Boodes was sent in his place and after him Maherbal but no Account can be had of any Actions of theirs or what Governour followed It is agreed by all as certain that the Inhabitants of Marseilles in France being grown too numerous in the Year of Rome 419. sent a Colony into Spain and Inhabited that part of the City Empurias which was next the Sea at the Foot of the Pyreneans opposite to Roses in Latin called Emporia Tho' small it was divided from the rest of the City by a Wall whence in Greek it was formerly call'd Palaeopolis that is Old Town signifying the oldest part of it and also Diospolis that is two Towns Another part of the Fleet from Marseilles passed Cape Denia and built a Town near the Temple of Diana Three remarkable things were made known in Spain by the coming of this Fleet the first the great Power of the Romans and how Religiously they Assisted and Supported their Allies the second that the Syracusans after recovering their Liberty contriv'd to expel the Carthaginians out of Sicily and the third that Alexander of Macedon Sirnam'd the Great had Vanquished Darius Conquered the Empire of the Persians and Subdu'd more Countries than another Man in that time could have Travelled through This mov'd the Spaniards Inhabiting along the Coast of the Mediterranean to send an Embassy to him to desire his Protection against the Carthaginians who aim'd at the enslaving of all that Province Paulus Orosius says Maurinus was Chief of this Embassy who joyning by the way with the Embassadors of France went in their Company to Babylon where they found those of all other Provinces that were there by Alexander's appointment expecting his coming Alexander being come to Babylon they gave him an ample Account of their Commission received a favourable Answer with promise of his Protection and having been richly presented returned Home well satisfi'd No doubt but this Embassy was very displeasing to the Carthaginians but it was no time to take notice of it they being then employed in the War in Sicily whence they were totally Expell'd by Agathocles Not long after ensu'd the first War betwixt Rome and Carthage and at the same time our Authors say Spain suffered by Civil War without naming the Parties or Places only express that it was carried on with the greatest Cruelty Killing Plundering and Burning on all Hands without Mercy Much about this time which was the Year of Rome 502. the Mallorquines Revolted from the Carthaginians and having put their Garrisons to the Sword oblig'd the Fleet that lay in the Harbour with Showers of Stones to put to Sea and at last there being no hopes of appeasing those People to return to Carthage To retrieve this loss the Senate sent Hamilcar Barchinus who with great Prudence by Courtesie and Address reduc'd those Islanders to Obedience without using any Force or Violence The Year 507 of Rome and last of the first Punick War was fatal to Spain for a great Drought and violent Earthquakes by which part of the Island of Cadiz was broken off and sunk in the Sea CHAP. II. The second coming of Hamilcar Asdrubal succeeds him His Preparations for the Roman War and Death NO sooner did the Carthaginians begin to breath after their unfortunate War with Rome and other Disasters which followed it but they cast their Eyes upon Spain as the most proper place to make up their Losses Hamilcar was appointed to Command there with an absolute Power He at his setting out from Carthage according to Custom Sacrific'd and Offered up his Vows His Son Hannibal then but nine Years of Age being present he caused him to touch the Altar and Swear that when he was of Age he would revenge his Country against the Romans Besides him Hamilcar had three younger Sons Asdrubal Mago and Hanno Being arriv'd at Cadiz he receiv'd Embassadors from the Turdetani who had always continued in Amity with Carthage offering their Forces if he had occasion for their service With their assistance Hamilcar not only recover'd that part which had been lost but possest himself of all the Province of Betica either by Force or the Submission of the Natives and this was the Year of Rome 516. Strabo says the Spaniards at that time were so Rich that their Mangers and Water Troughs were made of Silver Hamilcar Coasting along the Mediterranean ran up the River Ebro where he built a Town formerly call'd Old Carthage supposed to be now Cantavecha distant ten Leagues from Tortosa to the North-West among the People then called Ilercaones The following Year he subdu'd the Coasts of the Bastetani and Contestani where now are the Cities Baça and Murcia and not far from where Saguntum once stood and whence Embassadors came to Hamilcar bringing Presents and Congratulating his Success but not with any intention of submitting themselves to him Hamilcar receiv'd and dismiss'd them with Kindness yet he earnestly desir'd to be Master of that City It was requisite to have some Colour or Pretence for that Undertaking in order to it he persuaded the Turdetani to build a Town upon the Lands of the Saguntins which was call'd Turdetuni and some will have it to be Terud 20 Leagues distant from Saguntum This bred a Difference betwixt those two Cities which was it Hamilcar aim'd at and they understanding his Design resolv'd not to move or take up Arms against the Turdetani At the Mouth of the River Ebro the Carthaginians celebrated Feasts for the Victories they had obtain'd as also for the Marriage of Himilce Daughter of Hamilcar with his Kinsman Asdrubal this was the Year of Rome 521. While these Feasts were kept Hamilcar was not Idle but sent Embassadors into France to gain the good Will of the Principal Men there believing their Friendship might be advantageous towards carrying on the War he design'd against Rome when he had once subdu'd Spain He won them with Gold of which they were Covetous and Spain yielded Plenty The Year following he advanced to the Pyreneans Conquering all from Tortosa to the River Lobregat then call'd Rubricatus Now it was that he built the famous City Barcelona Capital of Catalonia and gave it that Name from that of his Family to wit the Barzini His Designs were laid against Roses and Empurias which he thought obstructed him as being Confederates with Saguntum when Death surprized him among the Edetani whither he was returned in order to pacifie some Disturbances in the Province of Betica He was Slain in a Battle against the Natives about the ninth Year after this his second coming into Spain This Fight was so Bloody that of above 40000 Men he had in his Army two thirds were Slaughtered the rest of them under the favour of the Night escaped to the neighbouring Towns that held for them Livy says this Battle was fought near a place called Castrum Altum After this signal Defeat the Carthaginian Forces were turned against
Conditions That all the Country betwixt Villorado and Calahorra should remain to the Crown of Aragon that King pleading a Right to it as a Dependance of the Kingdom of Navarre That in Biscay the King of Aragon should possess Guipuscoa and Alava Provinces not long before taken by King Alonso VI. from the Crown of Navarre That the King of Aragon should withdraw his Garisons from all other Cities and Castles belonging to Castile and particularly from Toledo I know not which of these Princes deserves the greatest Commendation both of them gave a great example of Moderation He of Aragon in parting with what he had in possession and he of Castile in quitting his Title to part that he might obtain the so much desired Peace After this Agreement which was in the Year 1122 some Authors say later these two Kings continued in real Amity as if they had been Brothers or Father and Son All things being thus setled between the Christians they bent their Force against the Moors The King of Aragon broke in upon that side which is encompassed by the Rivers Cinga and Segre where the Town of Alcolea which had been taken by the Moors was Recovered Thence he advanced into the Kingdom of Valencia and passing the River Xucar entred the Territory of Murcia where he attempted the City Alcaraz but was repulsed Rising thence he turned into Andaluzia where all places submitted to pay Tribute provided the Country might not be wasted Near a Town called Arenzon he came to a Battle with the King of Cordova and ten other great Men of the Moors and overthrew them in the Year of our Lord 1123. The following Year he took Medina Celi a Town seated on a Hill betwixt the Confines of the Celtiberi and Carpetani In this manner succeeded the Affairs of Aragon On the other side the King of Castile entred the Province of Estremadura There he recovered the City Coria which had been lost after the death of King Alonso Grandfather of him then Reigning Thence the Army over-ran all the Country that lies between the Rivers Guadiana and Tagus carrying away great numbers of Men and Cattle and then they returned home loaden with Booty These beginnings gained the King much Reputation and gave proof of his Vertues He bore great Affection to S. Bernard then Abbot of Claravalle by whose Advice he erected many Monasteries of Cistercians most of which still flourish in that part of Spain and enjoy great Revenues At first these Religious Men professing the Contempt of the World were satisfied with little Soon after many bountifully heaping Charity upon them they grew Rich. Besides these Foundations the King very liberally encreased the Revenues of several Churches and Monasteries He obtain'd of his Uncle the Pope the erecting of the City Zamora into a Bishoprick At the same time and at the King's instance the Church of S. James the Apostle was made an Archiepiscopal See the Privileges of the City of Merida then in the hands of the Moors being translated thither Twelve Bishopricks were assigned to the Province of this new Metropolitan which were Salamanca Avila Zamora Cuidad Rodrigo Coria Badajoz Lugo Astorga Orense MondonÌ„edo Tuy and Placencia some time after This was about the Year of our Lord 1124. That same Year dy'd Pope Calixtus and Honorious II. succeeded him The following Year Alonso Earl of Toulouze and the Earl of Barcelona made War upon each other in France the former pretending a Title to the Earldom of Provence possessed by the latter in Right of his Wife After much strife it was agreed between them that Argence and Belicadre two Towns about which the chief dispute lay with that part of Provenee which lies between the Rivers Durence and Liserre should remain to the Earl of Toulouse all the other part and Avignon a City on the River Rhosne was adjudged to the Earl of Barcelona Moreover they reciprocally Adopted one another that if either dy'd without Issue the other might be his Heir A new Kingdom began at this time to be erected in that part of Spain â—ow called Portugal small in extent as to time the last that took that Title in Spain yet in great Exploits fortunate and renowned for Valour since they not only drove the Moors out of all that Country but in process of time with extraordinary bravery discovered ways to the unknown parts of the World and conquered many Kingdoms and Provinces in Asia and Africk This Province of Portugal lies along the Western Ocean from North to South between the Rivers Guadiana and MinÌ„o above 100 Leagues in length the breadth where most is about 30 Leagues the least 20. It is divided into three parts on this side and beyond Tagus or Cistagana and Transtagana and that between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o or Interamnensis which is the most Fruitful and where stands the City Braga On the one side of Tagus is Lisbon and on the other Ebora all three Archiepiscopal Sees For the most part the Country is dry and barren the People ambitious of Honour and Brave A small part of this Province which the Kings of Castile had taken from the Moors was given to Henry of Lorrain in Dower with his Wife Teresa Bastard Daughter to Alonso VI. By her he had D. Alonso D. Elvira and D. Sancha Henry after he had these Children went to the Holy-Land to assist Baldwin King of Jerusalem but returned without doing any thing of note At his return he treated with Bernard Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of all Spain about restoring the Cities of Braga Viseo Coimbra Lamego and Porto to their ancient Authority and placing Bishops in them Henry dy'd at Astorga a City of Galicia whither he went to compose the Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon His Body was bury'd at Braga in a small Chappel for the Grandeur or rather Madness of erecting costly Tombs now in use was not then brought up After his Death D. Teresa his Wife had no more regard to her Reputation than her Sister D. Vrraca She Marry'd Fernan Paez Earl of Trastamard a Match much below her if not altogether Unlawful as being Clandestine She is said besides to have had too much Familiarity with D. Bermudo Brother to the Earl and that nevertheless she Marry'd him to her Daughter D. Elvira Her other Daughter D. Sancha was Wife to Ferdinand de Meneses Perhaps some of these things might be maliciously imputed to this Princess Yet certain it is that Ferdinand Paez was very intimate with the Countess and governed all things absolutly according to his own will He made War and Ruled in time of Peace without taking any notice of his Son-in-law In his tender Years D. Alonso was forced to bear with this Affront and wink at the disgrace of his Family but afterwards many in hatred of his Mother's vicious Life adhering to him he resolved to take up Arms. His Father-in-law was not backward Both levied Forces and
in the Roman History and reaching to Campania The Moderns divide this Province into Abruzzo Citra and Abruzzi Ultra the River of Pescara being the Bounder of the Two Parts These Provinces in the Division of the Kingdom were adjudged to the King of France On the same side with Abruzzo is Apulia divided into Capitanata Terra di Bari and Terra di Otranto which runs as far as Taranto and thn Confines of Calabria On the other side beyond Naples begins the Principality whose Capital City is Salerno Then follows Basilicata formerly called Lucania and then Calabria where were the ancient Brutii upon the Coast of the Mediterranean In this Province is Cosenza the Capital City and Rogio upon the Streight of Meçina The Inland was called Magna Graecia where are Rosano Catançaro and Cotron As to the Principality it is dubious whether it ought to be comprehended in Calabria Touching Basilicata was the same Dispute and therefore the Kings agreed these Provinces should be divided Yet some affirmed that this Territory lying along the Mountains that part Apulia and Calabria made no distinct Province from them two but that as much as lies towards the East belongs to Apulia and towards the West to Calabria In Basilicata are Melfi Atela Barleta and other Cities Capitanata is that part which lies betwixt the Rivers Aufido and Tertoro in it are Manfredonia Monte Santangelo and Troya There is no doubt but that Territory was contained in the ancient Apulia since Ptolomy places Mount S. Garganus which is there Famous for the Church of S. Michael in Apulia And the Moderns always understood that Apulia began where Abruzzo ended and was divided into those three Parts already mentioned Nay several Authors mention Capitanata as a Territory of Apulia and always the Duty of the Cattel of Apulia was received in that Territory Let every one judge as he shall think fit it suffices to our Purpose that hence the French and Spaniards took occasion to decide that by the Sword which their Kings tho' often pressed to it could never be brought to resolve But this we shall speak of hereafter Now King Frederick who continued at Ischia as had been agreed being out of conceit with the Catholick King put himself into the hands of the King of France and his Wife and Children and the Cardinal Luis d' Aragon his Nephew upon promise of 30000 Francs to maintain his House His Sister Beatrix Queen of Hangary stayed in that Island and thence went over to Sicily Elizabeth his Niece who had been married to John Galeazo the Great Duke of Milan went to Bari in Apulia Whilst this Treaty was betwixt the King of France and the Deposed Frederick the Archduke in Flanders was courted to go over to Spain with his Wife that they might according to Custom be sworn Heirs to the Crown This Year was born to the Archduke a Daughter called Elizabeth The King his Father-in-Law was desirous to have him in Spain that he might be acquainted with the Customs of the Country and to break him of some youthful ill Habits he had learned of his Servants But they being used to Govern him were not willing he should stand in awe of D. John de Fonseca Bishop of Cordova who was sent to persuade him to come into Spain and the King of France invited him to take his way through that Kingdom as he did The Princess Catharine sailed from Corun̄a in a Fleet provided for that purpose to be married in England as had been agreed She set sail on the 25th of August With her went into England D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Santiago the Count and Countess of Cabra and other Persons of Note After their departure there arose such a Storm that the Fleet was scattered and tho' some Ships recovered Southampton the most were forced back to Laredo On the 2d of September they put to Sea again and arrived with the Princess in England She was married with great Solemnity to Prince Arthur at London But how much Misery did this poor Lady undergo through the Extravagancy of her wicked Husband This same Year the Lady Beatrix de Castro Daughter to the Earl of Lemos was contracted to Denis Brother to the Duke of Bragança the King giving them the Towns of Sarria Castro and Otera which the Earl of Lemos pretended to have a Right to In October a Peace was concluded at the City Trent betwixt the Emperor and King of France The chief Article was That Charles the Archduke's Son should marry Claudia that King's Daughter a Match often agreed upon but that never took effect The Fleets sent from France and Portugal at the instance of the Catholick King to aid the Venetians against the Turks did nothing worth relating That of Portugal only went to Corfou and returned The French went to the Island Scio belonging to the Genoeses and having only hindred the Turks from receiving their usual Tribute there suffered so much by Pestilence Stress of Weather and the Enemy that scarce 1000 Men of all the Fleet returned home They repaired to Apulia and were courteously entertained by the Great Captain 's Order The Venetians also returned home who had but 25 Galleys ill provided This Year the Turk put no Fleet to Sea which if he had there was no Force to oppose him In Spain the Catholick King published a Proclamation commanding all the Moors who were dispersed throughout Castile and Andaluzia called Mudejares either to become Christians or depart the Country About the end of the Year there was a certain Commotion which if not prevented in time might have produced a War D. Luis de la Cerda Duke of Medina Celi upon his Death-bed married his Mistriss to Legitimate D. John a Son he had by her D. In̄igo de la Cerda the Duke's Brother whose Son Luis married the Duke del Infantado's Daughter pretended he was Heir to that Estate The Duke of Medina Celi being dead the Duke del Infantado raised Men and laid siege to Cogolludo in order to seize all the Estate The King ordered him to disband his Forces and take his Course at Law The Duke was forced to obey and D. John was left possessed of his Father's Estate News was brought that the Archduke with his Wife were coming through France All the way they were nobly entertained At Paris on the 13th of December both Parties swore to the Peace before concluded at Trent and the Archduke did Homage to the King of France as Earl of Flanders The Princess would allow that King no Superiority Thence they set forward and through Guienne came to Fuenterabia on the 29th of February 1502. There they were received by the Constable of Castile the Duke of Najara the Earl of Trevin̄o his Son and the Chief Commendary D. Gutierre de Cardenas The more to express the Publick Joy leave was given that such as might wear Silk Doublets might also have Silk Coats and coloured which shews the Modesty of
Zaragoâ—a He settles the Kingdom Besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Grown p. 333 Chap. III. The Christian Princes all Combine with the Emperor to put an end to the Schism in the Church In order to it King Ferdinand of Aragon has a Conference with Pope Benedict The Council of Constance The two Popes John and Gregory Abdicate p. 335 Chap. IV. The Portugueses pass over into Africk and take Ceuta All endeavours us'd to move Pope Benedict to resign the Papacy prove vain Ferdinand King of Aragon 's Death The Council of Constance puts an end to the Schism in the Church p. 337 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colleges built in Castile p. 339 Chap. VI. Original of the Portuguese Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl p. 341 Chap. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples The Death of the pretended Pope Benedict p. 343 Chap. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples p. 344 Chap. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John Proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna Banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada depos'd p. 347 Chap. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the Kings favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church p. 348 The Twenty First BOOK Chap. I. THE War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre Crown'd John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there p. 351 Chap. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile Confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for 5 Years War with the Moors p. 353 Chap. III. The Death of Pope Martin V. Eugenius IV. succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner p. 354 Chap. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds p. 356 Chap. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples And Death of the Duke of Anjou and Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd p. 358 Chap. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at liberty by the Duke of Milan p. 360 Chap. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile Marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues loss in Africk p. 362 Chap. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Argonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile p. 364 Chap. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dies Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil deposes Pope Eugenius and choses Felix p. 365 Chap. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo dies Of some Men famous for Learning p. 368 The Twenty Second BOOK Chap. I. THE success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon p. 369 Chap. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago p. 371 Chap. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly p. 373 Chap. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutiniers of Toledo punish'd p. 374 Chap. V. The Mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick Marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians p. 376 Chap. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite's Character and fatal end Mamet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada depos'd Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal p. 378 Chap. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile p. 380 Chap VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him War of Granada King Henry of Castile Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquakes in Italy p. 382 Chap. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre Inherits the Crown of Aragon p. 384 Chap. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain p. 386 The Twenty Third BOOK Chap. I. THE Council of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderberg Prince of Epirus comes to the assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 401 Chap. II. War renew'd with the Moors of Granada The Prince of Viana Imprison'd and Releas'd His Death The Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre The Kings of France and Castile meet p. 402 Chap. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King
is assigned the building of Valencia The third is Palatuus from him they write the Palatui and the City Palencia took their Names Such another is Erithrus feigned to have come from beyond the Red Sea Lastly among these is Melicola called also Gargoris of whom Justin makes mention I would not wholly omit the Names of these Kings such as they are because learned Men as well as the Ignorant have stumbled upon them tho' they are to be looked upon no better than old Women's Tales I suppose Justin calls Siculus Sicorus which I note that none may be deceived and imagine they are two distinct Kings CHAP. IV. Of the coming of several Nations into Spain as the Celts Rhodians Carthaginians and Phenicians also of Abides and a wonderful Dearth IT is impossible particularly to assign the Time that each of the above-mentioned Kings Reigned or in what Year of the World The nearest we can guess is that the Geryons lived about the 4th or 5th Century after the Deluge and Siculus above 200 Years before the Destruction of Troy In his Time or not long after a great Fleet sailed from Zant an Island in the Ionian Sea on the West of Peloponnesus or Morea and Landing in Spain they built a strong Town which they called Zazynthus of their own Country afterwards Saguntum now Monviedro These People in process of time gathering Strength spread farther along the Coast and at length built the most famous Temple of Diana from which the Promontory Diaium now Denia took Name In this Temple they placed Idols and Priests and offered great Sacrifice to the Admiration of the ignorant Natives who looked upon them as something more than Men. All the Timber-work was of Juniper a sort of Wood sweet and incorruptible in so much that Pliny affirms it was standing in his Time without the least sign of Decay After the coming of the Zazynthians Authors say there came another Dionysius or Bacchus who was the Son of Semele about 150 Years before the Trojan War and in the farthest parts of Spain betwixt the two Mouths of Guadalquivir Founded Nebrixa so called from Nebridae which in Greek signifies Deer-skins worn by Dionysius and his Followers especially when they offered Sacrifice The Name Veneria was afterwards given to Nebrixa Diodorus Siculus Writes there were three Dionysii or Bacchi The first Son of Deucalion or Noah the same above called Ostris the second Son of Proserpine or Ceres who was Painted with Horns to show he was the first that yoak'd Oxen to Plow the Land the third the Son of Semele Bornin Adultery in the City Meros which signifies a Thigh whence the Poets feign that Jupiter bread him in his Thigh Of him 't is said in imitation of the first Dionysius he Travelled the World gained many Victories and delivered Spain from Tyranny and Oppression About this same time Milico the Son of Mirica is said to have had great Power and Authority among the Spaniards and that his Successors not far from the Place where Baeça now stands built Castulon among the Oretani formerly one of the noblest Cities in Spain now no other Memory of it is remaining but in the Cottages of Gazlona Dionysius at his departure left two of his Companions behind the one Lusus of whom the Lusitani took Name the other Pan whom the ignorant People worshiped as a God and from him as Varro and Plutarch will have it the Country was first called Pania and after by the addition of one Letter Spania Jason the Thessalian desiring to gain Honour and Enrich himself built a great Ship and taking into it Hercules the Thèban Orpheus Linus Castor and Pollux and many more after Pillaging all the Coasts of Asia came as far as the Mouth of the Streights where Hercules built a Fort called Heraclea now Gibraltar whence they made Incursions Robbing the Country and had several Encounters with the Natives thence they Sailed about to Saguntum and were well received as being all Greeks From Saguntum they went over to Majorca and took Bocorris the King of that Island but understanding there was no Gold there having taken in Provision and some large Oxen they passed into Italy where Hercules slew Cacus and then returned into Greece Hecateus denies that ever this Hercules came into Spain but Diodorus and all other Authors testifie the contrary To him it is that Virgil attributes the Killing of the Geryons but this is a Poetical Licence and great mistake of Times After the coming of Hercules and Death of Milico Gargoris Reigned in Spain and was called Mellicola being the first that found out the taking of Honey In this King's time hap'ned the famous Trojan War which ended the remainders of the Greeks and Trojans spread themselves and Planted in several Parts of the World and among the rest in Spain The first reckoned among those that came is Teucrus the Brother of Ajax who not being permitted by his Father Telamon to return home alone went first to Cyprus where he built the City Salamina now Famagosta and thence passed into Spain and is there said to have erected another City called Teucria in the place where Carthagena now stands Justin and St. Isidorus both mention his coming to Spain but not his building any City But all agree that he passed out of the Streights and sailing along the Coast landed in Galicia where he Founded the City Helene now Pontevedra and add that he erected another called Amphilochia by the Romans called Aquae Calidae by the Suevi Auria now Orense Next Tydeus is said to have attempted several parts of the Spanish Coast but that meeting Opposition he sailed on to the Northern Coast of Portugal where betwixt the Rivers Minho and Lima he Founded the City Tuy in Latin Tude or Tyde Strabo writes that Mnesteus the Athenian with a Fleet came to the Mouth of the River Belon now Guadalete where he built a City of his own Name and is the same that is now Port St. Mary and besides a Temple between the two branches of Guadalquivir which was called Oraculum Mnesteum To conclude Strabo and Solinus affirm that Vlysses came into Spain and built the City of Lisbon from him in Latin called Vlysippo but others reject this Opinion in regard the ancient Name was Olysippo not Vlysippo and because there are no Grounds to believe that ever Vlysses was there About this time according to Justin Gargoris Reigned over the Curetes and resided in the Forest of the Tarresii where Ancients feigned the Titans waged War with the Gods This King stained all the Virtues with which he was endowed with the Cruelty he used towards his Grandson Abides This Child was Born of his Daughter out of Wedlock the Grand-Father to hide this shame caused him to be exposed to wild Beasts who forgetting their Fierceness Nursed him with their Milk Gargoris no way Mollified caused him to be laid in a Path where Cattle was to pass to be
time the Carthaginians were possest of some Towns near the Promontory Libybaeum not far from Trepana which was a great Eye-sore to the People of Agrigentum now Gergento It hap'ned the Carthaginians went out into a Wood near the City Minoa to offer Sacrifice which the Agrigentines who watch'd their Opportunity laying hold of fell upon and slaughter'd all but some few that fled and lurk'd about the Woods This News being come to Carthage the People resolving to take Revenge sent over 2000 Carthaginians a like Number of Spaniards and 500 Mallorquines with Slings With these Supplies the Carthaginians took the Field and coming to a Battle not only Vanquished their Enemies but Besieged them in the City Agrigentum whither they were fled and after a Siege of two Years made themselves Masters of it in the Year after the building of Rome 346. The end of this War was the beginning of a greater for Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse taking into his Protection those that fled from Agrigentum and on the other side the Carthaginians having to do with so powerful an Enemy raised an Army of 15000 African Foot and 5000 Horse besides 10000 Spaniards to oblige whom they restor'd Cadiz and withdrew all their Garrisons except from the Temple of Hercules and some other small Forts Himilco Cipo was appointed General of these Forces who at his first Landing in Sicily took the City Camarina which he Burnt and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword The People of Gela terrifi'd at this Cruelty abandon'd the Town Dionysius was not idle but having gather'd a great Force meets the Carthaginians and at first put them so hard to it that their Horse began to give way till Himilco coming up with a Reserve of 2000 fresh Men obliged the Sicilians to betake themselves to Flight Night prevented the Pursuit but Morning being come Himilco Attacks the Enemy in their Camp and after a great slaughter makes himself Master of it Dionysius saving himself by flight But to see how uncertain Humane Prosperities are after all this Success so violent a Plague rag'd among the Carthaginian Forces that Himilco returned Home with a very small Number where for Grief of this Loss he Slew himself After this some will have it that Dionysius endeavour'd by his Embassadors to withdraw the Spaniards from siding with the Carthaginians but they with Kindness and all manner of Courtesie kept them in their Friendship About the same time certain Carthaginians sailing from Spain whether designedly or forced by bad Weather is not known having travers'd the vast Ocean discover'd a large rich and beautiful Island which being Uninhabited some of those People stay'd and Planted there the rest return'd and gave an Account of what they had seen to the Senate where as Aristotle says it was agreed this Discovery ought to be Conceal'd and to that purpose the Discoverers put to Death lest the Citizens allur'd by the Riches of the Island and weary of War should abandon the City Some are of Opinion this Island was one of the Canaries others that it was Hispaniola or some part of the Continent of America The Carthaginians burning with the desire of renewing the War in Sicily raised Men in Spain and Africk but the Spaniards were averse to the War by reason of the distance because of the two great Losses sustain'd there and for that as they said they had received no wrong from the Sicilians This oblig'd the Carthaginians to lay aside that design till a fitter Opportunity which was soon offered for a great Famine hap'ned in Spain and after it as usual a Plague the Spaniards became more inclinable to take up Arms to fly from the Miseries of their own Country 20000 Spanish Foot 1000 Horse and 300 Sling Men of Majorca were raised Hanno was appointed General for this War who with these Forces and 10000 Africans sailed over into Sicily Dionysius who was then in Italy at the Siege of Cotron a Greek City having received Intelligence of the Storm that threatned him was forced to haste back to secure his own His Fleet which served to Transport his Army from Rhegio into Sicily was Defeated by the Carthagians and several Ships taken in which was his own Equipage Among the other things taken were found some Letters written in Greek by one Sunniatus a Carthaginian giving Dionysius an Account of the Preparations made against him which he did in Revenge for that he had not been appointed General but it cost him his Life and it was Enacted that for the future no Carthaginian should ever learn the Greek Language that they might not have the opportunity of Conversing with an Enemy without an Interpreter After this Victory at Sea many Places submitted themselves to Hanno and the War was continu'd with various Success till the sixteenth Year thereof which according to Eusebius was from the Foundation of Rome 336. or rather according to others the second of the 99th Olympiad which was of Rome 371. Then Dionysius the Elder dying Dio who Govern'd the Young Dionysius made a Truce with the Carthaginians yet the Quiet of Sicily lasted not long but it is time to return to Spain It has been already said how the Carthaginians at the beginning of the War of Sicily in part restored those of Cadiz to their Liberty This War being ended they sent Bostar to Govern the Balearick Islands with Orders to endeavour to gain the Good Will of the People of Saguntum but they fearing all his fair Words tended to deprive them of their Liberty would never entertain any Correspondence with him Hanno was sent to Govern Cadiz but he being Covetous oppress'd the Natives and by violent means seiz'd upon all the Treasure as well of private Persons as what belong'd to the Publick which provok'd the Spaniards to Conspire against the Carthaginians All on a sudden they appear'd in Arms slew many of their Enemies and Plundred their Goods Hanno having lost many of his Men and being forsaken by his Allies in Spain sent into Africk for Succour These Auxiliaries committed great Cruelties and made Havock in that part of Spain now called Andaluzia What had hap'ned being known at Carthage they sent another to succeed Hanno but we have no account of his Name or any thing he did in that Government his coming was about the Year of Rome 398. The War which employed the Carthaginians in Sicily gave Peace to Spain for some time but the joy and satisfaction of this Tranquility was allayed by great Floods which destroyed infinite Numbers of Cattle and bore down many Buildings The Year following the Earthquakes were so violent that many Cities on the Coast of the Mediterranean suffered extreamly more especially Saguntum by how much it exceeded all the others in Beauty and Grandeur The third Year which was 405. after the building of Rome was noted for mighty Storms at Sea which caused extraordinary Shipwracks The Governour that succeeded Hanno Dying one
to their Party but not being able to prevail banish'd him to the inward part of France and set the Abbot Remigius in his place All things were carry'd on violently and without regard to Equity or Justice so they call'd out of France to their assistance the Jews who had before been Banish'd the Dominions of the Goths Paul being a Man of great Wisdom and Experience was appointed General to quell this Rebellion with such Forces as were thought sufficient to oppose the Revolters All fell out contrary to expectation for Paul being false in his heart march'd slowly and gave the Rebels time to grow strong and at the same time he contriv'd how the chief of the Goths might fall off from the King By the way he agreed with Ranosindus Duke of Tarragona and Hildigisus Gardingus which was a dignity like to a Lord Lieutenant of a County Both of them were Men of note and by their means he possess'd himself of Barcelona Girona and Vique Cities in Catalonia Their Forces being thus increas'd they resolv'd to march into France and join Hilpericus not doubting they should be then in a condition to make head against the King Argebaudus Archbishop of Narbonne thought to have kept the Rebels out of that City but they were so quick upon him that he was forc'd to temporize and seemingly join with them rather through fear than affection Paul having enter'd the City call'd together the Citizens and Souldiers and after reproving the Archbishop for having offer'd to keep him out Condemn'd the Election of Wamba as illegal and advis'd to proceed to a new one Ranosindus with a loud Voice cry'd out he knew none so fit and deserving to be a King as Paul himself This was only executing in publick what they in private had before contriv'd All that were of his Party being mix'd with the Croud approv'd of what had been said with great Acclamations whilst the wiser sort were silent not daring to gainsay Thus Paul was declar'd King and a Crown which King Recaredus had offer'd to St. Felix put upon his Head So far had the Spirit of Rebellion transported them that they seiz'd not only the Riches of the publick but laid their Sacrilegious hands upon the Treasures of the Church Hilperick Earl of Nismes the first that rais'd this Rebellion consented with the others and so all the Cities of Gallia Gothica besides a great part of the Province Tarraconensis which follow'd the Example of their Duke Ranosindus Paul grown Proud with this Success sent a Challenge to the King full of bitter Invectives and Reproaches upon which I believe that vulgar error was grounded which makes Wamba of base Parentage as if he had been rais'd to the Throne from the Plough which is certainly a great mistake for he was of the Chief Nobility of the Goths and one of the greatest Favourites in the Courts of those Kings Wamba understanding what Paul had done called a Council of his Nobles to consult whether it were better immediately to advance with what force he had or return to Toledo to increase his Power The more resolute were for losing no time but oppressing the Enemy before they were grown stronger the more Cautious advised to gather new Forces and leave all things setled in Spain The King having weighed the Arguments on both sides resolved to make up by Celerity what he wanted in number of Men and having exhorted his Nobles to stand by him and relieve their Friends in distress his words were so Efficacious that all Men taking New Courage the War of Navarre was concluded in seven days which was a good Omen of future Success The Army was impatient to meet their Enemies so they Marched towards Calahorra and Huesca and came upon the Frontiers of Catalonia with incredible speed Here the Army was divided into three parts one Marched to Castrolibya the chief Town of Cerdania the second to Vique and the Third to the Sea-Coast to wast that Country The King himself followed with the flower of the Army He punished many Soldiers for Offering Violence to the Country People and forcing of Women for which Crimes he caused them to be Circumcised as a punishment to them and example to others Being come to Barcelona the Metropolis of Catalonia he easily made himself Master of it and secured the heads of the Rebels to be punished according to their Crimes Thence he Marched to Girona which was delivered to him by the Bishop called Amador whom not long before Paul thought to have secured to his interest by a Letter in which he directed him to deliver the City to the first that came Here the Army rested two days and passed the Pyrenean Mountains without meeting any Opposition Beyond the Mounts they took and plundered Three Towns Caucoliberis that is Colivre Vultuaria and Castrolibya beside another shutup betwixt the Hills and therefore called Clausura in this they took Ranosindus and Hildigisus two heads of the Rebels Witimirus was with a Garrison in a Town called Sosdonia but not thinking himself safe fled to Narbonne where Paul still lay contriving how to hinder the King from passing the Mountains Finding his Forces too weak he left that City to Witimirus and retired to Nismes where he expected Succours from France and Germany Wamba having passed the Mountains and incamped in the plain stayed there two Days till his other Forces that were dispersed several ways came up and thence sent Four Officers with a considerable Body of Men to take Narbonne a Noble City on the Frontiers of France These Forces being come before the City sent in to Summon it they within answered with scorn which so provoked the Soldiers that they gave a furious Assault that lasted three hours at the end of which having drove the defendants off the Walls they fired the Gates apply'd scaling Ladders and so entred the City Witimirus took Sanctuary in a Church but was nevertheless drawn from our Ladies Altar and secured Argebaudus the Archibishop and Galtricia the Dean were also taken and wounded by the Soldiers in their Fury After the taking of Narbonne the Rebels began to go down the wind and the Loyal party to increase The Loyalists pursued their success and with the same ease took the Cities Magalona Agatha and Beziers where many chief of Rebels were taken and among them Remigius Bishop of Nismes Gumildus the Bishop Magalona fled to Paul at Nismes a City in those days for the Number of the Inhabitants beauty of Buildings and strength of Walls inferior to none in Gallia Narbonensis Against this City the King sent Four Resolute Generals but they wanted Conduct and Engines for Battering the Walls With them went 30000 Men. Being come in sight of the Town they furiously charged the Enemy that came out to meet them The fight was Bloody and lasted all Day till Night parted them each side boasting of the Victory but the King's Men were the first that sounded the Retreat It
Spain with 12000 Men and tho' some advis'd to join his Forces with Tarif in order to subdue what still remain'd he took the Councel of those wicked Christians who held their interest in more esteem than Conscience and promis'd to assist him in reducing such places as held out Count Julian either in hope of greater rewards or disgusted at Tarif repair'd to Muza From Algezira where these Infidels landed they march'd to Medina Sidonia which after a Siege of some days they took by Assault Next Carmona having made a good defence was entred by Stratagem some of Count Julian's Souldiers either feigning to Desart or being receiv'd as Merchants for in this Authors vary having possess'd themselves of one of the Gates Many of the Goths resorted to Sevil but upon the approach of the Enemy fled and the Moors gave liberty to the Jews to inhabit it mixt with their own People Beja in Portugal had the same Fortune but the People of Merida tho' much weakned before had the Courage to try their Fortune in the Field and being over-power'd having lost and killed many were forc'd to take the shelter of the Walls Muza taking a view of the City said It look'd as if People had been gather'd from all parts of the World to build it that he would be a happy Man that were Master of it Inflam'd with this desire he sought means to possess himself of that place Not far from the City was a Quarry in which he laid an Ambush that night Next day the Townsmen sallying were hemm'd in and only a few fought their way back the rest perish'd This made them cautious for the future and they resolv'd only to defend their Walls Muza seeing the Siege was like to be tedious apply'd all Engines then in use for battering the Walls which the Besieg'd us'd all diligence to oppose but they were few in number and spent with labour Whereupon they offer'd to treat but upon such high terms that Muza rejected them and the Commissioners believing him so old he could not outlive the Siege would abate nothing The Moor finding in what they grounded their Confidence black'd his grey Hairs and sending for them again they were so surpriz'd not understanding the reason of his sudden change that they immediately submitted to such Articles as he would allow At the same time the People of Beja and Ilipula surpriz'd Sevil and put to the Sword the Garrison the Moors had in that City yet this avail'd them little for soon after the Enemy came upon them and again brought them into subjection The manner of it was thus Abdalasis the Son of Muza who came over into Spain with him complain'd to his Father that he had not given him an opportunity of signalizing himself His Father finding he was in the right gave him the Command of a strong Body of Moors with whom he broke into the Country of Valencia had several Encounters with those People and took the Cities of Denia Alicant and Huerta upon Articles which were That he should not profane the Churches That the People might live peaceably in the Christian Religion and only pay certain Taxes agreed upon These things being perform'd in the Year 716. he return'd to Sevil slew those that had revolted then took Ilipula and it may be imagin'd destroy'd it for whereas it was then a populous City it is now only a small Town called Pen̄aflor situate betwixt Cordova and Sevil. From Merida Muza went away for Toledo Tarif for the more honour came out as far as Talavera to meet him They met with great demonstrations of Friendship and Affection but all counterfeit Tarif was fearful of being call'd to an account and Muza envious of what he had done Being come to Toledo Tarif his accounts were call'd for as well in regard to the charge of the War as to the treasure that had been taken He endeavour'd with submission and Friendly Offices to appease the Old Man At length being reconcil'd they set forwards together towards Zaragoça which City and many others too tedious to relate they took without any trouble they all Surrendring themselves Thus all Spain seem'd to be subdu'd the third Year after the first Army of Moors came over out of Africk True it is the farthest parts could not be brought under without much difficulty as being defended by high and almost inaccessible Mountains Vlit the Miramamolin understanding the success of his Arms and the differences that were betwixt his Generals Order'd them both to appear before him Muza being about to depart appointed his Son Abdalasis to govern in his absence having first oblig'd the Moors to swear they would be Obedient to him This done Muza and Tarif the two Famous Generals prepar'd to Imbark carrying with them all the Treasures the Goths in so many Years had heap'd up From this time forward the old Computation of Years used in Spain beginning at the Birth of Christ or the Julian Account was quite laid aside and that used by the Moors and called Hegira that is an Expedition was taken up which begins from the time that Mahomet first took upon him the Title of King at Damascus In what Year of our Lord this hap'ned Authors do not agree and this difference arises from that betwixt the Years of the Arabs and ours theirs being 11 Days and 6 Hours less than ours as consisting of only 354 Days In my Opinion the Account of the Arabs ought to commence in the Years of our Lord 722. on the 15th of July as appears by the Annals of Toledo composed above 300 Years ago Abdalasis for some time Governed the Province he had received of his Father with Prudence and Wisdom Great Multitudes resorted out of Africk to Plant and People that vast Country left almost waste by the late Wars They had Lands assigned them and Sevil was appointed to be the Metropolis of the new Empire in respect to its greatness strength and commodious Situation Egilona King Roderick's Queen was among the other Prisoners she was Young Beautiful and Comely The Governour caused her to be brought to his Presence and at first sight fell in love with her to such a degree that he took her to Wife without debarring her the Exercise of the Christian Religion He held her in great Esteem all his Life-time for besides her Beauty she was Discreet and in all his Affairs he was directed by her to that degree that by her persuasion he took upon him the State of a King and was Crowned In the Country of Antequera where it Borders upon Malaga there is a Mountain called Abdalasis perhaps it took the Name from this Prince Some also believe that Almaguera a Town belonging to the Knights of St. James had the Name of Magued the Moorish General who 't is said used to drink the Water of a Fountain hard by it and in the Arabick Alma is Water from which Word and Magued they suppose the Name
great compass with the Light-Horse and before he could be discovered fell upon the Enemy in the rear which put them all into Confusion This Fortunate Battle was fought in the Year of our Lord 734. one and twenty after the destruction of Spain Abdelmelich succeeded Abderhaman and Governed the Moors in Spain and its dependencies the space of four Years without being remarkable for any thing but his Cruelty and Avarice He had Orders to invade France but was forced to turn back after losing many Men in attempting to pass the Pyrenean Mountains At the same time which was in the Year of our Lord 737. Pelayus the first King of Spain after its Desolation being of a great Age and renowned for his Exploits departed this Life at Cangas His Body was Buryed in the Church of Saint Eulalia Velaniensis which he himself had founded in the Country of Cangas There also his Wife Queen Gaudiosa was interred His Son Favila by Consent of all the People succeeded him and Reigned two Years being more famed for his Unfortunate Death and dissolute Life than for any good Actions he performed For notwithstanding the mighty War he had in hand and that his Kingdom was still tottering as subsisting rather by the Confusion of the times than the strength of the Christians yet he apply'd himself not to the cares of the Government but was wholly devoted to his Pleasures neglecting the Publick good Particularly he was addicted to Hunting and at this Sport pursuing a Bear was killed by it inglorious both in his Life and Death His Body was interred in the Church of the Holy Cross built by himself in the Territory of Cangas in which formerly was to be seen the Tomb of his Wife Froleud About this time one Julian a Grecian and Deacon Learned in the Greek and Latin Tongues wrote the Antiquities of Spain and Actions of Pelayus at Toledo Vrban Bishop of Toledo Evancius Archdeacon of the same Church and Fredoarius Bishop of Guadix Men of singular Sanctity and Learning flourishing in those Days of darkness and ignorance John Archbishop of Sevil was their Contemporary he Translated the Bible into Arabick for the good of the Christians and Moors because Latin was then little used some Copies of that Translation are to be seen to this Day in Spain CHAP. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk FAvila dying without Issue D. Alonso and Ormisinda his Wife as Pelayus had ordained in his Will were Proclaimed King and Queen with great Satisfaction of the People and to the great good of the Kingdom D. Alonso was equally qualified in the Arts of Peace and War of a wonderful Constancy in Adversity fortunate in all his Undertakings and so very Religious that on that account the Title of Catholick was given to him as had been before to King Recaredus by the Third Council of Toledo when renouncing the Heresie of Arius he was reconciled to the Church This Title was afterwards laid aside till Pope Alexander the sixth bestowed it on Ferdinand of Aragon King of Spain to be perpetuated in his Successors Spain at that time enjoyed the Fruits of Peace Africk and France were consumed with Civil Wars Charles Martel upon the Death of Eudo seized all his Dominions in France Eudo's three Sons Aznar Hunnoldus and Vayferus sought to maintain their right by Arms. Aznar in that part of Spain which lies near Navarre took from the Moors the City Jaca with many other Towns and Castles and became the Founder of the Kingdom of Aragon a name taken from the River Aragon which runs through that Country and together with the River Ega falls into Ebro Hunnoldus and Vayferus did great harm and spread their terror throughout France The Moors desiring Revenge for their late Overthrow and being invited by Maurice Earl of Marseilles and Hunnoldus and Vayferus renewed the War in France At this time Aucupa Governed Spain at his first coming he put Abdelmelich upon his Tryal and pretending he could not clear himself laid him in Prison Aucupa was of Noble Extraction and so Zealous in his Superstition that he punished no Crimes so severely as those that related to it Having agreed with Maurice Earl of Marseilles and the Sons of Eudo with their assistance and his own Forces he pierced so far into France as to take Avignon a noble City upon the River Rhosne burning and pillaging all the Country about All this hap'ned five Years after the famous Battle of Tours that is in the Year 739. which was the first of the Reign of D. Alonso But the Valour of Martel relieved France for he drove the Enemy over the Pyrenean Hills and took Avignon and Narbonne so that nothing was left either the Goths or Moors in all France In Africk the War continued more obstinate for Belgius Abenbexius a famous Commander among the Moors Rebelled against the Emperor Ischam Several Battles were fought for the most part with Success to the Rebels whereupon Belgius resolved to pass over into Spain Abdelmelich was then again possessed of the Government for Aucupa dying ordered he should be taken out of Prison and restored to his Command This was his Ruin for Abderhaman sent before by Belgius with a great Army took him in Cordova and put him to Death with all manner of Torments in the Year of our Lord 743. The same Year dy'd the Emperor Ischam and Alulit the Son of Izit succeeded in the Empire as had been agreed We must not run too far into the Affairs of Africk Alulit at his Accession to the Crown sent Albuelcatar a Noble and Wise Man to Govern Spain who by his good Management and sending the Mutinous to the War in Africk appeased the Tumults in Spain Soon after he was killed by the contrivance of Zimael and Roba Zimael's Companion and the head Conspirator took upon him the Government and Usurp'd the Crown of Spain without any opposition for the Emperor Alulit dy'd in the second Year of his Reign which was of our Lord 744. Ibrahim his Brother succeeded him and was no longer liv'd nor fortunate for Matoan tho' his Kinsman and of the most Noble Family of the Humeyas killed him in his Palace the second Year of his Reign and made himself absolute Lord of all In this Emperor's time Roba being killed in a Battle Toba Governed Spain and he also dying within a Year Juseph a Man of great Parts was sent out of Africk to succeed both Tho' of a great Age he was much addicted to Women but made some amends for this Fault by his great Valour and the fame of his Exploits Whilst he Governed Spain Abdalla of the Noble Family of the Alavecines killed Matoan in Africk in the Year 750 Usurp'd the Crown and the better to secure himself destroyed most of the Family of the Humeyas
and banish'd and at last dy'd in Cordova At the same time Castile was divided with Civil Broils D. Vela Grandson to the other D. Vela who we said was Lord of Alava had great Power there and in the adjoining part of Castile and being a hot Youth took up Arms against the Earl Fernan Gonzalez The Earl lost no time but put him and his Allies to the rout pursuing them so close they were forc'd to take into the Country of the Moors which was the occasion of great troubles and Misfortunes Almanzor Alhagib either at the instigation of these Outlaws or to revenge the affront he had receiv'd rais'd a powerful Army and furiously invaded Castile The Earl marching to meet him by the way went to visit Pelagius the Hermit but finding he was dead and being troubled in mind the said Pelagius appear'd to him in his sleep assuring him of the Victory The two Armies ingag'd near Piedrabita and the dispute was hotter than ever it had been before tho' the multitude of Enemies was great and the Christian Army exceeded not 450 Horse and 15000 Foot It is said the Fight lasted three days only ceasing at Night upon the last day St. James the Apostle was seen at the head of the Christians and gained them the Victory A greater number of the Infidels was slain than in any other Battle our Forces pursuing them two days After this Victory Embassadors came from all the Cities of Castile and the neighbouring parts to Congratulate with the Earl Above all D. Sancho King of Leon sent a splendid Embassy enviting the Earl to be present at the Cortes or Parliament he designed to hold in Leon. This a little perplex'd him fearing some design was hid under that show of Friendship but having no lawful Excuse to absent himself he came on the day appointed accompanied with the Nobility The King went out to meet him and the Parliament was held in the Year 958. but what their Business was is not known Authors relate that the Earl sold the King a stately Horse and a Hawk for a great Sum upon condition if not paid at the time perfixed the price should be doubled every day after Besides by the policy of Da. Teresa the Queen Dowager who desired to revenge her Father's Death it was contriv'd that Da. Sancha her Sister should be Marry'd to the Earl she was then with her Brother D. Garcia King of Navarre and Da. Vrraca the Earl's first Wife was dead It was resolv'd to lay a snare against the Earl because down right force would not prevail and K. Sancho was unwilling to break his word openly therefore it was agreed to work underhand and make use of the perfidiousness of the Navarrois Garci Sanchez was ignorant of D. Sancho's designs and therefore to revenge past wrongs continually infested the Frontiers of Castile After the Earl had complained by his Embassdors they broke out into open War and came to a Battle in which the Earl obtained the Victory Our Historians write that Lope Diaz Lord of Biscay assisted the Earl upon this occasion and say he was Son to In̄igo Ezquerra great Grandson to Zuria formerly Lord of that Country After this Victory a Peace being concluded the Earl in pursuance to the Articles thereof went to Navarre with a good Retinue unarmed as to a Wedding however he was taken Prisoner by the King who was at the place appointed with armed Men. Hence he was delivered by the love of Da. Sancha for whose sake he fell into that misfortune and with her escaped to his own Country On the Frontiers of Castile about Rioja he was met by the Forces of Castile that had vow'd not to return till he were set at liberty Great was the Joy on both sides At Burgos the Nuptials were celebrated The King of Navarre deceived by his Sister prepared for War and the Earl not being backward they Engaged on the Frontiers of Castile and Navarre the King was overthrown and taken Prisoner in the Year 959. The same Year dy'd Abderhaman King of Cordova being of a great Age. Not long before his Death the King of Leon sent him a solemn Embassy desiring the Body of the Martyr Pelayus which was not granted by him but was soon after by his Son and Successor Alhaca who Reign'd 17 Years and 2 Months and being inclinable to Peace endeavoured to oblige all the neighbouring Kings D. Garcia King of Navarre was set at liberty after he had been 13 Months a Prisoner at Burgos the Tears of Da. Sancha and the Intreaties of other Princes having appeased the Earl Queen Teresa a Woman of a fierce and restless Spirit being so far disappointed in her design against the Earl laid other snares for him She persuaded her Son the King of Leon to call him to the Parliament He went tho' with a Jealousie the King came not out to meet him as before but when he came to kiss his Hand ordered him to be cast into Prison This was a great Affliction to the Earl's People Da. Sancha his Wife a Lady of a Masculine Temper and ready wit designing to rescue him feigned she would go in Pilgrimage to the Church of St. James the Apostle Her way was thro' the City Leon the King went out to meet and entertain her Friendly as became a Person of her Quality and his Aunt With much intreaty she obtained leave to visit her Husband and having stay'd all Night together he went out in the Morning in her Cloaths and got safe to his Country The King understanding the Fraud was somewhat concerned but thinking better of it sent her home Honourably to her Husband who over-joy'd at her coming would not make War upon the King but demanded what was due to him for the Horse and the Hawk he had sold him No Payment was made for the Sum by reason of the delay was greater than the King could pay and the Earl made waste upon the Lands of the Kingdom of Leon. Whereupon they agreed that in satisfaction for the Debt Castile for the future should owe no Subjection to the Crown of Leon. This Agreement they say was made in the Year of our Lord 965. The same Year a powerful Army of Moors breaking thro' the Kingdom laid Siege to the City Leon but by the Valour of the Garrlson and Townsmen were Repulsed with great loss Vast flames of Fire rising out of the Sea spread over the Country destroying many Towns even as far as Zamora which beside the present loss was look'd upon as an Omen of future Ills. D. Garci Sanchez King of Navarre dy'd the ensuing Year of 966 leaving by his Queen two Sons D. Sancho and D. Ramiro and three Daughters Da. Vrraca Da. Ermenesilda and Da. Teresa His Son D. Sancho inherited the Crown joyntly with his Brother D. Ramiro The latter Reign'd 10 Years and it is thought dy'd without Issue D. Sancho who as appears by his Grants Rul'd 27 Years Stiled
possessed themselves of the Revenues of several Churches he caused them to be all restored To the Monks of the Monastery of St. Salvador de Leyte he gave the Privilege of choosing the Bishop of Pamplona as appears by his Grant bearing date in the Year 1032. The continual Incursions of the Moors had caused the Seat of the Bishoprick of Pamplona to be removed from that City to the Monastery of Leyte as the securer place being seated on the top of the Pyrenean Mountains Now Peace being established thro' the Valour of King Sancho a Synod was held at Pamplona at the request of Sancho Abbot of Leyte and Bishop of that City in order to restore the See thither For the present it was deferred but agreed to in the time of his Successor D. Peter de Roda. In his last days the King caused the City Palentia to be Rebuilt The occasion that moved him it to as related by some if ever there was any such was in this manner That City during the Wars was totally ruined so that nothing remained but some old Walls and a Church dedicated to S. Antholin Thither the King being a Hunting pursued a wild Boor which took shelter in the very Church by the Altar and the King lifting his Arm to strike in that Holy Place found it became on a sudden numb'd and without motion Whereupon invoking the Saint the use of his Limb was again restored and the King as an acknowledgement of the relief received caused the Town and Church to be rebuilt making it an Episcopal See Methinks I am writing Fables or Romances but many of this nature are recounted in the Chronicles of Spain which I will neither Condemn nor approve of let the Reader judge of them as he shall think most agreeable to reason Let us conclude with this King who by his great Actions both in Peace and War gain'd to himself immortal Renown and large Dominions to his Posterity His Life was glorious but his Death unfortunate for on the way to Oviedo whither he was going to visit the Bodies of the Saints that make that place famous he was treacherously murdered by Assassines that way-laid him Who the Contrivers of that base Action were is not known nor perhaps was it then It is suspected some one of the Princes that envy'd his greatness was the cause of taking him off His Body was Buryed at Oviedo with Royal Solemnity Some Years after his Son D. Ferdinand King of Castile caused him to be translated to Leon and Interr'd in the Church of S. Isidorus where upon his Sepulcher is this Inscription Here lieth Sancho King of the Pyrenean Mountains and of Toulouse a Catholick Prince that stood by the Church He was killed on the 18th of October 1035. To his Children he left great cause of Debates and much unhappiness to his Kingdoms by dividing them as he did without any occasion Commonly the Subjects pay for the Sins and Extravagancies of their Princes THE History of SPAIN The Ninth BOOK CHAP. I. The Posture of Affairs in Spain Actions of D. Berenguel Earl of Barcelona Kingdoms of the Moors Wars betwixt the Kings of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand Crowned King of Leon. THE mighty Wars that hap'ned in Spain the great Calamities and Desolation thereof and the irreconcilable Enmities betwixt near Relations and even Brothers may be a sufficient warning to Sovereigns not to divide their Dominions especially when their Limits are but narrow It is a certain Maxim that Sovereignty admits of no Fellowship and Ambition is not curbed by any ties tho' never so Sacred Hence may be inferred how much King 's err who misled by Fatherly Affection rend their Kingdoms to raise many Monarchies to their Children D. Sancho King of Castile and Navarre whose Life was related in the last Book has left us an example of that fatal Policy The Christian Dominions then well extended in Spain were for the most part reduced under one head as if Heaven had purposely contrived it for the Extirpation of the Moors who thro' their own distractions were evidently tending to ruin But this King by dividing his Dominions caused that Opportunity to be lost We now enter upon more variety of matter and consequently shall not be so concise as hitherto Therefore in the first place it will be requisite to lay down the posture the Affairs of Spain were in after the Death of King Sancho He divided his Kingdoms among his Sons in this manner D. Garcia the eldest had Navarre and the Dominion of Biscay with all the Country that lies betwixt the City Najara and Mountains Doca D. Ferdinand the second Son during his Father and Mother's Life was put in possession of Castile the Title of Earl thereof being changed into that of King To D. Gonzalo the youngest of the legitimate Sons was given Sobrarve and Ribagorça with the Castles of Loharri and S. Emeterius D. Ramiro the Bastard Son had the Kingdom of Aragon given him by his Father saving some Castles which were adjudged to his Brother D. Garcia They all Stiled themselves Kings and assumed Regal Honours whence ensued dangerous and bloody Wars Each looking back upon his Father's Grandeur aspir'd to equal it and repined that his Dominions should be confined to such a narrow compass At the same time D. Bermudo Brother-in-law to Ferdinand King of Castile Reigned at Leon. Under the Crown of Leon were comprehended the Provinces of Galicia and Portugal and part of old Castile as far as the River Pisuerga D. Ramon called the old Earl of Barcelona dy'd the same Year as D. Sancho which was of Grace 1035. D. Berenguel Borello his Son succeeded him who tho' little in Body was not inferior in Valour to any of his Ancestors He recovered from the Moors by force of Arms Manresa a place called Prados del Rey Galafre Tarragona Cervera and other neighbouring Towns Besides he subdued several Moors who possessed Lands thereabout and obliged them to pay him Tribute He had two Wives called Ramalduri and Almadi The first brought him two Sons D. Peter and D. Berenguel the second had only D. Ramon Berenguel commonly nick-named Cabeca de Estopa that is Flaxen Head from the colour and softness of his Hair This was the posture of the Affairs of the Christians in Spain The Moors as was said above had as many Kingdoms as capital Cities Nevertheless the Kingdom of Cordova as the ancientest was still the most considerable as to extent of Territory but weak thro' intestine Broils The next was that of Sevil then Toledo Zaragoça Huesca and several other inferior Kings who might easily have been over-run had the Christians been united That Discord which hap'ned betwixt the Princes tho' near Relations and Brothers prevented the Execution of so holy an Undertaking D. Garcia King of Navarre at the time of his Father's death was gone to Rome to visit the Churches of St. Peter and Paul D. Ramiro his Brother thought good
worth ordered that for the future he should be called Cid which was done accordingly so that his own name was almost forgot the new Title being given him as long as he lived Our Historians add that the Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Ramiro of Aragon being at variance about the right to the City Calahorra they agreed to put the decision of that Controversy to the Issue of a Combat to be fought by two Persons one appointed by each King He of Aragon chose Martin Gomez and he of Castile took Roderick Diaz for his Champion who slew Gomez supposed by some to be the stock from which is descended the Noble Family of Luna in Spain The most learned look upon all this as Fabulous by reason that D. Garcia King of Navarre took that City from the Moors and therefore the King of Aragon could pretend no right to it Roderick Diaz being newly Married was not in the assembly of the States at such time as the Emperor and Popes demands touching the Kings submiting himself to the Empire were heard and debated The King was more inclinable to Peace yet feared the ill consequences of condescending to own a Foreign Superiority Therefore he would resolve upon nothing till Roderick was called and consulted about this affair He being come and asked his Opinion replyed It was no matter of dispute but that the Liberty of Spain ought to be asserted by force of Arms it being unreasonable that those who had not helped to relieve them from the Tyranny of the Moors should pretend to any power over them that he was resolved to stand up for the honour of his Country and would look upon all as Cowards and Traytors that were not of the same Opinion This reply of his confirmed those who before were dubious and fearful and a suitable Answer was sent to the Pope In order to oppose the Emperor Levies was made throughout the Kingdom and 10000 Men raised besides the Auxiliary Forces of the Moors who were Subject to the Christians Roderick Diaz was appointed their General who to gain the greater reputation passed the Pyrenean Mountains and marched as far as Toulouze which City I suppose was then subject to Spain as appears by the inscription on the Tomb of King Sancho the Greater above mentioned Thence he sent Embassadors to the Pope desiring him to depute Commissioners to hearthe reasons the Spaniards had to offer in their own defence The Principal Men sent were Count Roderick not he that was called Cid and D. Alvar Yan̄ez Minaya who prevailed with the Pope to send Rupertus Cardinalis Sabinensis his Legate and certain Embassadors from the Emperor before whom the case might be argued and decided Mean while King Ferdinand returned out of France into Spain The Legate and Embassadors stayed at Toulouse where the whole matter having been debated judgment was given in behalf of Spain and it was declared the Emperors for the future ought not to pretend to any right over it And from that time it has ever been the Opinion of all Civilians that Spain owed no acknowledgment to the Empire Popes have also pretended to receive Tribute from Spain as appears by a Bull of Gregory VII directed to the King and Lords in which he says such Tribute used to be payed before the Moors possessed themselves of the Country But this took no effect and it appears that Spain has never since been Tributary to any Foreign Prince Roderick Diaz was descended from Lain Calvo who as we said above was judge of Castile for this judge by his Wife D. Elvira Nun̄a Bella had Fernan Nun̄o This Nuno by his Wife D. Egilona had Lain Nun̄o who had a Son called James Laynez the Husband of Teresa Nun̄a and Father of Roderick Diaz commonly called Cid He by his Wife D. Ximena had a Son called James Rodriguez de Bivar killed whilst the Father was yet living in the Wars with the Moors and two Daughters which were D. Elvira and D. Sol of whom we shall speak hereafter About this time some Synods were held The first at Compostella in the Year 1056. Here it was ordained that Bishops and Priests should say Mass every Day and that the Canons should wear Hair Cloth on the Fasting days and at all times when the Litanies were said upon account of any publick necessity Another Synod was held at Jaca of the Dominions of Aragon in the Year 1060. Two Years after this another was Celebrated at S. John de la Pen̄a Near this same time tho' Authors do not agree upon the Year Cardinal Hugo the Popes Legate in Spain in an Assembly of Nobility and Clergy held by consent of Ramon Earl of Barcelona in that City Abrogated the Laws of the Goths till then in use among the Catalonians and instituted others which are in Force to this Day This Cardinal Hugo I suppose is the same that had the Sirname of Candidus and came Legate into Spain in the Year 1064. at such time as there were two pretenders to the Papacy and both stiled themselves Popes One called himself Alexander II. the other Honorius II. The Kings of Spain adhered to Alexander whose Legate this was and who seemed to have the better Title CHAP. V. The remaining part of the Reign of Ferdinand King of Castile and Leon. His Dominions divided among his Children Of D. Ramiro King of Aragon Perpignan Built THE late troubles caused by the Emperors pretensions gave the Moors an opportunity of casting off the heavy Yoke King Ferdinand had laid on them At the same time as it were by common consent they all appeared in Arms but chiefly in the Kingdom of Toledo and among the Celtiberi which is part of Aragon The King was old and tired with continual Wars besides the revenues were exhausted and the Subjects wasted with heavy Taxes Queen Sancho a Woman of a Masculine Spirit being desirous to advance Christianity offered towards the charge of the War all the Money Plate and Jewels that belonged to her This supply so incouraged the King that raising a powerful Army he attack'd the Moors about the River Ebro and made a great slaughter of them Thence he advanced as far as Catalonia and Valencia and returned loaded with Booty He had the same succeess against the Kingdom of Toledo and obliged them all to swear they would punctually pay the Tribute imposed on them This done he returned home in Triumph Some Authors write that near Valencia S. Isidorus to whom he had always a particular devotion appeared to him bidding him to prepare for he should soon die His sickness which presently followed confirmed this Opinion wherefore having settled all things with the Moors he returned towards Leon being carryed in a Litter upon Mens Shoulders the Soldiers and Officers striving who should carry him On the first of January 1065. he entred the City of Leon and as he was used visited the Bodies of the Saints prostrating himself on the
afar because the Country about it is barren being Sandy and Stony there is also much scarcity of Springs and it rains but seldom it being very remote from the Sea and the highest Land in Spain Only along the Meadows through which Tagus runs the Land is Fruitful and Pleasant At the same time the Conquest of Toledo was undertaken Roderick Diaz continued the War in Aragon with great success taking several strong holds from the Moors and wanted nothing to perfect his happiness but to be restored to his Prince's favour which he much desired It fell out very opportunely that in the Year 1080. the Moors of Andaluzia fell at variance for that a Man of note among them had seized the Castle of Grados Adofir the rightful Owner had recourse to King Alonso for Assistance to recover his Castle The King finding it advantageous to himself granted the Moors request sent a Body of Troops before and followed with a greater Force in Person but the Enemy being subtle protracted the War so that the King feared Slipping the Season of going to Toledo This moved him to send for Roderick Diaz who was then in Aragon and to whom he gave that Command having received him with great affection and the more to oblige him ordained that for the future no Gentleman should be obliged to go into Banishment under Thirty days warning whereas before they had but Nine The King marched to Toledo and Roderick Diaz put an end to the War in Andaluzia recovering the Castle of Grados and taking the Moor that had seized it whom he sent to the King Thus much in Andaluzia this Year The next which was 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother departed this Life having caused his Veins to be opened in the Prison where he was kept so highly did he resent the loss of his Kingdom and Liberty His Body was carryed to the City Leon and there honourably buryed in the Church of St. Isidorus his two Sisters many Bishops and Nobles attending the Solemnity He dyed ten Years after he had been a Prisoner and fifteen after his first Accession to the Crown Roderick Diaz having settled Andaluzia returned to the War in Aragon where in Battle he overthrew the Moorish King of Denia and D. Sancho King of Aragon who assisted him This Victory was so considerable that King Alonso sent for him did him much honour and gave to Him and his Heirs the Three Towns of Briviesca Berlanga and Arcejona Alfagio the Moorish King having recruited his Forces after the defeat entred Castile wasting the Country as far as Consuegra Tho' King Alonso was then busy before Toledo he â—â—eedily marched to oppose the Infidel Both Armies met a great number of Moors was slash and their King escaped by flight to a Castle The joy of this Victory was much allayed by the unfortunate Death of James Rodriguez de Bivar Son to Roderick Diaz a Youth of great hopes who began to follow his Father's Footsteps His Body was buryed in the Monastery of St. Peter de CardenÌ„a where his Tomb is still to be seen Alfagio the Moor tho' twice defeated gave not over but still gathering a fresh Army broke into Castile without stopping till he came to Medina del Campo Alvaryanez Minaya a brave Man related to Roderick Diaz met and defeated him the Third time This hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1082 at which time D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona was basely Murdered near a Town called Percha betwixt Ostalric and Girond His Brother Berenguel was the contriver of his Death and was therefore so hated by the People that he went away to the holy War and at Jerusalem is said to have lost his Speech and there Dyed His Body was buryed in the Cathedral of Girona His Son D. Ramon Arnaldo succeeded him being not full a Year old but famous for the time he enjoy'd that Principality for the greatness of his Actions inferior to none of his Predecessors and for that he enlarged his Dominions not only by the addition of Besalu and Vrgel which for want of Heirs devolved to him as Feifs of the Earldom of Barcelona but also by Marrying D. Aldonça whom others call Dulcis Daughter and Heiress of Gilbert Earl of Provence with whom he had that large Province in Dower By her he had two Sons D. Ramon and D. Berenguel and three Daughters one called D. Berenguela or Berengaria Marry'd to D. Alonso stiled the Emperor The Names of the others are not known but both were Marry'd in France This Prince was long at variance and held War against Alonso Earl of Toulouse and after much contention they agreed among themselves to adopt one another's Families so that whichsoever was first Extinct the other should Inherit But this hap'ned long after the time we are now writing of Let us return to the War of Toledo CHAP. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieged and Surrendred Many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor THE continual waste the Christians made in the Country about Toledo burning plundering and driving all before them had reduc'd the Moors of that City to great streights The Christian Inhabitants ceased not to press King Alonso to sit down before it promising they would soon open the Gates to him That lasting War had exhausted the Subjects yet the King's resolution overcame all difficulties Great Levies were made and all things provided with a full design never to desist till the City were taken It is naturally strong and so seated that there was a necessity of dividing the Army into several Bodies and consequently a greater Force was requisite It is a matter of great consequence to have the good Will of neighbouring Princes as appeared in this War for besides the King 's own Subjects of Castile Leon Biscay Galicia and Asturias Sancho King of Aragon and Navarre brought a good Body of Men to the Siege Supplies also came from Italy and Germany and the French as being nearer came in greater numbers Because the latter served well in this War and upon other occasions great Privileges were granted to such of them as would stay in Spain whence as I suppose such as are free from Taxes are among us called Franc. Of all these Nations was formed a mighty Army which marched without delay towards Toledo full of hopes of speedy success The Moorish King made all the necessary Preparations to endure a Siege but most of all rely'd on the natural Strength of the Place encompassed with high and craggy Rocks thro' which the River Iagus in a wonderful manner breaks his way and runs almost round the City except on the North side where is a steep and difficult ascent defended by two strong Walls one above the other To Besiege this Place the Army was divided into seven Brigades which took up all the Avenues so that no Relief could be carried in The King with the best of the Army Encamp'd and Entrench'd himself
Listed themselves and wore the Cross then the Mark of being engaged in that War Among the rest Bernard Archbishop of Toledo having setled the Government of that Church and Constituted 30 Canons and as many Half-Canons taking up the Cross departed towards the Holy Land No sooner was he gone but the Canons he had appointed met and chose another Archbishop Expelling those that opposed this unlawful Proceeding D. Bernard understanding what had been done returned to Toledo and Expelling all that had a hand in that Disorder put Monks of the Monastery of Sahagun in their places This done he sets forward again and being come to Rome was obliged by the Pope to return home againe as believing his Presence was necessary at Toledo being a place but lately recovered and unsetled He absolved him of the Vow he had made to go to the Holy-Land upon condition he should lay out the Money he had designed for that Expedition in Rebuilding of Tarragona a City then newly taken from the Moors by the Earl of Barcelona In the time of the Romans it was a Noble City and the Seat of their Empire in Spain since reduced to a small number of poor Houses D. Bernard Repaired it and Translated Berengarius Bishop of Vique thither with the Dignity of Archbishop Yet the new Archbishop forgeting this Favour afterwards contended with Bernard about the Right of the Primacy Pope Vrban put an end to the strife assigning the Supremacy of all Spain to Bernard and his Successors Bernard the Archbishop in his way thro' France brought along with him many Learned and Pious Men into Spain who were afterwards promoted to great Dignities Among them also came Burdinus not worthy to be named among them for he afterwards made himself Anti-pope and caused a Schism in the Church as shall be hinted in its place Roderick Diaz Sirnamed Cid or the Lord was not idle all this while but having obtain'd leave of the King who was busie in Andaluzia with a choice Band of his own Forces fell upon the Moors that dwelt upon the Borders of Aragon and Castile All the Moorish Princes strove to gain his Friendship The first he agreed withal was the Lord of Albarrazin Then he went to visit the King of Zaragoça who received him with great signs of Affection hoping with his assistance to make himself Master of Valencia This City is seated where formerly were the Editani near the Sea in a very pleasant Country and has always been a place of great Trade and very Rich. Hiaya he that had been King of Toledo was then in possession of it having inherited it of his Father Almenon to whom it belonged The Lord of Denia Xativa and Tortosa laid close Siege to it The King of Zaragoça thought to raise himself upon the Ruins of others for the Besieged having sent to him for Relief he hoped under that colour to subdue both them and the Besiegers He agreed with Roderick Diaz and both marched thither The Lord of Denja knowing himself inferior to them made Peace with Valencia and raised the Siege Nevertheless the King of Zaragoça would have possessed himself of Valencia had not Roderick Diaz opposed him for that it was under the Protection of the King his Master Hereupon that King returned home Roderick Diaz under colour of assisting the King of Valencia made his own advantage obliging all the Moors thereabouts to pay him Tribute with which and the Booty he maintained the charge of the War King Hiaya before grown odious to his Subjects encreased their hatred by being a Friend to the Christians so that they called in the Almoravides then grown Powerful who killed Hiaya and gave the Sovereignty of the City to Abenaxa the Contriver of that Revolution Roderick Diaz desiring to punish their Treachery and rejoycing that an opportunity was offered him of taking that Noble City resolved to lay Siege to it Valencia was well stored with Provisions Warlike Ammunition a good Garison and a great number of resolute Citizens yet his Constancy overcame all those Difficulties He laid close Siege to it which lasted a long time till the Besieged wanting Provisions and seeing no hopes of relief Surrendred Not so satisfied tho' it seemed a rashness he resolved to maintain that City and in order to it made one Hierome a Companion of the Archbishop of Toledo Bishop of it Moreover he brought thither his Wife and Daughters whom as was said above he had left in the Custody of the Abbot of S. Peter of Carden̄a To the King for that he had favoured his designs he sent a Present of 200 choice Horses with as many Scymiters hanging at the Saddles Such was the posture of Roderick Diaz's Affairs when two young Lords called Earls of Carrion their Names James and Ferdinand Men of great Birth but mean degenerate Souls having obtained the King's Recommendation Marry'd his two Daughters at Valencia It hap'ned soon after that a Lion breaking lose they both hid themselves in an undecent place and at another time in a Skirmish with the Moors they fled These things made them grow contemptible to their Father-in-law who Reproached them and they study'd Revenge Suero their Uncle who ought to have given them better advice heightned their malice Having resolved upon the Villany they were to act they prepared to return home Their Father-in-law having accompanied them part of the way returned to Valencia and they prosecuted their Journey till they came to a Wood on the Frontiers of Castile after they had passed the River Duero There sending away most of their Retinue they took the two Ladies into the Wood and having strip'd them naked whipped them till they lay for dead wallowing in their blood In this manner they were found by Ordonius sent after them by their Father who suspected some ill design He carried them to the next Village where they were dressed and taken care of This Villainous Act brought upon the Husbands the hatred of all Men. Roderick Diaz seeking revenge had recourse to the King at such time as a general Assembly of the States or Parliament was held at Toledo Judges were appointed to determine what was to be done the chief whereof was Raymund of Burgundy the King's Son-in-law After a full hearing it was decreed that those two Lords should restore all that they had received with their Wives and that they and their Uncle Suero should Combat with three others appointed on his part by Roderick Diaz Three Men of note whose Names were Bermudo Antolin and Gustio undertook his Quarrel The young Lords endeavoured to evade the Combat by gaining time so Roderick Diaz went away to Valencia and they to their Estate But the King not satisfied obliged them to fight at Carrion where they were all three overcome Roderick Diaz's two Daughters were Marry'd again D. Elvira to D. Ramiro Son to D. Sancho Garcia King of Navarre who was killed by his Brother Raymund as was said above D.
Sol to D. Peter Son to the King of Aragon of the same Name both which sent to demand them in Marriage D. Ramiro had by D. Elvira Garci Ramirez who was afterwards King of Navarre D. Peter dy'd before his Father and left no Issue Two several times King Bucar who came out of Africk was overthrown in sight of Valencia by Roderick Diaz and his Forces who kept that City as long as he lived which was five Years after the taking of it He was near his Death when the same Bucar came again before the City and perceiving it could not be maintained after his Death ordered in his Will that they should all in a Body quit the place and return to Castile The Moors believing it was a powerful Army that designed to give them Battle drew off Those Christians marched without ceasing till they came to Castile and Valencia being left without any Garison fell again into the hands of the Moors They that came from Valencia brought with them the Body of Roderick Diaz which was Bury'd with great Magnificence in the Monastery of S. Peter of Carden̄a near Burgos K. Alonso and Roderick Diaz's two Sons-in-law being present Many look upon most of this Relation as Fabulous and I write more than I believe because I would not wholly omit what others affirm In the Church of S. Peter of Carden̄a are to be seen five Tombs that of Roderick Diaz that of his Wife and those of his Son and Daughters Perhaps they are only empty Monuments such as are called Cenotaphia erected in Honour of such People The Death of Roderick Diaz de Bivar was a great loss to the Christians for his extraordinary Valour Conduct and Prosperity Authors do not agree about the Year in which it hap'ned the most likely Opinion is that it was in the Year of our Lord 1093. About this time Pope Vrban translated the Bishoprick of Iria to Compostella at the request of Dalmachius who was the first Bishop of that City and made it independant of the See of Braga King Alonso tho' very ancient never neglected the Affairs of War but made several Incursions into Andaluzia which was the more easie to be done for that Joseph the Moor was returned into Africk This gave the Christians some time of breathing which the King made use of to encrease the Religious Worship He built a Monastery of Benedictines at Toledo of the Invocation of S. Servandus and S. German others say he only repaired it Besides he erected two Monasteries of Nuns the one Dedicated to S. Peter the other to S. Dominick of Silos At Burgos without the Walls he Founded another Convent now called S. John of Burgos The Year following which was 1099. was remarkable for the Death of Pope Vrban and the taking of Jerusalem by the Christians Cardinal Raynerius who had been Legate in Spain a Person of great Worth and Experience succeeded Vrban by the Name of Pasqualis II. He in the time of his Papacy granted a Privilege to the Church of S James the Apostle that after the manner of the Church of Rome it might have seven Canons Cardinals and that the Bishops of that See might use the Pall an Ornament betokening greater Authority than that of common Bishops The next ensuing Year which was 1100. proved no less pleasing to the Christians by reason of the Death of Joseph who was Sovereign of all the Moors in Spain during the space of 12 Years and of those in Africk about 32 than it was at last unfortunate for the untimely end of D. Sancho Prince of Castile which will be seen in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. The Death of Sancho Prince of Castile and of the two Kings Peter the first of Aragon and Alonso VI. of Castile The Moorish King of Zaragoza Of two Holy Men. D. Garcia Earl of Cabra was Tutor to D. Sancho King Alonso's Son and the Heir Apparent of the Crown but Death snatched him away and with him the great hopes had been conceived of his Virtues Hali Successor to Joseph desiring to Commence his Reign with some memorable Action passed over into Spain with a powerful Army and having encreased it there entred the Kingdom of Toledo wasting all the Country till he came in sight of the City King Alonso by reason of his great Age and Sickness could not go out in Person to oppose him He gave the command of his Army to the Earl D. Garcia and for the greater Honour sent his Son D. Sancho tho' very young with him Near Veles the two Armies met and engaged In the heat of the Fight the Prince was struck down D. Garcia covered him with his Shield and with his Sword kept off the Moors that assailed him on all sides Long he kept them at a distance till being weakned by many wounds he fell down dead upon him he defended This disaster made the Infidels Victorious It is needless to relate how grievous this loss was to the King he asked what might be the reason of being so often overthrown by the Moors and a wise Man answered That the Soldiers were debauched with Ease and Luxury which made them unfit for Service Hereupon the King ordered all incentives of Luxury to be taken away and among the rest caused the Baths then much used in Spain after the manner of the Moors to be destroy'd Some hope remained in D. Alonso the King's Grandchild by D. Vrraca his Daughter but he was very Young and a Womans Government seem'd not seasonable The continual good Fortune of the King of Aragon diminished the Joy of the Moors for their success in Castile Of late the Infidels went down the wind in Aragon for the Christians had taken from them the Castle of Calasanz the Town of Pertusa on the River Canadre and the City Barbastro whither the Bishoprick of Rhoda was Translated Now the Aragonians bent all their Strength against the City Zaragoça which the Almoravides had possessed themselves of having expelled the ancient Kings These that follow were the Kings that had Reigned in that City The first was Mudir then Hiaya next Almudafar after him began another Race in Zulema to whom succeeded Hamas then Joseph then Almazazin then Abdelmelich and then Hamas Sirnamed Almuçacayto whom the Almoravides deprived of the Kingdom At this time in France Atho who after the Death of Raymund Earl of Barcelona Father of Arnaldus had Usurped the Sovereignty of the City Carcassonne where he had been Governour was expelled the place by the Inhabitants and it restored to its Lawful Prince in the Year 1102. This same Year Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain by the Moors in the Island of Majorca whither he went to show his Valour and was therefore called Balearicus Armengaud was Marry'd to a Daughter of Peranzules a great Man in Castile and Lord of Valladolid By her he left a young Son during whose Minority the Grandfather governed and
Estella in Navarre signalized himself at the taking of this City he was Father to Peter de Açagra the first Lord of Albarazin of that Family S. Isidorus is said to have appeared to King Alonso before the fight and assured him of success Almeria Anciently called Abadera a City seated on the Coast of the Mediterranean between the borders of Andaluzia and Murcia was then a place of great strength and a receptable of Pyrats Thither the Christian Army marched and encamped before it at such time as the Fleets of Barcelona and Genoa according to what had been agreed having Coasted along lay in sight of the Port. The City was attacked by Sea and Land and having made a Breach and possessed themselves of certain Towers it was at last taken by storm on the 17th of October in the Year 1147. 20000 Moors who had retired into the Castle were forced to buy their Lives for a sum of Money Thus was that Nest of Pyrats that infested the Coasts of Spain France and Italy taken away The plunder was given to the Soldiers To the Genoeses was given a dish made of an Emraud which they valued above all the Booty and preserve to this day in their Treasury Others say that Jewel was found at the taking of Cesarea in Siria Winter drawing on the Army returned home loaded with Riches Raymund Earl of Barcelona not to let slip this opportunity of the Genoese Fleet agreed with them to assist him in the expelling the Moors from part of Aragon and the Islands of Majorea and Minorca In return they were to have the third part of all that was taken in that War In all Towns recovered from the Moors they should have a Church and a Tribunal of of their own and that all their Merchants should be free from Customs and Taxes These conditions being accepted of they stood along the Coast of Catalonia and with their united Forces took the City Tortosa seated at the Mouth of Ebro and therefore a proper place for Traffick This was done in the Year 1148. The following Year Lerida and Fraga two Towns of note were taken by the Christians Lerida was given to the Earl of Vrgel in reward of his great Services during that War William Peroz Bishop of Roda was appointed to the See of Lerida still retaining the Cities of Roda and Barbastro to be included in that Diocess and some Bishops of Lerida long after this time continued to stile themselves Bishops of Roda and Barbastro The affairs of the Moors in Spain went very much down the wind and the Christians grew daily stronger Many Castles Towns and Cities were taken from the Infidels Almost in the middle of Portugal on the Coast of the Ocean the River Tagus forms a Capacious Harbour the entrance or bar is somewhat dangerous but the Port within large and secure On the Northern shore of this Port is seated the City Lisbon the noblest and richest in Portugal At the back of it are certain Hills of easie ascent and the Tops of them covered with buildings The breadth of the City is not so much as the length the Ancient Circumference of the Walls is not very great but the Suburbs are large and still increase Most of the Streets are narrow and crooked and in some places very steep but what is new built much surpasses the old in Beauty About it are many Villages and good Country Houses and a soil beautified with Vineyards and Orchard of Orange and Lemmon Trees D. Alonso ardently desired to make himself Master of this important place which served as a Bulwark to all that the Moors held in those parts His own Force was not sufficient for such an undertaking and the Kings of Spain had their hands full in other places for which reason as soon as he had taken Sintra he made advantagious Proposals to the English Flemings and French to induce them to assist him with their Fleets These Fleets kept the Mouth of the Harbour that no Relief might come to the City by Sea The Forces of the Natives encamp'd where now is the Monastery of S. Vincent the Foreigners in the place where that of S. Francis was since built both places are now within the City They batter'd the Walls for many days and on the day of S. Crispin and Crispinian gave a general Assault the King himself standing by and encouraging his Men. Here the Service was desperate the Christians striving to gain the Breaches and the Moors powring showers of Weapons and Stones upon them in such manner that scarce any fell without doing execution our Men thronging upon one another At length having broke open the Gate call'd of Alfama the City was entred much Blood spilt and all that submitted made Slaves All the Plunder was given to the Soldiers and prov'd greater than had been imagin'd Gilbert a Person of great Learning and Vertue was chosen Bishop tho' a Stranger and Consecrated the principal Mosque In the very place where the King had encamp'd he built a Monastery of the Invocation of S. Vincent and plac'd therein Canons Regulars Many of the Foreigners being taken with the pleasantness of the Country resolv'd to stay and inhabit there and are said to have built Almada Villaverde Arruda Zambruia Castan̄eda and other Towns in that Neighbourhood After this the King following his good Fortune with wonderful Success took from the Moors Alanquer Obidos Ebora Yelves Mura Serpa Beja and many other Towns and Castles in that part of the Country All things submitting to his great Valour and Conduct True it is the greatest part of these Actions fell some Years later Let us return to the Course of our History At this time Eugenius III. govern'd the Church of Rome The Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land went to decay To remedy this misfortune the Pope went into France thence to excite all Christian Princes to the Relief of those Holy-Places and to this purpose he held a General Council at Rheimes in the Year of our Lord 1148. Raymund Archbishop of Toledo going to this Council is said by the way to have visited the Church of S. Denis two Leagues from Paris where on a Stone he found this Inscription Here lies Eugenius Martyr first Archbishop of Toledo At his return home he endeavour'd to have the Relicks of that Saint translated to Toledo but this design was prevented by his own and Queen Berengaria's Death which hap'ned near about the same time The Queen dy'd in the Year 1149. and was bury'd in the Church of S. James the Apostle This Year was very remarkable for that it Rain'd Blood in part of Portugal and the Dominions of the Moors The following Year 1150. dy'd Raymund the Archbishop John Bishop of Segovia a Man of singular Piety succeeded him This in Castile On the other part Pope Eugenius confirm'd the Title of King of Portugal to D. Alonso afterwards Alexander III. did the same For this
or were taken by force and Toledo it self did not escape for it appears that City submitted to King Ferdinand so that a very small part remain'd to the young King On the other side the King of Navarre thinking this a good opportunity to recover his losses having first made Peace with Aragon broke into the Dominions of Castile and possess'd himself of Logron̄o Entren̄a Briviesca and other Towns Thus all the Country was filled with confusion Whilst Castile was thus rent with intestine Divisions the Moors of Andaluzia enjoy'd perfect Peace Only the Forces of Portugal and Aragon kept them in aw Raymund Prince of Aragon was in great renown for his perpetual good Fortune which was such that Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was subject to him and in France he had taken above 30 Strong-Holds and the Town of Trencataye which he destroy'd from the Family of Beauce who invaded Provence The Emperor Frederick who had favoured his Enemies sought his Friendship and a League was concluded betwixt them Raymund had brought out of Castile Rica the Widow of the Emperor Alonso and his Daughter Sancha contracted to his own Son At the instance of the Emperor Frederick it was agreed that Rica who was his Kinswoman should Marry Raymund Berengarius Earl of Provence who thereupon should possess all the said Earldom of Provence and the City Arles with its Territory To ratifie this Agreement it was resolv'd both Raymunds should meet the Emperor at Turin on the first of August in the Year 1162. On the way thither at S. Dalmacius a Town at the foot of the Alps Raymund Prince of Aragon fell sick and dy'd the 6th day of the same Month. Notwithstanding his Death Raymund Earl of Provence obtained of the Emperor all he desired Prince Raymund's Body was brought to his Country and buried in the Monastery of Ripoli as he had ordered Cortes or a Parliament being held at Huesca Raymund's last Will left by word of Mouth was repeated whereby he declared his Son Raymund his Successor who took possession of his Father's Principality by the name of Alonso To Peter his second Son he left Cerdagne Carcassonne and Narbonne Sancho the youngest was to succeed Peter in case he died without Heirs He made no mention of his Daughter Dulcis who was after Queen of Portugal nor of his Bastard Son Berengarius who was Bishop of Taraçona and Lerida and Abbot of Montaragon The King's Minority he being but 11 years old gave an opportunity to turbulent Spirits to raise Commotions An Impostor now openly affirmed he was King Alonso who as has been said was killed 28 years before at the Battle of Fraga He said he had been till then in Asia serving against the Infidels in the Holy-Land His Age and Features but most of all the Love the Multitude has for Novelties gained him some Reputation Great mischiefs might have ensued had not the Impostor been taken at Zaragoça and put to Death in the very beginning of the Tumult In the Year 1163. the Assembly of States or Parliament of Aragon was held at Barcelona The Queen Petronilla by the advice of the Nobility resigned over the Crown of Aragon to her Son then 13 years of Age. Raymund Earl of Provence who had some time governed Catalonia for his Cousin returned home and died in the Year 1166. King Alonso receiving the News at Girona by advice of the Nobility called himself Marquess of Provence for they pretended by the Emperor's Grant that Country was not only given to the late Earl of Provence but to Raymund Prince of Aragon and his Heirs which occasioned Wars in France CHAP. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joins in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. IN Castile the People growing weary of the King of Leon invited their young King Alonso to take upon him the Government promising all would declare for him These invitations and the persuasions of the Nobility prevailed and he resolved to depart from Avila and visit the principal places of the Kingdom This was in the Year 1168. as some write I rather believe two years sooner by the computation of time for when his Father died he was 4 years of age and at this time 11. He was not deceived for many Cities received him with Joy and furnished all Necessaries for him and his Retinue which at first consisted of only a few Nobles and a Guard of 150 Horse furnished by the City Avila This was a small Force to recover so many Places as the King of Leon held with strong Garisons The King encouraged by Success resolved to try Toledo but feared Ferdinand Ruiz de Castro who held it would not be prevailed upon to deliver that City Stephen Illan a Citizen of note had built the Church of S. Romanus in the highest part of the City and adjoyning to it a Tower which served as well for Strength as an Ornament He was an Enemy to Ferdinand de Castro and therefore getting privately out of the City he conveyed the King disguised into the Tower Then setting up the Royal Standard he gave notice the King was there whereupon the Citizens running to Arms Ferdinand de Castro fled to Huete a Town then very strong as lying upon the Frontiers exposed to the Moors The People of Toledo as well those who had been against admitting the King as the most Loyal expressed great Joy and nothing resounded but God save the King Stephen Illan for his good Service was much honoured and made Governour of the City After his death the Citizens caused his Picture on Horse-back to be drawn on the Roof of the Cathedral behind the High Altar where it is still to be seen The King entred Toledo upon Friday the 26th of August On Michaelmass-day following died John Archbishop of Toledo when he had governed that Church with much applause 16 years Cerebrunus or Cenebrunus succeeded him a Man grateful to King Alonso having taught him the first Rudiments of Learning He had been Arch-deacon of Toledo and Bishop of Siguença and it is thought was a Frenchman The King after securing Toledo at the instigation of Manrique Earl of Lara his General marched against Ferdinand de Castro who refused not to meet him being supported by the People of Huete that stood firm to him Two Leagues from that Town at a place called Garcinaharro they came to a Battle Ferdinand de Castro fought in a disguise D. Manrique with all his might charged a Gentleman that was armed like a General and killed him believing it had been Ferdinand but was himself soon after slain by one of the said Ferdinand's Followers The General being killed the King's Forces were put to flight Nun̄o Brother to Manrique understanding the deceit used by Ferdinand de Castro laid Treachery to his charge
These disorders had their beginning in Toulouze a noted City of France and not far from the Borders of Spain The occasion of them was certain new Opinions in Matters of Religon started in those Parts which embroiled the French and Aragonians and cost them much Blood In former times all Nations agreed in point of Faith and all follow'd and profess'd the same Doctrine There was no difference betwixt the German and the Spaniard the Frenchman and the Italian the Englishman and the Sicilian as to their belief touching God the Immortality and other Misteries all of them had as it were one head and spoke as with one Tongue The Waldenses a Wicked and Abominable People began some Years before this to disturb the Peace of the Church teaching new and extravagent Opinions and now the Albigenses or Albienses a Sect no less Odious and a Name hateful to the Ancients follow'd their Footsteps to the great desturbance of the Christian World They taught that the Priests Gods and the Churches Ministers had no Power to forgive Sins That the True Body of Jesus Christ is not in the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar That the Water of Baptism has no Vertue to cleanse the Soul from Sin That the Prayers used for the Dead do not avail them All new and false Opinions never heard of by the Ancients They also utter'd Blasphemies and reproaches against the Blessed Virgin which are not set down for fear of offending the Christian Reader William Nangiaçus a Frenchman who liv'd not long after has left them all in writing Their madness extended even to reflect upon the Familiarity that was betwixt Our Saviour and St. Mary Magdalen So says Peter a Cistercian Monk in the History he writ of the Albigenses dedicated to Pope Innocent the Third where he speaks as an Eye-Witness of things that pass'd in his presence It would be tedious to particularize all the ravings of this Sect and Heresy for so it is that falshood is manyfold truth one and simple In that part of France where is the famous City Cahors is another call'd Albis once known by the name of Alba Augusta and it is suppos'd that Caesar in his Commentaries call'd the Inhabitants of that Province Helvii The River Tarris waters the Country which is one of the fruitfullest in France producing much Corn Wine Wood and Safforn whereby the Bishop of that City has one of the best Revenues of France The Cathedral which is large and beautiful is adjoining to the Wall of the City and dedicated to St. Cecilia The Inhabitants of the City and Country are open-hearted peaceable and quiet Virtues that may prove dangerous without the necessary circumspection in avoiding being corrupted and perverted by wicked People They generally live upon their own product The Trade is but little as lying in the Inland of France and far from the Sea From this City where this new Sect and Madness were first broach'd it took the name of Albigensis and from thence spread it self through all France and part of Spain But this Flame blaz'd more in Toulouze than in any other place and thence it was that some deduc'd the original of this Sect and Error from that City Others say it had its first rise in Provence which is a part of Gallia Narbonensis D. Lucas de Tuy who for his devotion and to improve himself in Learning went to Rome and thence to Constantinople and Hierusalem returning to his Country among other his no less Learned than Pious Writings publish'd a large Disputation against all these Errors wherein he sets down as an Eye-Witness what happen'd in the City of Leon so well known in Spain and Capital of the Kingdom of the same name It will not be amiss for the better understanding of it to set down his own words also the better to demonstrate the nature contrivances and inventions of Hereticks After the Death of the Reverend D. Roderick Bishop of Leon the Clergy could not agree about chusing his Successor Which opportunity the Hereticks who are Enemies to the truth and delight in such discord laid hold of to get into that City then without a Pastor and to assail the Flock of Christ That their designs might succeed they arm'd themselves as they us'd to do with inventions They gave out that Miracles were wrought in a certain filthy place that serv'd as a Dunghil In it were bury'd two Criminals one of them a Heretick another who for Murdering his Uncle was Sentenc'd to be bury'd alive In that same place there was a Spring which the Hereticks discolour'd with Blood that the People might look upon it as a Miracle The Fame hereof as is usual upon light occasions was spread abroad They underhand had corrupted some Persons to counterfeit themselves Blind Lame possess'd and afflicted with several Diseases and that having drank that Water they were healed From these beginnings the cheat was carry'd on till they dug up the Bones of the Heretick whose name was Arnaldus and he had been 16 Years bury'd in that place They gave out those were the Bones of a most holy Martyr Many of the ignorant Clergy under the Cloak of Devotion forwarded the Laity herein The Fraud proceeded so far as to raise over the Spring a strong House and it was intended to place the Bones of the Infamous Murderer on a high place that the People might worship them it being given out that he had been a very holy Abbot In short when the Hereticks had brought things to this pass they own'd the deceit among themselves and so made a scoff at the Church as if the other Miracles perform'd by holy Bodies were of the same stamp and there were some that gave credit to them and forsook the true belief At length the Fraud came to the knowledge of the Fryars Preachers that is the Dominicans who in their Sermons labour'd to undeceive the People The Franciscans and such of the Clergy as had not been drawn into that foul worship join'd with them But still the more the minds of the multitude were bent upon that diabolical superstition Insomuch that they call'd the Fryars Hereticks for opposing and contradicting them The Enemies of truth rejoyc'd and triumph'd they declar'd publickly that the Miracles wrought in that Dunghill were more certain than all the rest perform'd in the Church by the Bodies of Saints held in Veneration by Christians The Neighbouring Bishop declared all those excommunicate who frequented that cursed Worship but their care was of no use for that the Devil had full possession of many and had secur'd to himself the disobedient Children A Deacon who abhorr'd the Heresie heard at Rome what happ'ned at Leon at which he was much concern'd and resolv'd to return speedily to his Country to oppose that mighty Evil. Being come to Leon he enquired further into the business and begun passionately both in publick and private to Condemn so ill a thing reproving his Townsmen and accusing
the King entred in solemn Procession He caused the Walls to be Repaired the Church to be Consecrated and made the City a Bishoprick Authors do not agree about the time when this City was taken the most Learned affirm it was in the Year 1243. the Annals of Toledo say three Years later The Siege lasted eight Months and our Men kept the Field tho' the Winter prov'd very hard Here Roderick the Archbishop of Toledo concludes his History and says it was the 33d Year he had enjoy'd that Dignity The following Year there were Tumults betwixt the Catalonians and Aragonians each side pretending that Lerida was within their Limits The Aragonians said their Borders extended to the River Segre and the Catalonians affirm'd that the River Cinga parted those Dominions King Jayme was more inclinable to the Catalonians designing to divide his Dominions and leave Aragon to Alonso his eldest Son and the Principality of Catalonia to Peter whom he lov'd most tho' the youngest born of Violante his second Wife In fine the case being put to Arbitration the King gave Judgment for the Catalonians to whom he assign'd all the Country betwixt the Rivers Segre and Cinga This resolution of dividing his Kingdom offended not only Prince Alonso but most of the Nobility of Aragon and Catalonia Upon this the Prince withdrew to Calatayud with such as were of his party the chief whereof were Ferdinand the King's Uncle Abbot of Montaragon D. Peter Rodriguez de Aragon Peter Infante of Portugal and other Persons of both Nations who disliked the King's Designs Portugal was now in an Uproar and full of Tumults Sancho II. called Capelo of the form of his Cap then Reigning at the first Govern'd not altogether ill for we find he made War upon the Infidels and gave Mertola and other Towns taken from them to the Knights of Santiago In other respects he was of so easie a nature it almost came to be an Infatuation Mencia his Queen and Daughter to Lope de Haro Lord of Biscay had so intirely gain'd the ascendant over him that she seem'd to be King and he only the Instrument of her Will Her Favourites were of the worser sort and at their will Honours were bestow'd Crimes pardon'd and Punishments inflicted This prov'd the King's ruin for the Noblity offended to see the Government in the Hands of mean People first endeavoured to have the King Divorc'd upon account of Consanguinity and the Queen's Barrenness The business was mov'd to the Pope and to the King who was Consciencious enough yet it availed not it being hard to prevail with the Pope and the King being so in love with the Queen that the People said She had bewitch'd him But love is Witchcraft enough of its self King Sancho had a younger Brother called Alonso Marry'd to the Countess of Bologne in France The Nobility sent the Bishops of Braga and Coimbra to Pope Innocent who then held a General Council at Lyons in France to obtain his Consent for Deposing of their King and Enthroning his Brother but the Pope could not be brought to it only granted that Alonso should take charge of the Government D. Alonso having first been with the Pope at Paris took an Oath that he would have regard above all things to the Publick Good then went into Portugal It was no difficult matter to seize upon the Government the Nobility being all for him yet many Troubles ensued in which Ferdinand and Alonso his Son Kings of Castile bore a part At first King Sancho withdrew into Galicia whither the Queen had before fled Afterwards he went to Toledo to King Alonso then Reigning hoping to regain his Kingdom with the Forces of Castile But his Brother Alonso prevented him by offering to put away his Wife and Mary Beatrix Bastard Daughter to King Alonso and moreover to do him Homage and pay Tribute for the Kingdom of Portugal as had been done Originally Interest bore down Honour and the Pope declared the first Marriage void Thus the Nuptials were Celebrated Certain Towns near the Mouth of the River Guadiana taken by the Castilians which the Portugueses pretended to belong to their Conquest were given in Dower Hence some believe the Kings of Portugal took occasion to add an Orle of Castles to their former Arms. King Sancho having lost all hopes of regaining his Kingdom spent the rest of his days at Toledo living upon Revenues assigned him by the King of Castile After his Death he was Honourably Bury'd in the Cathedral near to Alonso the Emperor Authors do not agree about the time of his Death some say it was 13 years after this we now write of others but 3 and that he Reigned 34 years At the time that King Sancho dy'd his Brother Alonso besieg'd Coimbra which still continued Loyal to the King tho' the Inhabitants suffer'd great hardships Freitas the Governour being inform'd the King was dead yet not giving credit to the Report desir'd leave to go to Toledo to be satisfy'd Leave was granted and a Truce concluded betwixt the Besieged and the Besiegers for that time Freitas being come to Toledo and understanding the truth caused the King's Tomb to be open'd and put the Keys of the City into his Hands saying My Sovereign Lord and King whilst I thought you liv'd I endured all Miseries eat Hides drank Vrine and encourag'd the Townsmen to do the like I have done all that could be expected of a Loyal and dutiful Subject Now you are dead I deliver up the Keys to you which is my last Duty and with your leave will advise the Citizens since they have discharged their Duty that they submit to your Brother Alonso An example of Loyalty that well deserves eternal praise CHAP. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a general Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil Carmona and several other Places THE League made with the King of Granada put King Ferdinand in hopes of subduing Sevil. 500 Light-Horse were sent before under the Command of the King of Granada to waste the Lands of Carmona formerly a considerable Town Alcala Guadayra thro' that Kings persuasions surrendred Thence a good Body marched towards Sevil and fired the ripe Corn the Vines Olive-trees and all the Country-Houses D. Pelayo Correa Master of Santiago Commanded this Party Another under the King of Granada and Master of Calatrava did the like harm in the Territory of Xerez King Ferdinand himself was at Alcala Guadayra providing all Necessaries that the War might be carry'd on before the Enemy had time to gather strength Now dy'd Queen Berengaria the Kings Mother and soon after Roderick Archbishop of Toledo As to the Year Authors vary some say it was 1245. others 1247. and this agrees with the Inscription upon his Tomb. The Queen was very ancient the Archbishop besides his great Age was worn with continual Labour and had been lastly at the Council of Lyons among other things
was very bloody Conradin and Frederick had their Heads cut off at Naples a hard Judgment upon such great Princes At this time another Debate arose in Aragon Gerard de Cabrera pretending to the Earldom of Vrgel pleading that his Brother Alonso's Children were not Legitimate Raymund Folch their Uncle by the Mother's side and other Men of Note supported them King Jayme seem'd to espouse Gerard's quarrel and that the more for that he had made over his Right to the King as not able to carry it off himself The King of Granada prepar'd to make War upon Guadix and Malaga and was offended that King Alonso contrary to what had been agreed did underhand support them D. Nun̄o de Lara and D. Lope de Haro being disoblig'd by the King blew the Coals They promis'd the Moor if he would take up Arms not only they but many other Men of Note would go over to him There was some rumour spread abroad of these Practices but there wanted Witnesses to prove the Fact This mov'd the King to go into Andaluzia This Year the King chang'd the Name of the Village call'd S. Peter de Ariznoa in Guipuscoa into that of Vergara and made it a Market-Town The Affairs of Andaluzia being setled and Winter coming on King Alonso return'd to Toledo to entertain his Father-in-law the King of Aragon who came to be present at the first Mass of his Son D. Sancho the Archbishop which was to be Celebrated on Christmass-day D. Sancho accordingly said Mass that day the two Kings of Castile and Aragon the Queen and Prince Ferdinand being present King Jayme of Aragon staid but 8 days at Toledo being resolv'd tho' very old to go over to the War in the Holy-Land inflam'd with the desire of restoring the ancient Glory of the Christians in those parts A great and valiant Prince worthy to have succeded better than he did in that Expedition CHAP. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile Revolt Troublesin Aragon THE Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land were reduc'd to the last extremity Now unexpectedly a fair opportunity of restoring their losses offer'd it self and stirred up at one-time England France and Spain to take Arms. Whilst Pope Innocent IV. held the General Council at Lyons in France he sent four Preachers of the Holy Order of S. Dominick among the Tartars to try whether that Barbarous People could be reduc'd to embrace Christianity Those Preachers were so successful as to gain Reputation among the Barbarians who began to show some affection towards the Christian Religion These People had now Invaded that part of Syria which was under the Saracens and the great Cham their King sent Embassadors to invite most Princes of Europe to share in that Conquest Particularly he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon with John Alaricus of Perpegnan whom the King on account of an Embassy receiv'd before had sent into Tartary The Tartar Embassadors staid ar Barcelona Alaricus went to Toledo where in an Assembly of the Nobles he gave an account of his Embassy King Jayme resolv'd to go in Person to that War without regard to his great Age or the Intreaties of King Alonso and Queen Violante King Alonso seeing he was not to be disswaded promis'd him 100000 Ducats towards the Charge of the War Some Nobles of Castile offer'd to bear him Company and among them the Master of the Knights of Santiago and D. Gonçalo Pereyra Grand Prior of S. John From Toledo he went to Valencia where he gave Audience to the Tartars and also to another Embassador from the Emperor Paleologus who promis'd to furnish Provisions and all other Necessaries After all things were in readiness at the request of Queen Violante his Daughter he went as far as Huerta and there took his leave of her his Sons and Grandchildren On the 4th of September in the Year 1269. he set sail with a Fleet of 30 great Ships and some Galleys The Season was not fit for such Expeditions In three days they had sight of Minorca where a violent Storm dispers'd the whole Fleet which was drove to several Ports The King was put in at Marseilles and thence remov'd to the Gulph of Agde Some Ships and among 'em that in which went Fernan Sanchez the King's Son weather'd the Storm and arriv'd at Acre in the Holy-Land After refreshing himself at Montpelier the King now repenting that he had undertaken that Expedition return'd to Catalonia In Castile King Alonso with Edward Son and Heir to the King of England went as far as Logrono to meet his Daughter-in-law who was coming out of France thro' Navarre to her Husband This Marriage was Solemniz'd with greater Splendour than was ever seen before for there were present at it Jayme King of Aragon Grandfather to the Bridegroom Peter his eldest Son Philip eldest Son to the King of France Edward Son and Heir to the King of England the King of Granada King Alonso his Brothers Sons and Uncle Alonso Lord of Molina A great number of French Italian and Spanish Nobility was there and among them William Marques of Montseratte who Jovius says was Son-in-law to King Ferdinand Sancho Archbishop of Toledo was also present some say he Marry'd them This Match was contriv'd that the King of France might quit the Pretensions he had to Castile as being the Son of Blanch eldest Sister to King Henry After the Solemnity King Alonso accompany'd the King af Aragon as far as Tarraçona The English and French went further than the Aragonians in the Expedition of the Holy-Land but without much Success Edward eldest Son to the King of England with a good Fleet arriv'd at Ptolemais and escap'd himself the danger of the Assassins S. Luis King of France set Sail from Marseilles on the first of March 1270. Theobald King of Navarre having committed the Government to his Brother Henry accompany'd S. Luis After a Storm they landed at Tunez Invested the Town overthrew the Infidels twice in the Field and continu'd the Siege the space of 6 Months The great heat caus'd the Plague whereof vast numbers dy'd and among them Prince John the King's Son and lastly the King himself on the 28th of August Charles King of Sicily landing at this Juncture the Besieg'd agreed to pay him 40000 Ducats a Year and then the Army went over into Sicily Theobald King of Navarre dy'd there in the City Trapana on the 5th of December The Body of S. Luis was carry'd to S. Denis near Paris that of the King of Navarre to Champagne Queen Elizabeth his Wife dy'd on the 25th of April the Year following at Hiere in Provence Let us return to Castile King Alonso at this time was perplex'd with many cares The ambition of taking upon him the Empire of Germany had
Bun̄ol There they met on the Fourteenth of Sept. 1272 and laying aside all former Animosities concluded a League After the conference the King of Aragon went away to Catalonia then in an Uproar caus'd by the Nobility Armengaud de Cabrera Son to Alvaro de Cabrera to whom the King not long before had given the Earldom of Vrgel was the great incendiary The King besieg'd Balaguer the chief City of that Earldom and in it took Armengaud himself and his Uncle Roger Bernard and some other Lords whom he long kept Prisoners especially the Earl of Faux who had Rebell'd several times Thus the Troubles of Catalonia ended Prince Sancho of Castile went to Badajoz whither his Father was gone from Sevil to endeavour to make Peace between his Grandson Denis King of Portugal and Alonso that Kings Brother whom he labour'd by Force to deprive of the Possessions his Father had left him King Alonso of Portugal Father to Denis dyed at Lisbon the beginning of this same year He Liv'd 70 years Reigned 32. and was buried in the Monastery of S. Dominick Built by himself in that City Prince Sancho having seen his Father was sent away to make New Levies throughout the whole Kingdom in order to March against the King of Granada who was then taken up in Building the Palace of that City call'd Alhambra an excellent Structure which cost much Mony that King being no less skill'd in Works of that Nature than in Military Affairs What pretence there was for this War I know not but suppose he was not included in the late Treaty made with the King of Morocco Denis the King of Portugal either that he confided not in his Grandfather or fearing he was more inclinable to his Brother tho he came as far as Yelves which is but Three Leagues from Badajoz on a sudden turn'd back and went away King Alonso in a great Rage to be so disappointed return'd to Sevil. At this time Conrade Lança Admiral of Aragon with a Fleet of Ten Galleys scour'd the Coasts of Africk particularly of Tunez and Tremezen because they refus'd to pay the Tribute agreed upon some years before A certain Author affirms this Expedition was undertaken to restore Mirabusar Expell'd his Kingdom of Tunez by his Brother All agree a great Booty was taken by the Aragonians and that at the Streights of Gibraltar they defeated Ten Galleys of the King of Morocco Taking some and Sinking others The King of Aragon at Valencia where he commonly resided gave a Grant of the Lordship of Segorve to his Bastard Son D. Jayme about the Month of November CHAP. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to Aid King Alonso Returns home leaving a Thousand Horse to serve under him King Alonso Disinherits and Curses his Son Prince Sancho IN Castile the Affection the People bore Prince Sancho daily increas'd and many believ'd when he was once well rid of his Nephews he would ease his Father of the Burden of the Crown His Father suspected nothing less than such a Design Prince Sancho in the Spring of the Year 1280. March'd with the Army he had rais'd to the Frontiers about Jaen and being there Recruited with Forces sent by his Father from Sevil entred the Territories of Granada where he Burnt all the Country as far as that City and then return'd with a great number of Cattle and Captives to Cordova and thence bore his Father Company to Sevil. This Success endear'd him more to the People which was what he chiefly aim'd at to secure the Succession to the Crown Philip K. of France sent Embassadors to demand that his Nephews should be set at liberty and deliver'd up to him and in case fair means would not prevail to threaten War Nothing being concluded it was agreed the Three Kings upon sufficient Security given should meet and commune together All the Kings set forward but they met not for Prince Sancho cunningly broke off that Interview fearing his Father who was inclinable to his Grandchildren might conclude something that might be prejudicial to him However it was agreed that Charles Prince of Taranto Son to the King of Sicily should carry the messages between the Kings yet all came to nothing Prince Sanoho undermining their Designs The French only ask'd that Prince Alonso should have the City Jaen given him with the Title of King and to hold of the Crown of Castile After this Disappointment the Kings of Aragon and France met about the same Affair and with the same success only the King of France took an Oath he would resign the Lordship of Mompellier to which he had pretended a Right to Jayme King of Majorca Prince Sancho was extreamly pleas'd that he had disappointed all the Designs of those Kings yet fear'd his Fathers Love towards those Children and there wanted not some who incensed King Alonso against his Son Therefore the Prince resolv'd to strengthen himself with Foreign Aids and to that purpose procur'd an Interview between his Father the King of Aragon and himself at a Town call'd Campillo between Agreda and Taraçona on the 27th of March 1281. At this Conference a League offensive and defensive was established between the two Kings upon penalty of 20000 pound weight of Silver to him that first broke it Palaçuela Teresa Xera and Ayola were now given to the King of Aragon and in lieu of them to Prince Emanuel the King's Brother whose those Places were Escalona was given This is what was publickly acted In private they concluded with jont Forces to invade Navarre and agreed what part each was to have when Conquer'd Prince Sancho obtain'd that the young Princes his Nephews should be secur'd in the Castle of Xativa and the more to oblige the King of Aragon he promised after his Fathers Death to yield him up all the Kingdom of Navarre and to give him in Castile the Town of Requena with all its Dependencies which lies on the Borders of Valencia towards Murcia He valu'd not what promises he made to secure his Power D. John Nun̄ez de Lara a powerful Man was then Lord of Albaracin having Marry'd the Daughter and Heiress of D. Alvaro de Açagra the Son of Peter Rodriguez de Açagra both Lords of that City Thence he made inroads into both the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon carrying away much Booty and gave Protection to all those that fled to him on account of any Crimes whatsoever Particularly D. Lope Diaz de Haro a mighty Lord being offended at King Alonso and Prince Sancho for the Death of Prince Frederick and the Lord of Cameros was retir'd thither The King of Aragon and Prince Sancho consulted at Taraçona about taking that City and expelling D. John de Lara King Alonso went to Burgos to Celebrate the Neptials of his two Sons Peter and John Peter marry'd a Daughter of the Lord of Narbonne and John the Daughter of the Earl of
all the Thirds of Ecclesiastical Profits which the Kings Alonso Sancho and Ferdinand had receiv'd without leave till then and gave them to her for three Years longer The Nobility was dissatisfy'd with the Queen Mother and the Princes John and Henry the King's Uncles with D. John Son to Prince Emanuel D. John de Lara D. James de Haro and other great Ones endeavour'd to estrange the King from her To this Effect they call'd the Abbot of Santander who was Chancellor and Treasurer to account for the Revenue because he was preferr'd by the Queen but he being clear'd with Honour that Design fell to the Ground Philip King of France at the beginning of the Year 1303. sent Embassadors to demand those Towns the Navarrois pretended to belong to them but they obtain'd nothing The King of Aragon made Overtures of Peace which were also rejected He offer'd to restore all the Kingdom of Murcia if they would only deliver Alicant to him The Queen lik'd not the Proposal She remov'd D. John de Lara who began to be great with the King and made Prince Henry Lord Steward but he held it not long and these beginnings produc'd Jealousies betwixt the King and his Mother and disorders among the Nobility Prince John and D. John de Lara laying aside their former Grudges had great Power over the King Prince Henry D. John Son to Prince Emanuel and D. James de Haro could not endure to see the Queen Mother slighted for that they ow'd her Obligations This disgust had such Effect that they sent for D. Alonso de la Cerda in order to agree with him Gonzalo Ruiz was sent to Almazan to set this Affair afoot and perswade the Aragonians to march into Castile Whilst these things were in Agitation in Castile Pope Boniface was made Prisoner in the City Agnani by a Party of 300 Horse that broke in upon him being rais'd by the Cardinals of the House of Colonna whom he had depos'd and not without consent of the King of France whom he Excommunicated Three days after the Citizens of Agnani rescu'd him from the Conspirators and he return'd to Rome where he dy'd of a Disease caus'd by Grief conceiv'd for this Affront on the 12th day of October and the 35th after his Imprisonment Nicholas General of the Dominicans was in the next Conclave chosen Pope and took the Name of Benedict the XIth CHAP. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in League against the Moors but to no consider able Effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors SPain weary'd out with long Troubles enjoy'd some Peace but there rather wanted Power than Will to disturb it The Differences betwixt the Princes were great and it was requisite to compose them Castile and Aragon were at Variance about the Kingdom of Murcia D. Alonso de la Cerda Itil'd himself King of Castile but had no Power The King of Granada invaded the Territories of the Crown of Aragon and took Bedmar a Town not far from Baeca Prince John the King's Uncle and the Family of Haro were Enemies the former pretending to the Lordship of Biscay in right of his Wife and hoping to prevail by his Interest with the King The Family of Haro for the same reason was Discontented and ready to take up Arms. King Ferdinand earnestly desir'd to put an end to all these Contentions to this purpose he sent Prince John his Uncle Embassador to the King of Aragon whose Power and Authority was then great In the Month of March 1304 at Calatayud after much debate it was agreed that Arbitrators should be chosen to whom the whole Affair should be referr'd and a Truce was concluded till Judgment should be given Time and Place were also appointed for the Kings to meet mean while King Ferdinand being careful for Andaluzia set out from Burges and in April came to Badajoz to meet his Father in Law the King of Portugal of whom he expected to recover certain Towns pawn'd to him during his Minority This enterview produc'd Discontents and nothing was done but only that the Portugues sent his Son in Law some Mony with which he went away for Andaluzia No Action happen'd but a Peace was concluded the Moor promising to pay the same Tribute his Father had done and so both Armies broke up Prince Henry dy'd about this time very Aged at Roa and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis at Valladolid He was ever of a restless Spirit and ambitious of Command His Death was pleasing to all the Kingdom for they fear'd he would disturb the Peace that was afoot and because he left no Issue his Estate was divided among several Noblemen the best part falling to D. John de Lara who held the first Place in the King's Favour In pursuance of the Agreement at Calatayud Denis King of Portugal was chosen Arbitrator to decide the Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon and for his Associates Prince John for the former and D. Ximeno de Luna Bishop of Zaragoça for the latter Kingdom The two Kings met at Torrellas a Town on the Frontiers of Aragon where the Judges decreed that the River Segura should part the Dominions of Castile and Aragon which was what the Aragonian had strugl'd for Judgment was given on the 8th of August and the next day the three Kings met at Campillo and ratify'd the Decree Thence they went to Agreda and so to Taraçona and were receiv'd with great Joy for besides the 3 Kings there were as many Queens the Mother and Consort of Castile and Elizabeth of Portugal famous for Sanctity besides Elizabeth Sister to King Ferdinand who had been Contracted to the Aragonian The Retinue was great especially that of the Portugues who brought with him out of Portugal 1000 Horse and by the Way would never lye in Towns but in Tents set up in the Fields As to the Pretentions of the two Brothers Cerdas the Kings of Aragon and Portugal as Judges decited that D. Alonso should no longer take the Title of King but restore all the Towns he had been and that Alva Bejar Valdecerneja Gibraleon Sarria and some other Towns should be setl'd upon him A small recompence for so many Kingdoms This Judgment was so grievous to D. Alonso that he would not appear but went away heartily cursing the Kings It remain'd only to adjust Matters betwixt Prince John and D. James de Haro Therefore as soon as the Conference was dissolv'd King Ferdinand summon'd D. James to appear at Medina del Campo where the Cortes were to meet Judges were appointed to hear their Pretentions and determine the Cause but D. James fearing the King favour'd his Adversary withdrew After the Cortes broke up Judgment was given in favour of Prince John but the Execution of it deferr'd in hopes some means might be found of adjusting that Matter This was the Posture of
means of Prince Peter his Uncle who came to Jaen as soon as Alcaudete was taken and by this Loyal Action gain'd the Love and Applause of all the People The young King was at Avila Vataza a Noble Lady Grandaughter to Theodorus Lascarus Emperor of Greece who came from Portugal with Queen Constancy was appointed his Governess She afterwards return'd to Portugal dy'd there and lyes Bury'd in the Cathedral of Coimbra as appears by the Inscription on her Tomb. Queen Mary the King's Grandmother liv'd a retir'd Life at Valladolid Queen Constance who had follow'd the King her Husband was at Martos overwhelm'd with Sorrow Prince John was gone to Valencia and D. John de Lara to Portugal both in Disgrace with King Ferdinand Every Body strugl'd to have a share in the Government chiefly D. Alonso Lord of Molina the Queen's Brother Prince Philip his Uncle and D. John Manuel labour'd hard but underhand and modestly Prince John and Prince Peter Uncle and Nephew aspir'd more openly Prince Peter being the nearest of kin to the King and most in the Favour of the People stood fairest Prince John was of riper Yeas but restless and inconstant so that he seem'd to be born only to embroil Kingdoms Prince Peter had charge of the Affairs of Andaluzia and concluded a Peace with the Moors which was convenient for both Parties for the Prince could not follow the War being taken up with his Pretensions at Court and among the Moors Farraquin Lord of Malaga sought to revenge the Murder of the late King Queen Constance and Prince Peter having conferr'd together resolv'd to go to Avila where the King was hoping the Townsmen would not oppose them or If they should to prevail by Force On the other side Prince John King Ferdinand's Uncle and D. John de Lara joyn'd in a League the likeness of their Inclinations and their common Danger made them Unite They labour'd to draw Queen Mary to their Party giving her hopes she should have the Education of her Grandson D. John de Lara came first to Avila but could not lay hold of the King for D. Sancho the Bishop convey'd him into the Cathedral and there made himself strong and defended him Next came Queen Constance and Prince Peter but the same thing happen'd to them Means of Accommodation were propos'd and it was agreed the King should be deliver'd to none but such as the Cortes or Parliament should appoint and the Citizens of Avila made an Association in order to see this perform'd D. John de Lara gave this Advice hoping to exclude Prince Peter The Cortes met at Palencia in the beginning of Spring where much Bribery was us'd The better sort were for Queen Mary and her Son Prince Peter Others preferr'd Prince John and Queen Constance who was subtilly drawn away by the adverse Party from Prince Peter Hence sprang new Fumults and Confusions Prince Peter confiding in his own Power and the Affections of the People as also hoping for Aid from Abroad agreed with D. John Manuel upon Condition that if he obtain'd his Ends he would give him the Government of the Kingdoms of Toledo and Murcia At the beginning of the Year 1313. he met his Father in Law the King of Aragon at Calatayud to whom he urg'd how much he was oblig'd to favour his Pretentions and prevent a War which might otherwise ensue Therefore by Consent of both Michael Arbe was sent Embassador to Portugal to try whether that King could prevail with the Mutineers to desist from their Pretensions and leave the Government of the Kingdom to Prince Peter allowing Queen Constance the Charge of Educating the King The People of Avila were not zealous for either Party but at last joyn'd with Prince Peter and Queen Mary his Mother yet upon Condition they should not carry the King out of the City At this Time Azar King of Granada was forc'd to retire to the Alhambra a strong Pallace in the highest part of the City because Ismael the Son of Farraquin had caus'd the Townsmen to Rebel against him Prince Peter who was then at Sevil march'd thither to relieve that King who was his Friend and Ally but came too late for he had already agreed to quit the Fitle and Authority of a King and remain content with only the City Guadin seated in the pleasant Plains of the antient Turduli Tho' the Prince could not Relieve he endeavour'd to Revenge him for he took from the Moors a strong Castle near Granada call'd Rute and made great spoil throughout the Country Azor had Reign'd Four Years and seven Months when he was deposed Ismael his Competitor and Nephew being the Son of Farraquen and his Sister succeeded him The taking of Rute gain'd Prince Peter great Reputation for that in three days he did that which several Kings had attempted in vain but the War was not carryed on because of the intestine Divisions The Cortes met in the Monastery of Sahagun to endeavour to compose those Differences Whilst they were sitting Queen Constance departed this Life for Grief that her Son was kept from her and that she was reduc'd to such Poverty that all her Jewels would not pay her Debts as she her self declar'd at her Death The Queens Death made things easier to be compos'd for Prince John having lost that support apply'd himself to Queen Mary and Prince Peter They agreed that the Queen should have the Breeding up of the King and the Princes should joyntly govern the Kingdom each in that Part which had Voted for him in the Cortes or Parliament held not long before at Palencia The King was carry'd to Toro a healthy and pleasant Place but the main design was to get him out of Avila and revenge the Affronts receiv'd of that People It was now the year 1314. when New Tumults broke out in the Kingdom of Toledo and all manner of Crimes were committed In order to settle a better Form of Government the Cortes met at Burgos where it was enacted that the supream Authority and management of Affairs should be in the Council of State That the said Council should attend the King and Queen where-ever they went That the two Princes should determine all smaller Affairs but have no power to alienate the Revenues of the Crown nor to appoint another in their stead in case any of them or the Queen should dye At the same time dyed Three Persons of great Note Peter the Queens Brother D. Tello his Son and D. John de Lara Lord Steward That Place was given to D. Alonso Prince John's Son D. John de Lara had a Sister marry'd to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda of whom was Born Blachs and D. John de Lara who took that Sirname because he inherited the Estate of the Family This in Castile In Aragon the King in November sent his Daughter Elizabeth to Germany she being Contracted to Frederick Duke of Austria who was now chosen King of the Romans
executes many of them AFter the King of Castile had reduced most of the Towns belonging to D. Alonso de Albuquerque being about to set out to besiege his Bastard Brother Frederick who made himself strong in the Castle of Segura he sent John Fernandez de Hinestrosa into old Castile to bring Queen Blanch and secure her in the Pallace of Toledo on pretence of the Rebellion that was in the Kingdom Being come to Toledo she went directly to the Cathedral under show of Devotion but when there would not come out expecting to be defended by the Sanctuary The King understanding what had happen'd in a Passion return'd to OcanÌ„a There he caus'd John de Padilla to be chosen Master of Callatrava â—â— stead of his Bastard-Brother Frederick notwithstanding he was a Marry'd Man and 〈◊〉 such had ever had that Honour before This was the beginning of admitting Marry'd Men to be Masters of that Order in favour of Da. Maria de Padilla whose Brother this Man was Mean while the Power of the Rebellious Nobles increas'd D. John de la Cerda joyn'd them The King wanting Forces went into old Castile to raise Men and came to Tordesillas where the Queen his Mother was The People of Toledo sent for D. Frederick who came with 700 Horse and the other Nobles flocking together kept the King besieg'd in Tordesillas Ellenor Queen of Aragon was sent by them to propose to him to banish Da. Maria de Padilla and remove her Kindred and they would all submit to him but she prevail'd not The Queen Mother and the King her Son departing from Tordesillas the Rebels march'd towards Valladolid thinking to surprise that place but being disappainted remov'd to Medina del Campo and took it without bloodshed Thither came the Bastard D. Frederick and there dy'd John Alonso de Albuquerque poyson'd by one Paul a Roman Doctor brib'd by his Enemies His Body as he order'd it in his Will was Embalmed and carry'd about by those his Fellow-Conspirators till the end of the War After this the Nobles sent some Men of Note to treat with the King the result was that they agreed upon a time to meet at a Village near Toro On the Day appointed they met with 50 Horse equally arm'd on each side where they receiv'd one another with the usual Respect the Nobles according to custom kissing the King's Hand This done Gutierre de Toledo by the King's Order told them The King was much concern'd to see so many Men of Quality in Rebellion indeavouring to bring him to their Beek That he forgave them all provided they would submit and disband their Forces and that as to what they desir'd in relation to Queen Blanch it should be done provided their Demands ended there Ferdinand de Ayala being appointed by the Nobles to speak for them with very submissive Words excus'd their coming arm'd into his presence extoll'd the virtue of Queen Blanch represented the Danger that threaten'd her from Da. Maria de Padilla and begg'd of the King to comfort and protect her and prevent the Ruin that threaten'd the Kingdom The matter was too weighty to be concluded in so short a time therefore four Gentlemen for each side were appointed to agree upon Articles of Peace Thus they parted and the King us'd such delays that all hope of adjusting Affairs vanish'd especially because he went away from Toro to meet his Mistress The Queen Mother hereupon joyn'd with the Rebels and deliver'd the City Toro up to them The King startled at the News return'd to Toro with John Fernandez de Hinestrosa and Samuel Levi a Jew who was his Treasurer The Queen Mother receiv'd him with great Affection and he told her he came to put himself into her Power and do whatsoever she would have of him Those who came with him were secur'd and the Officers of his Household chang'd D. Frederick was made Lord Chamberlain Prince Ferdinand of Aragon Chancellor D. John de la Cerda Standard-bearer D. Frederick de Castro Lord Steward and he marry'd Joanna the King's Bastard-Sister but was divorc'd as being her second Cousin These were rather Spies to secure than Servants to attend him This done they bury'd the Body of Alonso de Albuquerque thinking the War at an end The King had liberty to Hunt and having gain'd some of the Nobles fled to Segovia and with him Samuel Levi who was out upon Bail and D. Tello to whom the King shew'd some Affection but it lasted not long This was the beginning of new Uproars The Princes of Aragon and their Mother Queen Ellenor went to Roa given them by the King whilst at Toro D. John de la Cerda went to Segovia to the King D. Frederick to his Forces at Talavera D. Ferdinand de Castro to Galicia D. Tello to Biscay Count Henry and Queen Mother stay'd at Toro These Things happen'd at the end of the Year In the beginning of the Year 1355 the Cortes or Parliament was held at Burgos There the King complain'd of the Insolency of the Nobility and desired to be assisted against them An extraordinary subsidy was granted him At the same time in France the King of Navarre murder'd the Constable D. John de la Cerda younger Son to D. Alonso the Disinherited at which Action the King of France was highly offended for the love he bore the Constable The cause of his Death was that the King gave him the Earldom of Angoulesme which the King of Navarre pretended a Right to as also to those of Champagne and Brie In a Rage because the King of France refus'd him those Lordships he caus'd the Constable to be murder'd in his Castle of Aygle in Normandy on the 18th of January The King of France was not seen in four Days after he heard of this mischance and causing the Business to be inquir'd into summon'd the King of Navarre to answer for himself He appear'd having first receiv'd Luis the King's Son as Hostage for his safety He could not clear himself and the King order'd him to be apprehended but upon the Intercession of the Queen and his Sister pardon'd him We said above that Prince Peter of Portugal had long to do with the Lady Agnes de Castro her he privately Marry'd the last Year The King his Father to remove this Stain from the Royal Family caus'd her to be kill'd at Coimbra An unjust severity when she had born him four Children D. Alonso who dy'd young D. John Denis and Beatrix In July dy'd Luis King of Sicily His Brother Frederick call'd the Simple being naturally so succeeded him The Reigns of both those Kings were tempestuous which open'd the way to the King of Aragon to recover that Island But let us leave that a while to go on with the Affairs of Castile The Cortes at Burgos being broken up the King went to Medina del Campo There he put to death Peter Ruiz de Villegas Lieutenant of Castile and Sancho Ruiz de
all the Towns in Normandy he held for his King Charles the Heir of Navarre was confin'd to the Court and his Brethren Peter and Mary were imprison'd at Bretol All the Dominions of the Navarrois in France were taken from him except two Towns and Cherbourg which was pawn'd to the English Not content with this the French labour'd to induce the King of Castile to invade Navarre and he wanted not the Will only look'd for some specious pretence to declare War It happen'd opportunely that the King of Navarre complain'd that the Mony agreed to be paid him in Gold was paid partly in Silver Coin which had much Allay and was under Value To revenge this Wrong he dealt underhand with Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Castile and Governour of Logron̄o to deliver up that City to him The Governour gave his King an account of it who order'd him to carry on the Plot and secure the King of Navarre He did so and that King coming with 400 Horse sent part of them to the City suspecting some Treachery and therefore would not go himself Those sent being admitted into the Place were most of them taken and stript only a few escaping Among these Martin Enriquez the King's Standard-bearer defended himself with only his Sword against a great Number and at last sav'd himself and the Standard leaping off the Bridge into the River Ebro This was the beginning of the War King Henry gave the Command of his Army to his Son Prince John who enter'd Navarre plunder'd the Country took Guardia and Viana and burn't 〈◊〉 and Artaxond Thus Navarra was wasted by two powerful Kings neither of whome alone it was able to withstand This in the Year 1378. The King of Castile resided at Burgos where the marriage of his Bashard Son D. Alonso Earl of Gijon with Elizabeth the Bastard-Daughter to the King of Portugal was solemniz'd He also contracted two Bastard-Daughters to the two Sons of D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denis and Marquis of Villena Peter the younger Son presently marry'd Joanna the eldest and had by her Henry and Alonso Ellenor the youngest was contracted to D. Alonso who was then as a Hostage in the Hands of the English for his Father's Ransom yet afterwards the Match broke off Another Match was concluded betwixt Beatrix Legitimate Daughter to the King of Portugal and Frederick Bastard to King Henry Pope Gregory the XIth dy'd at Rome on the 27th of March. The conclave Meeting to elect a new Pope after many intreaties and Threats of the People and Senators of Rome chose Bartholomew-Butillius a Neapolitan Arch-bishop of Bari who took the Name of Vrban the VIth This done some of the Cardinals withdrew to the Castle of ◠Angelo others fled yet they all assisted at the Coronation Nevertheless they met afterwards at Fundi and elected another Pope who was Robert Cardinal of Geneva and took the Name of Clement the VIIth This was the beginning of the Schism that follow'd Pope Vrban in one day created 29 Cardinals all Men of Note Clement went away to Avignon and all Christendom was divided not knowing the true Pope The English Italians and Germans follow'd Vrban the French and Scotch supported Clement The Spaniards at first stood Neuters tho courted by both Whilst the Church was thus divided Portugal enjoy'd perfect Peace yet as it is usual the People was discontented for that the Queen manag'd all things and bestow'd all Honours upon her own Friends and Relations besides she was suspected of entertaining a scandalous Familiarity with D. John Fernandez de Andeyro Earl of Dren Denis and John the King's Brothers being disgussed fled to Castile John their Bastard-Brother and Master of Avis was cast into Prison but submitted to the Queen and appeas'd her The lower part of the City Lisbon towards the Sea was wall'd in because that side had receiv'd most Harm in the last Siege Both the Popes sent their Legates to court the Kings of Spain to declare for them The Aragonians resolv'd to stand Neuter tho offended at Vrban who went about to take Sicily and Sardinia from him yet he would not suffer the Edicts of Clement to be read in his Kingdom but order'd all the Ecclessastical Revenues appertaining to the Pope to be deposited in a third Hand Pope Vrban's Legates found King Henry at Cordova and press'd him to declare against Clement but he would not give any Answer till the Case was debated by learned Men at Toledo Prince John being return'd from the War in Navarre was in that City as also the French Embassadors who came to sollicit for Clement An Assembly of Bishops and Learned Men was held who declar'd it was not their Part to judge of that Controversy but would stand by him that should be own'd Pope by the Church and that till it were decided the Ecclesiastical Revenues should be deposited for the true Pope This was the Answer given to the Embassadors in the Year 1379 Hence King Henry went away to Burgos to prepare for the War with Navarre and there met him Embassadors from that King to treat of Peace which was concluded upon these Conditions That the English Soldiers should depart Navarre That 20 strong places and among them Estela Tudela and Viana should admit Castilian Garrisons for 10 Years That the King of Castile should lend the Navarrois 20000 Ducats as soon as the Peace was ratify'd This done the two Kings met at Santo Domingo de la Calcada with great Retinues and strove to outdo one another in Grandeur and Courtesy The King of Granada having always favour'd King Peter fear'd King Henry now at leisure would take Revenge Not finding himself able to withstand his Power he employ'd a Moor to Murder him This Moor endeavour'd to gain King Henry's Favour by continual Attendance and many Presents Among other Things he gave him a pair of Moorish Buskins as Grave Authors affirm they were poison'd but this is a fabulous Conceit taken up because he fell Sick the Day he put them on and dy'd ten Days after in the City of Santo Domingo His death happen'd on the 29th of May. Good Writers affirm he dy'd of the Gout He liv'd 46 Years and 5 Months and Reign'd after he was call'd King at Calahorra 13 Years and 2 Months His Body was carry'd to Burgos his Son John now King accompanying it and was deposited in the Cathedral Thence he was translated to Valladolid and lastly to Toledo He order'd himself to be buried in the Habit of S. Dominick for the particular Devotion he had to that Saint of whose Order the Kings us'd to choose their Confessor About the same time dy'd the King of Granada Mahomet call'd of Gaudix for his Curiosity in beautifying that City He may be esteem'd more fortunate than all his Predicessors having had no civil Broils during his whole Reign The King of Aragon tho very antient took to Wife Sybila Fortia a Widow Lady
their Title to Castile and that the King of Portugal offer'd to marry his Daughter Beatrix the Heiress of that Crown to Edward the Son of Edmund Earl of Cambridge A Treaty being set afoot the following Articles were agreed upon That Beatrix the Daughter of Portugal should be contracted to Ferdinand younger Son to the King of Castile that so Portugal might not be united to Castile That the Prisoners and Galleys taken in the Sea Fight should be restor'd to the Portugues That the King of Castile should furnish the English with a Fleet to return Home These were hard Terms for the King of Castile but the Desire of Peace overcame all Difficulties and he gave Hostages for the Performance of those Conditions Thus the Battel was prevented and the War ended The Joy conceiv'd for this Peace was interrupted by the death of some eminent Persons King John return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo and lay Sick at Cuellar when his Wife Queen Ellenor dy'd in Childbed of a Daughter that liv'd not long Her Body was Buried in the Royal Chappel at Toledo Her death mov'd the King of Portugal to alter the first Article of the late Treaty and he sent to offer his Daughter to the King thinking by that means to secure the Succession of the Crown of Portugal it being tedious to expect till Prince Ferdinand were grown up They easily agreed and one of the Articles was that in case King Ferdinand dy'd the Queen Dowager should govern Portugal till the Princess had a Child of Age. The City Elvas was the place appointed for the Marriage These things happen'd in Spain about the end of the Year At the same time in Greece the Aragonians and Navarrois were at War about the Dutchess of Athens and Neopatria Philip Dalmao Viscount Rocaberti Admiral of the Aragonian Fleet subdu'd those Dominions for he expell'd the Navarrois put Garrisons of his own into the Towns leaving Romanus de Villanucva Governour and return'd home himself Sicily was also in Confusion for Artal de Alagon Count de Mistreta being a Man of great Power would marry the Queen to his own liking and bestow the Crown on whom he pleas'd To this purpose he call'd out of Lombardy John Galeazzo who was not yet Duke of Milan but he would not go because the Aragonians had taken his Fleet in the Port of Pisa some time before The Nobility of Sicily were offended that D. Artal should pretend to the whole Power of Government William Raymund de Moncada having Communicated his Design to the King of Aragon enter'd Catanca seiz'd the Queen and convey'd her away to Augusta a strong Fort of his own on the Sea Shore into which he had put a good Garrison of Catalonians sent him by the King under the Command of Roger de Moncada D. Artal seeing himself disappointed lay'd Siege to Augusta Dalmao in his Return out of Greece touch'd in Sicily and understanding how Affairs stood forc'd the Enemy to raise the Siege and convey'd the Queen safe into Spain The Queen afterwards marry'd in Aragon and by that means the Kingdoms of Aragon and Sicily were united with a stronger and more lasting Band than they had been before Charles the Heir of Navarre was still detain'd a Prisoner in France The King of Castile interceding for him he was set at Liberty which 〈…〉 oblig'd him that he ever continu'd firm to the Interest of Castile He came to 〈◊〉 at the beginning of the Year 1383 and was receiv'd with Joy His Father grown Old corrected his course of Life The Marriage of the King of Castile with the Princess of Portugal was solemniz'd with great Pomp at the Place appointed Her Father could not be Present being then Sick D. Alonso Earl of Gijon again rais'd Uproars in Asturias Some Forces were sent which easily reduc'd him to his Duty and the King went to hold the 〈◊〉 at Segovia where nothing memorable was done but altering the Common Account as had been done before at Valencia of reckoning from the Aera of Cesar to begin at the Birth of our Saviour On the 20th of October after a languishing Sicknels Ferdinand King of Portugal dy'd at Lisbon He liv'd 43 Years 10 Months and 18 Days and Reign'd 19 Years 9 Months and 10 Days and may be reckon'd among the good Princes for his Meekness Learning and Sweetness of Temper His Body was bury'd in the Monasters of Franciscans of Santarem near to his Mother Queen Constance Sardinia was not yet free from Tumults Hugh Arborea Son to Marianus aim'd as well as his Father at a Crown but being of a cruel and haughty Temper was murder'd by his own People It was hop'd his Death would put an end to those Troubles Therefore Brancalcon Doria who had serv'd the King faithfully repair'd to Aragon to regulate the Affairs of the Island but was secur'd because his Wife Ellenor Arborea a Masculin Woman attempted by force of Arms to Revenge her Brother's Death and recover her Father's Estate and took several strong Holds Her Husband Brancalcon was carry'd under a strong Guard to pacify her but could not prevail wherefore he was long in Custody at Caller and the Interest of Aragon went down the Wind the King being wholly taken up with other Cares which touch'd him nearer CHAP. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many Places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forc'd to raise the Siege and return to Castile THE King of Portugal's Death was the cause of bloody Wars betwixt that Crown and Castile The People would not hear of submitting to a Stranger all were for Electing a King of their own A Meeting of the Nobility was held at Lisbon but nothing concluded Some of the great Ones underhand invited King John of Castile to take Possession of the Kingdom Among these was D. John the Master of Avis who dealt subtilly because he had not yet gain'd the Affections of the People Time was spent in Castile consulting the Affair till the Opportunity was lost never to be recover'd At last it was decreed the King should go before in peaceable manner and the Army follow to subdue if there were Occasion such as offer'd to oppose him The Bishop of Guardia which is on the Borders of Portugal offer'd to deliver up that City to the King Before he set out upon this Expedition it was requisite to put a stop to the wicked Designs of some Men in Castile D. John Brother to the late King of Portugal who had fled to Castile was imprison'd at Toledo for no other Crime but because he might pretend a Right to that Crown being Brother to the late King The Earl of Gijon was secur'd in the Castle of Montalvan because after he had been pardon'd so often he still kept Correspondence with the Portugueses All his Estate was Consiscated and he left in Charge with
in such manner disown'd Pope Benedict that it did not submit to the other To remedy this Evil the Cortes assembled at Valadolid Thither the Aragonian Embassadors repaiâ—'d in favour of Pope Benedict who after he had continu'd two Years at Avignon in the nature of a Prisoner made his escape in a Disguise down the River Rosne His Interest was so well manag'd by the King of Aâ—â—gon that on the 28th of April he was again solemnly acknowledged by the King Nobility 〈◊〉 â—â—â—rgy The same was done in France on the 26 of May but this was not lasting Hâ—wever by virtâ—â—â—â—â— this Submission Pope Benedict as he had design'd two Years before gave the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 to D. Peter de Luna his Nephew who yet made some stay in Aragâ— â—â—on other Affairs Pope Benedict was withdrawn to Seillon a Town in Proâ—â—â—ce by reason of the Plague that rag'd there Martin de Salua Cardinal of Pamâ—lona dy'd â—â—â—he Pope gave â—â—th his Archbishoprick and Cardinal's Cap to Michael de Salua his Nephew Mathew Earl of Faux departed this Life and with him dy'd his Pretensions to the Crown of Arago◠〈◊〉 he left no Heirs and the Lady Joanna his Wife compounded with the King her Unâ—â—â—â—â—he had 3000 Florins a Year assign'd her a small Recompence for a Kingdom wrongfully taken from her but Necessity took Place of right This done she spent the rest of her Life in Aragon Spain enjoy'd Peace intestine Broils having ceas'd and its Enâ—mies abroad being tyr'd with long Wars Only the King of Navarre was dissatisfy'd for having lost his great Possessions of Evreux Briâ— and Champagne in France Many Embassies were sent in to France about this Affair and he himself went thither twice but all to no effect His Right was indisputable therefore he resolv'd the 〈◊〉 â—â—ime to try whether he could obtain by Presents and Courtship what had been befâ—â—◠〈…〉 him He left the Queen to govern in his Absence and departed for France Thereâ—â—â—er much debating of this Affair it was at last agreed he sâ—ould quit those Pretensions and withdraw his Garrison out of Châ—rbourg which still held 〈◊〉 him and in lieu thereof should have the Ciâ—y Nâ—moâ—â—â— in the Province of Beance in France â—â—th the Title of Duke also a Pension of 12000 Florins and a great Sum of ready Mony This was concluded at Paris on the 9th of July 1404. It is reported that with this Mony King Charles built two stately Palaces at Olitâ— and Tafalla Towns of Navarre about a League distant from one another and that if Death had not prevented him he intended to joyn those two Towns by a continu'd Gallery built betwixt them The Kings of Castile and Granada seem'd to vie with one another in sending rich Presents and other acts of Courtesy It was convenient for the Moors to support that Friendship because they were weak and to the King of â—astile by reason of his continual Indisposition One rich Present the Mooâ—ish King made of Jewels and rich Garments that it might be the more accâ—â—â—â—blâ— he sent it by one of his Wives for the Moors especially the Kings have many â—â—t not long after the War broke out betwixt these two Kings Of the first of October Pope Boniface the IXth dy'd at Rome His Cardinals immediately assembled and chose Cosâ—â—â—â— Meâ—â—orato an Italian who took the Name of Innocent the VIIth He enjoy'd that Dignity only two Years and twenty Days The Christian Princes lay'd hold of this Opportunity to unite the Church but all in vain for both Popes pretended there was no place of Security for them to meet In Truth neither car'd to hazard losing that high Dignity particularly Pope â—enedict who was crafty and subtle Yet many Persons esteem'd for Sanctity of Life adâ—er'd to him and among them the Holy F. Vincent Ferreriuâ— of the Order of S. Dominick famous for the Gift of Miracles and for thâ—â—ast Nâ—mbers he converted of which 8000 Moors and 35000 Jews are reckoned besides the Christians he reclaim'd from their Wicked Lives The general Joy conceiv'd throughout the Kingdom upon this Account was increas'd by the Queens being deliver'd at Toro on the 6th of March 1405 of a Son call'd John It â—â—s a great Addition to the publick Satisfaction that all Men had despairâ—â— of it because of the delay and the King's Infirmitâ— There was publick rejoycing at home and Embaâ—â—â—â—â— came to â—ongratulate from abroad The Queen lay'd hold of this Opportunity to 〈◊〉 pardon for D. Peter de Castilla Son to D. John and Grandson to King Peter whose only Crime was to be descended from that King He was not only pardon'd but had a Peâ—sion allow'd him left several Children and of him is descended the Family of Castilla noâ—â—n being At Guadalujara dy'd D. James Hurtado de Mendoça Admiâ—â—l of Castil◠〈◊〉 â—on InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoca afterwards created first Marques of Santiâ—â—â—â— inherited his Estate D. Alonso Enriquez younger Brother to the Earl of Trastamara 〈◊〉 made Admiral CHAP. VI. Great Tâ—mults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A notable 〈…〉 his ARagon at this time was full of Tumults At Zaragoça there were two Factions the Heads of them were Martin Lopez de 〈◊〉 â—â—â—za and Peter Cerdan two powerful Men. At Valencia there were also two Factions that of the Sâ—leres and that of the Centellas They decided all their Differences by dint of Sword 〈◊〉 and plundering the Officers of Justice not being able to curb them The King assembl'd the Cortes at Maella a Town in Aragon to put a period to these Troubles There many good Laws were enacted It was also ordain'd that Martin King of Sicily should 〈◊〉 as soon as possible into Spain that he might learn to observe the Priâ—â—lâ—dges of 〈…〉 and not endeavour afterwards to govern that Kingdom arbitrâ—â—◠〈◊〉 He understanding this was the desire of his Father and all the Kingdom fitted out 〈…〉 and set 〈◊〉 from Trapana a City in Sicily By the way he touch'd at Nice in Piâ—â—â—â—â— to visit Pope Benedict who was there at that time pretending to agree Differences with his Competitor 〈◊〉 Duke â—â— Anâ—oâ— who call'd himself King of Naples and in Right of his Wife clain'd thâ—â—â—own of 〈◊〉 was there at that time and by the Pope's Mediation that Affair was compos'd The King of Sicily departing thence on the 3d of April landed at Baâ—â—â—â—â—a Great rejoyâ—â—ng was throughout the Kingdom for his Arrival hoping his stay woâ—â—â— be long but thâ—â— were deceiv'd for he pretending the Islanders were not fully â—â—acify'd and that D. Bernard de Cabrera govern'd in his Absence too absolutely leaving Affairs but half compos'd in Aragon but to Sea â—â—ain on the 6th of August in the same Fleet that brought him and pass'd over to Sicily As soon as Arriv'd he banish'd D. Bernard the Court and soon after commanded him to
about the end of the Year Among other Things the Bones of S. Luis Bishop of Toulouze Son to Charles the 2d King of Naples were carry'd into Spain to the City of Valencia where the King landed The King of Castile hearing of his Arrival sent Embassadors to him at the beginning of the Year 1424 to Congratulate with him upon his safe Arrival and the Victories he had obtain'd as also again to demand the Fugitives and Out-laws should be deliver'd up to him to answer to such things as should be lay'd to their Charge These Embassadors had Audience at Valencia upon the 3d of April At the same time the Affairs of Aragon declin'd apace in Naples and no hopes remain'd of retrieving them notwithstanding that Sforcia the famous General marching to raise the Siege of Aquila was on the 5th of January drown'd passing the River Averno then much swell'd with the Winter Rains His Death was no way Advantagious to the Aragonians for Francis Sforcia his Son supply'd his Place Pope Martin and Philip Duke of Milan joyn'd with the Faction of Anjou The Duke fitted out a Fleet at Genoa and sent it to the Relief of the Queen under the Command of Guido Taurello This Fleet and the Army by Land besieg'd Gaeta It might well have been defended but was soon surrender'd only upon Condition the Aragonian Garrison should have liberty to depart From Gaeta the Army and Fleet mov'd towards Naples James Caldora to whom that City was committed agreed with the Enemy who promis'd him the Arrears due to him from the Aragonians and he open'd the Gates to them He pretended to justify himself that Prince Peter design'd to kill him whereas in Truth he was a faithless and changeable Man On the 12 of April the City of Naples was lost but still the Aragonians kept two Castles there viz. Castelnovo and that called Del Ovo which is very little but strong being seated on a Rock encompass'd by the Sea After the taking of Naples all other Towns surrender'd to the Victors The King of Aragon was much concern'd that the King of Castile imprisoning his Brother had oblig'd him to quit Naples which was the cause it was lost He meditated Revenge yet resolv'd to try all ways rather than declare War Dalmao de Mur Arch-bishop of Tarragona sent Embassador upon this Account deliver'd his Message before the King of Castile and Nobles at Ocan̄a He demanded the Prince's Liberty saying if he were Guilty of any Crime his long Imprisonment was Punishment enough and he ought to be forgiven being so near of Kin to the King of Castile besides that his Brother the King of Aragon would never desist till he had obtain'd his Demand There were many about Court who had advis'd the Prince's Imprisonment and fear'd if he were releas'd they should suffer Others were apprehensive of losing what they had got of the banish'd Person 's Estate These oppos'd the releasing of the Prince and Alvaro de Luna proud with his vast Preferment sided with them Thus nothing was concluded and the Embassadors departed The King of Castile went away to Burgos at the same time that his Daughter Catherine dy'd at Madrigal a Town in Old Castile on the 10th of August She was bury'd in the Monastery of Huelgas Soon was the Grief conceiv'd for her Death converted into Joy the Queen being deliver'd on the 5th of January 1425 at Valladolid of Prince Henry In April the three Estates took the Oath of Allegiance to him as Heir to the Crown The King of Aragon was making all necessary Preparations for War at Zaragoça At Valladolid a Council was held to make the necessary Provision to oppose him Opinions vary'd as is usual in such Cases Some were for declaring War immediately a hot sort of People where there is no Danger Others more prudent said all possible means ought to be us'd to prevent a Breach The King was doubtful and knew not which Advice to take Charles King of Navarre fearing this Dispute might be destructive to Spain sent Peter Peralta his Steward and Garci Falces his Secretary Embassadors to Castile to offer himself as Mediator When this Proposition was ready to be embrac'd it was obstructed by Letters from the King of Aragon requiring Prince John his Brother to repair to him immediately He having obtain'd leave of the King of Castile set out for Aragon and had Commission to treat with that King of an Accommodation The Army of Aragon lay at Taraçona ready to break into Castile and the King was so intent upon this Expedition he seem'd to have lay'd aside all Thoughts of Naples And Yet he had receiv'd Intelligence that Braccio who besieged Aquila was overthrown and killed before that Place on the 25th of May. James Caldora General of the Pope's Forces in the Service of the Queen obtain'd this Victory being assisted by John and Sancho Carrillo Nephews to the Cardinal of that Name They in pursuance of the Victory soon made themselves Masters of Marca de Ancona which Braccio had before taken The Body of Braccio was carry'd to Rome and bury'd before the Gate of S. Laurence he being an Excommunicated Person In the time of Pope Eugenius the IV he was translated to a beautiful Tomb at Perosa by Nicholas Fortebrachio who took Rome and did this Honour to his Uncle by the Mother's side In May at Florence dy'd D. Peter Fernandez de Frias Cardinal of Spain his Body was brought over and bury'd in the Cathedral of Burgos He was of a mean Extraction but his good Parts obtained him that Preferment together with the Favour of the Kings Henry and John His Life was scandalous for Avarice and Leudness Having some Words at Burgos with the Bishop of Segovia a Servant of his cudgell'd the Bishop which render'd the Cardinal very odious tho afterwards the Servant confess'd he had done it without his Master's Knowledge Yet many saying he ought to be punish'd he was forc'd to withdraw into Italy The King seiz'd upon all the Mony he had gather'd which was a great Sum. He was Governour of Marca de Ancona for the Pope and in Castile built the Monastery of Espeja of the order of S. Hierome Prince John was nobly receiv'd by his Brother at Taraçona Whilst the said Prince John made Proposals for an Accommodation and expected a more ample Commission from the King of Castile to determine the Points in Debate the two Brothers march'd into the Territories of Navarre but without doing any harm and encamp'd near Milagro the heat of Summer being then over The Commission being come from Castile certain Persons of all three Kingdoms met at Aruel and on the 3d of September came to this Conclusion That Prince Henry be immediately set at Liberty and all his Honours and Estate restor'd him as also the Arrears of the Profits thereof which had been deposited during his Confinement The same was decreed in favour of Peter Manrique who was also
Africk 600000 Foot and 70000 Horse a wonderful Number if true But Fame for the most part â—â—ceeds Truth It was impossible for such a handful to oppose that Multitude yet they behave themselves with much bravery intrench'd their Camp and were beset on all sides Nothing but Despair appear'd in their looks They would have fled but the Field was cover'd with Enemies They offer'd to Capitulate but were answer'd no Articles should be allow'd unless they would deliver up Ceuta and so quit Africk These were hard Terms and not in their Power to grant yet to save their Lives they condescended deliver'd up Prince Ferdinand the General and several Persons of Quality as Hostages The rest in a miserable Condition went away to Ceuta and thence at the end of the Year to Portugal A great Council was held at Ebora to consider of the Articles made in Africk and it was unanimously agreed they ought not to be perform'd being made without the King's Knowledge or Consent and therefore no way obliging him Prince Ferdinand remain'd in perpetual slavery and suffer'd great Hardships His Tomb is to be seen at Fez standing on a very high Place as a Trophy of the Victory gain'd CHAP. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Aragonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile SPain was now under great Apprehensions of new Troubles the Nobility of Castile being incens'd against the King for the unjust Imprisonment as they term'd it of Peter Manrique Among the Clergy was no less Contention because Pope Eugenius labour'd to dissolve the Council of Basil which was only a Design to lessen the Authority of General Councils because they alone were a check upon Popes Yet he desisted being warn'd so to do by the Emperor Sigismand and Cardinal Cesarinus his own Legate The Bishops at Basil summon'd the Pope to appear there in Person and he refusing to obey threaten'd to depose him The Christian Princes agreed not what was best to be done but Sigismund the Emperor fearing a Schism tho he lov'd not the Pope oppos'd the deposing of him His Authority soon ceas'd for he dy'd on the 9th of December His Son in Law Albertus Duke of Austria then King of the Romans succeeded him and was crown'd on the first of January 1438. This year at Maderuelo a Town in Old Castile belonging to D. Alvaro de Luna there fell Stones as big as small Cushions which yet did no great harm being very light John de Agreda carry'd some of them to Roa where the King then was About the same time Huelma a strong Town and well Garrison'd was taken from the Moors by InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça Lord of Hita who then commanded on the Frontiers about Jà en Soon after Roderick Perea Lieutenant of Cagorla making an Incursion with 1400 Men was kill'd and of all his Party only 20 escap'd the Enemy being very numerous and yet bought not this Victory cheap for many of them were slain and among them the Governour of Granada The King of Aragon being offended at Pope Eugenius favour'd the Fathers at Basil and the more now because John Vitelesco Patriarch of Alexandria with Forces of the Popes enter'd the Kingdom of Naples which gave many of the Natives occasion to change their Affections Particularly the Prince of Taranto and Earl of Caserta Men of little Faith went over to the Pope On the other side Antony Colonna was reconcil'd to the King of Aragon being put in hope he should be restor'd to the Principality of Salerno The Patriarch was overthrown by the Aragonians and drove out of the Kingdom of Naples The Nobility was soon reduc'd At the same time Renee Duke of Anjou having been Ransom'd arriv'd with his Fleet at Naples on the 19th of May. His Arrival produc'd no great effect because he brought no Mony to defray the Charge of the War-Yeâ—â—â— several places it broke out anew and chiefly in Abruzzo where James Caldora a renowned Captain supported the Interest of Anjou Renee to gain Reputation challeng'd the King of Aragon and sent him his Gauntlet the Aragonian accepted the Challenge but it came to nothing for they could never agree upon the Time and Place At Bourges the King of France by Proclamation approv'd all the Acts of the Council of Basil whereupon Pope Eugenius order'd the Council to remove to Ferrara in Italy Cesarinus the Legate and 5 other Cardinals immediately repair'd to that City It was given out that the Cause of removing the Council was to unite the Eastern and Western Churches the Emperor John Palcologus and the 〈◊〉 of Constantinople being come into Italy to that purpose From Ferrara the Council remov'd to Florence the Plague being in the other City Here the Affair of the Union was long debated to little purpose The Fathers at Basil would have the Greeks go thither but they refus'd For this reason and because the Pope had dissolv'd that Assembly they grew into Heats and began to assume more than belong'd to them In Italy whilst Renee was busy reducing some Castles in Abruzzo the King of Aragon resolv'd to besiege Naples then weak because most of the Youth had follow'd Renee and Provisions were scarce In the Aragonian Army there were 15000 Men and the Fleet consisted of 4 Galleys 7 great Ships and many small Vessels fit to hinder any Supplies from coming to the City With this Force he lay'd Siege to Naples on the 22d of September He fortify'd his Camp and prepar'd all things to give an Assault when an unexpected Misfortune overthrew all his Designs On the 23d of October Prince Peter going out to view the City was kill'd by a Cannon Ball from the Church of the Carmelites The Ball rebounded 3 times and at the 4th dash'd his Head to pieces His Body was carry'd to the Church of St. Mary Magdalen where the King came and wept over him He dy'd in the prime of his Age being but 27 years Old a Batchelor and had gain'd Honour in War His Body was deposited in the Castle del Ovo The Soldiers took his Death as an ill Omen and believ'd it the more because the Rains hinder'd carrying on the Siege which was rais'd and the Army retir'd to Capua John Vintemilla Marques of Girachi who had been sent to meet Renee then marching to the Relief of Naples falling upon him unexpectedly in the Valley Gardano took many Prisoners and forc'd him to return towards Nola. This done Vintemilla return'd to the Siege of Naples King Alonso intending to take the Field as soon as the Season would permit sent for his other two Brothers out of Spain He was so bent upon the Conquest of Naples that he seem'd not to regard the Kingdom left him by his Father which was now infested by a Body of French who being us'd to live upon plunder under the command of Alexander de Bourbon Bastard Son to John
they had gathered recovered This Victory was obtained by Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of Murcia Garcia Manrique his Son in Law and James Ribera Governour of the civil Affairs in the City Murcia Thus the Moors were checked and began to be mutinous among themselves grown weary of the Government of Mahomet the Lame Nothing remarkable happen'd this Year in Spain but that the Queen of Navarre on the 10th of March at a Town called Sos on the Borders of Aragon and Navarre was delivered of a Son called Ferdinand to whom Heaven had alotted vast Kingdoms and immortal Renown for his extraordinary Actions both in Peace and War At Siena in Tuscany the Emperor Frederick met the Lady Ellenor his Bride who came thither by Sea from Portugal There they ratifyed the Contract at Rome they were marryed and crowned by the Pope and at Naples the Marriage was consummated The Feasts and publick Expressions of Joy were so great as no Man living had seen the like CHAP. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite his Character and fatal End Mahomet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada deposed Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal LET us now come to the unhappy Death of D. Alvaro de Luna Constable of Castile and Master of Santiago who from a low Condition ascended to the height of Worldly Happiness whence he was cast headlong by an unbrideled Ambition He had good Natural Parts and no less good Qualities a ready Wit a piercing Judgement His Words were always Premeditated but sharp tho he had an impediment in his Speech His cunning and art of Dissembling were great his Pride and Ambition nothing inferior Of Body he was little but it was strong and enured to Labour The Features of his Face were pleasing and withal Majestick As he grew in Years he also grew in haughtiness was difficult of access spoke harshly and suffered himself to be swayed by Passion never putting any mean to his Revenge He had been often impeached upon several Articles as that he had gathered more Treasure than suited with his Quality and ceased not still to heap up more That he had disgraced the Nobility That he had the King in his Power and governed absolutely wanting himself nothing but the Name of a King having gain'd the Affections of the People and being possest of many strong Holds and vast Riches drawn out of the King's Coffers These things the King was sensible in part were true and yet he only durst sometimes complain to the Queen till at length a fair opportunity of destroying him was offered D. Peter de Zun̄iga Earl of Plasencia was withdrawn from Court to Bejar and D. Alvaro believing it was in hatred to him resolved to do him all the harm he could Near Bejar is the Castle of Piedrahita whence D. Garcia Son to the Earl of Alva ceased not to do much harm in revenge that his Father was kept in Prison D. Alvaro advised to besiege this Castle hoping to surprize at the same time the Earl of Plasencia The Earl of Haro and Marques of Santillana agreed with the Earl of Plasencia to send 500 Horse to Valladolid where the Court was to murder D. Alvaro but he having timely notice of the Design perswaded the King to remove to Burgos In̄igo de Zuniga was Governour of the Castle of that City The King being now weary of D. Alvaro sent the Countess of Ribadeo Neece to the Earl of Plasencia to advise him to come speedily to Court to secure his Enemy D. Alvaro The Earl being then sick could not go himself but sent his eldest Son D. Alvaro who stopped at Curiel near Burgos to gather some Horse The King advised D. Alvaro de Luna to retire to his Estate but he refused unless the Archbishop of Toledo were left in his Place D. Alvaro de Luna suspecting some Design against him caused Alonso de Vivero an Officer of the Revenue to be mudered in his Chamber and thrown out of the Window into the River without respecting the King or the Holiness of the Day it being Good Fryday the 30th of March 1453. This Crime hastned his Ruin for the King sent to call D. Alvaro de Zuniga He came to the City in Disguize about 80 Horse following him in small Parties at distances It being then Night they sent for some of the Townsmen to the Castle and advis'd them to guard the Streets This could not be done so privately but that it was noised about that D. Alvaro de Luna was to be apprehended the next Day No Body offered to give him Notice of it but one James Gotor his Servant who advised him to fly to his own Lands but he refused to stir as undervaluing his Enemies On the 5th of April the House where he Lodged was beset and after some Messages had passed to and fro he surrendred himself having first received a Promise under the King's Hand that no wrong should be done to him He was secured in that same House and thither the King came to dine after hearing Mass D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila came by the King's side D. Alvaro spying him laying hold of his own Beard said By this thou shalt pay for thy advice little Priest The Bishop answered Sir I call God to witness I have no more hand in this Business than the King of Granada After Dinner D. Alvaro asked leave to speak with the King and being denyed sent him a Letter to this Effect It is 45 Years since I came into your Service and confess my Reward has been greater than I could have hoped for There wanted nothing to compleat my Happiness but that I had retired in time I might well have withdrawn as other great Men have done but chose rather to serve still and discharge my Duty which proves my Ruin It is a great grief to be deprived of my Liberty having ventured my Life and Fortune to obtain it for your Highness I know I have offended God and shall think it a Happiness if my Troubles serve to appease him My riches have brought me to this pass and I would willingly resign them were they not in your Hands already I am sorry it is not in my Power to shew to the World that I can despise as well as gather them I only beg that in regard my Conscience is troubled about 10 or 12000 Crowns which I have unjustly gathered to supply the wants of the Exchequer they may be refunded out of my own Treasure which if I have not deserved by my Service at least it ought to be granted because the Request is just in it self The King answered That he had received more than ever Prince bestowed on a Subject That as to assisting him in recovering his Liberty he was also the Cause that he lost it And as to the wants of the Exchequer since he had made them it had been reasonable he had supplyed them out of his own Fortune yet Justice should be
chosen in his stead Also Pope Sixtus gave the Archbishoprick of Sevil to Cardinal Roderick Borgia but the King opposed him and it was given to James de Mendoça then Bishop of Palencia Thus the Kings of Spain began to claim the Right of nominating their Bishops The Neapolitans and Venetians were now at War about Hercules Duke of Ferrara whom the former Protected because he was Married to their King's Daughter On the 12th of August died Pope Sixtus His Successor was Cardinal John Baptista Cibo who took the Name of Innocent the 8th At the same time died In̄igo Davalos Son to the Constable Ruy Lopez Davalos He was in high favour with the Kings of Naples and left several Children of whom some Princes in Italy are descended and particularly the famous Ferdinand Marquess of Pescara who filled not only Italy but all the World with the same of his Exploits Inigo Davalo was Father to D. Alonso Marquess del Gasto who was also renowned for his Valour and his Cousin dying without Children he Inherited his Estate which he left to his Heirs upon Condition one of them should be called Marquess de Pescara and the next Marquess del Gasto alternatively as is practised till this day CHAP. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moores Albohardil usurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Catherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England IN Andaluzia our Forces never ceas'd to harass the Enemies Country At Cordoua a Council was held to agree about undertaking some Enterprize and tho the Master of Santiago was of another Opinion the Marquess of Cadiz his Advice prevailed which was to attack Alora a Town almost in the mid-way between Antequera and Malaga It is stronger by Nature than any addition of Art The Army was ready to march when King Ferdinand came and approved of the Enterprize The better to amuze the Enemy he gave out he was going to put new Forces into Alhama but being come to Antequera turned short and set down before Alora unexpected Our Cannon soon beat down part of the Walls which so terrified the Moores that they surrendred on the 21th of June upon Condition to carry their Goods with them We lost not one Man in this Siege Several other Places were attacked and at one called Caçarabonela where there was a Skirmish with a Body of the Enemy D. Gutierre de Sotomayor Earl of Benalcaçar being too eager was killed in the prime of his Age. After this 300 Knights of Calatrava were put into Alhama under the Command of Garzi Lopez de Padilla chosen Master of that Order in the place of Roderick Tellez Giron deceased The King marched on and incamped in sight of Granada His Army consisted of 6000 Horse and scarce 10000 Foot In the City there were reported to be 70000 Combatants a number scarce to be believed However King Ferdinand ravaged all that place and having spent 50 days in this Expedition returned with his Army entire and loaded with Plunder to the Christian Territories The Command of Alora he gave to Luis Fernandez Portocarrero D. Alvaro de Mendoça Earl of Castro was made Admiral that he being a Man of singular Conduct might hinder any Succours from passing out of Africk After the heat of the Summer was over the Christians again took the Field They battered a Castle near Malaga called Septenil which the Besieged terrified with the Cannon surrendred being payed for the Provisions they left behind them Thence our Army marched towards Ronda a strong and almost inaccessible City being seated betwixt craggy Mountains the greatest part of it encompassed by a River the rest covered with Rocks The Inhabitants of this place were Resolute and Warlike and well provided with all Necessaries for their Defence Our Forces being come in sight of the Walls destroyed all the Orchards and Olive-Trees thereabouts but Money growing short to pay the Soldiers they made but a short stay there The Army being put into Winter-quarters the King and Queen went away to Sevil and came to that City upon the 2d of October In the month of January 1485 the King took the Field thinking to surprize the City Loxa but desisted by reason of the Rains and bad Weather as also because a Soldier of Note called John de Ortega said that design was impracticable The Nobility came in daily with their Troops so that in a little time the Army amounted to 9000 Horse and 20000 Foot With this Force it was decreed to prosecute the War At the same time the Citizens of Almeria as if their King Boabdil were the Cause of all their Misfortunes assaulted his Palace killed his Brother and secured his Mother who had been the chief Incendiary betwixt the Father and Son King Boabdil himself being then out of the Town as soon as he received the News of that Misfortune fled with a few Followers to Cordoua The Inhabitants of Ronda whose numbers were much decreased were in a great Consternation A Moore called Joseph Xerife gave notice of it to the Marquess of Cadiz and it was decreed to undertake that Enterprize First they attacked a Town called Cohine near Alora which they took by Assault and razed because it was too large to be defended Another Town called Cartama of which all the Valley takes Name was also taken The Master of Santiago was made Governor of it at his own Request This done they marched to Malaga where Albohardil the Moorish King's Brother resided in whose Valour the Moores chiefly confided for the Reputation he gained in the Slaughter of the Christians on the Mountains of Malaga Little was done there and the Army returned the way it came to Ronda The Forces were divided into 5 parts that they might encompass the Town on all sides The King with the greatest Body encamped before the Castle All the Avenues were secured that no Succours might get into the Town which was then much weakned a great number of the Inhabitants being abroad upon Parties to plunder in Andalusia For these Reasons and because the Christians advanced their Works with great Industry the Besieged surrendred upon Articles the 23d of May. Among the other Conditions it was agreed that some of the Principal Inhabitants should have Revenues assigned them at Sevil out of the Estates of Gonçalo Picon and others condemned by the Inquisition A good Garrison was put into that City Several other Towns along the Mountain surrendred the chief whereof were Caçarabonela and Marbella which lies near the Sea The Moores were in a great Consternation and had little help in their Kings the one being fled the other ancient sickly and almost blind This moved them to choose for their King Muley Albohardil who resided at Malaga and was a Man of great Courage and Conduct He immediately accepted of the Crown they offered him went away to Granada and entred that City in Triumphant manner being proud
assembled such as he thought fit with whom he expostulated the Madness of the Mutiniers shewing how absolute Necessity and not Affection had obliged him to Capitulate with the Enemy when no other way was left to save the City from perishing by Sword and Famine His Words made them calm and the People were pacified Many times Seditions are as easily suppressed as raised What became of the Moor who caused the Mutiny is not known it may be imagined he fled King Boabdil warned by the Danger past and fearing that before the expiration of the Days agreed upon for delivering up the City new Troubles and Tumults might arise he immediately sent a Letter to King Ferdinand with a Present of two choice Horses a Cymiter and some Furniture He advertised him of what had hapned in the City and how the People had Mutinied therefore inviting him to come and take possession speedily lest Delay might produce some Alteration In short he told him since God had so ordained it he would the next day deliver up the Alhambra and Kingdom to him as Conqueror This Letter was brought to the Camp upon New-Year's Day It is easie to imagin how great Satisfaction it gave to King Ferdinand He ordered all things to be in a readiness the Day following for his Entrance and that Day is still kept a Festival at Granada in Memory of the Taking of that City Having laid aside the Mourning he wore for his Son-in-Law Prince Alonso of Portugal and put on his Royal Robes he set out towards the Castle with his Army in the same Order as if going to engage the Enemy After him followed the Queen and her Children then the Nobility clad in Cloth of Gold and rich Silks When the King came in this pompous manner near to the Alhambra Boabdil the Little King came out to meet him with 50 Horse He offered to alight and kiss the Victor's Hand but King Ferdinand would not permit it Then fixing his Eyes upon the Ground with a sorrowful Countenance he said We are your Slaves Invincible King we deliver up this City and Kingdom to you not doubting you will use us with Clemency and Moderation This done he put into his hands the Keys of the Castle King Ferdinand gave them to the Queen she to the Prince her Son and he to D. In̄igo de Mendoça Earl of Tendilla whom the King appointed Governor of that City and Captain General of that Kingdom D. Peter de Granada was made head Alguazil of the City and D. Alonso his Son Admiral of that Sea The King entred the City with a good Party of Horse A great Number of Noblemen and Prelates followed among them the Chief were the Prelates of Toledo and Sevil the Master of Santiago the Marquess of Cadiz and F. Ferdinand de Talavera who of Bishop of Avila was now Elect Archbishop of Granada He having offered up his Prayers as is usual set up the Banner carried before the Cardinal of Toledo upon the highest Tower and on the sides of it the King 's and the Standard of Santiago This Action was followed by the Acclamations of the whole Army Then the King kneeling returned Thanks to Almighty God for that the Empire of the Infidels was extirpated in Spain and the Holy Banner of the Cross set up in that City where the Mahometan Superstition had so long prevailed and prayed that his Mercies might be continued unto him After the Prayer all the great Men came to congratulate his Success and kneeling kissed his Hand The same they all did to the Queen and Prince This Ceremony being ended they returned in the same Order after Dinner to the Camp To the Little King was given the Valley of Purchena not long before taken from the Moors in the Kingdom of Murcia with a sufficient Revenue but he soon after went over into Africk For they who have once been Kings cannot ever patiently submit to lead a private Life 500 Christian Captives were according as had been capitulated set free without Ransom They the next day after hearing Mass came in Procession to prostrate themselves before the King They thanked the Soldiers by whose means they obtained Liberty and commending their Bravery called them Fathers of their Country Before the King entred the City the Army took possession of the Gates Towers and Castles That done upon the 4th day they entred in the same manner as they had done before All the Army sang Hymns of Praise and Thanksgiving to Almighty God for their great Success King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth being richly clothed in the prime of their Age and having conquered that Kingdom seemed to appear more Majestick than before They shined above all others and were equal as to themselves Every one looked upon them as more than Human and sent from Heaven for the Glory of Spain It was they that restored Justice which before them was corrupted enacting excellent Laws for the publick Benefit They settled Religion restored Peace and enlarged their Territories not only in Spain but at the same time in the utmost Bounds of the World What is most to be commended they bestowed Honours and Preferments not according to Birth or for Favour but proportionably to the Merits of every one which stirred up their Subjects to Virtue and Learning Both the King and Queen were of a middle Stature their Limbs well proportioned their Countenances graceful pleasing and yet grave their Mien majestick but their Complexion somewhat swarthy especially the King 's was tanned with being always in the Field his Hair Chesnut-colour and long his Beard trimmed after the manner of that Age his Eye-brows large his Head bald his Mouth small his Lips red his Teeth little and thin his Back broad his Neck streight his Voice sharp quick of Speech of a sharp Wit of a sound Judgment of a courteous Disposition and easie of Access In Martial Affairs he was expert in Matters of Government not to be parallel'd so great a Lover of Business that it seemed to be his Delight and Diversion His Body was not pampered with Pleasures but inured to Labour His Diet was temperate and his Garb modest He was an excellent Horseman When young he was addicted to Cards and Dice grown more stayed his chief Sport was Hawking The Queen had a good Face fair Hair dark Eyes she used no Paints or Washes and had a singular Modesty and Gravity in her Looks She was very Devout and a Lover of Learning bore her Husband Affection but mixed with Jealousie She had some knowledge of the Latin Tongue which her Husband wanted having no Learning given him in his Youth yet he loved to read History and converse with Learned Men. The same Day that King Ferdinand was born as some relate a certain Carmelite Friar of Naples esteemed a Holy Man said to King Alonso Unkle to King Ferdinand This Day in the Kingdom of Aragon is born a Prince of your Family Heaven promises him a large Empire great
flourishing Kingdom His Son Alonso succeeded him and was no way more acceptable to the People than his Father had been Cardinal John de Borgia sent on purpose by the Pope his Unckle as Legate to Naples Crowned him This Year also the Pope by his Bull granted to the Kings of Castile for ever the 3d part of the Tithes of Castile Leon and Granada conditionally that the profit thereof should be spent in the War with the Moors At Tordesillas on the 7th of June was agreed the Difference betwixt Castile and Portugal touching their Discoveries in the Indies The Conquests of Castile were to begin 36 Degrees West from the Meridian of Lisbon all thence Eastward as far as half the Circumference of the Globe to appertain to the Portugueses The matter also of the Conquests in Africk was adjusted so that all within the Kingdom of Fez should belong to Portugal the Kingdom of Tremecen to Castile but no Line was fixed to distinguish their Limits which afterwards caused new disputes CHAP. IV. The French Invade the Kingdom of Naples An account of Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan The French King at Rome Alonso King of Naples Abdicates The French Possess themselves of the Kingdom of Naples THE King of France being resolved to Invade Italy in Person gathered all his Forces the Randezvouz of his Army was at Lyons Thither came from Ostia whither he fled for fear of the Pope the Cardinal of St. Peter to forward that undertaking On the other side D. Alonso de Silva according to his Instructions in his King's behalf protested against those proceedings Nevertheless the King of France committing the Government of his Kingdom to Peter Duke of Bourbon his Brother-in-Law set out from that City upon Tuesday the 22th of July with him went most of the Nobility of France His Army consisted of about 20000 Foot and 5000 Horse To pay these Forces he borrowed Money of the Nobility besides 150000 Florms taken up of a Genoese Banker a small Sum for so great an undertaking King Alonso sent a great Fleet under the Command of his Brother Frederick to Infest the State of Genoa By Land he sent his Son the Duke of Calabria to Invade the Territories of Milan All things fell out unfortunately for Frederick did nothing worth naming and the Duke of Calabria was stopped by the Forces of France and Milan from passing out of Romania The King of France passed the Alpes and on the 9th of September came to Aste the Bounds of the Dukedom of Milan and then possessed by the Duke of Orleans who was in that Expedition and pretended a Right to the whole Dukedom D. Alonso the Spanish Ambassador was very little looked upon at Court insomuch that he was ordered to be dismissed but he winked at all being a Person of great Prudence and Sagacity At the City Aste they flighted him so far as to assign him no Quarters whereupon he was forced to go away to Genoa There he began to treat with Luis Sforcia who repented of what he had done about joining in League with the Catholick King giving him a hint that one of the Princesses should be Married to his Eldest Son for they could not Marry with any other Prince by reason of the agreement made with France This took so much with Luis Sforcia that he resolved to change Parties tho' at the same time he repaired to Aste to receive the French King and gave him a Sum of Money to pay his Army The King leaving the Duke of Orleans who designed to lay hold of that oportunity to possess himself of the State of Milan at Aste Marched with his Army to Pavia where he visitted the Duke John Galeazzo who was then at the point of death and was his Cousin-german both their Mothers being Sisters and Daughters to the Duke of Savoy The Duke died on the 21th of October and it appeared plainly he had been poisoned which increased the Hatred conceived towards his Unckle The same day the King of France entred Plasencia and with him Lewis Sforcia who understanding the death of his Nephew immediatly returned to Milan and there publickly took upon him the Title of Duke notwithstanding his Nephew left a Son five Years of Age as also two Daughters and his Wife big with Child So far did his Ambition blind him that the same day he wrote to King Alonso giving an account of his Nephews death and telling him the Nobility and People of Milan had obliged him to take the Title of Duke and that he believed this would be no way displeasing to him knowing how well affected he was towards him and his Kingdom From Plasencia the King entred into Tuscany Ambassadors came to him from all parts and particulaly from the Venetians offering their Friendship The Pope sent the Cardinal of Siena his Legate who came as far as Pisa but the King would not see him The Florentines sent Peter de Medicis on the same account He contrary to his Commission and Instructions was agreeing to deliver up to the French Saraçana Saraçanella and Piedrasanta strong Holds belonging to the Republick on Mount Apennine as also the Castles of Pesa and Leghorn and some other things to this purpose Hereat the People were so inraged that they Banished him and his Brothers the Cardinal de Medicis and Julian plundered their Houses and confiscated all their Estates which were very great Being come to Pisa the King restored that City to its Liberty delivering it from the subjection it was under to the Florentines He entred Florence the same day that Picus Mirandula died there at the Age of 34 Years a Man of such an excellent Wit that he was called the Phaenix He agreed with the Florentines to restore their Forts after the War was ended that they for his sake should pardon Peter de Medicis and his Brothers and pay 120000 Florins towards the Charge of the War Rome was in an uproar because the Cardinals could not agree and the Nobility was divided for Prosper and Fabricius Colonna favoured the French and Virginius Ursinus the Neapolitans The Colonneses with Cardinal Ascanius Sforcia had seized the City Ostia by which means Rome suffered great want no Provisions coming to it by Sea It was genarally believed the Pope would agree with the King of France or else depart Rome Hereupon the People began to mutiny and the Pope was obliged to satisfie the Cardinals and Roman Gentry assuring them he would stand by the juster Cause and if the King of France attempted to enter Rome with his Army he would make head against him and hazard his own Life in the Quarrel All he could say was of little force to encourage the People who were terrified with the News daily brought of the approach of the French and their securing the Towns belonging to the Church The Pope himself perceiving that neither his own nor the Forces of Naples with a good part whereof the Duke of Calabria then lay at
Burgos were sufficient to withstand the Power of the Enemy retired himself to the Castle of Santangelo and sent Word to the Duke to retire lest some misfortune should happen to him In fine the King with his whole Army entred Rome upon the last day of December preceding the Year 1495 all the People and some of the Cardinals making great expressions of Joy He Lodged himself in the Pallace of S. Mark At this time died the Cardinal of Spain at Guadalajara upon the 11th day of January aged 67 Years and 3 Months He was a noble Person excellently qualified and had a great hand in the Government all his Life-time He Founded a College at Valladolid and ordered in his Will an Hospital to be Built at Toledo to which he left all he was Worth The See of Toledo vacant by his death the King would have given to his Son Alonso Archbishop of Zaragoça but the Queen would not consent She offered it to D. Peter de Oropesa one of her Council but he would not accept of it therefore it was given to F. Francis Ximenes de Cisneros a Friar Minor of known Piety and Virtue but of mean extraction When promoted to the Archbishoprick he was the Queen's Confessor some Years after he was made Cardinal At Rome the Pope and King of France agreed that the Cardinal of Valencia should go with the King as Legate that the Great Turk's Brother should be delivered to him and that the Castles of Civita Vecchia Terraçina and Spoleto should be in his Power during the War Hereupon the King obliged himself to cause the City Ostia to be restored to the Pope after the War and to do Homage himself to the Pope as he did a few days after in the Palace of S. Peter This done the King set out from Rome on the 28th of January taking his way towards Naples whence advice was brought that the City Aquila and many other Places had voluntarily submitted to him King Ferdinand of Spain understanding what was done and of the Affront offered to the Pope resolved to declare To this purpose he sent Antony de Fonseca and John d' Albion to require the King of France to forbear making War on the Lands of the Church since he well knew the Pope and all that belonged to him ought to be exempted by the late Treaty At the same time he sent the Earl of Trivento to Command the Fleet that was fitting at Alicant and Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova with 500 Horse by Land The Ambassadors came to Rome the same Day the King set out from thence and immediately following gave him their Credentials in the Field as he was on Horseback requiring him not to proceed further without making Satisfaction to the Church The King was surprized and said he would answer at Velitre There they delivered their Embassie more at large complaining of the Wrongs and Affronts offered to the Pope and requiring him not to proceed as to the Affair of Naples till the Case were decided in Judgment After much contesting the King said he was come too far to go back and therefore would stand to Judgment when he had conquered the Kingdom Then Antony de Fonseca replied Since your Majesty will have it so and is resolved to be tried by the Sword God the Defence of the Innocent shall be the Judge in this Cause The King my Master has done his Duty and is now left free to employ his Forces as he shall think fit This said in the presence of the King and his Council he tore the Articles of the late Agreement betwixt the Two Kings A bold Action which had almost provoked him to lay hold of him but he returned to Rome This Embassie encouraged the Pope not to stand by the late Capitulation and the next Night the Cardinal of Valencia in a Disguise stole away from Velitre He took not the Road to Rome lest it should be thought he fled by Order of the Pope but went to Spoleto a strong City belonging to the Church Whilst the King of France was yet at Rome Alonso King of Naples who had not yet reigned a whole Year resolved to Abdicate and to that intent assembled all the Nobility and his Council to whom he delivered himself in this manner You are all sensible of the dangerous Posture of our Affairs The Powerful Enemy presses upon us and yet the French do not make more haste to advance than our own People to declare for them Foreign Succours are far off and they who ought to relieve us seem least concerned at our Misfortunes I will complain of no body my Sins are the cause of this sad Disaster and it is fit he who is the occasion of it should suffer My Life is in the hands of God what I have to offer up is the Crown which I take from my own Head as unworthy of it and transfer it to my Son whose Worth you all know It is a good Change since in lieu of a Sickly Man I give you a Young and Valiant King I wish things were in that Condition that I might shew to the World how little I value its Grandeur but it is also Prudence to submit to Necessity In fine I am resolved since I cannot be useful in this time of need to quit my dear Country rather than be a Witness of its Misfortunes Perhaps this voluntary Sacrifice I make of my self may appease God's Wrath and incline the Hearts of Men to defend you It is needless to put you in mind of your Duty to your King nor him of the Care he is to have of his Subjects This Act of Resignation was performed on the 23d of January in the Castle del Ovo Thence he shipped himself with his private Treasure which was great for Sicily resolving to spend the rest of his Life in the Habit of a Priest in the City Mazara He writ to several Princes particularly King Ferdinand giving his Reasons for resigning the Crown but the truth is he did it because he was grown odious to his Subjects He lived not a Year after but spent his time in the Exercise of Virtue His Body is buried in the Cathedral of Meçina As soon as the New King was possessed of the Government he showed himself abroad in the City and to gain the Good-will of the People ordered a great Number of Prisoners to be set at liberty as well of the Nobility as Commons only excepting John Baptista Marçano Son to Marino Marçano Prince of Rosano and Duke of Sessa as also the Earl of Populo who were both in Prison since the time of the Barons Wars and were mortal Enemies to the House of Aragon This done he set out of Naples towards his Army which lay at S. German on the Borders of the Kingdom where it confines on the Lands of the Church He left his Unkle Frederick Prince of Altamura Governour of Naples The King of France coming to S. German the Town surrendered
a Breach being made in the Wall they entred the City by Force The Earl was wounded in the Arm with a Dart and obliged to retire into the Castle which was not well provided for a Siege The Castle was battered and undermined This News being carried to Tangier where D. John de Meneses lay and to Sevil where the Catholick King was D. John set out immediately with his Fleet. He fought Two days with the Enemy who were already Masters of one of the Bulwarks drove them thence and relieved the besieged reduced to extreamity The King sent Orders to Peter Navarro who lay at Gibraltar to Succour Arzila Ramiro de Guzman Governor of Xerez with a Ship wherein were 300 Foot and some Horse sailed first and got into the Castle with John de Meneses With this Relief the besieged not only defended themselves but sallying drove the Enemy from their Ditch and Out-works On the 30th of October came Count Peter Navarro who plaid his Cannon so furiously among the Moors that Encamped along the Shore that they were forced to break up and the King of Fez having burnt the Town retired to Alcaçarquivir The saving of this Place contributed much to preserving of the others on the Coast of Africk King Emanuel joyful for this good News sent 6000 Cruzados as a Present to Peter Navarro for his good Service and the same Sum to the Governor of Xerez They both excused themselves from receiving this Present saying they served the Catholick King and expected their Reward from his Bounty He returned thanks to the Catholick King for so seasonable a Relief yet at the same time complained of his taking Pen̄on as appertaining to the Conquests of Portugal being in the Kingdom of Fez. The Catholick King pleaded that Veles was a distinct Kingdom of it self and that Pen̄on was a Charge and no Profit only to secure the Coast of Granada yet offered if it appeared to belong to the Crown of Fez to deliver it up whensoever King Emanuel should attempt any thing on that Side In November died the Earl of Lerin at Aranda de Xarque in Aragon his Son D. Luis de Biamonte succeeded him CHAP. VI. Discovery of Conspiracies in Spain The League of Cambray The Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry VII of England Henry VIII succeeds him THE Catholick King returned from Sevil to Castile in the dead of Winter for Two reasons One was that D. Peter Brother to D. James de Guevara who was in Germany in the Emperor's Service coming to Spain disguized in the Habit of a Footman was taken and being put to the Rack declared that many of the Nobility held Intelligence with the Emperor the chiefest of them were the Great Captain the Duke of Najara and Earl of Urena The other was that the Duke del Infantado and other great Men conspired against him and the Cardinal of Spain had a Hand in those Proceedings The Earl of Tendilla by his Wisdom drew the Duke del Infantado and others of that Family from their purposes by his good Advice King Ferdinand reduced the others some by fair Promises and some by Threats In particular he agreed with the Marquess of Villena and in lieu of that City and Almansa besides the full value of them gave him Tolox and Monda in the Kingdom of Granada wherewith he seemed content The Emperor to be at leasure to Revenge himself of the Catholick King was for composing all Differences with France and in order to it the Princess Margaret on his Part and the Cardinal d' Amboise for the Pope and King of France met at Cambray Thither repaired Jaime de Albion the Catholick King 's Ambassador in France and tho' the Emperor designed to exclude King Ferdinand the Business was so managed by the Pope that those Three Princes joined in League with him against the Venetians for Recovery of what that State had taken from each of them He that first recovered his own was obliged to assist the others and the Emperor and King of France to go in Person to this Expedition The first day of April following they were to commence the War The Emeperor offered by that time to give the King of France the investiture of Milan provided he paid him 100000 Crowns for the same and should be obliged to assist him to Recover what the Venetians had taken from him and yet the Emperor not to be obliged to Aid him for recovery of what appertained to Milan That Judges should be appointed to decide all Differences betwixt the Emperor and the Catholick King lest they should be any hindrance to their Proceedings against the Venetians It was agreed the Duke of Savoy should be invited to come into the League on account of the Kingdom of Cyprus which he pretended to and the Venetians were possessed of Also the Duke of Ferrara and Marquess of Mantua who had their Pretensions What is more the Kings of Spain and France to whom the People of Florence and Pisa had referred all their Differences delivered up Pisa to the Florentines in hopes to draw them into the League and for the Sum of 100000 Ducats A shameful thing for such Princes to sell the Liberty of a Republick that had put it self into their Hands but chiefly King Ferdinand was to blame Pisa being immediately under his Protection This League was concluded on the 10th of December Thence the Princess Margaret went to Franche Comte to take Possession of some Towns the King of France had ingaged to deliver to the Duke of Burgundy This same Month died at Naples Robert de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno He left a young Son called Ferdinand who was Heir of his Estate and Hatred to the Crown of Aragon which produced his Ruin King Ferdinand swore to the performance of the Articles aforesaid at Valladolid in the beginning of the following Year before the Pope's Nuncio and the Emperor and King of France's Ambassadors Canspon Soldon of Caire moved by the Importunity of the Kings of Calicut and Cambaya but much more by the decrease of his Revenue occasioned by the Loss of the Trade of Alexandria resolved to ruin the Trade of the Portugueses in India To this purpose he first sent the Guardian of Hierusalem to the Pope as has been said Finding this did not succeed he fitted out a Fleet at Suez in the Red Sea consisting of 6 Gallies 1 Galleon and 4 Carracs and in them 800 Mamalukes which were his best Men being most Renegado Christians The Command of this Fleet he gave to Mir Hozem who sailing out of the Red Sea directed his Course for India Francis de Almeyda the Portuguese Governor there had sent his Son Laurence with 8 Sail to secure the Coasts and Convoy the Ships bound for Portugal some part of the Way He burnt many Ships of the Moors and was in the Port of Caul when News was brought to him of the Soldan's Fleet. Melique Governor of Diu for the King of Cambaya
oppose our Army Their Force was 800 Men at Arms and 8000 Foot The Dauphin lay at Garriz with another great Body ready to second them This only waited the coming of King John with his Forces to march into Navarre In hopes of their coming the People of the Valley of Salazar and Roncales revolted from King Ferdinand The Mareschal of Navarre also who till then had stood neuter declared for France and went away thither from Tudela whither King Ferdinand went to meet the Queen after she had broke up the Cortes of Aragon at Monçon This caused King John to hasten his march There are two Passes through the Mountains betwixt Navarre and France one is called Valderroncal the other Valderronças At the entrance of Valderronças is S. John de Pied de Porte where the Duke of Alva then was Through the other Pass the King led his Army about the middle of October With him went the Sieur de la Palisse The Spaniards were no where strong enough to give them Battel yet several Commanders posted themselves in the Straights of the Mountains Among the rest Ferdinand Valdez took his Post at Burgi which place was very weak The Enemy coming on assaulted that place and tho' they lost 400 Men carried it killing many of the Defendants and among them Ferdinand de Valdez It is reported he exposed himself to that Danger out of Despair because when he returned after the Battel of Ravenna the King said The Good Men are left there The Duke of Alva considering the danger Pamplona was in left James de Vera at S. John de Pied de Porte with 800 Foot 200 Horse and 20 Pieces of Cannon and resolved himself with the rest to repass the Mountains into Navarre They Enemy might have prevented him but they were overseen as well in that as in not marching directly to Pamplona which they might easily have taken This delay gave the Duke leisure to march thither and the Archbishop of Zaragoça to join him with 600 Men. Several Castles that had revolted were reduced Having taken Torla and falling to plunder it the People of the Valley joining with the Townsmen fell upon the Forces killing above 2000 and taking all their Baggage with some Field-Pieces King John encamped at Utroz within two Leagues of Pamplona hoping the City would declare for him but our Army had prevented it by expelling 200 Citizens besides at Puente de la Reyna which is hard by a great Body assembled to relieve the place if it were requisite 1500 Men came from Trasmiera and Campos and 900 from Bugia which were landed at Barcelona Soon after the Forces of Aragon came thither The Duke of Najara was chosen General of this Army The French still expected more Forces from the Dauphin and the Sieur de la Palisse was dissatisfied for that nothing succeeded to his Mind The French encamped so as to cut off the Provisions of the City Another Body left beyond the Mountains to divert the Forces of King Ferdinand entred Guipuscoa They passed by Fuenterabia and sate down before S. Sebastian Monsieur de Lautrec Commanded that Army and resolved to attack that Town D. John d' Aragon Son to the Archbishop of Zaragoça was in the place who so encouraged the Garrison tho' small that the French retired into Guienne The Duke of Calabria upon promise of being restored to the Kingdom of Naples designed to fly to the French but was taken with Four others that managed his Intelligence He was kept many years a Prisoner in the Castle of Xativa and his Accomplices executed The Season was unfit to lie in the Field wherefore the French resolved to be the most expedite they could They sacked two Monasteries of Nuns that are without the Walls A German Captain opening the Tabernacle to scale the Custodium threw out the Blessed Sacrament upon the Altar The Nun that was Sacristan said How dare you commit such a Sacrilege He answered This is not the God of the Germans but of the Spaniards He is said soon after like Judas to have burst asunder They planted their Cannon and gave two Assaults but still the Defendants held out The Duke of Najara with 600 Foot besides the Horse appeared on the top of the Mountain designing either to fight or else to cut off the Enemy's Provisions On the last Day of November the French raised the Siege and returned towards France The Constable of Navarre pursued them and killing some took 13 Pieces of Cannon And thus ended that War All the Agramonteses submitted themselves and the City Pamplona was repaired and a place marked out to build a Castle D. Raymund de Moncada having fortunately settled the Affairs of Florence marched towards Lombardy At Modena he held a Council of War to consult what was best to be done The City Bressa was besieged by the Venetians who hoped to possess themselves of it The Empeperor pretended to it and the Swisse would have it given to Duke Maximilian Sforcia whose Quarrel they had espoused To end this Quarrel it was agreed the Viceroy should hold it for the League till it could be decided who it belonged to D. Peter d' Urrea and Andrew de Burgo went to Rome to know the Pope's Pleasure and sollicit the Payment of some Months Arrears He pleaded that Obligation had ceased after the Battel of Ravenna yet promised some Money if the Viceroy would quit Lombardy and return to Ferrara which above all things he desired to possess himself of To this purpose the Duke of Urbin was encamped with 2000 Swiss a small Force and even that deserted for want of Pay D. Peter d' Urrea and his Companion fed the Pope with good Words He resolved to send Bernard de Bibiena who was afterwards a Cardinal to acquaint the Viceroy with his Will At this time the Marquess de Pescara being ransomed from the French came to Milan and had the Command of the Company of the Men at Arms that had belonged to Gaspar de Pomar killed in that City given him On the first of October the Viceroy passed the Po with 9000 Foot Prosper Colona was marching with above 400 Men at Arms and 1000 Foot to join the Viceroy The Pope endeavoured to hinder him but could not He also laboured with the Cardinal of Sion that the Swiss should not admit the Spaniards into Lombardy At Verona Rocandulpho a Commander of the Emperor's joined the Viceroy with 2000 Germans 400 Horse and 27 Pieces of Cannon M. d' Aubigni before distressed by the Venetians seeing this new Supply set up the Emperour's Colours Bernard de Bibiena now coming to the Camp the Viceroy answered He was too forward advanced to go back but as soon as he had put an end to that Undertaking he would obey the Commands of the Pope Monsieur d' Aubigni had leave to march out with his Garrison Arms Baggage and Horses to what part he pleased provided it were not to the Castle of Milan or any other
that held out for the French The Garrison of the Castle agreed to surrender upon the same Articles if not relieved in 21 days This same day being the 25th of October the Spanish Army mustered at Castanerola near Bressa It was found above 8000 Foot strong Commendary Solis was left in that City with 1000 Men the rest of the Army marched to besiege the Castle of Bergamo the City being already surrendered Admiral Villamarin sailed from Naples with 7 Galleys to join those of the Pope at Civita Vecchia in order to besiege the Castle of the Lantern at Genoa which held out for the French They found there 3 Galleys of Venice sent to the same effect Four other Galleys the Duke of Genoa had furnished but ill equipped The Siege went on slowly At Marseilles the French had but 6 Galleys and one Galleon The Schismatick Cardinals continued their Council at Lions and made large Offers to several Princes D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily sailed over to Tripoli to give Orders for fortifying that Place The Duke of Urbin lay between Ravenna and Bologna with 500 Men at Arms and 1000 Swiss His Italians who were more numerous daily ravaged the Country but did nothing considerable Maximilian Sforcia stayed at Trent till the French were quite expelled the Dukedom of Milan and the Milaneses had satisfied the Swiss who as they stood firm to his Interest so they would have their share in the Booty The Milaneses agreed to give them 150000 Ducats in hand and 40000 yearly for ever and offered Three Strong-holds in that Dukedom for their Security The Emperor coveted that Dukedom for one of his Grandsons but the Princes of Italy were against it In fine to put an end to all Disorders Maximilian Sforcia entred that City upon the 29th of December immediately preceding the Year 1513. He was received with the Pomp and Joy usually expressed to the former Dukes The Swiss Ambassadors presented him the Keys with much Ceremony Next care was to reduce those Places still held by the French The Marquess of Padula with the Spanish Infantry soon took the strong Castle Trezo on the Banks of the River Abdua That of Novara was surrendered to the Duke's Forces In order to conclude a Peace betwixt the Emperour and the Venetians the Truce which was expired in January was continued till the end of March The Cardinal of Gurse would have the same Conditions the Pope promised the Year before to the Emperour but the Venetians would hear of nothing unless Verona were restored to them It was thought convenient to make War upon them with the Forces of the Emperour Spain and Milan without making mention of the Swiss who it was believed would soon agree with the French through the Negociation of Monsieur de la Trimouille sent to that purpose which was the beginning of new Troubles The Viceroy to secure Milan where the French had still footing and Trivulcio had gathered 5000 Foot more Supplies daily resorting to them placed Prosper Colona at Aste with a good Body of Men to secure that Pass The Catholick King thought it convenient to make use of the Power of England against the French and because the English were not willing to mix with other Men he perswaded that King by the way of Calais to invade Normandy while at the same time he undertook to conquer Guienne and deliver it up to him King Henry fitted out 50 Sail to transport 9000 Foot all choice Men and well Armed and and at the same time sollicited the Catholick King to send him 50 Ships more It was not easie to answer in so many places at once for besides all other things in hand King Ferdinand was sick and Andaluzia in an uproar The occasion of his Sickness was a certain extravagant Potion the Queen made him drink at Medina del Campo in hopes of conceiving so Dr. Carvajal and Peter Martyr relate it as a thing allowed by all Men. The effect of it was such that the King grew very weak and delighted in nothing but being in the Woods His Disease daily encreased he had fainting Fits and Signs of a Dropsie Andaluzia mutinied upon the death of Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia He had a Sister by the same Father and Mother called Mencia and married to D. Peter Giron and also a Brother only by the Father's side called D. Alonso Perez de Guzman In his Will he appointed his Sister to Inherit affirmming the Second Marriage of his Father was invalid Upon this account D. Peter Giron thought to possess himself of that Estate and secure◠Medina and Sidonia The Lady Ellenor de Zun̄iga Stepmother to D. Mencia and the late Duke stood up for her Son who had the true Title and the King favoured his Cause intending he should marry the Lady Anne of Aragon Daughter to the Archbishop of Zaragoça This Dispute was like to be decided by force of Arms both Parties having powerful Supports Justice prevailed and the Brother of the Duke carried the Estate Gonçalo Marin̄o commanded at Bugia and Martin Argote at Oran as Lieutenant to the Marquess of Comares Some Skirmishes hapned with the Moors but nothing remarkable only that Muley Abdalla with some Forces came up to Bugia and burnt the Suburbs No part was left standing but one Tower where the Jews saved themselves Gon\l = c \alo Marin̄o breaking the Articles concluded with the Moors was the cause of this Misfortune for which he was removed from that Post and D. Raymund Carroz sent in his Place CHAP. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. Succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa POpe Julius being sick and his Recovery despaired of Advice was sent to Milan Florence Siena and Luca to secure the Roads that the Schismatick Cardinals might not come to the Conclave At length the Pope died on the 20th of February The People mutinied at Rome and there was great Contention betwixt the Coloneses and the Ursini The Monastery of S. Paul of Benedictine Monks was plundered and other disorders committed Hierome Vic the Spanish Ambassador contributed much to pacifie the Multitude On the 4th of March the Cardinals entred the Conclave having first discharged the Son of the Duke of Mantua kept as a Hostage till then and on the 11th by Votes of almost all of them Cardinal John de Medicis was chosen Pope and took the Name of Leo X. That very day he declared he would continue in the League and bring the Emperor and King of England into it The Cardinals Carvajal and Sanseverino who were at Lions but in no great Esteem designed to go into Italy and get into the Conclave Prosper Colona favoured them and designed himself to go to Rome and have a Pope of his own creating But the Viceroy would not suffer him to go lest he should raise some Mutiny and put a restraint upon the Conclave The Cardinals came in a Galeon to Leghorn but
Berengarius de Olms who sailed from Sevil at the beginning of April with four Galleys in order to destroy some Moorish Vessels the Portuguese Commander at Tangier had given notice lay at Tetuan was now ordered instantly to repair to Italy and join the Admiral At this time the State of Genoa suffered a mighty Change The Family of Adorno who were banished that City and had been always well affected to the House of Aragon agreed with the King of France to Expel the Fregoso's that City and bring it again under his Subjection The Earl of Flisco and his Brothers had a Hand in this Affair whereupon the Duke's Brothers killed the Earl in the Palace The Earls Brothers joining with the Adornos drew near to Genoa with some Forces and at the same time the French Fleet appeared before it at Sea The Duke with his Galleys went out to meet that Fleet but it durst not encounter him Whilst the Duke pursued the Adornos and Flisco's possessed themselves of the City and he was forced to retire to Piombino his Fleet putting into Porto Venere Then was Octavian Fregoso chosen Duke to the satisfaction of the Commonalty he being Brother to the Archbishop of Salerno and of Kin to the Pope This prosperity of the Adornos was but short lived for the Fregoso's agreed with the Viceroy to restore them and they would put that State under the Protection of the Catholick King Articles being Signed the Viceroy sent the Marquess de Pescara with Forces who performed all that had been agreed with that Family The same Duke was continued but these things hapned somewhat later let us turn back to what remains behind CHAP. VII The Defeat given the French by the Swisse near Novara The Viceroy Vanquishes the Venetians near Vincenza Actions of the English and Portugueses Venice Cannonaded THE great Rendezvous of the French Army was at Aste and in Piedmont Monsieur de la Trimouille made all necessary Preparations and about 400 light Horse were come to him out of France With him was John James Trivulcio and Sacromoro Visconte who forsaking the Duke of Milan whom he had Served went over to the French Bartholomew de Albiano made ready with the Venetian Army to Besiege Verona In that City were 5000 Germans and 600 light Horse who ravaged all the Country as far as Vincenza as if they had been Masters of the Field Near Placencia lay the Viceroy with 1400 Men at Arms 800 light Horse and 7000 Foot all tried Men. With the Duke of Milan were 8000 Swisse and he expected 5000 more Nevertheless not only Milan but many other Places Revolted to the French Neither durst the Duke give them Battle but leaving the Camp retired to Novara He entred that Place on the last of May without reflecting that those very People had before betrayed his Father to the French The Viceroy seemed willing to join the King but no Money coming from Rome as the Ambassador Vic had promised and having received Orders from Spain to Return to Naples he was unwilling to engage to far in that War He resolved to look on and only encourage the Affairs of Lombardy by his presence The Command of the Foot Vacant by the Marquess de Padula's being preferred to be General of the Florentines he gave to Commendary Solis and sent Luys Icart to take charge of Bressa in his stead He put the Forces of the Pope into Cremona and afterwards sent thither Ferramosca with 40 Men at Arms 300 Spaniards and 500 Italians Yet Albiano for all this took that City putting to the Sword all the Men at Arms to the number of 200 and disarming the Spanish Foot This success encouraged the French to lay Siege to Novara Their Army consisted of 800 Lances and 8000 Foot 3000 of them Germans the rest bad Troops Being about to strom the Town news was brought them that 12000 Swisse were upon their march to relieve the Duke and that the Baron of Altsaxe followed with 5000 more This caused the French to return to their strength betwixt Gaya and Novara Upon the first supplies joining them the Swisse resolved to march towards the Enemy without expecting the Baron of Altsaxe The French would have avoided fighting but could not The Men at Arms and light Horse did nothing yet the fight lasted very hot for two hours betwixt the Foot A most desperate Resistance was made by the Germans but the Swisse got the day On the side of the French above 7000 were killed and among them all the Germans and of People of Note Coliobano Trivulcio and Luis de Biamonte After the Victory came the Baron of Altsaxe and most of the State of Milan submitted to the Duke The Viceroy sent the Duke 400 Lances Commanded by Prosper Colona because he was in great want of Horse and all the Enemies Horse were left entire The rest of the Army remained as before near the River Trebia not far from Placencia Albiano's being prevented joining the French Army made that Victory the easier to be purchased He hearing of the Defeat retired with his Forces which were 1000 Lances 300 light Horse and 5000 Foot most of them base Soldiers That Republick was so streightned for Money they were forced to raise the 10th of Estates and one in the hundred out of all Merchandize Albiano in his march took Lignagno defended by Captain Villada with 200 Men. Thence he marched to attack Uerona but the Garrison sallied and cut off part of his small Forces At this time the two Schismatick Cardinals publickly acknowledged their Crime and Abjured the Schism they had raised and on the 27th of July were received into the Church and restored to their Dignities The Duke of Milan pressed the Viceroy to join him because the French were with all Diligence recruting their Army In 3 days march he came to Sarasina thence he sent the Marquess de Pescara to Genoa as was said before and went himself to relieve Verona before which Albiano still lay Pontevico Ursonova and other Places surrendred as did Bergamo promising some supply of Money The Viceroy went on to Pesquera leaving Mosen Puch at Bergamo to receive the Contribution Renso a Venetian Commander having notice of it and some Intelligence in the Place got into it by Night took the Money and some of Puch his Company he with difficulty saving himself in a strong House The Viceroy took Pesquera which is strong and the Cardinal de Gurce joining him with some German Forces they sat down before Padua about the beginning of August Padua is large and strong and Albiano had thrown himself into it which obliged them to quit the Siege During the Siege in a skirmish Alonso de Carvajal and the Captains Cardenas and Espinosa were taken by the Albaneses Here the light Horse sent to Genoa with the Marquess of Pescara were much missed The Catholick King was now old sickly and worn out with so many Wars and therefore thought of making Peace with France It