battle_n these_o two_o brother_n differ_v much_o in_o condition_n d._n ferdinand_n be_v affable_a courteous_a meek_a and_o withal_o the_o best_a soldier_n of_o his_o time_n d._n garcia_n be_v fierce_a hasty_a and_o talkative_a which_o make_v he_o odious_a to_o his_o soldier_n beside_o that_o he_o have_v wrongful_o deprive_v many_o of_o their_o estate_n of_o which_o before_o the_o battle_n he_o be_v desire_v to_o make_v restitution_n but_o he_o refuse_v to_o give_v ear_n to_o so_o reasonable_a a_o request_n many_o fear_v god_n will_v punish_v he_o for_o this_o unjustice_n and_o chief_o a_o ancient_a man_n who_o name_n be_v not_o know_v but_o that_o he_o have_v be_v his_o tutor_n he_o make_v some_o overture_n for_o a_o accommodation_n d._n ferdinand_n be_v willing_a but_o d._n garcia_n can_v not_o be_v move_v by_o any_o persuasion_n or_o entreaty_n his_o sin_n make_v he_o deaf_a to_o all_o wholesome_a advice_n in_o fine_a the_o signal_n be_v give_v both_o army_n meet_v with_o great_a fury_n d._n garcia_n his_o tutor_n see_v his_o party_n bear_v down_o rush_v into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v there_o kill_v the_o navarrois_n can_v not_o withstand_v the_o fury_n of_o d._n ferdinand_n charge_n and_o navarre_n two_o soldier_n that_o have_v feign_v to_o desert_n to_o they_o break_v through_o the_o guard_n kill_v the_o king_n with_o their_o spear_n who_o be_v down_o his_o man_n soon_o flee_v king_n ferdinand_n be_v no_o less_o trouble_v for_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n than_o he_o be_v joyful_a for_o the_o victory_n order_v the_o christian_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v spare_v which_o be_v perform_v and_o in_o the_o pursuit_n only_o the_o moor_n be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n and_o make_v prisoner_n the_o body_n of_o d._n garcia_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o victor_n be_v carry_v by_o his_o soldier_n to_o najara_n and_o there_o bury_v in_o the_o church_n of_o s._n marry_o which_o he_o have_v build_v from_o the_o ground_n by_o his_o wife_n d._n stephania_n a_o french-woman_n he_o issue_n leave_v four_o son_n and_o as_o many_o daughter_n which_o be_v d._n sancho_n who_o succeed_v in_o the_o crown_n d._n ramiro_n to_o who_o he_o give_v calahorra_n take_v from_o the_o moor_n d._n ferdinand_n and_o d._n ramon_n the_o daughter_n be_v d._n ximena_n d._n erriesinda_n d._n mayor_n and_o d._n vrraca_n this_o last_o marry_v to_o the_o earl_n d._n garcia_n of_o who_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v hereafter_o the_o king_n be_v thus_o kill_v his_o dominion_n be_v waste_v and_o divide_v among_o they_o by_o his_o brother_n king_n ferdinand_n without_o any_o opposition_n take_v to_o himself_o those_o place_n the_o dispute_n have_v be_v about_o which_o be_v briviesca_n montes_n doca_n and_o part_n of_o rioja_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n oja_n that_o give_v its_o name_n to_o the_o country_n this_o river_n have_v its_o spring_n in_o the_o mountain_n of_o santo_n domingo_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr calçada_fw-es and_o fall_v into_o ebro_n near_o the_o town_n of_o haro_n the_o other_o part_n of_o rioja_n navarre_n the_o dukedom_n of_o biscay_n najara_n logrono_n and_o other_o place_n remain_v to_o d._n sancho_n the_o son_n of_o d._n garcia_n d._n ramiro_n lay_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n recover_v arragon_n and_o be_v in_o hope_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o navarre_n his_o decease_a brother_n kingdom_n for_o it_o appear_v dominion_n by_o ancient_a record_n that_o at_o this_o time_n he_o call_v himself_o king_n of_o arragon_n sobrarve_n ribagorça_n and_o pamplona_n beside_o he_o recover_v from_o the_o moor_n who_o have_v enter_v ribagorça_n a_o town_n call_v benavario_n at_o length_n after_o much_o bicker_n d._n sancho_n and_o d._n ramiro_n conclude_v a_o peace_n each_o give_v and_o receive_v certain_a castle_n for_o their_o security_n d._n sancho_n have_v ruesta_n and_o pitilla_n d._n ramiro_n sanguessa_n lerda_n and_o ondusio_n both_o uncle_n and_o nephew_n be_v jealous_a of_o king_n ferdinand_n and_o fear_v he_o may_v make_v his_o advantage_n of_o their_o discord_n therefore_o they_o conclude_v a_o league_n defensive_a and_o offensive_a among_o themselves_o chap._n iu._n the_o manner_n how_o spain_n become_v exempt_v from_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o famous_a roderick_n diaz_n de_fw-fr bivar_n common_o call_v cid_n his_o extraction_n and_o first_o action_n three_o synod_n hold_v in_o spain_n at_o the_o time_n that_o spain_n waste_v itself_o with_o intestine_a war_n henry_n the_o second_o who_o translate_v the_o empire_n out_o of_o france_n into_o germany_n be_v emperor_n the_o church_n be_v govern_v florence_n by_o leo_n ix_o and_o after_o he_o by_o victor_n ii_o this_o last_o desire_v to_o reform_v the_o clergy_n grow_v very_o dissolute_a call_v a_o council_n to_o florence_n in_o the_o year_n 1055._o thence_o he_o send_v hildebrand_n a_o monk_n of_o cluni_n who_o for_o his_o learning_n and_o ability_n have_v be_v create_v cardinal_n 1055._o to_o move_v the_o emperor_n to_o reduce_v the_o clergy_n to_o their_o primitive_a purity_n of_o life_n as_o also_o to_o empire_n suppress_v the_o heresy_n of_o berengarius_fw-la then_o break_v out_o at_o tours_n in_o france_n our_o historian_n add_v that_o at_o his_o council_n there_o be_v ambassador_n from_o the_o same_o emperor_n who_o among_o other_o thing_n complain_v to_o the_o pope_n and_o father_n that_o ferdinand_n king_n of_o castille_n have_v not_o only_o disow_v the_o emperor_n authority_n but_o proceed_v so_o far_o in_o his_o arrogancy_n and_o pride_n as_o to_o usurp_v the_o style_n and_o title_n of_o emperor_n whereupon_o they_o exhort_v the_o council_n to_o stand_v up_o for_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o in_o return_v the_o emperor_n will_v espouse_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o church_n 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booty_n and_o take_v they_o prisoner_n but_o release_v they_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v pay_v he_o a_o yearly_o tribute_n at_o this_o time_n king_n ferdinand_n be_v busy_a in_o rebuild_v the_o city_n zamora_n which_o have_v not_o be_v repair_v since_o the_o moor_n destroy_v it_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n ramiro_n he_o grant_v that_o such_o as_o will_v inhabit_v there_o shall_v be_v govern_v according_a to_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o that_o city_n which_o be_v those_o of_o the_o goth_n it_o happen_v whilst_o the_o king_n be_v there_o the_o moor_n come_v to_o pay_v the_o tribute_n they_o have_v agree_v upon_o to_o roderick_n diaz_n and_o call_v he_o cid_n which_o in_o arabic_a signify_v lord_n all_o this_o be_v do_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o courtier_n whence_o many_o take_v a_o occasion_n to_o envy_n and_o hate_v he_o yet_o the_o king_n admire_v his_o
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of_o huesca_n those_o about_o zaragoça_n have_v be_v subdue_v by_o king_n ferdinand_n be_v become_v tributary_n to_o he_o but_o now_o upon_o the_o change_n of_o king_n and_o rely_v on_o the_o assistance_n of_o d._n ramiro_n they_o resolve_v to_o fall_v off_o king_n sancho_n have_v speedy_o gather_v a_o army_n march_v against_o they_o those_o of_o toledo_n immediate_o submit_v but_o the_o arragonian_n stand_v out_o hereupon_o have_v waste_v all_o the_o country_n he_o lay_v siege_n to_o zaragoça_n and_o press_v it_o so_o vigorous_o it_o be_v surrender_v to_o he_o upon_o condition_n he_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o support_v the_o city_n against_o all_o enemy_n as_o well_o christian_n as_o moor_n this_o capitulation_n seem_v direct_o level_v against_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n d._n sancho_n be_v offend_v that_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n join_v with_o the_o navarrois_fw-fr who_o often_o make_v inroad_n upon_o the_o dominion_n of_o castille_n and_o beside_o that_o he_o receive_v 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storm_n threaten_v first_o have_v send_v ambassador_n to_o procure_v assistance_n from_o his_o brother_n and_o cousin_n gather_v a_o number_n of_o good_a soldier_n and_o march_v towards_o the_o enemy_n both_o army_n meet_v near_o a_o town_n call_v piantaca_n where_o be_v fight_v a_o bloody_a battle_n both_o side_n for_o a_o long_a time_n resolute_o maintain_v their_o ground_n but_o at_o length_n d._n alonso_n be_v discomfit_v his_o army_n put_v to_o the_o rout_n and_o he_o force_v to_o fly_v to_o the_o city_n leon._n chap._n vi_o the_o progress_n of_o the_o war_n d._n sancho_n make_v upon_o his_o two_o brother_n he_o expel_v alonso_n king_n of_o leon_n first_o and_o then_o garcia_n king_n of_o galicia_n lay_v siege_n to_o the_o city_n zamora_n and_o be_v there_o murder_v king_n alonso_n after_o the_o defeat_n abovementioned_a have_v with_o all_o possible_a speed_n recruit_v his_o army_n meet_v the_o enemy_n again_o near_o a_o town_n call_v golpelara_n according_a to_o pelagius_n brother_n bishop_n of_o oviedo_n the_o archbishop_n d_o roderick_n call_v it_o vulpecularia_fw-la on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n carrion_n here_o the_o fortune_n of_o the_o day_n be_v change_v and_o the_o castilian_n rout_v roderick_n dyaz_n who_o accompany_v king_n sancho_n in_o all_o his_o war_n guess_v that_o success_n will_v produce_v security_n to_o the_o victor_n rally_v his_o scatter_a soldier_n and_o by_o break_v of_o day_n fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n in_o their_o camp_n as_o they_o lay_v bury_v in_o sleep_n and_o wine_n in_o this_o confusion_n some_o flee_v other_o stand_v to_o their_o arm_n all_o command_v and_o none_o obey_v thus_o in_o a_o short_a time_n be_v they_o overthrow_v d._n alonso_n retire_v to_o the_o church_n of_o carrion_n which_o he_o have_v garison_v there_o he_o be_v take_v and_o send_v prisoner_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o burgos_n the_o princess_n vrraca_n sister_n to_o both_o king_n who_o love_v d._n alonso_n and_o the_o count_n d._n peranzules_n who_o 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the_o siege_n be_v carry_v on_o with_o vigour_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o engine_n then_o in_o use_n apply_v against_o the_o work_n so_o that_o the_o citizen_n be_v straighten_v begin_v to_o waver_v and_o think_v of_o a_o surrender_n such_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o town_n when_o a_o treacherous_a fellow_n call_v vellido_n delphos_n whether_o of_o his_o own_o design_n or_o by_o advice_n of_o other_o be_v not_o know_v resolve_v to_o murder_n the_o king_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o siege_n he_o get_v admittance_n to_o the_o king_n upon_o pretence_n of_o discover_v the_o design_n of_o the_o besiege_a and_o show_v he_o the_o zamora_n weak_a part_n of_o the_o wall_n man_n easy_o believe_v what_o they_o desire_v so_o the_o king_n go_v out_o with_o only_a that_o man_n to_o view_v what_o he_o promise_v to_o show_v he_o but_o when_o he_o least_o thought_n of_o it_o velledo_n dolphos_n throw_v a_o spear_n he_o have_v in_o his_o hand_n at_o he_o which_o pierce_v 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mortal_o wound_v strike_v at_o his_o enemy_n wound_v his_o horse_n and_o cut_v his_o reins_o so_o that_o the_o horse_n affright_v carry_v d._n james_n out_o of_o the_o list_n which_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n be_v a_o token_n he_o be_v beat_v the_o judge_n can_v not_o determine_v the_o case_n one_o side_n insist_v upon_o the_o custom_n and_o law_n of_o arm_n and_o the_o other_o plead_v this_o be_v mere_a accident_n and_o thus_o end_v that_o much_o celebrate_a dispute_n chap._n vii_o king_n alonso_z returns_z from_o among_o the_o moor_n and_o recover_v his_o brother_n kingdom_n the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o reign_n action_n of_o roderick_n de_fw-fr bivar_n king_n sancho_n of_o navarre_n murder_v by_o his_o own_o brother_n d._n vrraca_n be_v in_o care_n for_o her_o brother_n d._n alonso_n send_v away_o a_o messenger_n to_o he_o to_o toledo_n acquaint_v he_o with_o the_o unfortunate_a death_n of_o his_o brother_n and_o advise_v he_o crown_n to_o come_v away_o with_o all_o 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this_o i_o look_v upon_o to_o be_v more_o likely_a than_o what_o d._n lucas_n de_fw-fr tuy_n write_v that_o he_o be_v let_v down_o over_o the_o wall_n and_o make_v his_o escape_n have_v horse_n provide_v for_o that_o purpose_n be_v come_v to_o zamora_n he_o consult_v with_o the_o princess_n what_o be_v best_a to_o be_v do_v and_o dispatch_v express_v to_o all_o part_n to_o give_v notice_n of_o his_o be_v there_o the_o people_n of_o leon_n without_o any_o difficulty_n admit_v and_o proclaim_v he_o king_n galicia_n be_v dubious_a d_o garcia_n upon_o this_o revolution_n have_v break_v prison_n and_o endeavour_v to_o recover_v his_o crown_n d._n alonso_n send_v person_n of_o note_n to_o treat_v with_o he_o and_o he_o be_v fair_a condition_v and_o easy_a be_v easy_o prevail_v upon_o so_o that_o without_o any_o further_a security_n ask_v he_o come_v away_o to_o his_o brother_n not_o doubt_v to_o obtain_v what_o he_o desire_v but_o he_o be_v deceive_v be_v present_o seize_v and_o send_v back_o to_o prison_n where_o he_o continue_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o life_n with_o good_a usage_n if_o any_o can_v be_v think_v such_o where_o a_o crown_n and_o liberty_n garcia_n be_v lose_v at_o once_o thus_o galicia_n be_v bring_v under_o the_o nobility_n of_o castille_n be_v assemble_v at_o burgos_n agree_v to_o admit_v d._n alonso_n for_o their_o king_n if_o he_o will_v first_o swear_v he_o have_v no_o hand_n in_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o brother_n d._n alonso_n hear_v of_o it_o go_v thither_o and_o every_o body_n fear_v to_o tender_v he_o this_o oath_n roderick_n diaz_n call_v cid_n undertake_v it_o the_o oath_n be_v solemn_o take_v he_o be_v proclaim_v with_o great_a joy_n for_o the_o present_a he_o connive_v at_o castille_n this_o affront_n but_o reserve_v a_o grudge_n in_o his_o heart_n against_o roderick_n diaz_n d._n alonso_n be_v 37_o year_n of_o age_n when_o he_o return_v to_o his_o crown_n and_o for_o his_o military_a exploit_n be_v call_v the_o brave_a beside_o he_o be_v prudent_a temperate_a modest_a and_o bountiful_a the_o death_n of_o d._n sancho_n and_o restauration_n of_o d._n alonso_n happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1073._o at_o this_o time_n gregory_n vii_o be_v pope_n and_o the_o same_o year_n die_v in_o spain_n s._n dominick_n de_fw-fr silos_n a_o monk_n of_o cluni_n famous_a for_o sanctity_n 1073._o of_o life_n the_o beginning_n of_o d._n alonso_n reign_n be_v not_o free_a from_o some_o trouble_n which_o be_v soon_o appease_v and_o end_v well_o in_o the_o second_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n which_o be_v 1074._o the_o king_n of_o cordova_n 1074._o and_o toledo_n be_v at_o war_n about_o the_o limit_n of_o their_o kingdom_n d._n alonso_n as_o be_v so_o much_o toledo_n oblige_v to_o he_o of_o toledo_n gather_v a_o good_a army_n to_o assist_v he_o king_n almenon_n at_o first_o fear_v this_o preparation_n be_v against_o he_o but_o be_v better_o inform_v both_o king_n join_v their_o force_n and_o in_o that_o manner_n enter_v the_o territory_n of_o cordova_n where_o they_o waste_v all_o the_o country_n and_o bring_v away_o great_a number_n of_o cattle_n and_o prisoner_n no_o battle_n be_v fight_v because_o the_o king_n of_o cordova_n shun_v it_o about_o this_o time_n die_v the_o first_o wife_n of_o d._n alonso_n her_o name_n be_v agnes_n he_o marry_v a_o french_a lady_n call_v constantia_n by_o who_o he_o have_v one_o only_a daughter_n who_o name_n be_v vrraca_n and_o who_o afterward_o inherit_v all_o her_o father_n dominion_n as_o shall_v be_v see_v in_o its_o place_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o this_o queen_n as_o i_o suppose_v a_o embassy_n be_v send_v to_o rome_n to_o desire_v the_o pope_n to_o send_v a_o legate_n into_o spain_n with_o full_a power_n to_o reform_v the_o clergy_n grow_v very_o
sol_n to_o d._n peter_n son_n to_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n of_o the_o same_o name_n both_o which_o send_v to_o demand_v they_o in_o marriage_n d._n ramiro_n have_v by_o d._n elvira_n garci_n ramirez_n who_o be_v afterward_o king_n of_o navarre_n d._n peter_n die_v before_o his_o father_n and_o leave_v no_o issue_n two_o several_a time_n king_n bucar_n who_o come_v out_o of_o africa_n be_v overthrow_v in_o sight_n of_o valencia_n by_o roderick_n diaz_n and_o his_o force_n who_o keep_v that_o city_n as_o long_o as_o he_o live_v which_o be_v five_o year_n after_o the_o take_n of_o it_o he_o be_v near_o his_o death_n when_o the_o same_o bucar_n come_v again_o before_o the_o city_n and_o perceive_v it_o can_v not_o be_v maintain_v after_o his_o death_n order_v in_o his_o will_n that_o they_o shall_v all_o in_o a_o body_n quit_v the_o place_n and_o return_v to_o castille_n the_o moor_n believe_v it_o be_v a_o powerful_a army_n that_o design_v to_o give_v they_o battle_n draw_v off_o 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the_o death_n of_o roderick_n diaz_n de_fw-fr bivar_n be_v a_o great_a loss_n to_o the_o christian_n for_o his_o extraordinary_a valour_n conduct_v and_o prosperity_n author_n do_v not_o agree_v about_o the_o year_n in_o which_o it_o death_n happen_v the_o most_o likely_a opinion_n be_v that_o it_o be_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1093._o about_o this_o time_n pope_n vrban_n translate_v the_o bishopric_n of_o iria_n to_o compostella_n at_o the_o request_n of_o dalmachius_n 1093._o who_o be_v the_o first_o bishop_n of_o that_o city_n and_o make_v it_o independent_a of_o the_o see_v of_o braga_n king_n alonso_z though_o very_o ancient_a never_o neglect_v the_o affair_n of_o war_n but_o make_v several_a incursion_n into_o andaluzia_n which_o be_v the_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v do_v for_o that_o joseph_n the_o moor_n be_v return_v into_o africa_n this_o give_v the_o christian_n some_o time_n of_o breathe_v which_o the_o king_n make_v use_v of_o to_o increase_v the_o religious_a worship_n he_o build_v a_o monastery_n of_o benedictines_n at_o toledo_n of_o the_o invocation_n of_o s._n servandus_fw-la and_o s._n german_n other_o say_v he_o only_o repair_v it_o beside_o he_o erect_v piety_n two_o monastery_n of_o nun_n the_o one_o dedicate_v to_o s._n peter_n the_o other_o to_o s._n dominick_n of_o silos_n at_o burgos_n without_o the_o wall_n he_o found_v another_o convent_n now_o call_v s._n john_n of_o burgos_n the_o year_n follow_v which_o be_v 1099._o be_v remarkable_a for_o the_o death_n of_o pope_n vrban_n and_o the_o take_n of_o jerusalem_n by_o the_o christian_n cardinal_n raynerius_n who_o have_v be_v legate_n in_o spain_n a_o 1099._o person_n of_o great_a worth_n and_o experience_n succeed_v vrban_n by_o the_o name_n of_o pasqualis_fw-la ii_o he_o christian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o his_o papacy_n grant_v a_o privilege_n to_o the_o church_n of_o saint_n james_n the_o apostle_n that_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n it_o may_v have_v seven_o canon_n cardinal_n and_o that_o the_o bishop_n of_o that_o see_v may_v use_v the_o pall_n a_o ornament_n betoken_v great_a authority_n than_o that_o of_o common_a bishop_n the_o next_o ensue_a year_n which_o be_v 1100._o prove_v no_o less_o please_v to_o the_o christian_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o joseph_n who_o be_v sovereign_a of_o all_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n 1100._o during_o the_o space_n of_o 12_o year_n and_o of_o those_o in_o africa_n about_o 32_o than_o it_o be_v at_o last_o unfortunate_a monarch_n for_o the_o untimely_a end_n of_o d._n sancho_n prince_n of_o castille_n which_o will_v be_v see_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n iu._n the_o death_n of_o sancho_n prince_n of_o castille_n and_o of_o the_o two_o king_n peter_z the_o first_o of_o arragon_n and_o alonso_z vi_o of_o castille_n the_o moorish_a king_n of_o zaragoza_n of_o two_o holy_a men._n d._n garcia_n earl_n of_o cabra_fw-la be_v tutor_n to_o d._n sancho_n king_n alonso_n son_n and_o the_o heir_n apparent_a of_o the_o crown_n but_o death_n snatch_v he_o away_o and_o with_o he_o the_o great_a hope_n moor_n have_v be_v conceive_v of_o his_o virtue_n hali_n successor_n to_o joseph_n desire_v to_o commence_v his_o reign_n with_o some_o memorable_a action_n pass_v over_o into_o spain_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n and_o have_v increase_v it_o there_o enter_v the_o kingdom_n of_o toledo_n waste_v all_o the_o country_n till_o he_o come_v in_o sight_n of_o the_o city_n king_n alonso_z by_o reason_n of_o his_o great_a age_n and_o sickness_n can_v not_o go_v out_o in_o person_n to_o oppose_v he_o he_o give_v the_o command_n of_o his_o army_n to_o the_o earl_n d._n garcia_n and_o for_o the_o great_a honour_n send_v his_o son_n d._n sancho_n though_o very_o young_a with_o he_o near_a veles_n the_o two_o army_n meet_v and_o engage_v in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fight_n the_o prince_n be_v strike_v down_o d._n garcia_n cover_v he_o with_o his_o shield_n and_o with_o his_o sword_n keep_v off_o the_o moor_n that_o assail_v he_o on_o all_o side_n long_o he_o keep_v they_o at_o a_o distance_n till_o be_v weaken_v by_o many_o wound_n he_o fall_v down_o dead_a upon_o he_o he_o defend_v this_o disaster_n make_v the_o infidel_n victorious_a it_o be_v needless_a to_o relate_v how_o grievous_a this_o loss_n be_v to_o the_o king_n he_o ask_v what_o may_v be_v the_o reason_n of_o victorious_a be_v so_o often_o overthrow_v by_o the_o moor_n and_o a_o wise_a man_n answer_v that_o the_o soldier_n be_v debauch_v with_o ease_n and_o luxury_n which_o make_v they_o unfit_a for_o service_n hereupon_o the_o king_n order_v all_o incentives_n of_o luxury_n to_o be_v take_v away_o and_o among_o the_o rest_n cause_v the_o bath_n then_o much_o use_v in_o spain_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o moor_n to_o be_v destroy_v some_o hope_n remain_v in_o d._n alonso_n the_o king_n grandchild_n by_o d._n vrraca_n his_o daughter_n but_o he_o be_v very_o young_a and_o a_o woman_n government_n seem_v not_o seasonable_a the_o continual_a good_a fortune_n of_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n diminish_v the_o joy_n of_o the_o moor_n for_o their_o success_n in_o castille_n of_o late_o the_o infidel_n go_v down_o the_o wind_n in_o arragon_n for_o the_o christian_n have_v take_v from_o they_o the_o castle_n of_o calasanz_n the_o town_n of_o pertusa_n on_o the_o river_n canadre_fw-mi and_o the_o city_n barbastro_n whither_o the_o bishopric_n of_o rhoda_n be_v translate_v now_o the_o arragonian_n bend_v all_o their_o strength_n against_o the_o city_n zaragoça_n which_o the_o almoravide_n have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o have_v expel_v the_o ancient_a king_n these_o that_o follow_v be_v the_o king_n that_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o city_n the_o first_o be_v mudir_n than_o hiaya_n next_o almudafar_n zaragoza_n after_o he_o begin_v another_o race_n in_o zulema_n to_o who_o succeed_v hamas_n than_o joseph_n than_o almazazin_n then_o abdelmelich_o and_o then_o hamas_n surname_v almuçacayto_n who_o the_o almoravide_n deprive_v of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o this_o time_n in_o france_n atho_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o raymund_n earl_n of_o barcelona_n father_n of_o arnaldus_n have_v usurp_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o city_n carcassonne_n where_o he_o have_v be_v governor_n be_v expel_v the_o place_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o it_o restore_v to_o its_o lawful_a prince_n in_o the_o year_n 1102._o this_o same_o year_n armengaud_n earl_n of_o vrgel_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o moor_n in_o the_o island_n of_o majorca_n whither_o he_o go_v to_o show_v his_o valour_n and_o be_v therefore_o 1102._o call_v balearicus_n armengaud_n be_v marry_v to_o a_o daughter_n of_o peranzules_n a_o great_a man_n in_o castille_n and_o lord_n of_o valladolid_n by_o she_o he_o leave_v a_o young_a son_n during_o who_o minority_n the_o grandfather_n govern_v and_o
condition_n that_o all_o the_o country_n betwixt_o villorado_n and_o calahorra_n shall_v remain_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o arragon_n that_o king_n plead_v a_o right_a to_o it_o as_o a_o dependence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n that_o in_o biscay_n the_o king_n of_o arragon_n shall_v possess_v guipuscoa_n and_o alava_n province_n not_o long_o before_o take_v by_o king_n alonso_n vi_o from_o the_o crown_n of_o navarre_n that_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n shall_v withdraw_v his_o garrison_n from_o all_o other_o city_n and_o castle_n belong_v to_o castille_n and_o particular_o from_o toledo_n i_o know_v not_o which_o of_o these_o prince_n deserve_v the_o great_a commendation_n both_o of_o they_o give_v a_o great_a example_n of_o moderation_n he_o of_o arragon_n in_o part_v with_o what_o he_o have_v in_o possession_n and_o he_o of_o castille_n in_o quit_v his_o title_n to_o part_n that_o he_o may_v obtain_v the_o so_o much_o desire_v peace_n after_o this_o agreement_n which_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 1122_o some_o author_n say_v late_a these_o two_o king_n 1122._o continue_v in_o real_a amity_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v brother_n or_o father_n and_o son_n all_o thing_n arragonian_n be_v thus_o settle_v between_o the_o christian_n they_o bend_v their_o force_n against_o the_o moor_n the_o king_n of_o arragon_n break_v in_o upon_o that_o side_n which_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o river_n cinga_n and_o segre_n where_o the_o town_n of_o alcolea_n which_o have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o moor_n be_v recover_v thence_o he_o advance_v into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o valencia_n and_o pass_v the_o river_n xucar_n enter_v the_o territory_n of_o murcia_n where_o he_o attempt_v the_o city_n alcaraz_n but_o be_v repulse_v rise_v thence_o he_o turn_v into_o andaluzia_n where_o all_o place_n submit_v to_o pay_v tribute_n provide_v the_o country_n may_v not_o be_v waste_v near_o a_o town_n call_v arenzon_n he_o come_v to_o a_o battle_n with_o the_o king_n of_o cordova_n and_o ten_o other_o great_a man_n of_o the_o moor_n and_o overthrow_v they_o in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1123._o the_o follow_a year_n he_o take_v medina_n celi_n a_o town_n seat_v on_o a_o hill_n betwixt_o the_o confine_n of_o 1123._o the_o celtiberi_n and_o carpetani_n in_o this_o manner_n succeed_v the_o affair_n of_o arragon_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o king_n of_o castille_n enter_v the_o province_n of_o estremadura_n there_o he_o recover_v the_o city_n castillian_n coria_n which_o have_v be_v lose_v after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n alonso_n grandfather_n of_o he_o then_o reign_v thence_o the_o army_n overran_a all_o the_o country_n that_o lie_v between_o the_o river_n guadiana_n and_o tagus_n carry_v away_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o cattle_n and_o then_o they_o return_v home_o load_v with_o booty_n these_o beginning_n gain_v the_o king_n much_o reputation_n and_o give_v proof_n of_o his_o virtue_n he_o bear_v great_a affection_n to_o s._n bernard_n than_o abbot_n of_o claravalle_n by_o who_o advice_n he_o erect_v many_o monastery_n of_o cistercian_n most_o of_o which_o still_o flourish_n in_o that_o part_n of_o spain_n and_o enjoy_v great_a revenue_n at_o first_o these_o religious_a man_n profess_v the_o contempt_n of_o the_o world_n be_v satisfy_v with_o little_a soon_o after_o many_o bountiful_o heap_v charity_n upon_o they_o they_o grow_v rich._n beside_o these_o foundation_n the_o king_n very_o liberal_o increase_v the_o revenue_n of_o several_a church_n and_o monastery_n he_o obtain_v of_o his_o uncle_n the_o pope_n the_o erect_n of_o the_o city_n zamora_n into_o a_o bishopric_n at_o the_o same_o time_n and_o at_o the_o king_n instance_n the_o church_n of_o s._n james_n the_o apostle_n be_v make_v a_o archiepiscopal_n see_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o city_n archbishopric_n 1124._o of_o merida_n then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o moor_n be_v translate_v thither_o twelve_o bishopric_n be_v assign_v to_o the_o province_n of_o this_o new_a metropolitan_a which_o be_v salamanca_n avila_n zamora_n cuidad_fw-es rodrigo_n coria_n badajoz_n lugo_n astorga_n orense_n mondonedo_n tuy_n and_o placencia_n some_o time_n after_o this_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1124._o that_o same_o year_n die_v pope_n calixtus_n and_o honorious_a ii_o succeed_v he_o the_o follow_a year_n alonso_n earl_n of_o toulouze_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o barcelona_n make_v war_n upon_o each_o other_o in_o france_n the_o former_a pretend_v a_o title_n to_o the_o earldom_n of_o provence_n possess_v by_o the_o latter_a in_o right_a of_o his_o wife_n after_o much_o strife_n it_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o that_o argence_n and_o belicadre_n two_o town_n about_o which_o the_o chief_a dispute_n lay_v with_o that_o part_n of_o provenee_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o river_n durence_n and_o liserre_n shall_v remain_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o toulouse_n all_o the_o other_o part_n and_o avignon_n a_o city_n on_o the_o river_n rhosne_fw-fr be_v adjudge_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o barcelona_n moreover_o they_o reciprocal_o adopt_a one_o another_o that_o if_o either_o die_v without_o issue_n the_o other_o may_v be_v his_o heir_n a_o new_a kingdom_n begin_v at_o this_o time_n to_o be_v erect_v in_o that_o part_n of_o spain_n â—ow_o call_v portugal_n small_a in_o extent_n as_o to_o time_n the_o last_o that_o take_v that_o title_n in_o spain_n yet_o in_o great_a exploit_n describe_v fortunate_a and_o renown_v for_o valour_n since_o they_o not_o only_o drive_v the_o moor_n out_o of_o all_o that_o country_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n with_o extraordinary_a bravery_n discover_v way_n to_o the_o unknown_a part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o conquer_v many_o kingdom_n and_o province_n in_o asia_n and_o africa_n this_o province_n of_o portugal_n lie_v along_o the_o western_a ocean_n from_o north_n to_o south_n between_o the_o river_n guadiana_n and_o mino_n above_o 100_o league_n in_o length_n the_o breadth_n where_o most_o be_v about_o 30_o league_n the_o least_o 20._o it_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n on_o this_o side_n and_o beyond_o tagus_n or_o cistagana_n and_o transtagana_n and_o that_o between_o the_o river_n duero_n and_o mino_n or_o interamnensis_n which_o be_v the_o most_o fruitful_a and_o where_o stand_v the_o city_n braga_n on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o tagus_n be_v lisbon_n and_o on_o the_o other_o ebora_n all_o three_o archiepiscopal_n see_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o country_n be_v dry_a and_o barren_a the_o people_n ambitious_a of_o honour_n and_o brave_a a_o small_a part_n of_o this_o province_n which_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n have_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n be_v give_v to_o henry_n of_o lorraine_n in_o dower_n with_o his_o wife_n teresa_n bastard_n daughter_n to_o alonso_n vi_o by_o she_o he_o have_v d._n alonso_n d._n elvira_n and_o d._n sancha_n henry_n after_o he_o have_v these_o child_n go_v to_o the_o holy-land_n to_o assist_v baldwin_n king_n of_o jerusalem_n but_o return_v without_o do_v any_o thing_n of_o note_n at_o his_o return_n he_o treat_v with_o bernard_n archbishop_n of_o toledo_n and_o primate_n of_o all_o spain_n about_o restore_v the_o city_n of_o braga_n viseo_n coimbra_n lamego_n and_o porto_n to_o their_o ancient_a authority_n and_o place_v bishop_n in_o they_o henry_n die_v at_o astorga_n a_o city_n of_o galicia_n whither_o he_o govern_v go_v to_o compose_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o castille_n and_o arragon_n his_o body_n be_v bury_v at_o braga_n in_o a_o small_a chapel_n for_o the_o grandeur_n or_o rather_o madness_n of_o erect_v costly_a tomb_n now_o in_o use_n be_v not_o then_o bring_v up_o after_o his_o death_n d._n teresa_n his_o wife_n have_v no_o more_o regard_n to_o her_o reputation_n than_o her_o sister_n d._n vrraca_n she_o marry_v fernan_n paez_n earl_n of_o trastamard_n a_o match_n much_o below_o she_o if_o not_o altogether_o unlawful_a as_o be_v clandestine_v she_o be_v say_v beside_o to_o have_v have_v too_o much_o familiarity_n with_o d._n bermudo_n brother_n to_o the_o earl_n and_o that_o nevertheless_o she_o marry_v he_o to_o her_o daughter_n d._n elvira_n her_o other_o daughter_n d._n sancha_n be_v wife_n to_o ferdinand_n de_fw-fr meneses_n perhaps_o some_o of_o these_o thing_n may_v be_v malicious_o impute_v to_o this_o princess_n yet_o certain_a it_o be_v that_o ferdinand_n paez_n be_v very_o intimate_v with_o the_o countess_n and_o govern_v all_o thing_n absolute_o according_a to_o his_o own_o will_n he_o make_v war_n and_o rule_v in_o time_n of_o peace_n without_o take_v any_o notice_n of_o his_o son-in-law_n in_o his_o tender_a year_n d._n alonso_n be_v force_v to_o bear_v with_o this_o affront_n and_o wink_v at_o the_o disgrace_n of_o his_o family_n but_o afterward_o many_o in_o hatred_n of_o his_o mother_n vicious_a life_n adhere_v to_o he_o he_o resolve_v to_o take_v up_o arms._n his_o father-in-law_n be_v not_o backward_o both_o levy_v force_n and_o
get_v the_o government_n of_o arragon_n into_o his_o hand_n prevail_v and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o he_o as_o we_o have_v already_o declare_v in_o that_o treaty_n no_o mention_n be_v make_v of_o d._n garcia_n king_n of_o navarre_n notwithstanding_o he_o infest_a all_o the_o country_n betwixt_o tudela_n and_o zaragoça_n but_o two_o year_n after_o which_o be_v the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1140._o raymund_n have_v another_o conference_n with_o 1140._o king_n alonso_n at_o garrion_n where_o a_o league_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o the_o castilian_n and_o arragonian_n against_o navatre_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o such_o town_n as_o the_o navarrois_fw-mi wrongful_o hold_v and_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o arragon_n shall_v be_v restore_v that_o such_o as_o they_o have_v appertain_v navarre_n to_o castille_n on_o this_o side_n ebro_n shall_v return_v to_o the_o king_n possession_n that_o one_o three_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n shall_v fall_v to_o the_o emperor_n the_o other_o two_o three_o to_o the_o earl_n to_o hold_v they_o of_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n they_o fold_v the_o skin_n before_o they_o have_v kill_v the_o bear_n after_o this_o agreement_n both_o party_n provide_v for_o war._n earl_n raymund_n have_v other_o thing_n upon_o his_o hand_n therefore_o d._n alonso_n the_o emperor_n be_v the_o first_o who_o with_o a_o powerful_o army_n break_v into_o the_o country_n of_o navarre_n by_o the_o way_n of_o the_o mountain_n doca_n the_o terror_n he_o spread_v be_v great_a than_o the_o harm_n he_o do_v for_o at_o the_o solicitation_n of_o prelate_n peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o those_o two_o king_n to_o which_o purpose_n they_o have_v a_o interview_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o ebro_n betwixt_o calaborra_n and_o haro_n here_o they_o not_o only_o conclude_v a_o peace_n but_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o d._n sancha_n the_o emperor_n elder_a son_n shall_v marry_v blanch_n daughter_n to_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o though_o be_v young_a 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king_n garcia_n by_o d._n vrraca_n have_v d._n sancha_n who_o be_v twice_o marry_v first_o to_o gaston_n viscount_n of_o bearne_v and_o he_o die_v without_o issue_n to_o peter_n earl_n of_o molina_n who_o have_v by_o she_o aymerick_n afterward_o lord_n of_o narbonne_n africa_n be_v now_o embroil_v in_o civil_a war_n in_o spain_n the_o moor_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o faction_n zedofala_n lord_n of_o rota_n a_o town_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o guadalquivir_n though_o of_o the_o ancient_a blood_n royal_a of_o the_o moor_n for_o his_o moor_n private_a interest_n favour_v the_o christian_n who_o with_o his_o assistance_n make_v a_o inroad_n till_o they_o come_v in_o sight_n of_o sevil._n azuel_n governor_n of_o cordova_n and_o abengamia_n of_o valencia_n be_v at_o variance_n but_o abengamia_n be_v more_o powerful_a expel_v azuel_a out_o of_o that_o city_n among_o the_o christian_n only_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n be_v at_o odds_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o 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consecrate_a the_o great_a mosque_n which_o be_v the_o most_o beautiful_a structure_n in_o all_o spain_n but_o they_o be_v too_o forward_o in_o this_o action_n for_o they_o depart_v without_o leave_v any_o garrison_n in_o the_o place_n it_o be_v large_a and_o require_v a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o the_o king_n dare_v not_o divide_v his_o force_n he_o content_v himself_o with_o make_v abengamia_n swear_v he_o will_v hold_v that_o city_n for_o he_o and_o behave_v himself_o as_o a_o true_a subject_n scarce_o be_v the_o army_n go_v when_o the_o moor_n break_v his_o oath_n the_o christian_n march_v to_o baeça_n whether_o the_o moor_n have_v assemble_v all_o their_o force_n by_o break_v of_o day_n the_o army_n engage_v the_o moor_n be_v take_v vanquish_v the_o city_n surrender_v and_o a_o garrison_n be_v put_v into_o it_o least_o like_o cordova_n it_o shall_v revolt_v roderick_n de_fw-fr açagra_n lord_n of_o
the_o king_n of_o castille_n d._n gutierre_n de_fw-fr toledo_n master_n of_o calatrava_n lead_v a_o convoy_n to_o monviedro_n be_v defeat_v and_o kill_v by_o the_o arragonian_n martin_n lopez_n de_fw-fr cordova_n succeed_v he_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n think_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o orihuela_n but_o the_o aragonian_a offering_n he_o battle_n and_o he_o refuse_v the_o place_n be_v relieve_v and_o the_o aragonian_a return_v home_n at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o year_n 1365_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n besiege_v 1365_o monviedro_n and_o have_v it_o surrender_v to_o he_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o castilian_n after_o a_o long_a siege_n take_v orihuela_n d._n gomez_n de_fw-fr porras_n prior_n of_o st._n john_n either_o because_o he_o fear_v king_n peter_n for_o lose_v monviedro_n or_o to_o curry_v favour_n with_o count_n henry_n desert_v to_o the_o arragonian_n with_o 600_o horse_n that_o be_v in_o that_o town_n from_o this_o time_n the_o force_n of_o castille_n begin_v to_o decrease_v and_o there_o be_v peace_n betwixt_o france_n and_o england_n many_o french_a come_v to_o serve_v the_o king_n of_o arragon_n these_o be_v no_o better_a than_o common_a robber_n to_o who_o the_o pope_n and_o king_n henry_n of_o france_n give_v great_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o purchase_v their_o absence_n they_o be_v invite_v into_o spain_n by_o count_n henry_n this_o body_n be_v make_v up_o of_o english_a and_o german_n as_o well_o as_o french_a to_o the_o number_n of_o 12000_o frossarte_n a_o french_a historion_n say_v 30000._o bertran_n claquin_n and_o hugo_n carbolaye_n be_v their_o chief_a commander_n on_o the_o first_o of_o january_n 1366_o their_o advance_a party_n come_v to_o 1366_o barcelona_n the_o rest_n of_o they_o soon_o after_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n receive_v they_o joyful_o distribute_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n among_o they_o and_o promise_v much_o more_o bertran_n claquin_n he_o make_v earl_n of_o borgia_n the_o king_n of_o castille_n hold_v his_o cortes_n or_o parliament_n at_o burgos_n and_o demand_v supply_n of_o mony_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr brie_n who_o come_v out_o of_o france_n to_o serve_v he_o advise_v to_o buy_v off_o the_o stranger_n that_o follow_v count_n henry_n and_o undertake_v to_o manage_v that_o affair_n but_o king_n peter_n be_v a_o man_n without_o fear_n give_v no_o attention_n to_o his_o counsel_n count_n henry_n and_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n meet_v at_o zaragoça_n where_o the_o foreign_a force_n be_v there_o the_o league_n betwixt_o they_o be_v renew_v the_o limit_n of_o their_o dominion_n in_o case_n they_o succeed_v determine_v and_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o d._n john_n the_o count_n son_n shall_v marry_v ellenor_n the_o king_n daughter_n this_o do_v the_o king_n stay_v at_o zaragoça_n and_o count_n henry_n have_v assemble_v all_o his_o army_n enter_v castille_n by_o the_o way_n of_o alfaro_n ynigo_n lopez_n de_fw-fr horosco_n be_v governor_n of_o that_o town_n which_o be_v very_o strong_a therefore_o the_o army_n stay_v not_o to_o besiege_v it_o but_o march_v towards_o calahorra_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o those_o part_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n ebro_n ferdinand_n bishop_n of_o that_o place_n and_o fernan_n sanches_n de_fw-fr tovar_n the_o governor_n open_v the_o gate_n to_o the_o count_n on_o the_o 16_o of_o march._n here_o a_o council_n be_v hold_v to_o consider_v how_o to_o proceed_v some_o be_v for_o march_v direct_o to_o burgos_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o castille_n other_o advise_v count_n henry_n to_o take_v the_o title_n of_o king_n that_o so_o there_o may_v remain_v no_o hope_n of_o reconciliation_n with_o king_n peter_n of_o castille_n bertran_n claquin_n speak_v much_o to_o this_o purpose_n and_o all_o the_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o army_n side_v with_o he_o they_o easy_o persuade_v he_o to_o accept_v castille_n of_o the_o title_n and_o immediate_o proclaim_v he_o about_o the_o street_n the_o new-made_a king_n be_v bountiful_a of_o what_o be_v 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king_n peter_n be_v at_o burgos_n doubtful_a that_o course_n to_o take_v as_o confide_v but_o little_a in_o his_o people_n at_o length_n he_o resolve_v to_o go_v to_o sevil_n for_o there_o be_v his_o child_n and_o treasure_n the_o people_n of_o burgos_n offer_v to_o stand_v by_o he_o he_o thank_v they_o but_o will_v not_o then_o make_v use_n of_o their_o zeal_n and_o absolve_v they_o from_o their_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n that_o if_o they_o be_v put_v to_o straits_n they_o may_v receive_v count_n henry_n without_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o rebel_n before_o his_o departure_n he_o put_v to_o death_n john_n fernandez_n de_fw-fr tovar_n brother_n to_o he_o that_o deliver_v up_o calahorra_n on_o the_o 28_o of_o march_n he_o set_v out_o from_o burgos_n send_v order_n by_o the_o way_n to_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o conquer_a place_n in_o arragon_n to_o burn_v they_o and_o with_o kingdom_n all_o speed_n march_v to_o meet_v he_o at_o toledo_n thus_o all_o he_o gain_v in_o some_o year_n be_v lose_v in_o one_o day_n he_o stay_v some_o time_n at_o toledo_n to_o secure_v that_o city_n and_o leave_v d._n garci_n alvarez_n de_fw-fr toledo_n master_n of_o santiago_n to_o command_v there_o no_o soon_o be_v king_n peter_n go_v from_o burgos_n but_o the_o citizen_n send_v to_o invite_v count_n henry_n thither_o they_o style_v he_o count_n but_o offer_v he_o the_o crown_n if_o he_o will_v take_v it_o in_o that_o city_n according_a to_o ancient_a custom_n he_o accept_v their_o offer_n march_v thither_o and_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o huelgas_n after_o the_o example_n of_o burgos_n most_o city_n in_o that_o kingdom_n within_o 25_o day_n submit_v to_o he_o thus_o his_o power_n become_v equal_a to_o his_o adversary_n the_o nobility_n and_o commonalty_n strive_v to_o gain_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o new_a king_n the_o affair_n of_o castille_n and_o leon_n be_v settle_v he_o remove_v to_o toledo_n where_o he_o be_v receive_v with_o joy_n garci_n alvarez_n de_fw-fr toledo_n 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the_o king_n of_o castille_n send_v back_o the_o succour_n that_o come_v to_o he_o from_o france_n he_o also_o send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o duke_n castilian_n of_o lancaster_n with_o power_n to_o conclude_v the_o duke_n be_v at_o trancoso_n a_o town_n in_o portugal_n there_o he_o receive_v the_o ambassador_n the_o article_n agree_v upon_o be_v that_o the_o king_n son_n and_o duke_n daughter_n shall_v immediate_o be_v contract_v that_o the_o bride_n by_o way_n of_o jointure_n shall_v have_v soria_n atiença_n almaçan_n and_o molina_n that_o the_o duchess_n her_o mother_n shall_v have_v gaudalajara_n medina_n del_fw-it campo_n and_o olmedo_n that_o the_o duke_n shall_v have_v 600000_o florine_n pay_v he_o at_o certain_a time_n appoint_v and_o 40000_o yearly_a during_o his_o life_n and_o the_o life_n of_o his_o wife_n constance_n these_o be_v the_o head_n of_o that_o agreement_n the_o king_n of_o portugal_n storm_v not_o think_v himself_o secure_a as_o long_o as_o he_o of_o castille_n 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estate_n without_o exempt_n the_o nobility_n or_o clergy_n but_o the_o great_a one_o oppose_v it_o as_o a_o breach_n of_o privilege_n other_o method_n be_v find_v out_o after_o the_o cortes_n break_v meet_v up_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o navarre_n meet_v first_o at_o calahorra_n then_o at_o navarret_n where_o they_o renew_v their_o ancient_a friendship_n queen_n ellenor_n bear_v her_o husband_n company_n and_o with_o his_o consent_n stay_v in_o castille_n to_o try_v whether_o her_o country_n air_n can_v cure_v she_o as_o she_o pretend_v but_o in_o reality_n to_o be_v part_v from_o he_o as_o afterward_o appear_v after_o this_o interview_n the_o king_n of_o castille_n appoint_v the_o city_n of_o palencia_n for_o the_o cortes_n to_o meet_v because_o the_o plague_n be_v still_o at_o burgos_n here_o his_o son_n be_v with_o great_a pomp_n marry_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n daughter_n their_o age_n be_v not_o answerable_a the_o prince_n be_v but_o 10_o year_n of_o age_n the_o 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choose_v in_o his_o stead_n also_o pope_n sixtus_n give_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o sevil_n to_o cardinal_n roderick_n borgia_n but_o the_o king_n oppose_v he_o and_o it_o be_v give_v to_o james_n de_fw-fr mendoça_n then_o bishop_n of_o palencia_n thus_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n begin_v to_o claim_v the_o right_n of_o nominate_v their_o bishop_n the_o neapolitan_n and_o venetian_n be_v now_o at_o war_n about_o hercules_n duke_n of_o ferrara_n who_o the_o former_a protect_v because_o he_o be_v marry_v to_o their_o king_n daughter_n on_o the_o 12_o of_o august_n die_v pope_n sixtus_n his_o successor_n be_v cardinal_n john_n baptista_n cibo_fw-la who_o take_v the_o name_n of_o innocent_a succeed_v the_o 8_o at_o the_o same_o time_n die_v inigo_n davalos_n son_n to_o the_o constable_n ruy_n lopez_n davalos_n he_o be_v in_o high_a favour_n with_o the_o king_n of_o naples_n and_o leave_v several_a child_n of_o who_o some_o prince_n in_o italy_n be_v descend_v and_o particular_o the_o 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assault_v his_o palace_n kill_v his_o brother_n and_o secure_v his_o mother_n who_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a incendiary_n betwixt_o the_o father_n and_o son_n king_n boabdil_n himself_o be_v then_o out_o of_o the_o cordova_n town_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o receive_v the_o news_n of_o that_o misfortune_n flee_v with_o a_o few_o follower_n to_o cordova_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o ronda_n who_o number_n be_v much_o decrease_v be_v in_o a_o great_a consternation_n a_o moor_n call_v joseph_n xerife_n give_v notice_n of_o it_o to_o the_o marquis_n of_o cadiz_n and_o it_o be_v decree_v to_o undertake_v that_o enterprise_n first_o they_o attack_v a_o town_n call_v cohine_v near_o alora_n which_o they_o take_v by_o assault_n and_o raze_v because_o it_o be_v too_o large_a to_o be_v defend_v another_o town_n call_v cartama_n of_o which_o all_o the_o valley_n take_v name_n be_v also_o take_v the_o master_n of_o santiago_n be_v make_v governor_n of_o it_o at_o his_o own_o request_n this_o do_v they_o 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some_o of_o the_o take_v principal_a inhabitant_n shall_v have_v revenue_n assign_v they_o at_o sevil_n out_o of_o the_o estate_n of_o gonçalo_n picon_n and_o other_o condemn_v by_o the_o inquisition_n a_o good_a garrison_n be_v put_v into_o that_o city_n several_a other_o town_n along_o the_o mountain_n surrender_v the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v caçarabonela_n and_o marbella_n which_o lie_v near_o the_o sea_n the_o moor_n be_v in_o a_o great_a consternation_n and_o have_v little_a help_n in_o their_o king_n the_o one_o be_v flee_v the_o other_o ancient_a sickly_a and_o almost_o blind_a this_o move_v they_o to_o choose_v for_o their_o king_n muley_n albohardil_n who_o reside_v at_o malaga_n and_o be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a courage_n and_o conduct_n he_o immediate_o accept_v of_o the_o crown_n they_o offer_v he_o go_v away_o to_o granada_n and_o enter_v that_o city_n in_o triumphant_a manner_n be_v proud_a
italy_n it_o be_v report_v he_o send_v he_o to_o vallona_n to_o obtain_v succour_n of_o the_o turk_n he_o gather_v all_o the_o force_n he_o can_v which_o amount_v to_o 800_o man_n at_o arm_n and_o 4000_o foot_n fortify_v capua_n where_o he_o leave_v fabricius_n colona_n and_o hugh_n de_fw-fr cardona_n with_o 200_o man_n at_o arm_n and_o 1600_o foot_n the_o great_a captain_n be_v a_o man_n of_o a_o vast_a reach_n easy_o perceive_v that_o agreement_n betwixt_o the_o two_o king_n can_v not_o be_v last_v as_o well_o for_o the_o natural_a haughtiness_n of_o the_o french_a as_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o difficulty_n that_o must_v of_o necessity_n arise_v in_o divide_v of_o the_o country_n beside_o that_o sovereignty_n admit_v of_o no_o rival_n therefore_o he_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o anticipate_v the_o french_a that_o they_o may_v not_o obstruct_v his_o conquest_n he_o send_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o fleet_n under_o the_o command_n of_o james_n de_fw-fr mendoça_n to_o the_o coast_n of_o apulia_n to_o hinder_v the_o turk_n from_o come_v over_o thither_o the_o fleet_n of_o portugal_n come_v not_o in_o time_n he_o send_v inigo_n lopez_n d'_fw-fr ayala_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o fleet_n to_o naples_n with_o order_n to_o transport_v joanna_n the_o queen_n dowager_n of_o naples_n into_o sicily_n king_n frederick_n suffer_v she_o to_o depart_v though_o he_o have_v before_o detain_v she_o in_o hope_n through_o her_o mean_n to_o move_v king_n ferdinand_n her_o uncle_n to_o assist_v he_o the_o great_a captain_n pass_v the_o straight_a of_o meçina_n with_o his_o force_n which_o consist_v of_o 300_o man_n at_o arm_n the_o same_o number_n of_o light-horse_n and_o 3000_o foot_n the_o spanish_a ambassador_n at_o rome_n send_v he_o 600_o spaniard_n who_o have_v serve_v under_o duke_n valentine_n order_n be_v leave_v in_o sicily_n for_o send_v after_o he_o 400_o choose_a horseman_n with_o this_o force_n in_o a_o few_o day_n he_o subdue_v all_o calabria_n except_o the_o strong_a town_n of_o girachi_n and_o s._n agatha_n all_o other_o place_n declare_v for_o spain_n the_o spaniard_n pass_v over_o to_o calabria_n on_o the_o 5_o of_o july_n and_o on_o the_o 8_o the_o french_a enter_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n by_o the_o way_n of_o rome_n all_o place_n submit_v to_o they_o without_o resistance_n till_o they_o come_v to_o capua_n to_o which_o they_o lay_v siege_n all_o abruzzo_n submit_v to_o the_o french_a in_o like_a manner_n capua_n can_v have_v hold_v out_o long_o but_o that_o the_o earl_n of_o palena_n betray_v it_o to_o they_o they_o plunder_v the_o city_n and_o take_v fabricius_n colona_n hugh_n de_fw-fr cordona_n and_o all_o the_o other_o commander_n that_o be_v in_o it_o this_o news_n bring_v to_o the_o great_a captain_n at_o nicastro_n on_o the_o 29_o of_o july_n make_v he_o hasten_v to_o take_v the_o castle_n of_o cosenza_n he_o appoint_v luis_n mudarra_n governor_n of_o that_o town_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o ayelo_n of_o all_o calabria_n march_v himself_o speedy_o to_o apulia_n that_o he_o may_v have_v do_v with_o that_o province_n before_o the_o french_a at_o naples_n all_o place_n yield_v to_o he_o at_o last_o he_o sit_v down_o before_o taranto_n where_o the_o duke_n of_o calabria_n be_v at_o such_o time_n as_o the_o french_a be_v possess_v of_o naples_n duke_n valentine_n have_v take_v faença_n and_o poimbin_n come_v now_o to_o serve_v the_o french_a king_n frederick_n and_o the_o french_a general_n agree_v in_o italy_n that_o he_o shall_v deliver_v up_o naples_n and_o gaeta_n with_o the_o castle_n and_o pay_v 60000_o ducat_n for_o their_o expense_n and_o they_o be_v to_o suffer_v he_o to_o depart_v with_o his_o treasure_n and_o servant_n to_o ischia_n where_o he_o have_v 6_o month_n allow_v he_o to_o consider_v whither_o he_o will_v remove_v the_o king_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n the_o queen_n of_o hungary_n and_o duchess_n of_o milan_n go_v over_o to_o that_o island_n thither_o repair_v to_o they_o prosper_n and_o fabricius_n colona_n be_v ransom_v so_o that_o the_o french_a be_v now_o possess_v of_o all_o their_o dividend_n of_o that_o kingdom_n but_o soon_o they_o begin_v to_o cast_v their_o eye_n upon_o the_o rest_n in_o castille_n at_o this_o time_n there_o arise_v a_o great_a controversy_n betwixt_o the_o lady_n mary_n pacheco_n countess_n of_o benevento_n and_o her_o son_n d._n alonso_n pimentel_n about_o the_o guardianship_n and_o marry_v of_o the_o marchioness_n of_o villafranca_n the_o countess_n grandchild_n the_o duke_n del_o infantado_n and_o alva_n ask_v she_o for_o their_o son_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o benevento_n her_o uncle_n for_o himself_o at_o length_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o lady_n beatrix_n daughter_n to_o the_o countess_n shall_v be_v marry_v to_o d._n garcia_n de_fw-fr toledo_n elder_a son_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n and_o the_o marchioness_n to_o d._n peter_n brother_n to_o garcia_n chap._n v._o the_o french_a and_o spaniard_n fall_v at_o variancc_n about_o divide_v their_o conquest_n the_o description_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n frederick_n king_n of_o naples_n put_v himself_o into_o the_o french_a king_n hand_n french_a perish_v by_o pestilence_n and_o stress_n of_o wether_n the_o come_n of_o the_o archduke_n into_o spain_n no_o soon_o be_v the_o french_a possess_v of_o naples_n but_o there_o arise_v debate_n betwixt_o they_o and_o spaniard_n the_o spaniard_n about_o some_o part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o be_v not_o mention_v in_o the_o division_n agree_v upon_o by_o they_o these_o be_v capitanata_n basilicata_n and_o the_o hither_o and_o farther_o principality_n the_o french_a be_v so_o forward_o that_o they_o send_v a_o son_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o capacho_n to_o cause_v that_o part_n of_o basilicata_n to_o declare_v for_o france_n they_o also_o agree_v with_o the_o prince_n of_o melfi_n about_o that_o principality_n which_o be_v in_o the_o same_o province_n and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n have_v already_o give_v it_o to_o john_n james_n trivulcio_n some_o nobleman_n be_v release_v who_o have_v be_v imprison_v by_o the_o king_n of_o naples_n and_o among_o they_o john_n baptista_n morçano_n after_o he_o have_v be_v almost_o 40_o year_n in_o custody_n he_o bold_o attempt_v to_o possess_v himself_o of_o the_o principality_n of_o rosano_n which_o have_v be_v his_o father_n and_o be_v in_o calabria_n also_o luis_n d'_fw-fr arsi_fw-la be_v empower_v by_o the_o lord_n of_o ligni_fw-la raise_v the_o principality_n of_o altamura_n in_o apulia_n for_o the_o french_a these_o be_v heartburning_n at_o present_a and_o seem_v to_o tend_v to_o a_o breach_n method_n of_o reconcile_a these_o difference_n be_v first_o propose_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o aubeni_n and_o then_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o nemours_n who_o come_v after_o the_o surrender_n of_o naples_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o neither_o party_n shall_v intrude_v into_o those_o province_n which_o be_v out_o of_o dispute_n and_o that_o those_o that_o stand_v dubious_a which_o side_n they_o belong_v to_o shall_v remain_v in_o common_a to_o both_o till_o such_o time_n as_o the_o controversy_n be_v decide_v matter_n of_o the_o government_n and_o revenue_n be_v also_o adjust_v but_o nothing_o observe_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n this_o dispute_n and_o the_o clear_n which_o side_n have_v the_o most_o right_o it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o give_v a_o short_a description_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n and_o of_o all_o its_o part_n the_o naples_n kingdom_n of_o naples_n contain_v all_o that_o country_n which_o extend_v from_o taracina_n or_o fundi_n on_o the_o mediterranean_a and_o the_o river_n truento_n that_o fall_v into_o the_o gulp_n of_o venice_n to_o the_o utmost_a point_n of_o italy_n mount_v apennine_a which_o join_v with_o the_o alps_n cut_v this_o kingdom_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o italy_n into_o two_o part_n at_o the_o first_o entrance_n into_o the_o kingdom_n on_o the_o right-hand_a of_o that_o mountain_n upon_o the_o mediterranean_a lie_v the_o principal-part_n of_o it_o call_v campania_n or_o terra_fw-la de_fw-fr labour_n of_o the_o ancient_a liborii_n who_o dwell_v there_o in_o this_o province_n be_v gaeta_n nola_n capua_n and_o naples_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n former_o all_o the_o country_n from_o the_o river_n tiber_n to_o naples_n be_v call_v campania_n now_o that_o which_o lie_v betwixt_o rome_n and_o the_o border_n of_o that_o kingdom_n go_v by_o the_o name_n of_o campagna_n di_fw-it roma_fw-it on_o the_o lefthand_n lie_v abrazzo_n contain_v many_o of_o the_o ancient_a province_n namely_o the_o sabine_n where_o be_v ascoli_n the_o marrucini_n where_o be_v theate_v the_o peligni_n and_o vestini_n in_o which_o be_v the_o city_n of_o aquila_n and_o sulmona_n the_o marsi_n where_o be_v the_o lake_n ficinus_fw-la and_o the_o duchy_n of_o tagliacoço_n and_o part_n of_o the_o samnite_n famous_a
in_o the_o roman_a history_n and_o reach_v to_o campania_n the_o modern_n divide_v this_o province_n into_o abruzzo_n citra_fw-la and_o abruzzi_n ultra_fw-la the_o river_n of_o pescara_n be_v the_o bounder_n of_o the_o two_o part_n these_o province_n in_o the_o division_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v adjudge_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n on_o the_o same_o side_n with_o abruzzo_n be_v apulia_n divide_v into_o capitanata_n terra_fw-la di_fw-it bari_n and_o terra_fw-la di_fw-it otranto_n which_o run_v as_o far_o as_o taranto_n and_o than_o confine_n of_o calabria_n on_o the_o other_o side_n beyond_o naples_n begin_v the_o principality_n who_o capital_a city_n be_v salerno_n then_o follow_v basilicata_n former_o call_v lucania_n and_o then_o calabria_n where_o be_v the_o ancient_a brutii_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a in_o this_o province_n be_v cosenza_n the_o capital_a city_n and_o rogio_n upon_o the_o straight_a of_o meçina_n the_o inland_n be_v call_v magna_fw-la graecia_n where_o be_v rosano_n catançaro_n and_o cotron_n as_o to_o the_o principality_n it_o be_v dubious_a whether_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v comprehend_v in_o calabria_n touch_v basilicata_n be_v the_o same_o dispute_n and_o therefore_o the_o king_n agree_v these_o province_n shall_v be_v divide_v yet_o some_o affirm_v that_o this_o territory_n lie_v along_o the_o mountain_n that_o part_n apulia_n and_o calabria_n make_v no_o distinct_a province_n from_o they_o two_o but_o that_o as_o much_o as_o lie_v towards_o the_o east_n belong_v to_o apulia_n and_o towards_o the_o west_n to_o calabria_n in_o basilicata_n be_v melfi_n atela_n barleta_n and_o other_o city_n capitanata_n be_v that_o part_n which_o lie_v betwixt_o the_o river_n aufido_fw-la and_o tertoro_fw-it in_o it_o be_v manfredonia_n monte_fw-fr santangelo_n and_o troya_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o that_o territory_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o ancient_a apulia_n since_o ptolemy_n place_n mount_v s._n garganus_n which_o be_v there_o famous_a for_o the_o church_n of_o s._n michael_n in_o apulia_n and_o the_o modern_n always_o understand_v that_o apulia_n begin_v where_o abruzzo_n end_v and_o be_v divide_v into_o those_o three_o part_n already_o mention_v nay_o several_a author_n mention_n capitanata_n as_o a_o territory_n of_o apulia_n and_o always_o the_o duty_n of_o the_o cattle_n of_o apulia_n be_v receive_v in_o that_o territory_n let_v every_o one_o judge_n as_o he_o shall_v think_v fit_a it_o suffice_v to_o our_o purpose_n that_o hence_o the_o french_a and_o spaniard_n take_v occasion_n to_o decide_v that_o by_o the_o sword_n which_o their_o king_n though_o often_o press_v to_o it_o can_v never_o be_v bring_v to_o resolve_v but_o this_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o hereafter_o now_o king_n frederick_n french_a who_o continue_v at_o ischia_n as_o have_v be_v agree_v be_v out_o of_o conceit_n with_o the_o catholic_n king_n put_v himself_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o his_o 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