Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	alderman_n	john_n	knight_n	4,609	4	8.6662	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A71305	Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.	Purchas, Samuel, 1577?-1626.	1625 (1625)	STC 20509_pt3; ESTC S111862	2,393,864	1,207

be liueth and giueth life vnto Man Our onely God which inspireth euery one of vs his Children with his holy Word through our Lord Iesus Christ the Spirit of Life now in this latter times establish vs to hold the right Scepter and suffer vs of our selues to reigne for the good of the Land and the happinesse of the People together with our Enemies and to the doing of good We the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Boris Pheodorowich of all Russia sole Commander of Volodemer Mosco Nouogrod Emperour of Cazan King of Astracan Lord of Vobsko and great Duke of Smolensko of Twersko Vhorskoy Permskoy Vatskoy Bolharskay and of others Lord and great Duke of Nouagrod in the low Country of Chernego Rezan Polotskay Rostouskoy Yeraslauskoy Belozerskoy Leeflanskoy Owdorskoy Obdorskoy Condinskoy and all Siberia and the North parts Lord and Commander of Euerskoy Land and Cabardinskoy Country and of Cherces and Igarskoy Land as also of many others Lord and Commander with our Sonne Prince Phedar Borisowich of all Russia We haue bestowed on the Merchants of England viz. Sir Iohn Hart Knight Sir William Webb Knight Richard Saltanitall Alderman Nicolas Moshley Alderman Robert Doue William Garaway Iohn Harbey Robert Chamberlin Henrie Anderson Iohn Audwart Francis Cherie Iohn Merick Anthony Marlar Wee haue granted and licenced them to come with their ships into our Dominion the Country of Dwina with all manner of Commodities to trade freely from the Sea side and within our Dominions to the Citie of our Empire of Mosco Also there made sute vnto vs Sir Iohn Hart Knight and his Companie to gratifie them to trade to our Citie of Mosco and to our Heritage of great Nouogrod and Vobsko and to all parts of our Empire with their Commodities and to Trade freely without custome vpon which Wee the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Boris Pheodorowich of all Russia with our Sonne Prince Pheodor Borisowich of all Russia haue granted vnto the English Merchants Sir Iohn Hart Knight and his fellowes for our Sisters sake Queene Elizabeth free passage to come into our Kingdome of Mosco and into all the rest of our Dominions with all manner of Commodities to trade and traffick freely at their pleasure Also we haue commanded not to take any kinde of Custome for their goods nor any other Customes whatsoeuer viz. for passing by any place by Land nor for passing by any place by Water nor for Custome of their Boats or Head money nor for passing ouer Bridges and Ferries nor for any entrie of Wares as also all manner of other Customes or Duties whatsoeuer wee command shall not bee taken of them But they shall not bring other mens goods into our Dominions nor likewise recarry out of our Kingdome any other mens goods as their owne nor to sell or barter for other men Neither shall our Subiects buy and sell for them or from them neither shall they keepe any of our peoples goods or pawnes by them to owne or colour them Likewise they shall not send any of our Subiects to any Towne or Citie to buy Commodities But what Citie they come into themselues they shall sell their owne Commodities and buy our Commodities And when they shall come to our Heritage to great Vobsko and Nouagrod or to any other Citie within our Dominions with their Commodities that then our Gentlemen and Gouernours and all other officers shall suffer and let them passe according to this our Letter and to take no manner of Custome of them whatsoeuer for any of their Commodities for passing by nor for passage ouer any Bridges neither shall they take any other Custom whatsoeuer in all our Dominions And wheresoeuer they happen to come and doe proceed to buy and sell as also wheresoeuer they shall passe through with goods not buying of any Commoditie nor selling their owne then in those Cities they shall take of them no manner of Custome whatsoeuer as aforesaid and wee haue gratified and giuen them leaue to trade in all parts of our Dominions with their goods freely without Custome And likewise whensoeuer the English Merchants shall bee desirous to buy or sell or barter their wares with our Merchants wares for wares then shall they sell their wares whole sale and not by retaile Cloth by the pack and by Clothes and by remnants and Damasks and Veluets by the Piece and not by the Yard or asheene and such Commodities as is to be sold by waight not to sell them by the small waights that is to say by the Zolotnick Also they shall sell Wines by the Pipe and the Hogshead but by the Gallon Quart or Pot or Charke they shall not sell moreouer they shall buy sell and exchange their owne Commodities themselues and the Russe Merchants shall not sell or exchange for them or from them their Commodities neither shall they carry any mans goods to no manner of place vnder colour of their owne and which of the English Merchants would at any time sell his Commodities at Colmogro on the Dwina or at Vologda and at Yeraslauly they may and of all their Commodities throughout all our Cities and Dominion our Gentlemen Gouernours and all other Officers shall take no manner of Custome according to this our Imperiall Letter of fauour Also through all our Dominions Cities and Townes they shall hire Carriers Boats and men to labour or rowe in the said Boats at their owne cost Likewise when as the English Merchants shall desire to goe out of our Dominion into any other Kingdome or into their owne Land and that we thinke it good for them to take with them from our Treasure any Commodities to sell or exchange them for vs for such Commodities as shall be sitting to our Kingdome and to deliuer them to our Treasurer and with those their and our goods our Gentlemen and Gouernours shall suffer them to passe through all Cities and Townes within our Dominions without Custome as before And when they haue ended their Market and doe desire to goe from the Mosko then they shall appeare in the Chancerie to the Keeper of our Seale the Secretarie Vassily Yacolowich Schellcalou Likewise if there happen to the English Merchants any extremitie by Sea or that a ship be broken and that it be neere any place of our Kingdome then we command that all those goods shall bee brought out iustly and bee giuen to the English people that shall at that time bee in our Land or if they be not here then to lay them vp all together in one place and when the Englishmen come into our Land then to deliuer those goods to them Also wee haue bestowed on the English Merchants the House of Yourya in the Mosko by a Church of Saint Maxims neere the Marget to dwell in it as in former time keeping one House-keeper a Russe or one of their owne strangers but other Russe folkes they shall not keepe any Likewise these Merchants haue Houses in diuers our Cities as followeth A House

the English and Spanish Fleets the Sea flight of the Spanish and miserable disasters in their returne Their lyes The Queenes religious triumph pag. 1895. Squadron of the Galeons of Portugall p. 1898. Don Alonso Peres de Gusman the good Duke of Medina Sidonia Countie of Nebla Marquesse of Casheshe in Africa Lord of the Citie of Saint Lucar Captaine Generall of the Occian Sea of the Coast of Andaluzia and of this Armie of his Maiestie and Knight of the honorable Order of the golden Fleece pag. 1902. The true relation of the successe of the Catholike Armie against their Enemies by the Letters of the Post-master of Logrono of the fourth of September and by Letters from Roan of the 31. of August and by Letters from Paris of the Kings Embassadour there wherein hee declareth the imprisonment of Francis Drake and other great Nobles of England and how the Queene is in the field with an Armie and of a certaine mutinie which was amongst the Queenes Armie with the successe of the said Catholike Armie since they entred in the Groyne till they came on the Coast of England with two Ballets compounded by Christouer Brauo a blinde man of Cordowa printed with licence by Gabriel Ramos Beiarano printer pag. 1913. CHAP. XII A discourse of the Portugall voyage Anno 1589. Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Drake Generalls written as is thought by Colonell Antonie Wingfield imployed in the same voyage formerly published by his friend to whom it was written and here abbreuiated pag. 1914. CHAP. XIII A briefe and true report of the Honourable voyage vnto Cadiz 1596. of the ouerthrow of the Kings Fleet and of the winning of the Citie with other accidents gathered out of Meteranus Master Hackluyt and others pag. 1927. CHAP. XIIII The voyage to the Iles of Azores vnder the conduct of the Right Honorable Earle of Essex 1597. pag. 1935. § 1. The relation thereof by the said Earle and other Commissioners ibid. § 2. A larger relation of the said Iland voyage written by Sir Arthur Gorges Knight collected in the Queenes ship called the Wast Spite wherein he was then Captaine with Marine and Martiall discourses added according to the occurrences pag. 1938. The Conclusion of the Worke with some later aduertisements touching his Maiesties care for Virginia pag. 19●0 Maps and Peeces cut in Brasse or VVood in the last ten Bookes AMerica p. 857 America Meridionalis p. 882 America Septentrionalis p. 853 Map of the Arctike Pole p. 625 Borussia or Prussia p. 626 Hondius his Map of China p. 361 Purchas his Map of China p. 402 Denmarke p. 622 England p. 1980 Florida p. 689 Great Britaine and Ireland p. 1981 Greenland p. 468 Vlphilas Gottick letters p. 658 Hispaniola p. 861 Island p. 644 Lithuania p. 629 Liuonia p. 627 Magellan Streight p. 900 Mexican hieroglyphic histor cut in 65. peeces p. 1067 c. to 1117. Moscouia p. 778 Norwegia p. 620 Polonia p. 630 Russia p. 220 Noua Scotia p. 1874 New Spaine p. 871 Tartaria p. 234 Taurica Chersonesus p. 632 Virginia p. 1692 PEREGRINATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE REMOTEST NORTH AND EAST PARTS OF ASIA CALLED TARTARIA AND CHINA THE FIRST BOOKE CHAP. I. The Iournall of Frier WILLIAM DE RVBRVQVIS a French-man of the Order of the Minorite Friers vnto the East parts of the World Anno Dom. 1253. TO the most Excellent and most Christian Lord Lewis by Gods grace the Renowmed King of France Frier William de Rubruk the meanest of the Minorites Order wisheth health and continuall Triumph in Christ. It is written in the Booke of Ecclesiasticus concerning the Wiseman He shall trauell into forreine Countries and good and euill shall hee try in all things The very same Action my Lord and King haue I atchieued howbeit I wish that I haue done it like a wise man and not like a Foole. For many there bee that performe the same Action which a wise man doth not wisely but more vndiscreetly of which number I feare my selfe to bee one Notwithstanding howsoeuer I haue done it because you commanded mee when I departed from your Highnesse to write all things vnto you which I should see among the Tartars and you wished me also that I should not feare to write long Letters I haue done as your Maiestie enioyned me yet with feare and reuerence because I want words and Eloquence sufficient to write vnto so great a Maiestie Bee it knowne therefore vnto your Sacred Maiestie that in the yeare of our Lord 1253. about the Nones of May wee entred into the Sea of Pontus which the Bulgarians call the great Sea It contayneth in length as I learned of certayne Merchants one thousand and eight miles and is in a manner diuided into two parts About the midst thereof are two Prouinces one towards the North and another towards the South The South Prouince is called Synopolis and it is the Castle and Port of the Soldan of Turkie but the North Prouince is called of the Latines Gasaria of the Greekes which inhabit vpon the Sea shoare thereof it is called Cassaria that is to say Caesaria And there are certayne head-lands stretching forth into the Sea towards Synopolis Also there are three hundred miles of distance betweene Synopolis and Cassaria Insomuch that the distance from those points or places to Constantinople in length and breadth is about seuen hundred miles and seuen hundred miles also from thence to the East namely to the Countrey of Hiberia which is a Prouince of Georgia At the Prouince of Gasaria or Cassaria wee arriued which Prouince is in a manner three square hauing a Citie on the West part thereof called Kersoua wherein Saint Clement suffered Martyrdome And sayling before the said Citie wee saw an Iland in which a Church is said to be built by the hands of Angels But about the midst of the said Prouince toward the South as it were vpon a sharpe Angle or Point standeth a Citie called Soldaia directly against Synopolis And there doe all the Turkie Merchants which Traffique into the North Countries in their Iourney outward arriue and as they returne home-ward also from Russia and the said Northerne Regions into Turkie The foresaid Merchants transport thither Ermines and gray Furres with other rich and costly Skinnes Others carrie Clothes made of Cotton or Bombast and Silke and diuers kinds of Spices But vpon the East part of the said Prouince standeth a Citie called Matriga where the Riuer Tanais dischargeth his streames into the Sea of Pontus the mouth whereof is twelue miles in breadth For this Riuer before it entreth into the Sea of Pontus maketh a little Sea which hath in breadth and length seuen hundred miles and it it is in no place thereof aboue sixe paces deepe whereupon great Vessels cannot saile ouer it Howbeit the Merchants of Constantinople arriuing at the foresaid Citie of Materta send their Barkes vnto the Riuer of Tanais to buy dryed fishes Sturgeons Thosses Barbils

Officers at his owne price 7. They make a Monopoly for the time of such commodities as are paid him for Rent or Custome and to inhance the price of them as Furres Corne Wood c. What time none must sell of the same kinde of commoditie till the Emperours be all sold. By this meanes he maketh of his Rent Corne and other prouision of victuall as before was said about 200000. Rubbels or Markes a yeere Of his Rent Wood Hay c. 30000. Rubbels or thereabouts 8. In euery great Towne of his Realme hee hath a Caback or other drinking house where is sold Aqua-vitae which they call Russe Wine Mead Beere c. Out of these hee receiueth Rent that amounteth to a great summe of money Some yeeld 800. some 900. some a 1000. some 2000. or 3000. Rubbels a yeere Wherein besides the base and dishonourable meanes to encrease his treasury many foule faults are committed The poore Labouring man and Artificer many times spendeth all from his wife and children Some vse to lay in twentie thirtie fortie Rubbels or more into the Caback and vow themselues to the pot till all that be spent And this as he will say for the honour of Hospodare or the Emperour You shall haue many there that haue drunke all away to the very skin and so walke naked whom they call Naga While they are in the Caback none may call them forth whatsoeuer cause there be because he hindereth the Emperours reuenue 9. Some of his Boiarens or Nobles of his Court whom he vseth vpon trust that haue houses in the Mosko faine themselues robbed Then they send for the Zemskey men or Aldermen of the Citie and command them to finde out the robbery In default of not finding it praue or cease the Citie for their misgouernment in 8000.9000 or 10000. Rubbels at a time This is many times practised 10. In these exactions to shew their Soueraigntie sometime they haue beene vsed very plaine and yet strange cauillations As was that of Iuan Vasilowich father to this Emperour after this sort He sent into Permia for certaine loads of Cedar wood wherof he knew that none grew in that Countrey The inhabitants returned answer they could finde none there Whereupon hee seazed their Countrey in 12000. Rubbels as if they concealed the commoditie of purpose Againe he sent to the Citie of Mosko to prouide for him a Colpack or measure full of liue Fleas for a medicine They returned answere that the thing was impossible And if they could get them yet they could not measure them for leaping out Whereupon hee praued or beat out of their shins 7000. Rubbels for a Mulct By like cauillation hee exto●ted for his Nobilitie 30000. Rubbels because he missed of his game when hee went a hunting for the Hare as if their hunting and murthering of Hares had beene the cause of it Which the Nobilitie as the manner is Praued presently againe vpon the Mousicks or common people of the Countrey THe condition of the Commons and vulgar sort of people may partly bee vnderstood by that which already hath beene sayd concerning the manner of their Gouernment and the state of the Nobilitie with the ordering of their Prouinces and chiefe Townes of the Land And first touching their libertie how it standeth with them it may appeare by this that they are reckoned in no degree at all nor haue any suffrage nor place in their Zabore or high Court of Parliament where their Lawes and publike Orders are concluded vpon Againe into what seruile condition their libertie is brought not onely to the Prince but to the Nobles and Gentlemen of the Countrey who themselues also are but seruile specially of late yeeres it may further appeare by their owne acknowledgments in their supplications and other writings to any of the Nobles or chiefe Officers of the Emperours Wherein they name and subscribe themselues Kolophey that is their Villaines or Bond-slaues as they of the Nobilitie doe vnto the Emperour This may truely bee sayd of them that there is no seruant nor bond-slaue more awed by his Master nor kept downe in a more seruile subjection then the poore people are and that vniuersally not onely by the Emperour but by his Nobilitie chiefe Officers and Souldiers So that when a poore Mousick meeteth with any of them vpon the high way hee must turne himselfe about as not daring to looke him on the face and fa●l downe with knocking of his head to the very ground as he doth vnto his Idoll Secondly concerning the Lands goods and other possessions of the Commons they answer the Name and lye Common indeed without any fence against the rapine and spoyle not onely of the highest but of his Nobilitie Officers and Souldiers Besides the Taxes Customes Seazures and other publike exactions done vpon them by the Emperour they are so racked and pulled by the Nobles Officers and Messengers sent abroad by the Emperour in his publike affayres specially in the Yammes as they call them and thorow faire Townes that you shall haue many Villages and Townes of halfe a mile and a mile long stand all vnhabited the people being fled all into other places by reason of the extreame vsage and exactions done vpon them So that in the way towards Mosko betwixt Vologda and Yaruslaueley which is two nineties after their reckoning little more then an hundred miles English there are in sight fiftie Darieunes or Villages at the least some halfe a mile some a mile long that stand vacant and desolate without any inhabitant The like is in all other places of the Realme as is sayd by those that haue better trauelled the Countrey then my selfe had time or occasion to doe The great oppression ouer the poore Commons made them to haue no courage in following their Trades for the more they haue the more danger they are in not onely of their goods but of their liues also And if they haue any thing they conceale it all they can sometimes conueying it into Monasteries sometimes hiding it vnder the ground and in Woods as men are wont to doe where they are in feare of forraigne inuasion Insomuch that many times you shall see them afraid to bee knowne to any Boiuren or Gentleman of such commodities as they haue to sell. I haue seene them sometimes when they haue layd open their Commodities for a liking as their principall Furres and such like to looke still behinde them and towards euery doore as men in some feare that looked to bee set vpon and surprised by some Enemie Whereof asking the cause I found it to bee this that they haue doubted least some Nobleman or Sinaboiarskey of the Emperour had beene in company and so layed a trayne for them to pray vpon their Commodities perforce This made the people though otherwise hardened to beare any toyle to giue themselues much to Idlenesse and Drinking as passing for no more then from hand to mouth And hereof it commeth that the Commodities of

moneths and the returne lesse then thirtie dayes and the same from the Kings to Chile from whence to Panama are sayled nine hundred leagues in lesse then two moneths eight being needfull for the going which is alreadie shorter then it was for putting to the Sea they finde better windes to performe it The Nauigation to the Westerne Ilands Malucas and Philippinas from Castile to the Streight of Magellane passeth foure thousand leagues and so for being so long as for the difficultie of passing the Streight of Magellan●s it is held for difficult to vse it and from Noua Espanna through the Westerne Gulfe which is in the South Sea This Nauigation was made from the Port of the Natiuitie in the Coast of Noua Espanna at this time it is made from the Port of Acapulco from whence to the Malucas and Philippinas they doe make a voyage of one thousand sixe hundred or a thousand and seuen hundred leagues which is sayled in two moneths or two and a halfe departing in Nouember which is the time most free from calmes And the returne to Noua Espanna is longer because not being able to returne the way they went it is necessarie to ascend to 39. degrees and depart in May and Iune when the Brises bee lesse and they stay foure moneths in sayling two thousand leagues that may bee in the iourney NAture hauing diuided these western Indies in two parts by the Isthmos or narrownesse from Porte bello to Panama placed the one to the North and the other to the South wherefore wee will call them the Indies of the North and of the South The Kings of Castile and Lion with the aduice of the supreme Councell of the Indies haue ordayned that in each place there bee a Vice-roy Courts and Gouernments and Bishopricks as hereafter shall bee shewed And first shall be entreated of the Northerne Indies which commonly they call Noua Hispania because the first discouerers which were Iohn Grijalua and his Companions hauing not seene in the Ilands houses of stone nor other things as in Spaine which here they found with people apparelled and more ciuill They named it New Spaine which exceedeth the other part of the Indies in pastures and therefore they haue innumerable Cattle of all sorts and it exceedeth also in husbandrie and fruits it hath no wine because generally the grapes doe not ripen with perfection the raines of Iuly and August not suffering them to ripen The vpper Ilands haue also great Pastures and a pleasant prospect for all the yeere they are greene and flourishing with great pleasantnesse and great Arcabucos which are very thick Groues and Inclosures and in the Playnes are great Lakes and Quagmires Neither Bread nor Wine grow in them for the great ranknesse of the ground doth not suffer it to ripen nor care the Riuers for the most part haue gold Florida Nicaragua and Guatimala are almost in this manner as of all more particularly wee will rehearse in their place and in the Table following shall the bounds of these Northern Indies bee seene THe Court of the Iland Hispaniola which in time and place is the first being neerest vnto Castile it hath of bounds East and West fiue hundred and fiftie leagues and North and South more then three hundred wherein are included the Ilands and Gouernments of Hispaniola Cuba Saint Iohn Iamayca Margarita and the fishing of the Pearle the Prouince and Gouernment of Venezuella and for neernesse the Prouinces of new Andaluzia Guayana and Florida with all the Ilands of the North Sea which doe passe a hundred which are named and are aboue sixe hundred great and small and those which doe leane toward the Coast of Terra firme the Mariners doe call of the Leeward and the other to the Weatherward The temperature of them all is commonly moist and exceeding hot and although they be plentifull in Pastures and Trees they are not so of the Seedes of Castile nor of Wheat Barly Vines nor Oliues but there is great store of great Cattell and small as Kine Mares Swine and Sheepe and therefore their principall trafficke is Hides and Sugar for there is great store and although in the most of them there is gold it is not sought for THe Countrie-men called the Iland of Hispaniola Ayti and Quisqueya which signifieth Roughnesse and a great Countrie The figure of it is like a Chesnut leafe it stands in nineteene degrees and a halfe of eleuation of the Pole it compasseth about foure hundred leagues and somewhat more and hath in length East and West an hundreth and fiftie and North and South from thirtie to sixtie where it is broadest it is very plentifull of Sugar and Cattell and of Yuca the roote whereof maketh the Cazabi the bread of the Countrimen They haue no Millet nor Wheat although they begin to reape some in the inward parts and coldest It is rich of Copper mynes and other metals and some veine of Gold though but little is gotten for want of workemen it hath ten Spanish Townes HONDIVS his Map of Hispaniola Cuba c. CUBA INSUL● HAVANA PORTUS IAMAICA I. S. IOANNIS I. MARGARETAE CUBAE INSULAE PARS HISPANIOLA The Citie of Saint Dominicke or Domingo neere the Coast of the South on the Riuer of Ozama stands in the said 19. degrees and a halfe and 60. of Occidentall longitude from the Meridian of Toledo from whence vnto it there may bee by direct line one thousand two hundred fortie seuen leagues it hath aboue sixe hundred housholds There is resident in it the Audience or Councell the Officers of the Goods and Royall Treasure a Mint house and the Cathedrall Church And the Archbishoprick hath for Suffraganes the Bishopricks of the Conception de la Vega which is vnited with that of Saint Dominicke those of Saint Iohn Cuba Venezuela and the Abbotship of Iamayca and in the Citie are Monasteries of Dominicans Franciscans Mercenaries and other two of Nunnes a Grammar Schoole with foure thousand Pesos of Rent and an Hospitall with twentie thousand The Hauen which is great and capable of many ships is in the mouth of the Riuer Ozama and hath the Citie on the West which the Deputie Don Bartholomew Collon did build the yeere 1494. on the East side better and wholsomer in situation and the chiefe Knight of Alcantara Nicholas of Ouando being Gouernour of Hispaniola An. 1502. remoued it where now it is from the other side the Riuer to the East vpon occasion that the Citie had fallen by a great Earthquake The Village of Salualyon of Yguey eight and twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the East of the Archbishoprick the Captaine Iohn of Esquiuel did people it The Village of the Zeybo twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the East toward the Iland of Saona the Captaine also planted it in the time of Nicholas of Ouando The Village of Cotuy sixteene leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North

and very close in his circuit Roderick Mexia of Trillo founded it The Village of Azua in Compostella in the coast of the South foure and twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the West in his borders are many sugar Mills it was peopled by the President Iames Vellazques it was called Compostella by a Gallizian Knight which held an Heritage in that situation and Azua is the name of the place which the Indians had there The first that carried sugar Canes to the Indies and began to make triall of them there was one Atiença and the Bachellor Velosa The Village of Yaguana which they call Santa Marie of the Port seated on the Westerne coast of the Iland is fiftie or sixtie leagues from Saint Dominicke as betweene the North and the West the chiefe Knight Nicholas of Ouando did people it The Citie of the Conception of the Valley is in the Kingdome of Guarin●ex which the first Admirall Don Christopher Collon built neere to the which he obtayned the victorie in the great battaile of the Valley Royall it is twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North-east where is a Cathedrall Church although there is no Prelate for it is vnited to the Church of Saint Dominicke it hath one Monasterie of religious Franciscans where is the wood of the Crosse which the Indians could not burne cut nor ouerthrow which hath done many miracles Saint Iago de los Caualleros is ten leagues from the Citie de la Vega directly to the North-east it was first a Fortresse which the first Admirall made in the Countries of the Cacique Guanaco●el for the securitie of the Valley and the Fort Magdalene which was foure leagues off The chiefe Knight of Alcantara Nicholas of Ouando An. 1502. did people the Port of Plate in the North coasts fiue and thirtie or about fortie leagues from Saint Dominicke because the ships of Castile might more commodiously trafficke and because it was no more then ten leagues from the great Valley where in other ten leagues stood the Village of Saint Iames and the Conception within sixteen and within twelue the Mynes of Cibao and it was of the Bishoprick of the Valley the Port of Plate stands in little more then twentie degrees The Village of Monte-Christe is in the coast of the North fourteene leagues to the West of Port of Plate and fortie from Saint Dominicke is of the Bishoprick of the Valley it hath a good Hauen and certaine salt Pits in it Nicholas of Ouando did build it There was in old times in this Iland the Citie of Isabella now disinhabited which the first Admirall built the yeere 1493. the Village of Verapaz in Xaragua which Iames Velazques built in the yeere 1503. and the same yeere peopled also Saluatierra of the Zabana which signifieth Playnes and Pastures in the Indian language and that Prouince is plaine and faire Hee also peopled betweene the two mightie Riuers Neyba and Yaqui the Village of Saint Iohn of the Maguana in the middest of the Iland where the Church continueth yet and heere reigned Coanabo who tooke Alfonso de Oieda Hee also planted Villanueua de Yaquime vpon the Hauen where Oieda cast himselfe to swim being prisoner in a ship with two paire of fetters and it stands in the South coast which the Admirall did call the Coast and Hauen of Brasile The Village of Bonao is neere vnto Cotuy which the first Admirall also built where hee made a Fort for the securitie of the Mynes which were the first that were found in this Iland The Village of Bonauenture is eight leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North and Lares de Guahaba which Nicholas of Ouando peopled being Comendador Lares This Iland flourished so much that there were in it fourteene thousand Castillanes many of them Noble people and the Plantations of other parts which happened afterward caused it to be disinhabited for from it and from the Iland of Cuba went all the substance for the new Countreyes that were found The Ports Roades Capes and Points most famous and the Ilands pertayning to the Coast of this Iland are in the South Coast the Point of Nizao ten leagues from Saint Dominicke to the West The Port of Ocoa eighteene which is a Bay where the Fleets which goe for Noua Espania doe anchor and take refreshing when they doe not anchor in the nooke of Zepezepin which is neere vnto it or in another which they call the Faire Hauen two leagues before they come to Ocoa Azua a Port and Towne twentie foure leagues beyond Ocoa la Calongia a large Point thirtie leagues right against the Ilands of Boata and Altobelo fiue leagues from the Coast and the Beatados Yaquimo about thirtie foure more to the West and Abaque an Iland neere the Cape of Tiburon the furthest West of Hispaniola la Nabaza ten leagues to the Sea East and West from the Cape and Cape Rojo twelue leagues from it to the North the Rookes or Hermanos Trees Isle Oucillos neere the Coast that turneth to the East Caymito another little Iland betweene these and Guanabo another Iland of eight leagues in length in the nooke of Yaguana The Port and Cape of Saint Nicholas the furthest West on the North side of the Iland A little further the Port of Mosquitos in the North Coast and twentie league● forward the Port of Valparayso or of the Conception North and South with the Tortuga an Iland neere the Coast of fiue leagues in length Port Royall twelue leagues to the West from Monte-Christe which is as much or a little more before Isabela and this from the Port of Plate other twelue leagues Cabo Frances and Cabo del Cabron in the turning which the Coast maketh to the East before the Gulfe of Samana which entreth fiue or sixe leagues the Land inward vnto the place where the Towne of Sancta Cruz stood And in the Riuer of Samana was the first time that Armes were taken against the men of the Indies because they would haue done violence to the first Admirall The Cape of Deceit Cabo del Enganno is the furthest West of the Iland where the Coast returneth by the South to the West at the beginning of the which stands the Saona an Iland which the fleets doe reknowledge when they goe and somewhat more towards Saint Dominicke is another little Iland which is called Saint Katherine and all the names rehearsed were giuen by the first Admirall The Iland of Cuba which first was called Iuana or Ioane by the Father Don Iuan and after it was commanded to be called Fernandina by his Father The Captaine Sebastian of Ocampo made an end of compassing the yeere of our Lord 1508. by order of Nicholas of Ouando for vntill then it was not wholly belieued that it was Land and the yeere 1511. the President Iames Velazques went ouer with three hundred Spaniards by order of the

Residencie with facultie to take the gouernment and by his death the Licenciate Marcus of Aguilar naturall of the Citie of Ezija was subrogated his Deputie and because of his death succeeded within two moneths hee substituted his authorities in the Treasurer Alonso of Estrada borne in Citie Royall and the death of Lewis Pance being knowne in Castile it was prouided that Marcus of Aguilar should gouerne and in defect of him Alonso of Estrada till the first Court came with order that Nunne of Guzman Knight of Guadalajara Gouernour of Panuco a President did come and because it was conuenient to take away those Iudges others were sent in their places and for President in the gouernment vniuersall of New Spaine Don Sebastian Ramirez of Fuenleal Bishop of Saint Dominicke and of the Conception late President of the Court of Saint Dominicke a man of great learning and that after many dignities died in Castile Bishop of Cuenca and then the charge of Captaine generall was giuen anew to the Marques Don Hernando Cortes that he might gouerne the matters of warre with the aduise of Don Sebastian Ramirez The first that had title of Vice-roy and Captaine generall of New Spaine was Don Antonie of Mendoça brother of the Marques of Mondejar Don Lewis of Velasco a Gentleman of the House of the high Constable of Castile Don Gaston of Peralta Marques of Falces Don Martine Enriquez of Almansa brother of the Marques of Alcannizes the Kings Steward Don Laurence Xuarez of Mendoça Earle of Corunya which deceased being prouided for Piru and by his death Don Peter Moya of Contreras Archbishop of Mexico gouerned in the meane while Don Aluaro Manrique of Zunniga Marques of Villamamuque brother of the Duke of Bojar Don Lewis of Velasco sonne to the abouesaid Don Lewis of Velasco which passed to gouerne the Kingdomes of Piru where at this present hee is Don Gaspar of Zunniga and Fonseca Earle of Monterrey which gouerneth at this day In the Kingdomes of Piru DOn Franciscus Piçarro Marques of the Charcas Gouernour chiefe Iustice and Captaine generall The Licenciate Vaca of Castro of the habit of Saint Iames of the supreme Councell of Castile carried Title of Gouernour generall Blasco Nunnez Vela a Gentleman of Auila was the first that carried the Title of Vice-roy and Captaine generall of the Kingdomes of Piru The Licenciate Iames de la Gasca of the Councell of the holy and generall Inquisition carried the Title of President of the new Court that was sent to the Citie of The Kings and of Gouernour generall with facultie to giue the gouernment of Armes to whom hee thought best He died Bishop of Siguença and his Funerall and Trophees are seene in Magdalene Church in Valladolid and in his absence the gouernment remayned to the Court of the Citie of The Kings The second that carried Title of Vice-roy and Captaine generall was Don Antonie of Mendoça that gouerned the Kingdoms of New Spaine Don Andrew H●rtado of Mendoça Marques of Ca●yete Don Iames of Zunyga and Velasco Earle of Nieua The Licenciate Lope Garcia of Castro of the Royall and supreme Councell of the Indies caried title of President and Gouernor general Don Franciscus of Toledo brother to the Earle of Oropesa Steward to the King Don Martin Enriquez from the charge of New Spaine passed to gouerne the Kingdomes of Piru Don Garcia of Mendoça Marques of Cauyete Don Lewis of Velasco from the charge of New Spaine passed to the Kingdomes of Piru where now he is and at the instant of the impression of this Worke is prouided for Vice-roy and Captaine generall of those Kingdomes Don Iohn Pacheco Duke of Escalona Printed at Madrid by Iuan Flamenco A● 1601. CHAP. II. Obseruations gathered out of the First Second Third and Fourth bookes of IOSEPHVS ACOSTA a learned Iesuite touching the naturall historie of the Heauens Ayre Water and Earth at the west Indies Also of their Beasts Fishes Fowles Plants and other remarkable rarities of Nature §. I. Of the fashion and forme of Heauen at the new-found World and of the Ayre and Windes MAny in Europe demand of what forme and fashion Heauen is in the Southerne parts for that there is no certaintie found in ancient Books who although they grant there is a Heauen on this other part of the World yet come they not to any knowledge of the forme thereof although in truth they make mention of a goodly great Starre seene in those parts which they call Canopus Those which of late dayes haue sayled into these parts haue accustomed to write strange things of this Heauen that it is very bright hauing many goodly Starres and in effect things which come farre are commonly described with encrease But it seemes contrarie vnto me holding it for certaine that in our Region of the North there is a greater number and bigger starres finding no starres in these parts which exceede the Fisher or the Chariot in bignesse It is true that the Crosse in these parts is very faire and pleasing to behold we call the Crosse foure notable and apparant starres which make the forme of a crosse set equally and with proportion The ignorant suppose this crosse to be the Southerne Pole for that they see the Nauigators take their heigth thereby as wee are accustomed to doe by the North starre But they are deceiued and the reason why Saylers doe it in this sort is for that in the South parts there is no fixed starre that markes the Pole as the North starre doth to our Pole And therefore they take their heigth by the starre at the foote of the Crosse distant from the true and fixed Pole Antarticke thirtie degrees as the North starre is distant from the Pole Articke three degrees or little more And so it is more difficult to take the heigth in those parts for that the said starre at the foote of the Crosse must be right the which chanceth but in one houre of the night which is in diuers seasons of the yeere in diuers houres and oftentimes it appeareth not in the whole night so as it is very difficult to take the height And therefore the most expert Pilots regard not the Crosse taking the height of the Sunne by the Astrolabe by which they know in what height they are wherein commonly the Portugals are more expert as a Nation that hath more discourse in the Arte of Nauigation then any other There are also other starres in these Southerne parts which in some sort resemble those of the North. That which they call the Milken way is larger and more resplendent in the South parts appearing therein those admirable blacke spots whereof we haue made mention Considering with my selfe oftentimes what should cause the Equinoctiall to bee so moist as I haue said to refute the opinion of the Ancients I finde no other reason but the great force of the Sunne in those parts whereby it drawes vnto it a great abundance of vapours

rich feather They set the Royall Crowne vpon his head and anointed him as they haue beene accustomed to do to all their Kings with an Ointment they call Di●me being the same vnction wherewith they did anoint their Idoll Presently an Orator made an eloquent speech exhorting him to arme himselfe with courage and free them from the trauels slauerie and miserie they suffered being oppressed by the Azcapuzalcos which done all did him homage This King was not married and his Counsell held opinion that it was good to marry him with the Daughter of the King of Azcapuzalco to haue him a friend by this alliance and to obtaine some diminution of their heauie burthen of Tributes imposed vpon them and yet they feared lest he should disdaine to giue them his Daughter by reason they were his Vassals yet the King of Azcapuzalco yeelded thereunto hauing humbly required him who with courteous words gaue them his Daughter called Ay●nchiguall whom they led with great pompe and ioy to Mexico and performed the Ceremonie and Solemnitie of Marriage which was to tie a corner of the mans Cloake to a part of the womans Veile in signe of the band of Marriage This Queene brought forth a sonne of whose name they demanded aduice of the King of Azcapuzalco and casting Lots as they had accustomed being greatly giuen to Southsayings especially vpon the names of their children hee would haue his Grand-childe called Chimalpopoca which signifies A Target casting smoke The Queene his Daughter seeing the contentment the King of Azcupazalco had of his Grand-childe tooke occasion to intreate him to relieue the Mexicans of the heauie burthen of their Tributes seeing hee had now a Grand-childe Mexican the which the King willingly yeelded vnto by the aduice of his Counsell granting for the Tribute which they paid to bring yeerely a couple of Duckes and some fish in signe of subiection and that they dwelt in his Land The Mexicans by this meanes remained much eased and content but it lasted little For the Queene their Protectrix died soone after and the yeere following likewise V●tzilouitli the King of Mexico died leauing his sonne Chimalpop●ca tenne yeeres old he reigned thirteene yeeres and died thirtie yeeres old or little more He was held for a good King and carefull in the seruice of his Gods whose Images hee held Kings to be and that the honour done to their God was done to the King who was his Image For this cause the Kings haue been so affectionate to the seruice of their Gods This King was carefull to winne the loue of his neighbours and to trafficke with them whereby hee augmented his Citie exercising his men in Warrelike actions in the Lake disposing them to that which he pretended as you shall see presently The Mexicans for successor to their deceased King did choose his sonne Chimalpopoca by common consent although he were a child of ten yeeres old being of opinion that it was alwayes necessary to keepe the fauour of the King of Azcapuzalco making his Grand-childe King They then set him in his Throne giuing him the Ensignes of warre with a Bow and Arrowes in one hand and a Sword with Rasors which they commonly vse in the right signifying thereby as they doe say that they pretended by Armes to fed them selues at libertie The Mexicans had great want of water that of the Lake being very thicke and muddie and therefore ill to drinke so as they caused their infant King to desire of his Grand-father the King of Azcapuzalco the water of the Mountaine of Chapultep●c which is from Mexico a league as is said before which they easily obtained and by their industrie made an Aquaduct of faggoes weeds and flagges by the which they brought water to their Citie But because the City was built within the Lake and the Aquaduct did crosse it it did breake forth in many places so as they could not enioy the water as they desired and had great scarcitie whereupon whether they did expresly seeke it to quarrel with the Tapanecans or that they were moued vpon small occasion in the end they sent a resolute Ambassage to the King Azcapuzalco saying they could not vse the water which he had graciously granted them and there●ore they required him to prouide them wood lime and stone and to send his Workmen that by their meanes they might make a Pipe of stone and lime that should not breake This message nothing pleased the King and much lesse his subiects seeming to be too presumptuous a message and purposely insolent for Vassals to their Lord. The chiefe of the Counsell disdayning thereat said It was too bold that not content with permission to liue in anothers Land and to haue water giuen them but they would haue them goe to serue them what a matter was that And whereon presumed this fugitiue Nation shut vp in the mud They would let them know how fit they were to worke and to abate their pride in taking from them their Land and their liues In these tearmes and choller they left the King whom they did somewhat suspect by reason of his Grand-childe and consulted againe anew what they were to doe where they resolued and make a generall Proclamation that no Tapanecan should haue any commerce or traffique with any Mexican that they should not goe to their Citie nor receiue any into theirs vpon paine of death Whereby we may vnderstand that the King did not absolutely command ouer his people and that hee gouerned more like a Consull or a Duke then a King although since with their power the command of Kings increased growing absolute Tyrants as you shall see in the last Kings The King of Azcapuzalco seeing the resolution of his subiects which was to kill the Mexicans intreated them first to steale away the young King his Grand-childe and afterwards doe what they pleased to the Mexicans All in a manner yeelded hereunto to giue the King contentment and for pittie they had of the childe but two of the chiefest were much opposite inferring that it was bad counsell for that Chimalpopoca although hee were of their bloud yet was it but by the Mothers side and that the Fathers was to be preferred and therefore they concluded that the first they must kill was Chimalpopoca King of Mexico protesting so to doe The King of Azcapuzalco was so troubled with this contradiction and the resolution they had taken that soone after for very griefe he fell sicke and dyed By whose death the Tapanecans finishing their consultation committed a notable Treason for one night the young King of Mexico sleeping without guard or feare of any thing they of Azcapuzalco entred his Palace and slue him suddenly returning vnseene The morning being come when the Nobles went to salute the King as they were accustomed they found him slaine with great and cruell wounds then they cryed out and filled all their Citie with teares and transported with choller they presently fell to

Armes with an intent to reuenge their Kings death As they ranne vp and downe full of furie and disorder one of their chiefest Knights stept forth labouring to appease them with a graue admonition Whither goe yee said he O yee Mexicans quiet your selues consider that things done without consideration are not well guided nor come to good end suppresse your griefe considering that although your King be dead the Noble bloud of the Mexicans is not extinct in him Wee haue children of our Kings deceased by whose conduct succeeding to the Realme you shall the better execute what you pretend hauing a Leader to guide your enterprise goe not blindly surcease and choose a King first to guide and encourage you against your enemies In the meane time dissemble discreetly p●rforming the Funerals of your deceased King whose bodie you set heere present for hereafter you shall find better meanes to take reuenge By this meanes the Mexicans passed no farther but stayed to make the Obsequies of their King whereunto they inuited the Lords of Tescuco and Culhuacan reporting vnto them this foule and cruell fact which the Tapanecans had committed moouing them to haue pittie on them and incensing them against their enemies concluding that their resolution was to die or to bee reuenged of so great an indignitie intreating them not to fauour so vnjust a fact of their enemies and that for their part they desired not their aide of armes or men but onely to be lookers on of what should passe and that for their maintenance they would not stop nor hinder the commerce as the Tapanecans had done At these speeches they of Tescuco and Culhuacan made them great shewes of good will and that they were well satisfied offering them their Cities and all the Commerce they desired that they desired that they might prouide victuall and Munition at their pleasure both by land and water After this the Mexicans intreated them to stay with them and assist at the election of their King the which they likewise granted to giue them contentment The Electors being assembled an old man that was held for a great Orator rose vp who as the Histories report spake in this manner The light of your eyes O Mexicans is darkened but not of your hearts for although you haue lost him that was the light and guide of the Mexican Common-weale yet that of the heart remaines to consider that although they haue slaine one man yet there are others that may supply with aduantage the want we haue of him the Mexican Nobilitie is not extinguished thereby nor the bloud Royall decayed Turne your eyes and looke about you you shall see the Nobilitie of Mexico set in order not one or two but many and excellent Princes Sons to Acamapixtli our true and lawfull King and Lord. Here you may choose at your pleasure saying I will this man and not that If you haue lost a Father heere you may find both Father and Mother make account O Mexicans that the Sunne is eclipsed and darkened for a time and will returne suddenly If Mexico hath beene darkened by the death of your King the Sunne will soone shew in choosing another King Looke to whom and vpon whom you shall cast your eyes and towards whom your heart is inclined and this is he whom your God Vitzliputzli hath chosen And continuing awhile this discourse he ended to the satisfaction of all men In the end by the consent of this Counsell Izcoalt was chosen King which signifies a Snake of Rasors who was Sonne to the first King Acamapixtli by a slaue of his and although he were not legitimate yet they made choice of him for that hee exceeded the rest in behauiour valour and magnanimitie of courage All seemed very well satisfied and aboue all these of Tescuco for their King was married to a sister of Iscoalts After the King had beene crowned and set in his Royall Seat another Orator stept vp discoursing how the King was bound to his Common-weale and of the courage he ought to shew in trauell speaking thus Behold this day we depend on thee it may be thou wilt let fall the burthen that lies vpon thy Souldiers and suffer the old man and woman the Orphlin and the widdow to perish Take pittie of the Infants that goe creeping in the Ayre who must perish if our enemies surmount vs vnfold then and stretch forth thy Cloake my Lord to beare these Infants vpon thy shoulders which bee the poore and the common people who liue assured vnder the shadow of thy wings and of thy bountie Vttering many other words vpon this subiect the which as I haue said they learne by heart for the exercise of their children and after did teach them as a Lesson to those that began to learne the facultie of Orators In the meane time the Tapanecans were resolute to destroy the Mexicans and to this end they had made great preparations And therefore the new King tooke counsell for the proclaming of Warre and to fight with those that had so much wronged them But the common people seeing their Aduersaries to exceed them farre in numbers and munition for the warre they came amazed to their King pressing him not to vndertake so dangerous a warre which would destroy their poore Citie and Nation whereupon being demanded what aduice were fittest to take they made answere that the King of Azcapuzalco was very pittifull that they should demand peace and offer to serue him drawing the●r forth those Marshes and that hee should giue them houses and lands among his subjects that by this meanes they might depend all vpon one Lord. And for the obtaining hereof they should carrie their God in his Litter for an Intercessor The cries of the people were of such force hauing some Nobles that approoued their opinion as presently they called for the Priests preparing the Litter and their God to performe the Voyage As this was preparing and euery one yeelded to this treatie of peace and to subject themselues to the Tapanecans a gallant young man and of good sort stept out among the people who with a resolute countenance spake thus vnto them What meanes this O yee Mexicans are yee mad How hath so great cowardise crept in among vs Shall wee goe and yeeld our selues thus to the Azcapuzalcans Then turning to the King he said How now my Lord will you endure this Speake to the people that they may suffer vs to find out some meanes for our honour and defence and not yeeld our selues so simply and shamefully into the hands of our enemies This young man was called Tlacaellec Nephew to the King he was the most valiant Captaine and greatest Counsellor that euer the Mexicans had as you shall see hereafter Izcoalt encouraged by that his Nephew had so wisely spoken retained the people saying they should first suffer him to try another better meanes Then turning towards his Nobilitie he said vnto them You are all heere my Kinsmen and the