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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A30864	The art of metals in which is declared the manner of their generation and the concomitants of them : in two books / written in Spanish by Albaro Alonso Barba ... curate of St. Bernards parish in the imperial city of Potosi, in the kingdom of Peru in the West-Indies, in the year 1640 ; translated in the year 1669 by the R. H. Edward, Earl of Sandwich.; Arte de los metales. English	Barba, Alvaro Alonso, b. 1569.; Sandwich, Edward Montagu, Earl of, 1625-1672.	1674 (1674)	Wing B682; Wing B678; ESTC R17204	82,457	255

unto Larecaja joyns Tipuane a Country inhabited by savage Indians with whom we have had wars and made incursions upon them ever since the building of the City de la Paz where I was present and is now above twenty years ago this Country is so largely reported to be rich in Gold that it were incredible unless so many eye-witnesses had affirmed it the proper name of this City de la Paz is Chaquiyapu which we corruptly call Chuquiabo which in the language of this Country is as much as to say Chacra or the Farm of Gold it hath abundance of Mines in it that were wrought in the time of the Ingas it is a soil generally known to be fertile of Mettals and in the time of the rains the Boys often pick up Gold in the streets in small bits like the kernels of apples especially in that street that goes down to the River by the convent of the Predicadores and in the valley of Coroico and others which they call andes de Chuquiabo in the cliffs of the Rocks Gold is found of a grey colour on the outside like unto Lead The Silver Mines of the famous Town of St. Philip of Austria Oruro are encompassed round about with other hills in which there are many rich veins of pure Gold which have been wrought heretofore at present there is only one wrought and that by my perswasion upon the ridge of that mountain that runs over the Silver-mills which they call de las Sepolturas the Oar whereof being well ground to powder and ensayed by Quicksilver yields a considerable profit they have not followed any more of the veins for want of industry their common trade being getting of Silver or which I rather believe because in those veins they have already wrought they have not gotten so much Gold as they expected although that ought not to discourage them because it may reasonably be supposed that where so many veins of Gold are there be some of them very rich if they have the good fortune to light upon them the same which daily experience hath shewed in the Mines of Silver The bounds of Chayanta are full of veins of Gold and have some ancient Mines already sunk in them and in the Sands of its River which is called el Rio grande kernels of Gold are found and in the River of Tinquepaya seven leagues from this City of Potosi they have found Gold also In the Confines of Paccha Chuquichuqui and Presto near unto the City of Chuquisaca there be many Caves out of which they have gotten some shew of Gold the like also is found from the River Sopachuy up unto the Chiriguanes where it is held for certain that there be rich Mines of Gold which the Indians have this year offered to discover unto us The River of St. Juan which runs at the bottom of the Province of the Chiquas where it joyns with the Calchaguies is very full of Gold in Esmoraca and Chillio of the same Province the ancient Gold Mines are yet to be seen there is one hill of the Lipes which is near unto Colcha which hath Gold in it there is a Mine also three leagues from this Town in a place they call Abitanis which in the Lipean language is as much as to say the Mine of Gold I believe for a certain also that there is Gold in the Province of Atacama because of the abundance of fine Lapis Lazuli which is found there in which Gold is engendred CHAP. 27. Of Silver and the Mines thereof SIlver is the most perfect of all Mettals except Gold whereunto it comes so near as to want nothing but the colour and therefore those that most of all oppose the opinion of the transmutation of Mettals one into another do yet hold it possible to turn Silver into Gold because the colour only being wanting the fire and artificial concoctions can supply that whereof there be many experiments from the good mixture and fineness of its parts proceeds its enduring the fire with very little waste as also its being tough and malleable and endures the drawing out into very thin leaves and small wyre if it were not a common trade to do it it would not be believed to be possible that an ounce of Silver should be drawn out into 1400 yards of wyre and it is yet more admirable that all that shall be made gilt wyre with only six grains of Gold so that although Silver can be extended to admiration yet Gold is a hundred times more ductile than it one ounce of Gold suffering its self to be beaten to that thinness as to overspread ten Hanegadas of land In the Mines oftentimes Silver is found white and pure and like as it were wyre woven one within the other between the Rocks which the Spaniards call Metal Machacada such as is found in that Mine they call the Turks in the Province of Carangas in Choquepina a Mine of the Ingas two leagues from Berenguela in the Province of the Pacages in the mountain that I discovered and registred half a league from the works of St. Christopher in the Province of the Lipes in Yaco of the Province of the Charcas which in the middle of its Oar yields rich Copper there was found last year a Stone coated over with white Silver the Mettal contained within being yellow like unto the colour of a Lion And in the rich Mine of Chocaya in the Province of the Chichas in the richest Stones of that Oar they have found much Silver like wyre woven together as aforesaid and in all the Mines of these Provinces at some time or other Stones have been found made into Silver wyre as aforesaid and wedges of pure Silver but no other Mine hath produed the like unto that of St. Christophers in Oruro which besides the leaves of fine Silver that are found between the Stones produceth fine Silver also in small dust mingled with the mould or earth that is dug there which may be gotten together without any more trouble than washing in the same manner as they use the Gold that is found in sand but most commonly in all Mines Silver is found incorporated with the Stones and is scarce discernable nor to be known but by men of good experience In the circuit of the Charcas there is such abundance of Silver Mines that they alone if there were no other in the world were sufficient to fill it with riches in the middle of this jurisdiction stands the wonderful mountains of Potosi of whose treasure all Nations of the world have liberally participated the excellencies whereof of that imperail City whereunto it hath given the name do so much surmount any other thing in the old or new world that they very well deserve a particular history to eternize their fame it is surrounded for the most part with abundance of rich Mines that of Porco is the famous Mine of the Ingas and the first out of which the Spaniards dug any

commanded the Mine to be stopt up CHAP. 12. Of the Generation of Stones IT is most certain that there is some very active principle or vertue that operates in the generation of Stones as well as upon the rest of the matter of the Universe that is subject to generation and corruption but the difficulty lies in knowing what that principle is because it operates in no determinate place but sometimes Stones are made in the air in the clouds in the earth in the water and in the bodies of Animals Avicena and Albertus think the matter whereof Stones are made to be a mixture of Earth and Water and if the greater part be Water it hath the name of liquor but if the greater part of it be Earth then it is called dirt or clay That clay which is fit to make Stones of must be tough and slimy such as Bricks Pots and other Earthen vessels are made of for if it be not such as soon as the fire hath consumed the moisture of the dirt it will not hang together but crumble into earth and dust it is also necessary that the liquor which is to be converted into Stone be very slimy the experience whereof we find in our own bodies the Physicians being generally of an opinion that the Stone is begotten in the reins and bladder of slimy tough humors baked hard by the heat of the body this opinion touching petrifying liquors is confirmed past all question by the experiment of that famous water in this Kingdom of Peru near unto Guancavelica which they take and put into moulds of what form and bigness they please and expose it to the Sun for a few days whereby it is made perfect Stone and they build their houses with it all the cattel that drink it dye and from what has been said before it is not hard to conjecture the reason In a mountain called Pacocava a league from the Mines of Verenguela de Pajages there be Springs of this liquor the colour whereof is whitish inclining to yellow that as it runs along condenses into very hard and weighty Stone of different shapes Moreover any porous substance that can suck this kind of liquor into it is apt to be turned into Stone and of those I have seen Trees and Limbs and Bones of Beasts turned into hard Stone In the City de Plata I have seen sticks of wood taken out of that great River of the same name so much of which as had remained covered with the water being converted into very fine Stone I saw also the Teeth and Bones of Giants that were dug up in Tarija turned into heavy and hard Stone Stones have their substantial forms which makes them differ specifically yet because we cannot come to the knowledge of them in our definitions we are fain by way of Periphrasis to make use of accidents and properties Every several form of the Stones is accompanied with particular vertues as remarkable as those of Animals or Plants and proportioned to the length of time Nature takes in its generation but because Plants and Animals are to have so different dispositions and to produce such various and admirable effects they cannot be of so uniform and well mingled a temperament as the Stones are nor is their soft and gentle substance capable to endure so much force as neither is the hardness of the Stones fitted for the producing variety of several shapes and therefore in them are found no leaves flowers fruits hands nor feet as in Plants and Animals though they have a greater vertue of another kind CHAP. 13. Of the Differences of Stones one from another ALL sorts of Stones are reducible under some of these five following species 1. If they be small very scarce and very hard of substance and have lustre they be called precious Stones 2. If they be of great magnitude although they be rare and have lustre they are some kind of Marble 3. If in breaking they fall into splinters or scales they are a sort of Flints 4. If they be of a small grain they be Pebles 5. Those that have none of the above-said qualifications are Rocks or ordinary Stones But the Miners for the better distinction of the sorts of Stone wherein Mettals are engendred use peculiar names for them for example a kind of Stone like Peble which contains Gold Silver or any orher Mettal they call Guijos which breeds a richer vein of Mettal than any other Stone Cachi another sort of Stone white like Alablaster soft and easie to break in pieces is all this Country called Salt Much Lead is engendred in this kind of Stone in the veins of Metales pacos which is the name the Miners here give unto their Silver Oar. Chumpi which is so called because it is of a grey colour is a Stone of the kind of Esmeril mixed with Iron it shines a little and is very hard to work because it resists the fire much It is found in Potosi and Chocaya and other places with the black Mettals and Rosicleres Lamacrudria is that Stone which is close compacted and solid and shews not the least grain nor porousness when you break it and is of a yellow colour and sometimes high coloured as blood-red Almaclaneta is the name they give another kind of Stone which is very solid and weighty of a dark colour always found in the company of rich Mettals which are engendred in it when it comes to be corrupted and rotten as in like manner is done in the Gouijos It grows upon the Flints of the Gold Mines and those of Copper and Silver Amolaclera or Whetstone is that ordinary Stone which is commonly made use of for that purpose and so known to every body Divers rich Mettals grow upon it but most commonly los Cobriscos The veins of Silver are rare and inconsiderable that are found in Pit-coal although it be a more proper bed for Gold Other Stones that grow in Mines or cleave unto the Mettal they call Ciques and also Caxas which are rough and uneven but not very hard nor very spongy and commonly have nothing of Mettal in them although in some rich Mines they are infected with some little by the vicinity of the Oar. The Stones of Potosi called Vilaciques have been and are very famous for the abundance of Silver gotten out of them and are one of the ingredients that make this Province without comparison Vila signifies blood in Peru or any red thing and for the streaks of red this Stone hath in it they call it Vileciques CHAP. 14. Of Precious Stones PRecious Stones are either transparent as the Diamant is or obscure as the Onix or between both as the Sandonyx and the Jasper It is the water which is the principal cause of clearness and the Earth of the opacity of them So that the reason why they excel one the other in lustre and transparency is from the variety of humors congealed together to compose them which are some of them more

a manner all Copper and every spades depth as they dug downwards the Oar grew more rich in Silver until it came to be pure Silver at the bottom of the Mine where the water increasing to a mans height hindred them from prosecuting its farther riches what hath been said is a token of the affinity between the matter of composition of these Mettals and that the greater or lesser purification is the only difference between them There are many Mines of Copper in these Provinces and the bottoms of all the Mine whereout Silver hath been taken have been found to yield great store of it which for the colour sake they call Negrillo so that how many Silver Mines there are so many Mines there be whence Copper may be gotten also besides there be Mines of Copper only from the very superficies of the Earth downwards there be divers ridges of hills about Potosi that are full of these kind of Mines although most of the Copper that is wrought in this Town hath been gotten from the Farm de las Laganillas and now is gotten from that of Yura In the Lipes there is a very great old work of Copper in the mountain Scapi two leagues from Chuyca there is another also wherein there is Copper-mettal like wyre woven A league from Sabalcha in the high way to Colcha and notwithstanding it is found in many parts of this Province yet no where is the success so prosperous as in the mountain of Pereira and its confines until you come to Guatacondo In Atachama there are very large veins of Copper some of them run unto the Sea side and tumble down the cliffs in great massy lumps of this Mettal In the Chicas where the soil is not taken up with Silver 't is full of Copper mines and not far from Esmoraca they get of this Mettal woven like wyre or Machacado as the Spaniards call it there is also very rich Copper in Oroncota and in the top of the mountains of Tarabuco many Pits and Copper-works of the ancients are to be seen It is found likewise in all the rest of the Charcas particularly in the confines of Maoha Copoata and Chayanta and in Paria near unto Oruro And in the Province of Carangas the hills adjoyning to the Silver mine called el Turco are full of Copper Near unto Curaguara de Palages there be many ancient works of the Indians whence they get Copper Machacado or like wyer woven together In the high way between Potosi and Julloma one sees many veins of Copper Also a league from Callapa in the road that goes to the City Paz one crosses some large veins of it Not far from Caquingora there be divers stately works and much Copper Machacado upon a white chalk Within less than half a league from Julloma near unto the high way that goes to Calacoto in hills of dry clay I found branches or small veins of pure Copper like unto fine Gold whereof I got a great quantity of that which was scattered about above ground There is of this mettal Machacado in Choquepina near unto Berenguela de Pacages and several works and virgin veins in the high way from Calacoto to Potosi half a league before one arrives there and in like manner over all the rest of this Province CHAP. 30. Of Iron IRon although it is not the most precious yet it is the most necessary of all Mettals for the use of man notwithstanding it may be disputed whether the good or hurt it hath done in the world be the greater nature hath made it so hard by putting over much earthy parts or fixed Sulphur in its composition although it hath also a sufficient portion of humidity or Quicksilver so that in the first place it will not melt without a very violent heat and in the next place being struck with a Hammer it doth not break into small pieces as hard Stones do but receives impression thereby dilating and extending it self It is a Mettal cold and dry but more porous than others and therefore weighs less and is more subject to rust and decay in the wet especially in Salt-water which penetrates most it wastes in the fire also every time it is heat falling off in scales because it wants humidity proportionable to its earthiness If when it is red hot it be quenched in cold water it will become very brittle because the heat being pent up in the heart of the Iron by the ambient cold doth there prey upon and consume part of the natural moisture which made it tough and malleable These fertile Provinces of all other sorts of Mettal are not destitute of this also though none employ their labours to seek it out or work it because here is such abundance of Silver about which they are industrious to greater profit and in truck for it they buy abundance of that excellent Iron of Biscay this proceeding is not to be wondred at when one considers the abundance of Copperas Allum Quicksilver and other Minerals which is yearly brought from Spain to these Indies where the same commodities may be gotten in such abundance as were sufficient to supply not only the occasions of these Kingdoms but also of Spain its self and of all the world beside In the valley of Oroncota there is a great deal of Iron the people of the Country being encourag'd by the looks of the place and fair appearance of the Oar they found followed a large vein of Mettal hoping that it was Silver and brought me some of the Oar to ensay it the which I did and undeceived them by telling them it was Iron the same has happened in other veins at the rise of the River Plicomayo five leagus from the City de la Plata although that Oar has some Copper mingled with it and is not pure Iron as that of Oroncota is Adjoyning to the Ancoraymes a Town in the Province of Omasuyo there be noble Mines wrought formerly by the Ingas of so great fame that it is very well worth ones making a journey purposely to see them the Oar is very heavy and hard and of a dark colour although there be found together with it much Oar that sparkles and shines If you rub pieces of the dark Oar together it produceth a very fine blood colour like that of the Hemmotites to whose species undoubtedly it belongs and is full of Iron as I have proved by many ensays it is possible the Indians followed veins of richer Mettal in these Mines which hitherto we have not met withal or because Iron was not in use amongst them they dug this Oar to fit it to their Guns Stone-bows and Slings it being not inferior in weight or hardness to our Iron bullets they did make use of these in their wars and called them Higuayes In Oruro hard by the Silver Mine of Santa Brigida in the hollow between the hills there is a vein of Iron of which out of curiosity and for example only when I was