Aquisgrane this and the Territory belonging to it was yielded to them but by the Treaty of Nimeguen in 1679. it returned under the Spanish Dominion In this place in 1357. there was a League concluded between Venceslaus Duke of Brabant and Lewis Earl of Flanders Athens Athenae one of the most antient and most noble Cities of Greece the Capital of Attica Built by Cecrops an Aegyptian A. M. 2350. according to Helvicus in 2390. the last of which Accounts precedes the going up of the Children of Israel out of Egypt 64 years It was governed by Kings to the Death of Codrus A. M. 2882. under Archons for Life till 3190. after which it had Archons for ten years till the year of the World 3268. when it became a perfect Republick and had never more any rest or peace till it fell into the hands of the Kings of Macedonia first and afterwards of the Romans About 3430. Xerxes invading Greece the Athenians burnt their own City and sent their Wives and Children into the Islands of the Mediterranean prevailing afterwards against that great Prince they built the City much more gloriously than before The Reputation they gain'd in this War made them great at home amongst their Neighbors till growing proud and injurious their Neighbors became their Enemies so that they fell into the Hands of the Lacedemonians who ruin'd their Walls A. M. 3546. They recovered their Liberty but not their Reputation and in 3613. they fell into the hands of Philip the Father of Alexander the Great who by being made the General of a Holy War became the the Sovereign of all Greece The Romans conquering Perseus the last King of Macedonia A. M. 3782. they became in some sort the Subjects of that Empire yet under the Romans they had a shadow of Liberty till the Mithridatick War when being over-persuaded by Aristion an Epicurean Philosopher they incensed the Roman Powers against them and Sylla in the year of the World 3863. 86 years before the Birth of our Saviour by a Siege reduced them to the necessity of eating Man's Flesh and took the City by storm in the Night This was the Evening of all their Dominion Glory and Liberty But in this Interval between their becoming a free and a subject People they raised themselves to a greater degree of Glory by Learning than ever they could have required by Arms without it Solon who lived a little before the Babylonian Captivity and became the Athenian Legislator about the 3359th year of the World laid the Foundations of this which Socrates Plato Aristotle Xenophon Thucydides Demosthenes Isocrates and the rest that followed raised to such an height that Athens was truly more the Mistress of the World on the account of Arts than ever Rome was on the score of her Arms and tho both their times are past yet Athens being Dead speaketh still in her Philosophers Orators and Historians To pursue her Fate she rose out of her Ashes after the Syllian Ruin by the favour of the Romans and flourished till Alaricus the Goth laid her in the Dust under the Reign of Valens about the year of Christ 378. She recovered again under Theodosius Arcadius and Justinian Eudocia the Queen of Theodosius II. being an Athenian by Birth as Irene the Lady of Leo IV. also was About 1435. Antonius Comnenus Acciajolus was Duke of Athens about 20 years after she fell the second time into the hands of the Turks being taken by Mahomet II. since which last Captivity not only her Flesh but her Skin is wasted and she is become a Skeliton An. 1687. the Venetians having taken Napoli di Romania in the Morea arrived at Port Lione that is the Harbor of this Town formerly called Pyraeus September 21. with the Fleet commanded by General Morosini the Greeks immediately sent their Deputies with the Tenders of their Submission to him The Turkish Garrison being about 600 Men retired to the Castle to make some resistance but were forced to surrender in two or three days after the Besiegers began to play their Batteries tho the Castle was strong seated upon the old Acropolis with Precipices on three sides of it a Wall on the other and 20 Pieces of Canon within About 300 Souls embraced the Christian Religion with the Christian Government The famous Temple of Minerva being made a Magazine for Amunition was set on fire by a Bomb that fell among the Stores in the Attack Some Remains of Lycurgus's Tower of Phidias and Praxiteles's curious Works are yet to be seen And the Athenians excelling all others throughout those Countries in Merchandise and Crafts may be thought to retain some Seeds of their former Politeness still To this City St. Paul Preached the Gospel of Christ and the Resurrection as we read Act. 17. Publius and Quatratus were Bishops of it under the Emperor Adrian the former suffered Martyrdom in the Year 123 and animated great numbers of Athenians by his death to embrace the like with courage and joy The latter together with Aristides presented that Emperour at his coming hither in the Year 126 with an excellent Apology for Christianity Since advanced to an Archbishoprick They reckon about 10000 Inhabitants most Christians in it who have â—oo Churches and divers other Chappels according to the Rites and Customs of the Graecians Now call'd Setino lying in Long. 50. 12. Lat. 38. 51. Athenree or Atherit a City and Barony in the County of Galloway in the Province of Connaught in Ireland More rich and more considerable formerly than now Atherston a Market-Town in Warwick-shire near the River Anker in the Hundred of Hemlingford Athlone Athlona Atlonâ—a is a small Town in the County of Rosecomen in the Province of Connaught in Ireland in the Confines of Leinster seated upon the River Shannon where it comes out of the Lake of Lough Ree 16 Irish Miles from Longford South This Place was the Refuge of the Rebels in the Irish Rebellion who fled thither from Kilkenny in 1650. being pressed upon by other Rebels where they had not much rest the Town being taken by Hewson in 1651. The Strength of it lies in the Castle whither when Douglas with 10 Regiments of Foot and 4 of Horse of the Forces of King William arrived in order to a Siege about the middle of July 1690. the Irish retired burning the Town and breaking the Bridge And at the last he was forced to leave it in their possession But it could not withstand the Army of General Ginckle the year after Athol Atholia is a small County or Earldom in the heart of Scotland between the Mountain Grampus on the West and the Sherifdom of Pertb on the East in which riseth the River Tau the greatest River in all Scotland This County is remarkable for nothing but its Earls which have been great men both in England and Scotland Athos See Agion Oros. Atlantides an antient name given to the People that dwelt about Mount Atlas in Africa Atlas See Aiducal Atri Atria
Brentesia a River in the Dominion of the States of Venice in Italy Brent a Market-Town in Devonshire in the Hundred of Stanborough Brentford the New a Market-Town in Middle-sex in the Hundred of Elthorn so called from the River Brent which falls into the Thames betwixt Henden and Hampsted Hills King Edgar assembled a Council here in 960. In 1016. King Edmund Ironfide obtained a Victory over the Danes at this Place which obliged them to raise the Siege of London And 1644. It was advanc'd to the Honour of an Earldom in the Person of Patrick Ruthen Earl of Forth in Scotland by King Charles I. Brescia Brixia call'd by the French Bresse by the Spaniards Brexa is a City in the Venetian Territories in Italy which is a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Milan aggrandized with the Title of a Duke Marquess and Earl The Capital of the County of Bresciano a large well fortified Place and has a very strong Castle upon a near Hill It lies between the Rivers of Gorza and Mela in a Plain 15 Miles from the Lake of Benaco to the West and 50 from Milan to the South-East built by the Senones and was once under the Dukes of Milan before it sell into the hands of the Venetians The County of Brescio has Verona to the East Bergamo to the West Cremona to the South and the Valtoline and the County of Tirol to the North. It is a great and fruitful Country Breslaw Budorgis Vratislavia Budorigum call'd by the Poles wroclaw is the Capital City of Silesia and of the Dukedom of Breslaw A Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Gnisen in Poland great and well built and once a Free and Imperial City but it was afterwards exempted from the Empire and is now a kind of Free-State It stands on the River Oder towards the Confines of Poland Made a Bishop's See in 1033. About the Year 1000. it was built by Miceslaus Duke of Poland the Cathedral Church was built by Casimirus King of Poland in 1041. Near this place Boleslaus King of Poland was overthrown by Henry V. and forc'd to take an Oath of Allegiance This City lies 35 Miles from Cracow and 40 from Berlin Bresle a small River near Calais in France Bresne a small River near Tours in France Bresse Bressia Sebusiani Populi is a Province of France bounded on the East by Savoy on the West with Lionois on the North with Charolois in the Dutchy of Burgundy and some part of the Franche County and on the South with Dauphine It is a pleasant and fruitful Country and lies between the Soasne and the Rhone Bèllay and Bourg are its chief Towns It belong'd from the Year 1285. to the Dukes of Savoy till 1600. when it was surrendred to Henry IV. of France in lieu of Saluzzes a Marquisate in Italy Brest Brivates a very good Sea-Port in the Dukedom of Bretagne in France which as Scaliger saith was call'd Gesocribate by Ptolomy It lies on the most Western Coast of Bretagne about 50 Leagues from Nantes to the North-West This is the Magazine of the Admiralty of France situated upon the Ascent of a Hill and secured with New and Noble Fortifications both to the Sea and Land The Sea enters into the Gulph of Brest by 4 Ways and the Vessels there are always afloat § Also a Town in the Province of Cujavia in the Kingdom of Poland with a Castle well built in a Marshy Place near Vlaldislaw and the Vistula Here in the Years 1595. and 1620. two Councils were assembled for the Union of the Greek Church of Lithuania with the Latin § The same Name is given to a French Colony in New-France in America Brescici Bressicia call'd by the French Briescio is a small City in Lithuania the Capital of a Palatinate of the same Name It lies between Lithuania Russia and Polachia upon the Bug and has a tolerable good Castle Bresuire a small City in France in Poictou 3 Leagues from Parthenay and as many from Thuray Bretagne Armorica Britannia Minor is a Province of France 70 Leagues long and betwixt 35 and 40 broad containing 9 Bishopricks who are all Suffragans to the Archbishop of Tours In three of these that is Cornouaille S. Paul de Leon and Figuier the Inhabitants entirely speak Briton a Language the same in abundance of words with the Welsh in the other three to wit Nantes Vennes and S. Brieux they speak Briton and French mix'd yet the most ordinary Sort only Briton in the rest they speak all French It is bounded on the East with Normandy and the County of Maine on all other sides with the English Seas upon the South side it has the Loire which divides it from Anjou but yet the County of Raiz which belongs to Bretagne lies on the South side of that River between it and Poictou The Britains were first brought hither from England by Maximus in 389. To which a great Accession was made by the driving out the Britains by the Saxons They erected a Kingdom here in 485. I suppose after the coming of the second Saxon Colonies which lasted till 874. when a lesser Title was taken up with the same Power which continued till 1498. under 28 Dukes when Lewis XII married Anne the Daughter of Francis II. the last Duke of Bretagne who in 1484. had been married to Charles VIII K. of France before Francis I. of France succeeded in the Right of Claude his Wife whose Issue failing the Right fell to the Duke of Savoy but the French kept the Possession § New Bretagne a Province of New-France in America upon the Gulph of S. Lawrence Its Settlements are call'd Brest Belle Isle c. Brewood a Market-Town in Staffordshire in the Hundred of Cudleston The Bishops of this Diocese had their Palace here before the Conquest Bretevil a Town in High Normandy in France upon the River Iton Brianzon a City in the Dalphinate supposed to be one of the highest in the World It is the Capital of the Bailywick of Brainzonnois in Ptolomy call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Antoninus Brigantium in Am. Marcellinus Virgantia The Dure and the Ance the two Sources of the Durance unite below it The Castle stands upon the top of a Rock and is very strong Yet taken from the Leaguers by the Duke de Lesdiguieres in 1590. § Likewise a Village in Provence in the Diocese of Glandeves where they find Numbers of Medals with Inscriptions § And a Castle in the Territory of Tarantaise in Savoy upon the River Isere about 1 League below Moutiers with a Village of the same Name These two last mentioned Brianzon's are also call'd in Diminution Brianzonnet Briare a Town in the Dutchy of Orleans upon the River Loire where the Channel is cut for the Communication of the Loire and the River Seine In 1652. a Battle was fought here betwixt the Army of the King of France and that of the Princes The New Channel takes the same Name in Latin
there Cardaillac a Town and very antient Barony in the County of Quercy in France near Figeac upon the Borders of Auvergne Adanced afterwards to the honour of a Marquisate Cardiff a fine Town in the County of Glamorgan in Wales upon the South Side of the River Taf 2 Miles from the Sea to which belongs a very commodious Haven This Town was fortified with a Wall and a Castle by one Fitz-Haimon a great Man in these parts Here Robert eldest Son to William the Conquerour died after a long Imprisonment It returns one Burgess to the Parliament The Earl of Pembrook has a Seat here Cardiganshire or Caerdiganshire is a County in Wales lying along the Coast of the Irish Sea and taking its Name from Cardigan the Capital of it which returns one Burgess to the English Parliament A Town pleasantly situated within 2 Miles of the River Tivy which divides the County from Caermarthenshire and Pembrokeshire on the South as the Rivers Torvi and Dovi divide it from Merionethshire and Brecknockshire to the East The Tivy is well stored with Salmon Cardona a Castle in Catalonia in Spain built upon a River called the Cardoner where there are several Mines of Salt and which gives the Title of a Duke to the Family de Folch It stands 3 Leagues from Solsona to the South Carelia or Karelen a Province of the Kingdom of Sweden in Finland extended upon the Gulph of Finland Heretofore in part under the Muscovites but now entirely under the Swedes Vibourg is the capital City of it Caremboule a Country on the South of the Island of Madagascar lying betwixt the Divisions of the Ampatres and the Mahafales It is very good Pasturage Carencia a Town of the antient Rugij upon the Coast of the Baltick Sea in Pomerania Heretofore notorious for Three Temples dedicated to Three of the most monstrous and horrible Idols that ever were invented amongst the Heathens Carentan a Town of Normandy upon a River of the same Name 3 Leagues from the British Sea and 4 from Constance to the North which has a very strong Castle It gives the Title of a Viscount And was both taken and retaken in the Civil Wars of that Kingdom Carfagniana Carferoniana Grafiniana a Valley in the States of the Duke of Florence in Italy amongst the Apennine Mountains betwixt the States of Lucca Regio and Modena Cargapol a City of Russia upon the River Onega or Poroga almost 200 Russian Miles from Archangel to the South-West This City gives name to a Province on the White Sea Caridia a small Town and Gulph in the Province of Romania in the Morea about 10 Leagues from Gallipoli upon the Archipelago Heretofore a more considerable place and known to the Antients under the Name Cardiopolis Caria See Aidinelli It may be remembred that a Council of 34 Bishops assembled in this Province in the year 366. rejected the Doctrine of the Consubstantiality of Christ with the Father to approve of the Confessions of Faith made at the Councils of Antioch and Seleucia § Also an antient City of the Morea whose Inhabitants uniting with the Persians in a War once against Greece rendred themselves so odious to their Country that their City was rased their Men put to the Sword and their Women treated with all manner of ignominy Cary Incarus a small Port in Provence in France 3 Miles from Marseille to the West famous for nothing but its Antiquity Cariati Cariatum a City of Calabria Citerior in the Kingdom of Naples upon the Gulph of Tarento which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Santa Saâ—erina from which it lies 20 Miles from the North in Long. 41. 36. Lat. 39. 30. It is small yet gives the Title of a Principality to the Family di Spinella Caribes or the Cariby Islands are a knot of small Islands whose numbers are not certainly known they lie extended like a Bow from the Coast of Paria in America to the Isle of Rico Porto Carignan a Principality and City in Piedmont situated upon the Po which is here covered with a good Bridge betwixt Turin and Carmagnole In a fruitful Soil and defended with a Castle Carin Cyrrhus a City of Syria which had its antient Name from Cyrus the Founder of it first a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Hierapolis afterwards a Metropolis under the Patriarch of Antioch seated upon the River Marsyas now Quars which falls into the Euphrates at Samosat 45 Miles from Zeugma to the North-East and as many from the Euphrates to the West and 25 from Aleppo to the North. Long. 70. 10. Lat. 36. 00. Carinola Calenum a small City in the Province di Lavoro in the Kingdom of Naples which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Capua but the City is almost desolate by reason of the unhealthfulness of its situation It stands at the foot of Mount Massico 4 Miles from the Shoars of the Tyrrheman Sea and 25 North of Naples giving the Title of an Earldom Carinthia called by the Germans Karnten a Province of Germany bounded on the East by Stiermark and the River Lavand on the West with Saltzburg and the River Saltzach on the North with Austria and on the South with Carniola and the River Dravus The antient Inhabitants of this Country were the first in Germany that embraced the Christian Religion It is subject to the Dukes of Austria and being seated in the Alpes is generally barren and mountainous It lies along the Dravus an 100 english Miles and is 47 in breadth Advanced to the honour of a Dutchy It s capital Town is Claghenfutt Carizath a Province of Asia called antiently Hyrcania Carlisse Carleolum a City and Bishoprick under the Archbishop of York seated upon the Rivers Eden Poteril and Caud in the County of Cumberland besides which it is defended by a good strong Stone Wall and on the West side by a large Castle and on the East a Cittadel built by Henry VIII A considerable place in the times of the Romans William Rufus finding it ruined by the Danes rebuilt the Castle and placed a Colony here which in after times became one of the principal Bulwarks against the Scots June 28. 1645 it was yieided to the invading People by Sir Thomas Glemham upon honorrable Terms In 1648. retaken for the King by Sir Philip Musgrave who kept it not long the Rebels over-powering all Long. 21. 31. Lat. 54. 55. Henry I. made it an Episcopal See In the year 1661. King Charles II. dignified this City with the Title of an Earldom in the Person of Charles Howard whose Son Edward enjoys the same at this day It returns two Burgesses to the Parliament Carlingford a Sea-Port in the County of Louth in the Province of Vlster in Ireland about 30 English Miles East of Armagh and 5 North of Dundalk Carlsbourg Caroloburgum a small Town in the lower Circle of Saxony upon the Weser in the Dutchy of Bremen built by the Swedes who at the same time gave it
Leagues from Paris two from Senlis and near a Forrest call'd Chantilly It is one of the most delightful Castles in the Kingdom of France Chaocheu A great City and Territory having Jurisdiction over nine Cities in the Province of Quangtung in China The City is adorn'd with two stately Temples a large Bridge over a Navigable River and is a very trading place Chaoking the Capital City of a Territory of the same Name in the Province of Quangtung in China having ten other Cities under its Jurisdiction It is the Seat of a Vice-Roy and full of Noble Buildings La Chapelle a Town in the Province of Limosin in France Chappel in the Frith a Market Town in Devonshire in the Hundred of High Peak Los Chareâ—s sometimes also call'd la Plata from its Capital City is a Province of the Southern America towards the Pacifick Ocean below the Tropick to the South of Peru. Chard A Market Town in Somersetshire in the Hundred of Kingsbury Charente Carentelus Caranthenus a River of France which ariseth in Limosin and running Westward entereth the Province of Poictou from which it passeth to Angolesine and Sainctes and entereth the Aquitane Sea right over against the Isle of Oleron between the Garonne and the Loire Charenton Carentonium a Town in the Isle of France about two Miles from Paris to the East upon the River Marne where it enters the Seine This Place was allow'd for the Exercise of the Reformed Religion which together with its nearness to Paris made it very famous till the demolishing of that Religion there La Charite A large Town upon the Loire in the Province of Nivernois upon the ascent of a Hill betwixt Nevers and Cosne in France Often taken and retaken in the Civil Wars of that Kingdom Here the Loyre is covered with a good Bridge Charkliqueu A Town in Cappadocia in the Lesser Ajia two Leagues from Tocat standing in a fruitful Country for Wine There is the Rock not far from it which served in the Exile of S. Chrysostom for the place of his retreat much frequented by the devout Christians Charlemont Carolomontium a small but very strong Town in the most Southern Border of the County of Namur upon the River Mose about four Miles South of Dinant and nine from Namur It belonged formerly to the Bishoprick of Liege but was taken into this County and fortified by Charles V. in 1555. by the consent of that Bishop Charlemont an old Castle in the Province of Vlster in Ireland in the County of Armagh surrendred May 14. 1690. to the D. of Schomberg upon Articles for want of Provisions having defended it self for about six Months in the midst of all the Garrisons belonging to the said General to admiration Charleville Carolopolis a new and strong City in Champagne in France upon the Mose in the Territory de Retel between Mezieres and Rocrâ—y built by Charles Duke of Nevers and Mantoua in 1609. five Miles from Sedan For which reason it not only bears his Name but also is substituted in part under the Duke of Mantoua and part the King of France Charleroy a new built strong Town in Namur where the Village of Charnoy stood built by the Spaniards in 1666. and so called from the present King of Spain In 1667. it was taken by the French and in 1679. restored by the Treaty of Nimmeghen to the Spaniards It lies five Leagues from Mons to the East upon the River Sambre Charley a Market Town in Lancashire in the Hundred of Leyland Charles-Town the Principal Town in the Island of Barbadoes built by the English and so called from Charles II. of England of blessed Memory § A considerable Settlement in New-England has received the same Name from the same Excellent Prince it is adorned with a large well built Church and several fair Buildings Charlieu A Town in the County of Charolois in Burgundy which has risen from an Abby call'd Carilocus or Carus locus in the Diocese of Mascon A Council was here celebrated in 926. for the rebuilding of Churches and repairing of the Ruines of the Holy Places in Palestine Chars or Chirsi Chorsa a strong City of Armenia Major mentioned by Pliny as standing near the Fountains of Euphrates It is a Bishop's See and the Residence of the Turkish Bassa who keeps it with a strong Garrison against the Persians It is well fortified and has a fine Castle Charolles Carolia Quadrigellae one of the chief Towns in the County so called in Burgundy upon the River Reconse six Leagues from Cluny and the Loyre It is honoured with a Collegiate Church and some Religious Houses Charroux Karrofium an ancient Abby in the Province of Poictou not far from Berry Du Chesne a French Antiquary says it took this Name according to the vulgar opinion from Chair-rouge meaning the Prepuce of Jes Ch. that was cut from him at his Circumcision and was heretofore preserved as a Relick in this place Chartres Carnutum a City and Bishoprick of the County of Blois in France upon the River Eure eighteen Leagues from Paris to the South-West and sixteen from Orleans to the North. This Bishop was heretofore subject to the Archbishop of Sens but in 1621. was put under the Archbishop of Paris The City is the Capital of the County of Blois and more particularly of a little Territory call'd Chartrain from it self and has a noble Cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary whose Smock is kept here In 1528. it was advanced to the honour of a Dukedom Divers Synods of inferiour Note have been held here It is likewise of good Antiquity and one of the most agreeable Cities of France by the general contribution of all things for that purpose Charybdis the notorious Gulph upon the Coast of the Island of Sicily to the South opposite to Scylla a Rock upon the Coast of Italy to the North made equally known by the common Proverb Bochartus derives the Name from Char-Obdan in the Phoenician Language signifying the hole of destruction They now call it Capo di Faro Chaslus see Chalus Chasteau-Briant a small Town in Brittany nine or ten Leagues from Nantes towards the Confines of the Province of Anjou Some esteem it as the Country of the ancient Cadates in Caesar's Commentaries There is an old Castle standing in it Chasteau-Dun Castelodunum the Principal Town in Dunois in la Beausse in France upon the River Loâ—re nine Leagues from Blois to the North-West The Antients gave it the name of Vrbs clara And indeed we find in the fifth Century that it was a City with the Seat of a Bishop But being a dependant upon the Bishoprick of Chartres a Council soon after deprived it of this honour Chasteau-Gontier a Town upon the River Mayenne in the Province of Anjou in France and the Diocese of Anger 's Divers small Councils have been assembled at it Chasteau-Landon a small Town in the Territory of Gastinois in the Isle of France upon the River Loing between Nemours
Greek Christians who ever since the third Century have been planting their solitary Settlements here So that in the former Christian times this Mountain with Horeb had as many Chappels upon it as employed fourteen thousand Hermits to serve them but the Turks have reduced that number since The Israelites lay encamped a whole year about this Mountain Singara an ancient City in Mesopotamia near a Mountain of the same Name now said to be called Atalis It saw a severe Battel betwixt the Armies of the Emperour Constantius and Sapores II. King of Persia in 349. Singen two Villages upon Rocks almost inaccessible within a quarter of a Mile from one another in the Dukedom of Wirtemburgh in Schwaben in Germany near the Castle of Hoentwiel Sinopi Sinope a celebrated City of Paphlagonia in the Lesser Asia upon the Euxine Sea which is a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Amisum Seated upon a small River of the same Name having two Harbors Built by Macritius a Coan about the year of Rome 125 and fell not into the Romans hands till they had conquered Mithridates who had a Palace here After this it became a Colony In later times subject to its own Bishop from whom it was ravished by the Turks who call it Sinabe It has had yet the good fortune to preserve it self in a tolerable State under those devouring Enemies of Mankind Long. 64. 00. Lat. 45. 00. Valerius Flaccus intimates its ancient Splendor where he says Assyrios complexa sinus stat opima Sinope Diogenes the Cynick Philosopher was its Native Sinuessa an antient Roman Colony in the Campagna di Roma in Italy which Ptolemy calls Soessa and Livy Synope It became afterwards a Bishop's See but is now ruined and Rocca di Mondragone is built in the place of it Baronius refers the Council in 30â— that was held in the affair of P. Marcellinus to this City Sion Sèdunum a City ascribed by Pliny to Gallia Narbonensis now the Capital of Valais and called by the Germans Sitten It is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Moutiers en Tarontaise in a pleasant Plain having only one Hill on the East side on which stand three Castles in one of them the Bishop resides There is a small River runs by it called Sitta which after falls into the Rhosne It stands fifteen Miles from Bearne to the South and fifty five from Geneva to the East The Bishop is the Sovereign of the City Earl of Valais and a Prince of the Empire who for his security is Leagued with the Seven Catholick Cantons of the Swiss the Pretensions of the Duke of Savoy to his Country having formerly occasioned long and bloody Wars The See did reside at Martigny in Chablais till the ruine of that Place and then it came to be translated hither Charles the Great about the year 802 bestowed these great Privileges upon this See Sion a Mountain and Cittadel in the ancient Jerusalem on which a part of that City was built The Knights of the Teutonick Order bore the name heretofore of the Order of our Lady of Mount Sion Sior Siorium a City in Asia the Capital of the Province of Semgad and Kingdom of Corea a Tributary Prince to the Kingdom of China It is seated sixty Leagues from the Southern Borders of that Kingdom upon a great River as Henry Hamel van Gorcum a Dutchman saith who lately published his Travels in this Kingdom This Kingdom lies to the North-East of China in a great Peninsula toward Japan and the Streights of Anian Sipbntum an old Roman Town in the Province called Capuanata in the Kingdom of Naples whose Ruines yet appear at the soot of Mount Gargano two Miles from Manfredonia It had the honour to be made an Archbishop's See but being by the Saracens in the eighth Century Earthquakes and other Misfortunes destroyed the See was removed to Manfredonia The Antients mention it under the several names of Sypus Sepius Sepus Sipontum and Sepuntum The Gulph upon the Adriatick Sea near to it took and retains its name Sirad Sirackz Siradia a City in the Greater Poland which is the Capital of a Palatinate of the same name It stands upon the River Warta six Miles from Vielun to the North twenty from Breslo to the East and forty five from Warsaw to the West Sirmish Sirmich or Zirmach Sirmis Sermium Sirmium a City of the Lower Pannonia in which Probus the Emperor was born Now called Szreim by the Natives and Sirmish by the Germans a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Colocza and the Capital of a County called by its Name in Sclavonia It lies between the Danube to the East the Save to the South Walcowar to the North and Possega to the South This City stands fourteen German Miles from Belgrade to the West about two from the Save to the North and from Esseck to the South at the soot of Mount Almus Now by the Turks reduced to a mere Village formerly famous for two Arian Councils held under Constantius the Emperor one in 351. the other in 357. Socrat. l. 2. c. 25. Long. 43. 05. Lat. 45. 24. Photinus was then Bishop of the Place whom they deposed for a Sabellian In one they omitted the Word Consubstantial in the other they forbad both the Word and the Thing Le Siron Sirio Serio a River of Aquitain in France Situs or Sidrocapsa a City of Macedonia famous for its Silver Mines and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Thessalonica from which it stands fifty five Miles to the East towards Mount Athos Called in the latter Maps Sidrocapse but by Leunclavius Sirus Sisseg Siscia an ancient City of Pannonia and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Colocza Now a Village in Croatia with a Monastery seated upon the Save and the Colaps in the Borders of Sclavonia two Miles from Zagrab or Agram which has robbed it of the Bishops See Under the Emperor Sisteron Segâ—stero Segesteriorum Vrbs Sistarica an ancient City of Gallia Naâ—bonensis now a Bishops See in the Province of Provence in France great and populous built upon the River Durance where it receives the Buech in the Borders of Dauphiné twenty four Leagues from Orange to the East twenty six from Grenoble to the South and from Marseilles to the North-East Sittaw or Zitaw Setuja a City of Germany in Lusatia Sitten See Sion a City in Valais Sittia Cytaeum a City at the North-end of the Isle of Candy called Setia and Sitia which is a Bishops See small but very strong seated in a Peninsula and for the most part surrounded by the See it has a noble large safe Haven the Capital of a County and one of the four Cities of that Island but in Slavery under the Turks Siucheu a Territory in the Province of Nanquin in China Sixenne a Village upon the Borders of the Kingdom of Arragon in Spain famous for a Priory of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem sounded about the year 1188. by Queen
The Poles after many other fruitless attempts recovered it again under Sigismund III. in 1611. after a Siege of two years The Russ besieged it in 1616. and in 1633. to their great loss Being the last time after a years besieging of it defeated by Vladislaus IV. King of Poland who obtained from the Pope the settlement of a Bishops See in it In 1654. it was taken by them October 13. under whom it now is and by a Treaty in 1656. yielded to the Russ It lies one hundred and fifty Polish Miles from Vilna to the East and the same distance from Kiovia to the North. Smyrna a City of Ionia in the Lesser Asia of great Antiquity as laying claim to the Birth of Homer The Turks call it Ismyrna It is an Archbishops See great rich and populous the Seat of a Turkish Sangiack built partly on an Hill partly in a Plain in the form of an Amphiatheâ—re upon the River Mele having a large and secure Haven upon a Gulph of the Archipelago to which it gives name very much frequented by the English and Dutch Merchants to whom alone the present Greatness and Wealth of it is owing The ancient Greeks and Persians went often to War about it Taken by the Venetians in 1344. from the Turks and not retaken till 1428. This was one of the Seven Churches mentioned in the Revelations and almost the only one that is in a tolerable condition See Mr. Wheeler's Travels pag. 240. Long. 55. 30. Lat. 39. 28. An Earthquake and a Fire conspired the same day to do mischief to this City June 13. 1688. They reckon in it besides the Northern Merchants about sixteen thousand Turks fifteen thousand Greeks eight thousand Armenians six or seven thousand Jews The Turks have fifteen Mosques for their Religion the Jews seven Synagogues the Latin Christians three Churches the Greeks two and the Armenians one There is a Convent of French Capuchines with some French Jesuits and Italian Cordelieres Each foreign Nation keeps a Consul here for Commerce which consists in Persian Silks Turkey Leather Camelets Tapistry c. Some curious Ruins of its ancient Magnificent Buildings are yet extant of which and of its Noble Statues many have been thence transported by the English It was heretofore much greater than now The Summer Season would be insupportably hot but for a refreshing Air from the Sea which rises ordinarily about ten in the Morning and blows till Night Provisions are cheap in it The Turks govern it not by a Bassa but a Cady a Civil Officer who uses the Christians obligir gly Snath a Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the Hundred of Osgodcross adjoined by the Tract of Marshland Snetham or Snetsham a Market Town in the County of Norfolk and the Hundred of Smethden seated upon a Rivulet not far from the Sea Soana Suana a small City in the Territory of Siena which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Siena It stands upon a very high Hill near the River La Flore in the Borders of the States of the Chürch forty eight Miles from Siena to the North-East In a declining State and wasted almost to a Village Long. 34. 46. Lat. 42. 11. Pope Gregory VII was born here In 1626. a Synod was held here also Sobrarbe a Tract in Arragon towards the Pyrenean Hills and Catalonia Honoured formerly with the Title of a Kingdom Soconusco a Province in New Spain in South America lying along the Pacifick Ocean Soczow See Suchzow Sodom the Capital of the five miserable Cities of the Plain in Palestine called in one name Pentapolis whose destruction by Fire from Heaven according to the History of the Old Testament Gen. 19 or by an Earthquake vomiting forth a Lake of Subterraneous Sulphur and Brimstone according to Strabo who advances the number of these Cities to thirteen became a Proverb to the World Sodore Sodera an ancient decayed City in the Island of Cholmkill on the West of Scotland and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Glasco in which place there are interred forty eight Kings of Scotland four Kings of Ireland and eight Kings of Norway The Abbey here was built by S. Columbus the Great Apostle of the Northern Nations and from this place the Bishop of the Isle of Man is stiled Sodorensis in Latin Soest Susatum a City in the Circle of Westphalia in Germany in the County of Mark called by the French Soust Once an Imperial Free City but now subject to the Elector of Brandenburg as Earl of Mark Taken by the French in 1673. and afterwards deserted This City in more ancient times was granted by Frederick I. to the Archbishop of Cologne but being too much oppressed by them it put it self under the Protection of the Counts of Mark and this in time turned to a Sovereignty but it has some remains of its ancient Liberty It stands seven German Miles from Paderborne West and Munster South and four from Ham to the East Sofala Zofala a Kingdom in the Lower Aethiopia in Africa in the Country of Cafraria towards the Ethiopick Ocean in an Island in the Mouth of the River Zambez in the Borders of Zanguebaria which takes its name from Sofala a strong City under the Portuguese one hundred and fifty Miles from Zanguebar and three hundred and forty from Mosambique Fifty Miles West of this City there are rich Mines of Gold called the Mines of Manica from which the Portuguese raise a vast Revenue Some have therefore believed Sophala to be the Ophir of King Solomon confirming their conjecture by the Septuagint's Translation of Ophir into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which by an ordinary change of r into l makes Zopheila or Sofala together with this that the people of Sofala pretend to prove from their own Books that the Jews in Solomon's time voyaged to those Coasts from three year to three year to buy Gold and the Country shews several Buildings and ancient Inscriptions in unknown Characters which must be understood to be the Works of Strangers See Ophir The Portuguese call the King of Monomotapa the Emperour of Gold from these and other Mines in his Dominions For Sofala is contained in Monomotapa Sofia Sophia the Capital City of Bulgaria called by the Turks Triadizza which is an Archbishops See anciently called Sardica seated upon the River Boiana at an equal distance from the Borders of Thrace East Servia West and Macedonia South being now a great populous City and the Seat of the Turkish Governour but it has no Walls nor other Fortifications Hoffman calls the River Ciabrum In this place was the greatest General Council of the Ancients held that ever met in 347. In which the Nicene Council by the Arts of Constantius was condemned It stands three hundred Miles from Constantinople to the West one hundred from Thessalonica to the North and two hundred and fifty from Belgrade to the South in the Road to Constantinople Long. 51. 00. Lat. 42. 43. Sogdiana a large
of Holland one League from Leyden which has been adorned with the Title of an Earldom Valdiva a small City in the Kingdom of Chili in South America which has a large and safe Haven on the Pacifick Ocean under the Dominion of the Spaniards though it has been often ruined by the Indians It stands seventy five Leagues from Imperiali to the South written sometimes Baldiva Valence Valentia Julia Valentia Segalaunorum Vrbs a City of Gallia Narbonensis in Ptolemy now called Valenza by the Italians It is a neat populous great City in the Dauphiné and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Vienne upon the River Rhosne eleven Leagues from its Metropolis to the South This Bishoprick was for ever united to that of Dye in 1275. The Bishops take the Title of Earls of Valence In 1452. there was an University opened here The River Isere closeth it on the North and the Rhosne on the West It is the Capital of the Dukedom of Valentinois hath a Cittadel an Abbey and a Collegiate Church besides the Cathedral with a great number of Religious Houses And anciently was a Roman Colony In 374. 584. and 855. Councils were assembled at this City In 890. Lewis Son of Bozon was confirmed King of Arles by the Bishops here met for the purpose There have been more Councils in after times held in the same place § Also a Town in the Province of Guyenne near the Garonne Valenchiennes Valenciennes Vallencenae Valentianae Valentinianae a City of Hainault upon the Schelde where it receives the Ronel which divides it A great strong spruce place two Leagues from Quesnoy to the North five from Tournay to the South and from Cambray to the West Henry VII Emperour of Germany was a Native of it and Baldwin and Henry Emperors of Constantinople In 1656. the French besieged it under the Mareschals Turenne and la Ferte But Don John of Austria assisted with the Prince of Conde raised the Siege and took the latter Prisoner In 1667. it was taken by the French under whom it now is They have since added to its Fortifications It was made an University in 1475. Valencia Valentia Valentia Constetinorum a City and Kingdom in Spain The City is called by the Italians Valenza and stands about a Mile from the Mediterranean Sea forty nine Leagues from Barcinone to the North-West from Toledo to the East and Saragoza to the South Built by Junius Brutus a Roman in the year of Rome 616. Rescued out of the hands of the Moors by Roderic Bivar el Cid in the year 1025. Taken by them again and recovered the second time by James I. King of Arragon in 1236. Made a Bishops See in 1492. by Pope Alexander VI. In Pliny's time it was a great noble elegant City walled with five Bridges over the River Guadalaviar and now the best peopled in all Spain except Lishon and Madrid An University the Capital of a Kingdom and the Seat of its Courts of Justice and a Vice-Roy It has given to the See of Rome two Popes Calistus II. and Alexander VI. The Spaniards proverbially call it Valencia la Hermosa the Beautiful Long. 25. 15. Lat. 39. 55. The Kingdom of Valencia lies upon the Mediteranean Sea Bounded on the East by Catalonia and that Sea on the West by New Castile and by the Kingdom of Murcia to the South The chief Cities in it are Valencia Segorve Orighuella Xativa Elche and Alicante Watered by the Ebro the Mervedre the Guadalquivir and the Xucar so that it enjoys at once the most fruitful Soil and the most pleasant and temperate Air of all Spain much like that of Naples Their Silk and Wooll are the best in the World Their Sheep were first brought thither from Cotswald in England in 1465. by the imprudent Courtesie of Edward IV. In short the Plenty Delicacies and Pleasantness of this Kingdom has esseminated its Inhabitants and made them less able to defend it The ancient Edetani and Contestani dwelt here It became a distinct Moorish Kingdom in 1214. Submitted to Arragon in 1228. Finally conquered by them in 1238. Philip II. banished out of it twenty two thousand Families of the Moors Valeneia d' Alcantara a strong Town in the Province of Extremadura in Spain but in the Borders of Portugal upon the River Savar eight Leagues from Alcantara to the West Taken by the Portuguese and restored to the Spaniard by the Treaty of Peace in 1668. Valencia di Minho a strong Town upon the River Minho in the Kingdom of Portugal which has resisted the repeated Attacks of the Spaniards Valenza Valentia Forum Fulvii or Valentinum a strong Town in the Dukedom of Milan but in the Borders of Montferrat Built upon an Hill by the Po ten Miles from Casal to the East and seven from Alessandria to the North. It was attempted by the French in 1635. and in 1656. with great loss they took it in 1657. The Spaniards were defeated in 1658. in their design of recovering it but gained it by the Treaty of Peace the next year at the Pyrenees and are still in possession of it Valentinois a Territory in Dauphine of which Valence is the Capital It is divided into the Vpper and Lower Valentinois The Upper extends from the River Isere to the Droume the other from the Droume to the County of Venaissin Formerly under its own Counts It became united with Dauphine and the Crown of France in the time of Tewis XI King of France Lewis XII advanced it to the quality of a Dukedom Valette Valetta a new very strong fine populous City in the Isle of Malta Built by Jean de Valette a French Man Master of the Knights of Malta in the year 1566. after the Turkish Siege on the North side of the Island upon a Mountain called Sceb Erras having an excellent Port. The Master of that Order has resided in that City ever since the year 1571. The Castle belonging to it is called S. Elmo La Valette or Villebois a Town in the Dukedom of Angousmois in France Valiza Rhodope a Mountain in Thrace called by the Inhabitants Rulla It divides Thrace into two parts extending from East to West and gives Birth to the River Hebrus and some others Valladolid Pintia Vallisolitum Vallisoletum a City of Old Castile in Spain great elegant and populous upon the River Piznerga a little above its fall into the Douro in the Borders of the Kingdom of Leon of which it was a part Sixteen Spanish Leagues from Burgos to the South-West and twenty from Salamanca to the North-East This City was built by the Goths in the year of Christ 625. Made a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Toledo in the year 159◠Christopher Columbus the first Discoverer of America died here in the year 1506. It was for some time the Seat of the Kings of Castile and now an University of great esteem In this place Philip II. King of Spain by the perswasion of Mr. Parsons a known English Jesuit erected
Saviours Birth This is one of the greatest richest and best peopled parts of the Kingdom of Naples Absorus an Island and City on the Coast of Illyriam mentioned by Hyginus Abugana a Province in the Realm of Angota part of the Dominions of the Grand Negus Abuyo one of the Philippine Islands in the East-Indies between Luzonia and Mindanao in this and the rest the Spaniards have Forts and drive a great Trade with their American Territories Abutich heretofore Abydus a very eminent City of Egypt 22 Miles from Ptolemais to the North it stands upon the Nile Here was the Palace of Memnon and the Temple of Osiris so much celebrated in the ancient Poetry and Mythick History Long. 61. 20. Lat. 26. 50. Abydos a Fortress in Asia opposite to Sestos in Europe on the Hellespont both which are now called the Dardanelli made famous by the Love of Hero and Leander and by the vast Bridge here laid cross the Sea by Xerxes Abyla a Mountain in Afric answering to Calpe another Mountain in Spain on the European side of the Streight of Gibraltar they are usually call'd Hercules Pillars because they were the bounds of his Travels Westward This is now call'd by the Mariners Apes-Hill either corruptly from Abyla or as they say from the multitude of Apes there to be seen Abyso anciently Orinus is a River of Sicily which falls into the Sea between Syracusa and Pachynus or Cape Passaro the most Southern Promontory of that Island Aca Acre Acri or Acon a Sea-Port in Phenicia which was called by the Grecians and Romans Ptolemais the latter fixed here a Colony After the loss of Jerusalem in the times of the Holy War it was the Capital of that Kingdom for some time till being taken by the Moors it was intirely ruined it lies 24 Miles South of Tyrus Long. 66. 30. Lat. 33. 00. From this place the Knights of S. John of Jerusalem removed to Rhodes Acachuma the Achuma of Ptolomy a Town in Ethiopia which the Inhabitants take to have been the Residence of Maqueda Queen of Sheba Acada Sangarius a River of Bithynia Acadinus a Fountain in Sicily where they tried the verity of an Oath by writing it on a Board and throwing it into the Water where if it sunk it betoken'd it to be false Acafran otherwise Celef or Quinalaf a River of Mauritania now called Vetxilef Acamante or Acamas a Promontory on the West side of the Isle of Cyprus at this time known by the name of Crusocco or Capo di S. Epifanio Acanes two Cities of Guinea in Africa one called the Greater the other Acanes the Less Acanthus the antient Name of several Towns and Cities at this time unknown except one in Acarnania now call'd Erisso according to Sophian and another in Egypt now nam'd Bisalta Acapulco a City of New Spain in the Pacific Sea or Mar del Zur near 100 Leagues from Mexico where they usually imbark for Peru and the Philippine Islands Acarnania the antient Name of a Province of Epirus now by Niger said to be call'd Despotato parted from Aetolia by the River Achelous and Mount Pindus heretofore remarkable for the Luxury of its Inhabitants and the Excellency of the Horses there bred § A Town also there was of this Name in Sicily not far from Syracuse mention'd by Tully to have been famous for a Temple there dedicated to Jupiter which Temple was afterwards destroy'd by the Goths Acaxi a City of Japan 25 Leagues from Meaco the Capital City of that Kingdom Acaxulta a considerable Port in New Spain on the Shore of Mar del Zur about seven Leagues from S. Salvador between New Leon and S. Jago de Guatimala Accadia a Province on the North-East Coast of America part of Nova Francia seiz'd by the English and by them called Nova Scotia but return'd to the French upon the Treaty of Breda 1667. § Also a little City in the farther Principate of the Kingdom of Naples Accadie a Peninsula in New France Accara The Name of two Towns in Guinea the Greater and the Less between the River Volta and Fort S. George de Mina Accaraig or Accarig a Town in Peru near the River Parana called also the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Accaron Ekron heretofore a famous City of the Philistins now a poor Village and called by the same Name Accettura a little City in that part of Naples call'd the Basilicate Acci Guadix a City Bishoprick and Colony of Spain in the Kingdom of Granada nine Leagues from Granada East It lies at the Foot of the Mountains not far from the Head of the River Guadalentin it was taken from the Moors in 1489. The Bishop of it is under the Archbishop of Sevil. Accia a City and Bishoprick of the Island of Corsica now ruined and the Bishoprick united with that of Mariana Acdeniz the present Turkish name of the Egean Sea or Archipelago Aceldama a Field near the Valley of Tophet in Judaea to the South of Mount Sion and of the Valley of Jehoshaphat serving for a Burying-place for Strangers and Pilgrims that die at Jerusalem This Name signifying a Field of Blood was given it instead of that of The Potters Field because it was bought with the thirty Pieces of Silver which were the price of Judas his betraying our Saviour Acellaro by some call'd Abisso and Atellari the Elorus of the Antients a River in Sicily falling into the Sea near the Ruines of the old City Elorus Acerenza or Cirenza anciently known by the name of Acherontia a City of the Kingdom of Naples in the County called the Basilicate which is a part of Calabria this City lies upon the River Bradanum at the foot of the Apennine it was formerly an Archbishoprick but the City being in a declining state the See is united to that of Mateola Acerno or Acierno a little City in the Citerior Principality of the Realm of Naples 15 Miles from Salern to the East L'Acerra a City and Bishoprick of the Kingdom of Naples under the Archbishop of Naples and but 8 Miles distant from the Capital City it lies in Terra di Lavoro in the Road to Benevento Acesine a River in Sicily having its rise on the North of Mount Aetna said to be now called Cantara and Alcantara § Also the antient Name of a considerable River in Asia which falls into the Indus famous for the large Canes growing on its Banks § Another there is so nam'd in the Taurica Chersonesus or Przecop Acha Achza a River of Bavaria it flows through the Lake of Chiemeze and falls into the River Inns which last River falls into the Danube at Passaw Achacica Achachica Achiacica a Town of New Spain where there are several Mines of Silver it lies 18 Leagues North from S. Angelo Achaia is taken in a twofold signification either denoting the whole Country of Hellas or Greece still enjoying the same Appellation as well as that of Livadia by which Name also it is now call'd It contain'd the Provinces
not all inhabited Capoua Capua a City and Archbishoprick in the Kingdom of Naples in the Province Di Lavoro at the foot of Mount Tifata 16 Miles North of Naples and 12 from the Tyrrhenian Sea in Long. 38. 04. Lat. 41. 00. A City that was never fortunate and is now declining into ruins It was built by the Lombards upon the River Voltorno and advanced to a Bishoprick by P. John XIV in 968. Two Leagues from the Ruines of the famous antient Capoua that delicious City as they call'd it which compared itself with Rome and Carthage and so debauched the Army of Hannibal with its pleasures in one Winter that they quartered there after the Battle of Cannae that they were not capable of beating the Romans any more In 1118 Pope Gelasius II. held a Council here in which the Emperour Henry V. was Excommunicated together with Gregory VIII an Antipope Cappadocia a Province of Asia Minor bounded to the East by the Lesser Armenia to the South Cilicia to the West Pamphylia and Galatia and to the North by the Euxine Sea It has been twice a Kingdom The first time for 470 years successively till the Romans overcame and changed it into a Province The second from the 12th Century to the year 1461. by the Title of the Kingdom of Trebisonde from the City Trebisonda till Mahomet II. Emperour of the Turks took and carri'd the King prisoner into Greece It is now known by the name of Tocat See Tocat Capraia Capraria Aegilium is a small Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea on the Confines of the States of Genoua between the Coast of Italy to the East and the Island of Corsica to the West to which last it belongs and is therefore subject to the State of Genoua it is 18 Miles in compass and has a Castle for its security against Pyrats full of Mountains but yet not barren nor unpeopled and chiefly abounds in Goats from whence it hath its Name and excellent Wines 36 Miles South from the States of Genoua and 24 from Corsica There is another Island of the same Name in the Adriatick Sea upon the Coast of Apulia and La Palma one of the Canary Islands was antiently call'd Capraria Caprarola a stately and magnificent Palace in S. Peters Patrimony in Italy 25 miles from Rome near Viterbo belonging to the D. of Parma and built in the last Age by Cardinal Alexander Farnese It is particularly remark'd for a whispering Room in it where four Persons at several Corners shall understand the lowest whispers of one to another whilst those in the middle of the Room cannot here a word that is said It is one of the noblest structures in all Italy Capri Caprea an Island belonging to the Kingdom of Naples famous for the Secession of Tiberius Caesar who lived here in great privacy in the latter part of his Reign spending his time in Debauchery and Villany It lies in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the Mouth of the Bay of Naples about 3 miles from the Cape of Campanella and is about 12 in compass The chief Town of it is called by the same Name and is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Amalfi seated at the South End of the Island The Bishops best revenue comes from Quails which twice in the year resort in vast numbers to this Island whence some have called him the Bishop of Quails This Island is much mentioned in the Writers of the Life of Tiberius and other Roman Historians Capsa an antient Town in Libya Interior defended by the Sands and Serpents of the Desarts that environ it on all sides better than any Walls and Ramparts could do say Salust and Florus Carabes Pelusium the most Eastern Mouth of the Nile Carabogaana one of the Names of Moldavia Caragoza Caesar Augusta See Saragoza Caraman Caramania a Province of the Lesser Asia extended from East to West upon the Mediterranean Sea opposite to the Isle of Cyprus this Country had heretofore Princes of its own but has now for many Ages been subject to the Turks it includes the antient Provinces of Cilicia Pamphylia and a part of Caria One of the potentest Viceroys or Beglerbegs of the Turkish Empire takes his Title from this Province tho his Jurisdiction is somewhat larger The principle Cities in it are Cogni Antiochia and Satulia There is another Caramania or Carnania a large Country in Persia bounded on the East with Gedrosia or Circan on the West with Farsi Sublestan to the North and the Gulph of Ormus with the Indian Ocean to the South Containing the Provinces of Guadel Dulcinda and Ormus It is now called Kherman after its capital City which stands upon the River Bessiry The Northern part is rather barren but the middle is blessed with fruitful Vales. Caramit Amida Ammaea the capital City of Mesopotamia which is an Archbishops See upon the River Tigris Heretofore called Constantia from Constantius the Emperour The Romans in this place received a great defeat by the Parthians Long. 75. 00. Lat. 39. 30. according to the latest Maps It is secured with good Walls and 360 Towers Caragues Salvages of Peru in the Province of Quito towards the Coasts of the South Sea Caratcholi or Karakioles a People about the Mountain Caucasus in Asia descended from the Hunns and speaking the Turkish Language Caravacca or Crux de Caravacca so called from a miraculous Crucifix there preserved which they pretend was brought from Heaven by an Angel is a Village amongst the Mountains in the Kingdom of Murcia in Spain near the River Segura upon the Borders of Old Castile Caravaggio a Town in the Dutchy of Milan in Italy upon the Borders of the Bergamasco Where Francis Sforza Duke of Milan gain'd a signal Victory over the Venetians in 1446. Carbury a Town and Barony in the County of Kildare in Ireland and another Town in the County of Cork Carcanossi a fruitful and well cultivated Country in the South of the Isle of Madagascar where the French have established some Colonies not long since Carcassonne Carcassum Volcarum Tectosagum a City and Bishoprick under the Archbishop of Narbonne upon the River Atax l' Aude a little above its confluence with the Fresquel Famous for Cloathing and other mechanick Trades It stands 5 Leagues South of Aleth having a Castle Long. 23. 05. Lat. 42. 40. The Diocese belonging to this City is called Le Comte de Carcassonne the Earldom of Carcassone The antient Earls whereof were great protectors and favourers of the Albigenses Whence One came to be Massacred in the Church at Besiers in 1167. and a Second had his Estate confiscated to the Earl of Monfert by a Decree of the Synod of Mountpellier in 1214. and afterwards of the grand Council of Lateran in 1215. Carcinatus or Carentus the Western Bay of the Euxine Sea which shuts the passage into the Crim Tartary in that Neck of Land which makes it a Peninsula and is defended by the Fort Pericop that gives name to the whole Nation
and the Muses Castanovitza a Castle on the River Vnna which divides Croatia from Bosnia surrendred to Prince Louis of Baden Aug. 14. 1688. Castel Aragonese a strong Town in the Isle of Sardignia Castel-Bolognese a Town in the Province of Romagna in Italy under the Pope betwixt Imola and Faiensa Castel-Durante a Town in the Dutchy of Vrbino in the States of the Church in Italy famous for curious Earthen-ware Castel-Gandolphe a Town in the Campagna di Roma in Italy 12 Miles from Rome where the Pope has a Mansion of pleasure A Lake of the same Name formerly call'd Albano stands on one side of it Castel-Geloux a Town and Bailywick in the Province of Guienne in France upon the River Avance Honoured with a Collegiate Church in which the Dukes of Albret lie interred Castel A Mare or Casell a Mere di stabia Stabiae a City in the Terra di Lavoro in the Kingdom of Naples with an Episcopal See under the Archbishop of Sorrento It has a commodious Port upon the Gulph of Naples The French took it in 1654. Castel A Mare della Brucca an antient City in the Hither Principate in the Kingdom of Naples betwixt St. Severino and the Gulph of Salerno It has been an Episcopal See but not now so considerable as formerly The Antients call it Helia Elea and Hielea Castel-Tornese a small Town built upon a high Ground in the Province of Belvedore in the Morea about 3 Miles from the Sea and not far from Cap Tornese After the taking of Patras and Lepanto this Town surrendred upon the first Summons to the Venetians in 1687. It had 29 Peices of Cannon in it and commands 200 Villages or Forts in the Country thereabouts Castel dell Volturno a City in the Terra di Lavoro in the Kingdom of Naples lately made a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Capoua It stands to the Ocean and is believed to be the Relicks of the antient Volturnum Castellana or Civita Castellana a City of St. Peters Patrimony in Italy with a Bishops See consolidated to that of Otri immediately dependent of the Pope Castellane a Town and Barony in Provence upon the River Verdon amongst the Mountains Since the year 1260. the Inhabitants have rebuilt it nearer to the River because before it stood upon a Rock Castellanetta a City in the Terra di Otranto in the Kingdom of Naples advanced to the Dignity of a Principality besides an Episcopal See under the Archbishop of Taranto Situate upon the little River Talvo about 7 Miles from the Gulph of Taranto between the Cities Matera and Motula Castelnau a small Town in the Tract of Medoc in the Province of Guyenne in France upon a little River which falls into the Garonne over against Blaye § Castelnau de Bretenous a Town and Barony in the County of Quercy in France near the Dordogne § Castelnau de Cernes a Town near Podensac in Guyenne § Castelnau de Manes a Town near Bazas in the same § Castelnau de Montratier a Town in Quercy near Cahors upon a little River falling into the Tarn Castelnau Darry a Town in Languedoc near to which was deseated and taken the Duke of Montmorency in 1632. not long after beheaded at Tholouse It is the Capital of the County of Lauragais betwixt Tholouse and Carcassone In Latin Castellum Arianorum or Castellavium Auracium Castel-Sarazin a low but strong Town upon the Frontiers of Languedoc and Quercy in France a little below the Confluence of the Tarn and the Garonne Of great Fame in the Wars of Charles Martell with the Sarazens and thence comes its adjunct Name of Sarazin Castiglione a Town in the the Province of Carfagnana in Italy in the States of the Republick of Lucca § A second in the Hither Calabria dignified with a Principality § Castiglione Mantuano a Town in the Mantuan towards Verona § Castiglione delle Stivere the Principal Town of a little Territory upon the Frontiers of the Mantuan advanced to the Dignity of a Principality It is a strong place betwixt Mantoua and Brescia belonging to the Duke of Mantoua Castile Castella a Kingdom in Spain which when largely taken is the greatest of all the Kingdoms in that Country as containing under it the Kingdoms of Leon Gallicia Andalusia Navarre Murcia Biscay Granada and Extremadura It being the most prevailing Kingdom in that Continent to which the rest are united by Marriages or Conquests Yet was it at first but an Earldom belonging to the Kingdom of Leon and was made a Kingdom in 1016 under Ferdinando Bounded on the East with Navarre on the West with Portugal on the North with Biscay Guipiscoa and the Asturias and on the South with Andalusia Extremadura and Granada It is divided into the Old and the New Castile whereof the Old Castile lies more North the New more South arising out of the New Conquest of the Kingdom of Toledo and other Accessions gain'd from the Moors which is also more fruitful than the Old Castile Burgos is the Capital of the Old Madrid and Toledo the chief of the New Long. 12. Lat. 39. Castile D'Or or New Castile a large and fruitful Country in the Southern America containing the Noble Provinces of Panama Carthagena Vraba Venezuela Comana New Andaluzia and New Granada Bounded on the East with Guyana and the Caribes Country on the West with the Pacifick Ocean on the South Peru and the Kingdom of the Amazons and on the North with the Northern Ocean It was first discovered in Columbus's third Voyage to America by some of Castile who therefore call'd it Castile Nuevo and finding Mines of Gold in it particularly in the Province of Vraba they added the Name of Castile d'Or The great Rivers Orenoque and Darien water it besides others The Spaniards have not been able to reduce the Natives entirely to this Day Pearl also is found upon the Coasts Castillon a Town in Perigord in the South of France near the Dordogne where the English were defeated and their General slain in 1451. by which Victory Charles VII recovered the County of Guienne Castle-Carey a Market-Town in Somersetshire in the Hundred of Cattesash Castlenovo or Castel-Novo a Maritime Town in Albania upon the Gulph of Cattaro surrendred to the Venetians after a Months Siege October 1. 1687. in whose possession it had been reposed in antient times The Spaniards enjoy'd it in the Reign of Charles V. till it was taken from a Garrison of 4000 of them Anno 1539 by Barberoasse that great Admiral who from being a Pirate and the Son of a poor Renegade Greek of Lesbos became the most esteem'd Sea Commander that the Ottoman Empire ever employed The Turks having been Masters of this Place for 148 Years last past had long infested the Adriatick Sea with Piracies from it § There are divers Towns of small Note in Italy that carry this Name As Castelnovo Tortonese in the Milanese Castelnovo di Carfagnana under the Duke of Mantua c. Castle Rising a
composing in conjunction with Tangier a Bishoprick under the Arch-Bishop of Lisbonne Ceylan see Zeilan Chablais a small Province of Savoy North of the Lake of Geneva with the Province of Velay to the the East Fousigny to the South and Genevois to the West being part of the Country of the ancient Andates or Nandates and the Veragrii mention'd by Caesar The Romans call'd it Provincia Equestris and Caballica from their breeding up of Horses in it whence Chablais comes to be formed by a Corruption The famous St. Francis de Sales taking great pains to reduce the Calvinists here to their old Religion again carries therefore the Name of the Apostle of Chablais Chabli a Town in the Tract of Senonnois in France towards Auxerre and Tonnere made remarkable in 841. by a bloody Battle fought at Fontenay near it betwixt the Children of Lewis the Debonnaire Now for good Wine Chabria or Cilabro Chiabrius a River of Macedonia falling into the Thermaicus Sinus or the Gulph of Salonichi betwixt Cassandria and Salonichi Chaeronea is a City of Boeotia upon the River Cephissus on the Eastern side of Mount Helicon North-West of Athens memorable for the Ruine of the Grecian Liberty in the Defeat of the Athenian Forces by Philip of Macedonia A. M. 3612. and also for the Birth of Plutarch Now not inhabited but the Ruines are known by the former name Chagford a Market Town in Devonshire in the Hundred of Wonford Chagra a River between the South and North of America upon which the Merchandises bound for Panama and Peru do pass The Mouth of it on the North Sea being guarded by a Spanish Fort. It is thought a communication might easily be made between the two Seas by the means of this especially with other Rivers that fall into the Pacifick A Town of the same Name with it stands upon its Banks In 1670. the English Bucaniers went up it in their Canoes to plunder Panama Chaibar a River in Arabia which ariseth twenty five German Miles West of Jamama the Capital of Arabia and passing by Chaibar and Tajef falls into Eda According to some judgments this is the Chobar of the Prophet Ezekiel Chalcedon a City of the Lesser Asia in Bithynia which was a Bishop's See under the Patriarch of Constantinople and of great Antiquity much celebrated in ancient History but now reduced to the meanness of a poor Village call'd by the Turks Calcitinâ— it stands on the Mouth of the Propontis over against Constantinople Some believe that Scutaret is grown out of the Ruines of this City This City is particularly remarkable on the account of the fourth General Council here celebrated in 451. In which it had the honour to be advanced to the Title of a Metropolitan Church According to Strabo and Eusebius this City was built in the sixty ninth year of Rome that is 685. before Christ Longitude 56. 15. Lat. 43. 15. Chalcis the ancient Name of the Island and Town of Negropont § Also a Town in Aetolia in Greece with another in Syria occurring in the Writings of the Ancients but now unknown Chaldaea and Chaldei See Curdistan Chalons sur Marne Civitas Catalaunorum a City and Bishoprick under the Archbishop of Rheimes in the middle of Champagne upon the River Marne seven Miles from Rheimes to the South-East and twelve from Troyes to the North-West It is well fortified and built standing in a large Plain in which Attila lost 200000. men in a Battle with Aetius the General of the Romans Meroveus King of France and Theodorick in the year 451. The Bishops are Earls and Peers of France Chalons sur Sone Cabillonum Cabillo Aeduorum a City and Bishoprick upon the Sone in Burgundy in France 15 Leagues from Dijon to the South and the same distance from Thoulon to the West The Bishoprick is a Suffragan to the Archbishop of Lyons There are numbers of Inscriptions Vessels Statues and the Reliques of ancient publick Buildings to be seen here In 1562. the Huguenots made themselves Masters of it It has been new fortified since gives the Title of an Earl and is the Capital of a little Territory called Chalonnois or la Bresse Chalonnois Chalus or Chaslus Castrum Lucis a Town in the Province of Limosin in France towards the Borders of Perigord betwixt S. Hirier and Limoges Richard I. King of England dyed of the Wound of an Arrow that he received at the Siege of the Castle of this place then belonging to Widomare Viscount of Limoges in 1199. The occasion of which Siege see in Daniel's Life of Richard I. Chamb Chambum a small Town and Territory in the Vpper Palatinate upon the River Regen seven Miles East of Regenspurgh something more than five Miles North of Straubing This Town with the Territory annexed makes an Earldom which belonged heretofore to the Count Palatine of the Rhine but by the Treaty of Westphalia was given to the Duke of Bavaria who to this day enjoys it Chambery Civaro Chamberiacum the Capital City of the Dukedom of Savoy and the Seat of the Parliament of that Dukedom It stands upon the River Laise in a Plain ten Miles from Grenoble to the North-East well built and beautified and defended with a good Castle Chambray see Cambray Chamen Vrbs Chamavorum a City of Westphalia Champagne Campagnia a great rich fruitful populous Province in France bounded by Lorain to the East the Low-Countries to the North Picardy la Brie and the Isle of France to the West and Burgundy to the South The Earl of this County being an Earl Palatine was always one of the twelve ancient Peers of France It is watered or bounded by six of the greater Rivers of France viz. the Seine the Aulde the Marne the Vere the Meuse and the Vannes The Principal Cities are Chaumont Rheimes c. Amongst which there are four Episcopal and two Archiepiscopal See Champ Arrein a small Town near Bourdeaux where Charles the Great defeated the Goths Chanad a City of Hungary See Gyngisch Changcheu two populous and Large Cities in China with Territories of the same name belonging to them having Jurisdiction the one in the Province of Fokien near the Sea oveâ— Nine the other in the Province of Nanking over Four Cities The first is watered by the River Chanâ—s the latter by the Kiang and adorned with divers triumphant Arches Changte two great Cities and Territories adjacent in China having under their Resort the one in the Province of Honan six the second in the Province of Huquang three Cities This last excels the fertility of the other Changâ—a a great City and Territory having Jurisdiction over ten Cities in the Province of Huquang in China watered with divers Rivers and Lakes The Mountain call'd Jumo yielding great quanties of Isinglass stands here Chanry or Chanonry a fine Town and Port on the Eastern Shoar of Scotland in the County of Ross on the North of Murray Fyrth Chantilly a beautiful and ancient Seat belonging to the Prince of Conde eight
and Montargis Chasteau-du-Loyre A Town upon the Loyre in the Province of Maine five or six Leagues from Mans with the Title of a Barony It belongs to the Demesnes of the Crown Chasteau-Meliand a small Town and Chatellany in the Province of Berry in France remark'd particularly for its Castle and a Tower said to be built in the time of the Romans Chasteau-Neuf A Town in the small Territory of Timerais within the Province of Perche in France with others of the same Name in Anjou Berry Bresse c. whereof nothing particular Chasteau-Pelerin a Fortress ten Miles from Caesarea upon the Sea Coast in the Holy Land built for the security of the Christian Pilgrims that travel'd to Jerusalem and in the year 1217. enobled with a Palace which the Templars erected for the service of their Grand Master It has been since neglected and nigh ruin'd Chasteau-Porcien A Town and Principality upon the River Aisne in the Territory de Retel in Champagne below Rhetel It was advanc'd to the Dignity of a Principality by Charles IX in 1561. Chasteau-Regnard a small Town in the Territory of Gastinois in France upon the River Ouaine two Leagues from Montargis Chasteau-Regnaud a little Sovereignty upon the Meuse in Champagne in the Territory of Retelois two Leagues from Charleville The Town is fortified and the Title now born by Monsieur Chasteau-Regnaud the French Admiral who engaged Admiral Herbert at the Bantry in 1689. May 1. Chasteau-Rous a Town in Berry upon the River Indre between Bourges and Blanc Lewis XIII advanced it to the quality of a Dukedom and Peerdom in 1616. It is a considerable large Town with a good Castle and divers publick Buildings In Latin Castrum Rufum and Castrum Rodulphium § Also a City and an Episcopal See in the Island of Negropont by the Ancients call'd Carystus by the Italians Castel rosso The famous Carystium Marmor comes from hence Chasteau-Thierry Castrum Theodorici a City in the Isle of France four Leagues South of Chastres It stands upon the Marne in the Confines of Champagne and is a heat City and a Dukedom beautified with a Castle and divers Churches Baudrand placeth it in Brie twenty Leagues from Paris to the South Chastel-Chinon a small Town in the Province of Niverhois in France near the River Jonne towards the Confines of Burgundy Chastellet Castelletum a Town in Namur upon the River Sambre six Miles West of Namur There is another Town of the same Name in Picardy at the head of the Scheld three Leagues from St. Quintin North. This latter has been fortified being a Frontier Town but in 1674. it was dismantled Chastel-herault a Town upon the River Vienne in the most Eastern Border of Poictou seven Miles from Poictiers to the North-East Francis I dignified this Town in 1514. with the Title of a Dukedom and Peerdom It was often taken and retaken in the French Civil Wars Chastillon sur Indre a small Town in the Province of Touraine some say Berry in France upon the said River § Chastillen sur Loing a handsom small Town in the Territory of Gustinois in France about 4 Leagues from Montargis upon the River Loing § Chastillon sur Loyre a Town in the Province of Berry below Cosne upon the Loyre § Chastillon sur Cher is in the same Province towards the Confluence of the Sandre and the Cher. § Chastillon sur Marne A handsome small Town in Champagne with a Chatellany thereunto belonging between Espernay and Chasteau-Thierry There is a noble and ancient Family deriving their Name from it § Chastillon sur Seyne a pretty Town in Burgundy between Alseile-Duc and Bar-sur-Seyne divided in two by the River that distinguishes it from all the foregoing La Chastre A great Town upon the River Indre in the Province of Berry in France between S. Severe and Chateau-Roux imparting its Name to a considerable Family of that Kingdom Chatham a long thoroughfare Town in Kent in Aylesford Lath upon the Bank of the Medway and near Rochester It is the principal Station of the Royal Navy of England and therefore well provided with Storehouses and a Dock for the building and equipping of the same Chatzan a Town in the Kingdom of Hajacan in the East Indies within the Dominions of the Grand Mogul not far from the conjunction of the Rivers Behat and Nilab Chaumont en Uexin Calvomontium a Town in that part of the Isle of France call'd Vexin upon a small River about five Miles West of Beauvais which has a ruined Castle Chaumont sur Marne called Vexin-Francois a very fine Town in Champagne five Leagues South-West of Joinville and about the same distance from Grand to the West This was first walled in 1500. and has received its growth from the hands of three Kings Lewis XII Francis I. and Henry II. Chauni Calniacum a small Town and Chatellany in the Government of the Isle of France upon the River Oise between Noyon and la Fere. It belongs to the Crown Chaxan a City in the Territory of Chingyang within the Province of Huquang in China The Mountain Nuiqua famous for a Temple that is built upon it in honour of a Woman a pretended Prophetess amongst the Chinese stands near it Cheadle a Market Town in Staffordshire in the Hundred of Totmonslow Checkley a Market Town in the same County and Hundred preceding upon the River Teane Chekiam a Province of China which has Nankim on the North and the River Kiam Kiamsi on the West Fokien on the South and the Chinian Ocean on the East the principal City is Hamcheu it contains eleven Cities sixty three walled Towns and 1242135. Families It lies between 27. and 32. deg of Lat. Chelles a Town in the Isle of France near the Marne famous for a Nunnery founded in 662. by the Queen Bathilde It had heretofore a Royal Mansion also standing in it Chelmer a River in Essex on which Maldon is situated Chelmesford Caesaromagus a Town in Essex twenty five Miles North of London Chelo A Fort in the Province of Junnan in China Chelsey a place deserving particularly to be remark'd for the Magnificent and most Delightful Hospital begun by King Charles II. continued by King James II. and now perfected for the refuge and maintenance of disabled poor and Veterane Soldiers here This being such a stately Pile as to surpass by confession in divers respects the famous Hotel des Invalide at Paris It s situation near London is better known than that we should need to mention more Cheltenham a Market Town in Glocestershire and the Capital City of its Hundred Chemnis an Island of Egypt mentioned by Herodotus Apollo had heretofore a Temple in it The people used to believe that it floated § We find mention made in Herodotus of a great City also of this Name near to Nea in the Country of Thebes Chepstow a fine Market Town on the River Wye on the Eastern Border of the County of Monmouth in Wales It is fortified with a
Redoubts with sixty thousand men within it and one hundred Cannon whereupon the Duke retreated June 20. and repassed the Drave at Siclos See Mohatz After the unfortunate taking of Belgrade by the Turks October 1690. they set down immediately with an Army of fifteen thousand Men before this Place but retired without Success Essedones or Issedones an ancient People of Scythia whose Capital Town was Issedon now called Caracoran Herodotus says of them that they used to eat the dead bodies of their Parents reserving the head to be set in Gold and made the object of their annual Sacrifices Essekebe or Esquib Essequebia one of the principal Rivers of South America It ariseth in Guiana near to the Lake of Parime and running Eastward to improve its Streams by the addition of many smaller Rivers it falls into the North Sea near Meapuer In Long. 318. The Dutch who have many Plantations upon it call it by this name Essex Essexia is a County in the East of England inhabited heretofore in part by the Trinobantes bounded on the North by Suffolk and Cambridgeshire on the West by Hartford and Middlesex on the South by Kent and on the East by the German Sea The principal City in it is Colchester This Country is very fruitful full of Noblemen and Gentlemens Houses The principal Rivers which water it are the Stour that divideth it from Suffolk the Thames from Kent the Ley from Middlesex and the Little Stour from Hartfordshire which besides their fruitful Meadows and the convenience of Carriage afford it plenty of Fish besides these there is the Ill the Crouch the Chelme the Blackwater and the Colne which arise and fall within this Country and many of them are great Rivers There are many smaller ones whose Names cannot be taken in here This County gave the Title of Earl to the Families of the Mandeviles the Bohuns the Bourchiers Thomas Lord Cromwell William Lord Parre before it came to the D'Eureuxe's Robert d'Eurex Viscount Hereford General of the Parliaments Army against Charles I. dying Septem 13. 1646. and his Son Robert an Infant before the Restitution of Charles II. Arthur Capel Baron of Hadham was created Earl of Essex and Viscount Malden April 20. 1661. and made Lord Lieutenant in Ireland in 1672. He perished miserably in the Tower His Son then an Infant succeeded him in this Honor. Esslingen See Esling Essone Exona a small River and Village in the Isle of France The Town stands five Miles from Paris to the South-West and one from Corbeile to the West Estampes Stampae a Town and Dutchy in Beausse in France The Town stands upon a River of the same Name ten Leagues from Paris to the South and sixteen from Orleans to the North mentioned in Georgius Turonensis Aimonius and other French Historians It is placed on the Some at the Confluence of another small River which is sometimes called l'Yone and sometimes La riviere d'Estampes There is a Collegiate Church and divers Religious Houses standing in it but the Castle was ruined in 1652. This Town was created first an Earldom in 1327. by Charles IV. King of France Then a Dukedom in 1536. by King Francis I. And has been many times honoured not only with French Synods but with the Assemblies of the States The Huguenotts took it by Scalade in 1567. Estaples Stabulae Stapulae a Sea-Port-Town in the County of Boulogne in Picardy sixteen Miles North of Dieppe and ten from Calais South Este or Est Ateste a Town in the Dominion of the State of Venice mentioned by Pliny and Tacitus which was once a Bishops See under the Patriarch of Aquileia It stands in the District of Padua upon the little Medoacus or the River Bachiglione which washing the Walls of Vicenza and Este falls into the Venetian Gulph twelve Miles from Padua to the South The Dukes of Modena in Italy of which Illustrious House Mary Consort to King James II. is take their Name from this Place who were before a great while Dukes of Ferrara Modena and Regio Now only of Modena See the History of the Family of Este written in Italian by Jean Baptistâ— Pigna and in English by Mr. Crawford Esteing an ancient Barony in the Province of Rouergne in France since advanced to an Earldom It gives Name to an Honourable Family that by the concession of Philip the August in the year 1214. as a reward for the noble actions of one of their Ancestors bears the same Coat of Arms with the Crown Estella or Stella a small City in the Kingdom of Navarr upon the River Ega where it receives the Vreder eight Miles from Pampelona to the South and the same from Calahorra to the North. Built in the year 1094. It is the Capital of the Territory called la Merindada de Estella Esten Esthonia a considerable Province in the North of Livonia heretofore under the Poles but now the Swedes It lies between the Sinus Finnicus a part of the Baltick Sea to the North Lettonia Liefland to the South the Bay of Riga to the West and Ingria a Province of Russia to the East the chief City in it is Revel the Capital of this Province which is sometimes called Eastland Estepa Astapa a City or great Town in Andalusia in Spain seated upon a Hill in the Confines of the Kingdom of Granada about twelve Miles from Malaga to the North and seventeen from Sevil to the South-East This sprung out of the ruines of Astapa an old Iberian City or Phoenician Colony which being besieged by Marcellus a Roman General the Inhabitants burnt themselves with their Wives and Children and all they had that they might not fall into the hands of the Romans as Livy saith Cstoiteland Estotilandia a great Tract of Land in the North of America towards the Actick Circle and Hudson's Bay having New France on the South and James's Bay to the West This is a part of Canada now commonly called New Britain and Terra Laboratoris The first of the American Shoars which was discovered being found by some Friesland Fishers that were driven hither by a Tempest almost two hundred years before Columbus In 1390. Nicolas and Antonius Zeni two Brothers that were Venetian Gentlemen at the Charges of Zichini King of Friesland took a view the second time of these Shoars John Skoluo a Polonian in 14â—6 about eighty six years after the first discovery sailing past Norway Greenland and Friesland and entering into the Streight beyond the Artick Circle arrived at this Country Which is Mountainous overgrown with Woods full of all manner of wild and savage Beasts and only known as to the Shoars but yet the Soil is fruitful Hofman Estouteville a Town in the Vpper Normandy in France advanced to the quality of a Dukedom by King Francis I. in 1538. There is a Noble Family deriving their Name from it Estremadura Extremadura is a Province of the Kingdom of Portugal at the Mouth of the Tagus upon the Western Ocean bounded on the North
a Market Town in the County of Suffolk in the Hundred of Risbridg not far from the head of the River Stower Havessen Cimmeriorum Populi a Province in Georgia upon the Caspian Sea as Ortelius conjectures from the Description of Haiton the Armenian But not being called by this Name by our later Travellers it can be no further described here Havre de Grace Portus Gratiae a strong Sea-Port Town in Normandy in France which has a well fortified Castle and an excellent Haven Seated at the Mouth of the Seyne in the Païs de Caux eighteen Leagues beneath Roan to the West fifteen from Caudebec and almost twenty from Dieppe to the South upon the Shoars of the British Seas over against Shorham in Sussex This Town was in 1563. put into the hands of Q. Elizabeth by the Protestants of France then ingaged in War against their King as a Cautionary Place a Peace was soon after concluded without any regard taken of that Princess or her Interest by those she succoured And not contented with this both Parties joyning against the English then commanded by the Earl of Warwick besieged the Town which being surrounded with Enemies without and wasted by the Plague within was forced in a short time to surrender to the French It is now one of the Keys of that Kingdom Haut-Combe a Village in the Principality of Savoy one League distant from Bellay where there is an Abbey of Cistercians and a remarkable Fountain which twice in an hour ebbs and flows Haut-Riue Alta-Ripa a Town in Languedoc upon the River Auriege Alburacis which ariseth in de Foix from the Pyrenean Hills and falls into the Guaronne four Miles from Tolouse to the South Haux Halla See Hall in Hainault Hawkeshead a Market Town in Lancashire and the Hundred of Loynsdale in a hilly and wooddy Country Hay a Market Town in the County of Brecknock in Wales in the Hundred of Talgarth La Haye Haga Com. See Hague Haye du Routol Haga Brotona a Village in the Forest of Routal in France La Haye en Touraine Haga Turonica a Town in Touraine upon the River Crausia Creuse ten Leagues from Tours to the South in the Confines of Poictou three Miles from Noyers to the East where the Creuse falls into the Vienne This Town gave Birth to des Cartes the famous modern Philosopher who died at Stockholm in Sweden in 1650. And it is besides remark'd with the Title of a Barony Hayâ—sham A Market Town in the North Riding of Yorkshire in the Hundred of Bulmer Haynan or Hainan an Island upon the Coast of the Province of Quangtung in China abounding with fine Woods Forests and Fruits and Mines of Gold and Silver It s capital City is Kiuncheu which with twelve other Cities lying upon the Sea Coast belongs to the Emperor of China whilst the inland parts remain under the possession of the Natives Upon the Northern Coast of this Island they find much Pearl Hayne See Haisne Haynburgh by corruption Hamburgh Comagenum a small Town in the Lower Austria on the Confines of Hungary upon the Danube six German Miles from Vienna to the East and three from Presburg West near which are the Mountains of Kâ—â—nberg called heretofore Comagenus Mons. This Town is remarkable for nothing but its Antiquity having been a Roman Town Hea a Province of the Kingdom of Morocco in Barbary bounded by the River Ecifelmeli to the East the Mountain Atlas to the South and the Ocean to the North and West Headon or Heydon an antient Borough Town in the East Riding of Yorkshire in the Hundred of Holderness upon a small River near its fall into the Humber and a few Miles East of Hull whose rise has occasioned the decay of this place It has the Election of two Parliament Men. Hebal or Ebal a Mountain of Palestine in the Tribe of Ephraim from whence Joshua pronounced a multitude of Curses upon the Violaters of the Jewish Law Some make it to be but a part of Mount Gerizim Hebrides the same with the Ebudae Hebron an antient and famous City of the Holy Land in the Tribe of Juda near to which the Patriarch Abraham did abide It was the Capital of the Country of the Philistines and afterwards taken by Joshua and given to Caleb his General David retiring to it after the death of Saul came to be elected King here and made it his residence seven years till the taking of Jerusalem It had the honour to be advanced to an Episcopal See when Christianity was re-established in Palestine but now almost ruined Hecatompylis a Name antiently given to the Cities Thebes Haspaam c. from their having 100 Gates Hecâ—a a burning Mountain in Island near the City Schalholt in the South part of the Isle The Natives call it one of the mouths of Hell It vomits Floods and Rivers of Fire like Aetna and Vesuvius notwithing its nearness to the Polar Circle Hegow Hegovia a small Territory in the Circle of Schwaben between the Lake of Zell or the Zeller Sea to the East and Schwartzwaldt or the Black Wood to the West not above six German Miles in length In part under the House of Austria and in part under the Duke of Brandenburgh Heidelburgh Edelberga Budoris Heidelberga The chief City of the Palatinate of the Rhine seated in a Plain at the foot of an Hill upon the River Necker which is covered here with a woodden Bridge This is a great well peopled place and the usual Residence of the Elector Palatine who has here a noble and magnificent Castle built upon an Hill It stands three Miles from Spires to the North-East ten from Franckfort upon the Main to the South and twenty from Vlm to the North-West Said to be a Fee of the Bishoprick of Worms and that it was granted to Lewis Count Palatine in 1225. by Henry Bishop of VVorms Robert Count Palatine afterwards Emperor in 1392. as Marquardus Freherus saith much enlarged it and joined the Village of Berghimb to it as a Suburb Rupertus Count Palatine in 1346. opened here an University and endowed it with great Privileges In 1622 this City was taken by the Spaniards and plundered and the Noble Library which the Princes Palatine had collected was sent to Rome In the long Swedish War it was taken and retaken several times till at last in 1649. by the Treaty of Munster it was restored to its former Master In 1688. October 25. both the City and Castle were surrendred to the French This City is supposed to be the Budoris of Ptolemy and was in ancient times the Seat of the Vangiones Heiden Heida a Town in Holstein Heidenheim Ara Flavia a Town in Schwaben Herâ—a Hela a Town in Prussia Polonica upon the Bay of Pautzkerwick almost encompassed by the Baltick Sea It stands four German Miles from Dantzick to the North burnt in 1572. by an accidental Fire but since rebulit Heilichlandt Actania Saxonum Insula a small Island belonging to the Duke of Holstein six Miles
the Sepulchre which till then had been reverenced by all Men but Jews Ever since this it has been in the Possession of the Mahometans as they at times prevailed one upon another It continued under the Sultans of Egypt till 1517 when Selim Emperor of the Turks took it from them and under this Family it is at this day called by the Turks Elkods that is the Holy City It is at this day the principal Place in Palestine seated saith Mr. Sandys on a rocky Mountain every way to be ascended except a little on the North with steep Descents and deep Valleys about it which do naturally fortifie it for the most part it is environed with other not far removed Mountains as if placed in the midst of an Amphitheatre On the East is Mount Olivet separated from the City by the Valley of Jehosaphat which also circleth a part of the North and affords a passage to the Brook of Kedron on the South is the Mountain of Scandal with the Valley of Gehinnon on the West formerly it was fenced with the Valley and Mountain of Gthon Mount Sion lay within the City which stood upon the South side of it on the East side of this Mountain stood the famous Temple and between the City and the Temple the King's Palace Mount Calvary which formerly lay without the City to the North-West is now well nigh the heart of it the visiting the Holy Sepulchre being the almost only reason why Jerusalem at this day has any being The Inhabitants of it are not many for the most part Monks and Religious Persons of all Nations miserably oppressed by the Turks who seek all opportunities to impoverish and injure them This City stands forty Miles from Joppe and the Mediterranean Sea a hundred and sixty from Damascus to the South three hundred from Grand Cairo to the North-East and four hundred from Alexandria commonly believed to have been built by Melchisedech and called Salem from him It had divers Names of old expressed in this Distich Solyma Lusa Bethel Hierosolyma Jebus Elia Vrbs sacra Jerusalem dicitur atque Salem For above eleven hundred years together this City was the Queen of the East None ever so sacred yet none ever hath suffered greater Profanations than it The Emperor Titus erected a Temple here to Jupiter Capitolinus and Adrian in derision both of Judaism and Christianity engraved a Swine upon the Gate of Bethlehem dedicated a Chappel to Venus upon Mount Calvary another to Jupiter in the place of our Saviour's Sepulchre and a third to Adonis in Bethlehem all which continued till the Reign of Constantine the Great See Bethlehem and Calvary The Church of Jerusalem is the Mother of Christendom sanctified by the Death of Christ the Descent of the Holy Spirit the Preachings of the Apostles a General Council of the Apostles in the year 49 or 50 and the Martyrdom of S. James its first Bishop The Council of Nice allowed this Church the style and dignity of a Patriarchate tho at the same time subjecting it in point of Jurisdiction to the Bishops of Caesarea But in 553. in the fifth General Council or the second of Constantinople that Subjection was reversed and not only the See of Caesarea but Scythopolis and Berytus were made subject to this Church After Christianity received its Restauration by the Arms of Godfrey of Bouillon Jerusalem bore the Title of a Kingdom which continued from the year 1099 to 1187. in the Persons of about eight Christian Kings from the said Godfrey with possession of the Lands and Rights of a Crown But Frederick II. and others after who enjoy'd the Title of Kings of Jerusalem possessed no Land in Palestine It lies in Long. 69. 30. Lat. 31. 20. according to Mr. Fuller Others say Long. 69. 00 Lat. 32. 44. Ieselbas Margiana a part of the Province of Chorasan in the Kingdom of Persia Iesi Aesium a City in the Marchia Anconitana in the Dominions of the Church which is a Bishops See immediately under the Pope it is but small and stands upon an Hill by the River Jesi six Miles from the Confines of the Dukedom of Vrbino twenty three from Ancona to the West Iesselmeer or Gislemere a City and Kingdom under the Great Mogul lying North of the Kingdom of Guzarat on this side the Ganges the City is great a hundred and twenty Miles from the River Indus to the East and the same from Guzarat to the North. The Kingdom lies amongst the Mountains Terra de Iesso or Yezo Essonis Terra a large Country towards China and Japan discovered by the Hollanders in 1643. It is joyned by some to the North parts of Japan by others separated from it by a Streight of fifteen Miles broad All agree it is of a great extent from East to West The chiefest City is Matzumay which is the Capital of a Province of the same name but no European having yet setled here it is very little known The later Voyagers have discovered a Streight betwixt Tartary and this Country which they call the Streights of Jesso Iesual another Kingdom belonging to the Great Mogul in the East-Indies betwixt the Kingdom of Patna with the River Ganges to the West and that of Vdessa with the Mountains to the East The chief City is Rajapour Iesupol a very strong Town and Castle in Podolia in Poland on the Confines of Pocuock upon the River Bistris Ieter Jatrus a River of Mysia in the Lesser Asia Ietsegen and Iesten or Jetsengo two considerable Territories or Provinces in Japan in the Island of Niphon subdivided into divers other Provinces Jetsegen has the Region of Quanto to the East and Jetson to the West The latter is bounded by Jamaisoit to the West Iex and Jexdi Hecatompylos a City of Persia If Hypaea one of the Hyeres Iglaw Iglova Iglavia Giblova a City of the Kingdom of Bohemia but in Moravia upon the River Iglaw on the Confines of Bohemia twenty four German Miles from Prague and ten from Lentz This City is reasonably well peopled Igliaco Peneius a River on the West of the Morea Ihor a City and Kingdom at the most Southern Point of the Promontory of Malacca in the East-Indies over against the Isle of Sumatra distant little more than one degree and a half from the Line in Long 129. 31. The King is a potent Prince in these parts The City Ihor is situated upon a River which falls into the Ocean near the Promontory of Sincapura where it has a good Port. Iksworth or Ickworth a Market Town in the County of Suffolk in the Hundred of Thingo retaining in its Name says Mr. Cambden the memory of the antient Iceni who dwelt in a part of this County The remains of a Priory founded by Gilbert Blunt sometime Lord of the Town and of a Guildhall are yet extant A Pot of Roman Coyns bearing the Inscriptions of divers Roman Emperors was digged up here not many years since Ila Yla Epidia one of the Western
against which the Turks spent twenty thousand Cannon Shot and at last took it to their no great advantage In the middle of the Eastern Haven stands the Castle of S. Angelo upon a Rock this and Burgo quelled the fury of the Turks and prevented their Triumph over Malta Though the Inhabitants exceed not twenty thousand yet it is not able to supply them with Necessaries but that the fertil Sicily is so near from which they have much of their Provisions They have some fresh-water Fountains the Rain that falls they reserve in Cisterns and have always three years Provisions beforehand kept under ground The Great Master of the Order of the Knights of Malta at present is Alarame de Vignecourt chosen in Aug. 1690. The City Malta is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Palermo in Sicily and the Residence of the Grand Prior of the Church also now the Capital of the Island which last honour formerly was enjoy'd by Citta Vecchia another Episcopal City in the middle of Malta Several small Islands adjacent the Principal are Gozo Comini and Farfara depend upon the Grand Master as their Soveraign The illustrious Order of the Knights of this place is composed of eight Nations amongst which England was the sixth in rank before the Reformation To each Nation there belongs a Grand Prior The Persons incorporated are divided into three Estates of Knights Ecclesiasticks and Servans des Armes or Esquires all vowing celibacy Some out of both the two first have been known advanced to the Dignity of Cardinals and the Sons of Kings and Princes have adorned the rank of the Knights This Island produces no Wine nor Corn but Cotton Oates and delicious Fruits in Plenty § There is another Island Malta in the Adriatick belonging to Dalmatia and called by the Sclavonians Milet by others Meleda The Miletaeus Catellus a Proverb for a Lap-dog is derived from the little Dogs of this latter place according to Athenaeus Long. 39. 25. Lat. 34. 40. Malvasia Epidaurus an Archiepiscopal City of the Morea on the Eastern Shoar in the Province of Tzaconia near the most South-Eastern Cape called Cape Maleo built upon a Rock which advanced position gives it an agreeable Prospect both by Sea and Land This Rock is surrounded by the Sea on all sides being only joined to the Continent by a Timber Bridge yet has Nature provided it a fresh and clear Fountain of good Water sufficient to serve the City and their Gardens it is approachable only on one side that is on the South which is secured by a triple Wall of great strength In the times of the Greek Idolatry it was famous for a Temple of Esculapius much frequented It was ravished from the Greek Emperors by the Venetians and French about the year 1204. The Emperors recovered it again from William a French Baron to whom it was given by the Latins but he returning to Venice freely resigned his Right to that State whereupon the Venetians sent a powerful Fleet and regained the Possession of it which they kept till the year 1537. when they were forced to surrender it to the Turks to purchase a Peace In the times of the late Wars in Candy the Venetians took this Town by Storm plundered burnt and then left it after they had put most of the Inhabitants to the Sword and carried away the Cannon The Turks rebuilt it General Morosini bombarded it in his way to Athens Sept. 1687. Afterwards it was blockaded then besieged At last it surrendered to General Cornaro Sept. 12. 1690. whereby the whole Morea stands now reduced under the Dominion of the States of Venice They found in it seventy three Pieces of Cannon and above one hundred and thirty Christian Slaves recovered their Liberty Long. 50. 00. Lat. 38. 30. Mamertini an ancient People of the Island Samos in the Icarian Sea said afterwards to establish themselves at Messina in Sicily Whence the Messenii have the Name also of Mamertini and the Sea adjacent of Fretum Mamertinum Mamotta Arabia Foelix Man Eubonia Monaaeda Monapia Monavia Mona an Island in the Irish Sea between Lancashire to the East and Vlster to the West The Welsh call this small place Menow the Inhabitants Maing the English Man It lies in length from North to South thirty Italian Miles its greatest breadth is fifteen It has seventeen Parish Churches brings forth Flax Hemp and Corn in plenty affords more Cattle than they need especially Sheep they have no Fewel but Turff In the middle it swelleth into Hills from the highest of which Sceafull by Name in a clear day may be seen England Scotland and Ireland The chief Town is Russin seated at the South End of the Island which has a Garrisoned Castle it has also a Bishop who is stiled Sodorensis and is now under the Archbishop of York This Island was first possessed by the Britains after them succeeded the Scots about the times of Honorius and Arcadius these were driven out by Cuneda Grandfather of Maglocunus stiled by Gildas the Dragon of the Islands Edwin King of Northumberland Conquered it next for the Saxons about 618. The Danes being driven out of England by Harold they were invited Hither by one Godred Corvan who had been entertained in his flight in the Isle of Man This Dane brought over his Country Men three times successively invaded it before he could master the Inhabitants but then prevailing he became King of Man soon after the time William of Normandy conquered England This Race of Kings continued to 1270. about two hundred years about which time Robert the King of the Scots having succeeded Alexander who had purchased the Hebrides of the King of Denmark made another Conquest of the Isle of Man which was one of the last they gained the Possession of After this sometimes the Scots sometimes the English were Masters of it till in 1340. William Montacute Earl of Salisbury descended from Mary the Daughter of Reginald the last King of Man finally drove out the Scots and in 1393. sold it to William Scrope who being beheaded for Treason Henry IV. granted it to Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland about 1400. He likewise forseiting it this Prince granted it to Sir John Stanley whose Successor in 1486. was by Henry VII created Earl of Darby And in this Family it still is wiâ—h the Title of Lord of Man being possessed by William Earl of Darby the Grandchild of James who in 1651. was beheaded for his Loyalty to Charles II. After which the Rebels by force reduced the Island under them it was restored to this Family in 1660. by Charles II. The Language here spoken is different from that of all His Majesties other Dominions being a mixture of Scotch Irish Danish and English but the Southern part nearer to the Scotch and the Northern to the Irish The first Bishop of Man is said to have been Amphibalus in 360. There are great Chasms in the Succession till 1203. and again from 1396. In 1505. Huamus
built before the Birth of our Saviour being a City in the times of Drusus General to Augustus Florus lib. 4. In 745. it was made an Archbishops See instead of Wormes to which it was a Suffragan See before It was very severely treated by Frederick Aenobarbus the Emperor in 1158. But rebuilt and restored by Otho IV. In 1462. it was taken October 27. by Adolphus Nassaw its Bishop and whereas before it was Imperial and Free it has been ever since subject to its own Archbishops There was an University opened here in 1482. Others say in 1461. Gustavus Adolphus entred this place in Triumph December 14. 1631. In 1635. it was retaken from the Swedes but the next year they again took it and kept it till the Peace of Munster It claims also the invention of Printing about 1430. A strong place and well guarded saith Dr. Brown has many Churches and Monasteries and some fair Buildings especially those of Publick Concern but the narrowness of the Streets and many old Houses take away much from the Beauty of it It is most extended towards the River and that part excels the other also towards the Land as being more populous and better built It paid to the King of Sweden as a Ransom above an hundred thousand Dollers which shews its Wealth This Prince built a Bridge over the Main here and another over the Rhine partly upon Piles of Wood partly upon Boats the first of these is taken away but the latter is continued still The Archbishop is Arch-Chancellor of the Empire and the first of the Electoral College in all publick Conventions he sits at the Right Hand of the Emperor and is the Successor of Boniface an Englishman who very much promoted the Christian Faith in these parts This City received a French Garrison in October 1688. Surrendred again to the Consederate Forces Sept. 11. 1689. after a Siege of six or seven Weeks § The Electorate of Mentz Moguntina Ditio called by the Inhabitants Maintzische by the Germans das Churfurstenthumb bon Mayntz is a small Province in the Lower Circle of the Rhine under the Dominion of this Archbishop stretching from East to West between the Territories of Weteraw and Westerwalt to the North and the Lower Palatinate to the South The bounds cannot be exactly stated because the Dominions belonging to this Bishoprick lye dispersed in Franconia and the other Circles and render this Elector the less considerable Dr. Heylyn observes that a Bishop of Mentz subscribed in the Council of Colen in 347. So that this Bishoprick was only Refounded in 745 after the barbarous Nations had extirpated Christianity here Dr. Brown saith the Soil of this Country is fertile abounds with all sorts of Provisions and excellent Wines So that his Revenue will afford him six or seven thousand Crowns a year Meppen Meppa a City in Westphalia in the Bishoprick of Munster upon the River Hase which falls into the Emes a little below Lingen eleven Miles from Emden to the South and thirteen from Munster to the North. Merch. See March Mercia a great and inland Kingdom in the old Heptarchy of the Saxons in England which contained Gloucester Worcester Hereford Stafford Darby Nottingham Leicester Rutland Lincoln Huntingdom Northampton Warwick Salop Oxon Buckingham Bedford and Hartford Mercoeur a small Town in the Province of Anvergne in France upon an Ascent and a Rivulet falling afterwards into the Allier Charles IX advanced it to the dignity of a Principality in 1563 and into a Dukedom and Peerage of France in 1569. It gives name to a Family of Honour Metense Myndus a City of Caria in the Lesser Asia which is a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Stauropolis Santa Croce It is even now the Capital of the Province and the Seat of a Turkish Governour 16 German Miles South of Ephesus upon the Archipelago and five West of Melasso From this City Caria is now called Menteseli by the Turks Merdin Marde a City of Assyria upon the River Tigris in the Confines of Mesopotamia which is now an Archbishop's See in the Province of Diarbeck in the Confines of the Greater Armenia twenty German Miles from Caramit to the East and thirty from Nisibin to the North. Long. 76 30. Lat. 36. 10. Mere a Market Town in Wiltshire The Capital of its Hundred Mergetheim a Town in Franconia in Germany made famous by a Defeat of Turin in 1645. It stands upon the River Goliach in the County of Werthaim four German Miles from Wurtzburgh to the South-West and nine from Hailbrun to the North-East Merhern the same with Moravia Merida Emerita Augusta a City in Portugal heretofore an Archbishop's See and the Seat of the Courts of Justice for the Province of Extremadura upon the River Guadiana twelve Miles above Badajox to the East fourteen from Alcantara to the South-East and twenty five from Sevil to the North. Now very small and in a declining condition only the Spaniards in whose hands it is have bestowed of late years something in Fortifying it against the Portuguese The Archbishop's See was removed hence in 1124. by Pope Calistus II. to S. Jago di Compostella In 1230. the Moors were driven from Merida Some Synods have been assembled here and some place it in New Castile in Spain § Also an Episcopal City in the Province of Jucatan in New Spain in America towards the Gulph of Mexico Meridiano the same with Lambro Merindol the Place of the Retreat of the Vaudois upon the Frontiers of the County of Venaissin in Provence which was put to Military Execution by order of Francis I. King of France and the Parliament of Aix with all its Houses Castles and People of the Reform'd Religion then in Rebellion in 1545. after the tryal in vain of other Courses to reduce them Merionethshire Mervinia is one of the twelve Shires in the Principality of Wales called by the Inhabitants Uerionethshire on the North it has Carnarvan and Denbigh on the East Montgomery the South Cardigan cut off by the River Dowy and on the West it is washed by the Irish Sea Extreamly Mountainous Barren unpleasant and exposed to raging Winds having nothing of value but Cattel This was the Seat of the Ordovices a British Clan It was not Conquered by the English till the Reign of Edward I. in 1283. In the Reign of Hen. IV. Owen Glendover drew this and all wales into a Combination against that Prince which might have ended in the loss of Wales under a less Martial Prince than he There is in this County no Town of Note Mern Mernis Marnia a County in the North-East part of Scotland bounded on the South-East by the German Ocean on the North-West by the County of Marr and on the South-West by Angus the chief Town of which is Fordun It is little and lies in the form of a Triangle Meroe a very great Island made by the River Nile in Aethiopia which has this name from the principal City in the Island It is now
North-West and eighteen from Burgos to the North-East Near it was a Bloody Fight between Peter King of Portugal and Henry King of Castile in 1365. in which the latter prevailed and in memory of that Victory instituted the Knights of the Flower de Lys the French joining with Peter against Castile and being beaten in that Battel Nagibania a Town in Transylvania in which are Mines of Silver six Miles from Bistirz to the West in the Borders of the Vpper Hungary called by the Latin Writers Rivuli Puellarum Naha Nava a River of Germany Najac a small Town in the Province of Rovergue in France upon the River Aveirou betwixt Ville Franche and S. Antonin It is a famous place for Vicriol and in the Civil Wars of Religion it attained to a considerable name Najara one of the principal Towns in the Province of Rioga in Old Castile in Spain betwixt Logrono and Calahorra adorned with the Title of a Dukedom Naim a small City in Galilee in Palestine four Miles from Nazareth to the West and near Mount Tabor where our Saviour raised a person from the dead Now in the condition of a despicable Village with only some houses of Wild Arabs in it Namptwich a Market Town in Cheshire the second in beauty and largeness in that County and of particular note for the White Salt here made in great plenty It stands upon the Banks of the Weever and is the Capital of its Hundred Namur Namurcum Nemetocerna a great and strong City in the Low-Countries the Capital of one of the seventeen Provinces and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Cambray by the Order of Pope Paul IV. This City stands betwixt two Hills on the West Shoar of the Maes where it receives the Sambre nine Leagues from Louvain to the South ten from Brussels to the East and seven from Philippeville to the North. Adorned with divers Churches Monasteries and handsom Buildings It has a strong Castle and was under the Spaniards till the beginning of the year 1692. that it was taken by the French The Earldom of Namur is a small Province included by the Bishoprick of Liege on the East and South by Hainault on the West and Brabant on the North. There are only three places of Note in it Namur Charlemont and Charleroy besides some good Abbeys and about one hundred and eighty Villages It is Mountainous and Barren but not unprofitable there being great plenty of Iron and Lead Mines and Quarries of Marble We read of its being an Earldom ever since the year 924. It is about twelve Leagues long and a little less broad Nancang or Nangan a City in the Province of Quansi in China almost ruined in the late Wars of the Tartars Nancy Nasium Nancaeum Nancium the Capital City of the Dukedom of Lorrain seated upon the River Meurte which falls into the Moselle five Leagues from Toul to the East fourteen from Bar le Duc to the same and ten from Metz to the South In 1476. Charles Duke of Burgundy was slain in Battel by Rene Duke of Lorrain near this City In 1587. it was first fortified In 1633. taken by Lewis XIII King of France In 1661. dismantled But in 1673. the French began to refortifie it and have since made it very strong Nancyam a City in the Province of Chiamsi in the Kingdom of China Nandor Alba Belgrade Nangazachi a City of Japan in the Island of Ximo and the Province of Figyn with a very convenient Port. Pope Sixtus V. advanced it to the Dignity of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Goa But at present it abides without a Bishop Nanhiung a City of China in the Province of Quansi Nankanga a City of China in the Province of Quansi Nanni a City in the Province of Chiamsi in China at the Confluence of the Rivers Puon and Si towards the Borders of the Kingdom of Tunquin Nanning a City of China in the Province of Quansi Nanquin a great City in the Kingdom of China upon a Bay and in a Province of the same name once the Capital of this Kingdom and the Seat of the Court and now vastly great and populous But its Palace Royal was ruined by the Tartars One of the most celebrated Ports in the East The Province of Nanquin which was once the greatest in this Kingdom is bounded on the North by Xantum on the West by Honan and Huquam on the South by Chekiam and on the East by the Chinian Ocean It contains fourteen great and an hundred and ten small Cities one hundred ninety six thousand eight hundred and sixteen Families Being divided into fourteen Parts to each of which there belongs a great City Nansa Nesna a River in Biscay in Spain Nanterre Nemptodurum Nemetodurum a Town in the Isle of France near the River Seine betwixt Paris and S. Germain from the former distant two Leagues S. Genevieve the Patroness Saint of Paris was born at it In the year 591. a grand Assembly of the Prelates and Nobility of the Kingdom was held here about the baptizing of King Clothaire II. Nantes Corbilum Nannetes Nannetum Condovicum a City in the Vpper Bretagne in France which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Tours also an University and the Capital of the County of Nantes seated upon the Loire where it receives the Ardre at the soot of some Hills twelve Leagues from its Mouth to the East seventeen from Anger 's and twenty from Rennes to the South It has a strong Castle and a Bridge over the Loyre Some of the ancient Dukes of Bretagne lye entombed in the Cathedral There are many Churches and Religious Houses in it and one of the 4 Suburbs is walled round In the year 1342. the English besieged it without success But in 1355. they took it by surprize Henry IV. King of France passed the famous Edict in favour of the Huguenots called the Edict of Nantes here in 1598. Divers French Synods have by times been assembled here also The County of Nantes is divided by the Loir into two parts bounded on the East by Anjou on the South by Poictou and on the West and North by the British Sea This retains the name of its most ancient Inhabitants who were called Nannetes by the Romans Naples Neapolis by the Italians called Napoli by the Spaniards Napoles is an ancient great rich populous City the Capital of a Kingdom in Italy called by the Turks Anobolu It is seated in the Terra di Lavoro on the Tyrrhenian Sea one hundred twenty five Miles from Rome to the South-East in a fruitful pleasant Plain being very well watered and has a large safe Harbour much frequented by the Merchant Ship of all Nations The Viceroy of this Kingdom does always reside in this City and has a noble Palace which belonged to the Kings of Naples It is also a Bishops See instituted by Gregory I. adorned with an hundred and ten magnificent Churches and a vast number of publick and
deep Ditch of equal breadth from top to bottom both stand on a plain level Ground the Channel between the City and the Continent being not above thirty Paces and the Bridge being secured by a Tower This Town and Island was granted to the Venetians by the Latin Emperors of Constantinople in consideration of their Services about 1204. Though they fortified it to the utmost yet Mahomet II. took the principal City with the loss of forty thousand Men in 1463. or 69. for I find various Accounts after he had besieged it with one hundred and twenty thousand Men thirty days putting all above twenty years of Age to the Sword which amounted when the Siege began to eighty thousand In 1660. the Venetians retook it and relost it Wherefore the Turks have fortified it with so many new strong Works that tho the Venetians laid Siege to it with an Army of twenty four thousand Men commanded by Morosini then Doge which stormed it October 12. 1688 Yet it was left in the Enemies Possession The most noted Promontories of the Island are the. ancient Caphareus now called Capo Figera or Capo d'Oro and the Capo Lithar It s two Rivers are the Similio and the Cerco The City Caristo which the French call Chateau-roux near Capo Figera is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Negropont and Rocco betwixt that City and Negropont another Here is Cotton in abundance and Marble digged out of the Mountain Caristo near the City of the same Name Negroes a general Name for all the Black People of Africa as well those upon the Western Sea-Coasts and towards Nubia and Abyssinia as those who dwell on both sides the River Niger Neiss Nissa a River of Bohemia which arising in Lusatia flows through Silesia and a little beneath Guben falls into the Odir Neisse Nissa a Town in Silesia in the Dukedom of Grotkaw upon the River Neiss two Miles from Grotkaw to the South in which the Bishop of Wratislaw resides Hofman makes it a City Neites a small River which falls into the Rhine near Anderpach in the Bishoprick of Trier Nieva Nebis a small River in Entre Douro a Province of Portugal Nekrakin Ormus an Island in the Persian Gulph Nemea and Nemeus a River of the Morea now called Langia where Pericles the Athenian General defeated the Sicyonii in the year of Rome 301. § Also a great Forest in the Province of Romania and an ancient City Nemaea in the same made memorable by the Nemaean Games instituted in the fifty first Olympiad in the Honour of Hercules Nemours Nemosium Nemoracum a great and pleasant Town in the Isle of France in Gastinois upon the River Loing made a Dukedom in 1414. by Charles IV. King of France and then first walled It stands seventeen Miles from Paris to the South Neocaesarea See its Modern Name Tocat Nepi Nepita Nepet a small but ancient City which is a Bishops See in S. Peters Patrimony under the Pope upon the River il Pozzolo between Viterbo and Rome six Miles from Sutri to the East Nera Nar a River in the States of the Church in Italy which springs out of the Apennine and flowing Westward watereth Narni and a little lower falls into the Tiber. Nerac Neracum a City in Aquitain in Gascogne upon the River Baise the Capital of the Dukedom de Albret not two Miles from the Garonne to the South three from Condom to the North and four from Agen to the West It is in a good condition tho its Walls came to be rased in the last Civil Wars In 1579. Queen Katharine de Medicis held a Conference with the King of Navarre here wherein they made a League with the Huguenots on whose side this Town stood King Henry IV. resided a considerable time at it and the ancient Lords of Albret built it a Castle Nerk Nericia a Province in the Kingdom of Sweden between Westmannia and Sudermannia to the East and Westrogothia to the West The Capital of which is Orebro by the Lake Hielmer Nermonster an Island upon the Coast of Poictou in France Nero an ancient Name of the delightful Village of Daphne Nerva See Narva Nervii an ancient People amongst the Galls whom Caesar mentions with an Elogium of their Courage and Conduct They are thought to have dwelt in the now Diocese of Cambray Nesâ—e Nigella a small Town in the Tract of Santerre in Picardy It stands upon the Rivulet Ignon which falls in the Somme two Leagues from Ham almost betwixt Peronne and Noyon having the Honour to be a Marquisate Charles the Hardy Duke of Burgundy took it by Assault in 1472. and because the Inhabitants had murdered a Herald sent to summon them with two Men more in the time of a Truce he suffered the Execution of the utmost Severity upon them Nester Alba or Neister Alba a Town in Bessarabia on the Euxine Sea Neuf Chastel Novum Castrum a Town in the Paix de Caux in the Dukedom of Normandy upon the River Arques eight Leagues from Dieppe to the South-East Neuf Chastel sur Meuse a Town of Lorrain upon the Maes in the Borders of Champagne five Leagues from Mirecourt to the West and seven from Toul to the South Nevers Nivernum a Fine Great Rich Populous City a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Sens and a Dukedom since the year 1457. when Charles VII King of France advanced it to that Dignity whereas it had been before an Earldom it has a Bridge over the Loyre and a Castle built by its ancient Earls five Leagues from Baris and Lions twelve from Moulins John Casimir King of Poland died in this City December 16. 1672. Caesar speaks of it in his Commentaries under the Name of Noviodunum in Aeduis The Latin Writers variously call it Nivernium Vadicassium Noviodunum Augustonemetum c. It is the Capital of the Territory of Nivernois which is about twenty Leagues long and broad lying betwixt Berry Gastinois Bourbonnois and Bourgogne of the latter of which it makes a part and has other considerable Towns standing in it Neuf-Marche Novus Mercatus a Town in Normandy upon the River Eure by which it is separated from Beauvais Heretofore very much regarded Lewis VII took it after a sharp Siege in 1151. It was restored to the English in 1154. In 1161. there was a Parliament held in it under Henry II. King of England in which the Title of Pope Alexander III. to the Roman Chair was recognized and Victor the Antipope rejected This Town stands twenty Miles from Roan to the South and the same distance from Paris to the West Nevern a Market Town in Pembrokeshire in the Hundred of Kemmes Nevin a Market Town in Caernarvanshire in in Wales the Hundred of Tinllain Nevis or Mevis one of the Leeward Chariby Islands in America very near to S. Christopher It is the Residence of the chief Governor of all the Leeward Islands In Charles-Town which is the principal Settlement almost all the Houses of Brick and Stone
Ptolemais Ferarum See Suachen § The Ancients mention another Ptolemais in the Thebais in Egypt near the Nile Puerto See Porto Pugan Puganum a City in the Province of Queycheu in the Kingdom of China Puglia See Terra di Bari Apulia and Capitanata Pulhely a Market Town in Caernarvanshire in Wales in the Hundred of Gyslegion Le Puy Podium Anicium Avicium Vellavae Vellaunorum Vrbs a great and populous City in the County of Velay in Languedoc upon the River Loyr which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Bourges but exempt from his Jurisdiction and the Bishop is Earl of Velay It is the Capital of the County in which it stands adorned with many Parishes and Religious Houses twenty two Leagues from Lyon to the North-West twenty from Clermont to the North and eighteen from Vienne In 1130. the Bishops of Aquitain assembled in Council here condemned Anacletus an Anti-Pope in favour of the Election of Pope Innocent II. Puy-en Anjou Podium Andegavense a Town in Anjou in the Borders of Poictou three Leagues from Salmur to the South and eight from Poictiers to the North-East near the River Thoue Puy Lawrens Puteum Laurentii a small Town in Languedoc which has been dignified with the Title of a Dukedom two Leagues from Chartres to the West and three from Lavaur Puyg de Cerden Jugum Carretanorum a Town in Spain in the County of Cerdaigna upon the River Segre in the Pyrenean Hills in the Borders of France fourteen Leagues from Perpignan and six from Vrgel a City of Catalonia This Town is the Capital of the County in which it stands and was lately in the hands of the French but by the Treaty of Nimeguen restored to the Spaniards The French call it Puycerda Puzzuolo Puteoli See Pozzuoli Py a small River in the Bishoprick of Reims in France which falls into the Suippe and with it into the Aisne at Neufchastel Pylus The Ancients mention several Towns and Mountains of this Name The most eminent of them now extant is Navarino in the Morea See Navarino The Pyramides of Egypt These as it were â—â—ortal Buildings accounted amongst 7 the Wonder of the World stand the distance of about ten Mileâ—om Cairo in Egypt Pliny says three hundred seventy thousand men were employed upon the largest of them twenty years whose height amounted to five hundred and twenty foot the breadth six hundred eighty two square ascended being the only open one by two hundred and eighteen steps of about three foot deep Within Caverns for the reposal of dead Bodies a Hall a Chamber and an empty Tomb made of a single Stone of the likeness of Porphyry Without before it as before two others of the chiefest appear the Rests of certain square Edifices like Temples and hard by a vast Pile representing the Face and Breast of a Woman twenty six foot high which Pliny calls Sphynx because there was then a contrivance to utter Oracles from it The ancient Egyptians believed that Pharaoh and Amasis Kings of Egypt lay entombed in these Pyramides The Bases of them as far as to the sixteenth step upwards to the North by time have been covered with Sand. The Pyrenean Hills Mons Pyrenaeus one of the greatest Chains of Mountains in Europe called by the Spaniards les Montes Pyreneos by the French les Monts Pyrenées by the Italians li Monti Pirenei They lie between France to the North and Spain to the South extending from East to West eighty Spanish Leagues that is from Port Vendres in Rousillon on the Mediterranean Sea to S. Sebastian on the Bay of Biscay in various places called by different Names Pyraeus See Porto di Lione QA QUadalquivirio See Guadalquivirejo Quadi the old Inhabitants of Moravia and the North of Austria as far as the Danube who maintained a perpetual War with the Romans till the year of Christ 565 when they were conquered first by Lechus Duke of Poland In the time of the Emperour Valentiman they advanced as far as to Aquileja and though the Marcomanni dwelt in Moravia too yet the Quadi and them were two as distinct people as the present Moravians and the Trans-Danubian Austrians which latter possess the Seats of the Quadi Quancheu Quangcheu Quancheum the Capital City of the Province of Quamsi in the Kingdom of China sometime called Jangching and Quangtung and by Foreigners Canton It stands upon the River Ta which a little lower falls into the Ocean and affords it a large and safe Harbour defended by two Castles It is surrounded with Hills in Circuit four German Miles Besieged twelve Months by the Tartars and a last taken more by fraud than force to the great ruin of it and the slaughter of its Inhabitants in 1650. Long. 140. 30. Lat. 26. 25. according to the last and best Maps Quangan Quanganum a City in the Province of Yunnan in China in the hands of the King of Tunkim Quangping a City of the Province of Pekim in China Quangsi one of the principal Cities of the Province of Yunnan in China Quangte a City in the Province of Nanquin or Nankim Quamsi or Quansi Quansia a Province in the Kingdom of China bounded by Yunnan on the West Queycheu on the North Cochin China on the South Quantum on the East The Capital of it Queilin It contains eleven Cities ninety nine great Towns 186719 Families the last Province which the Tartars Conquered Quanto a Province in the Isle of Niphon in the Kingdom of Japan Quantum Quangtung a vast Province in China bounded on the North by Kiamsi and Huquam on the East by Fokien on the West by Quamsi and the Kingdom of Tumkim or Cochin China and on the South by the Ocean It contains ten Cities seventy three great Towns and 483360 Families One of the best watered and most fruitful Provinces in this Kingdom Quaquacust la coste des Dents a part of Guinea in Africa which extends eight Spanish Leagues in length from East to West See Guinee and Coste de dents Quarentan Vadicasses or Carentan a Sea-Port Town in Normandy seventeen Leagues from Caen to the West and eight from Coutances to the North-East Quars See Carin Quebec the Principal French City in New France in America taken from the Indians in the Conquest of this part of their Country by French Men and very strongly fortified Queda a City of the East-Indies upon the Promontory of Malacca over against Sumatra Long. 125. 31. Lat. 5. 50. It has an excellent Port and a very great Trade being much frequented by the European Merchants and the Capital of a Kingdom of the same name which was subject to the King of Siam but has now a Prince of its own Quedelinburgh a Town in the Vpper Saxony in Germany Once a Free Imperial Town but being afterwards exempted became together with its Territory subject to its own Abbess whose House here was of great fame It lies two German Miles from Halberstad to the South now with its Territory subject to the
held at this City Vichy a Village in the Dukedom of Bourbonne in France of great fame for some Springs of Medicinal Mineral Waters Vico della Baronia Vicus a small City of the Kingdom of Naples in the Further Principato which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Benevento it stands at the foot of the Apennine thirteen Miles from Conza to the North. Vico di Sorrento Vicus Aequensis a small City in the Kingdom of Naples in the Province di Lavoro which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Sorrento Built by Charles II. King of Naples in 1300. four Miles from Sorrento and eighteen from Naples to the South Victoria Victoria Vellica Vitoria a City in the Province of Alava in the Borders of Biscay Sixteen Leagues from Pampelon to the West twelve from Bilbao and twelve from Burgos to the South-East Built in 1180. and now in a thriving condition Vidin Widin Bydena Viminiacum a City of Servia which is an Archbishops See and the Seat of the Turkish Governour It stands upon the Danube where it receives the Lon 9 German Miles from the Borders of Thrace to the West and fifteen from Nissa to the North. Taken by the Imperialists after a defeat of 10000 Turks that were posted near it Octob. 1689. Retaken by the Turks in 4 days Sept. 1690. Vieliluki Vieliluchia Vielkolucha a strong City upon the River Lovat in the Dukedom of Râ—scow in the Borders of Lithuania in Moscovy 30 Polish Miles from Witepska to the North and 16 from the Lake of Illmen to the South Taken by Stephen King of Poland Decemb. 16. 1580. Vienna Vienna Ala Flaviana Juliòbona Vindobona the Capital City of Austria and Seat of the Emperors of Germany called by the Inhabitants Wien by the French Vienne by the Turks Beetz or Weetz by the Poles Wieden It is one of the greatest most populous strong and rich Cities in Germany seated on the South side of the Danube over which it has a Bridge where it receives a small River called the Wien from whence it has its present Name Also a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Saltzburg Made an Imperial City by Frederick II. in 1236 But this Privilege lasted only four Years Hofman saith it is the noblest City on the Danube both as to the Beauty Magnificence of its Buildings and the abundance of all things useful to the Life of Man Taken in 1485. by Matthius Corvinus King of Hungary Besieged by the Turks in 1529. September 15. under Solyman II. with an Army of 200000 Men but his Cannon being sunk or disordered by the Governour of Presbourgh in their way up the Danube after two general Assaülts in vain and the News of the March of the Emperor Charles V. to its relief he raised the Siege October 15. Again they besieged it in 1532. and 1543. And when in 1683 it was reduced in a fourth Siege to great Extremities it was relieved by John III. King of Poland September 10 the Anniversary whereof is religiously here observed after it had been violently battered from July 14. by an Army of 100000 Turks who lost all their Tents Baggage Cannon and Mortars to the number of 180 Pieces whereof some were marked with the Arms of the Emperors Ferdinand I. and Rodulph II. Victual and Ammunition the Standard of the Ottoman Empire engraved with these words There is no other God but one God and Mahomet is his Prophet their Reputation abroad and their Courage at home by this Defeat which has made them contemptible unfortunate and miserable ever since The Crescent and the Star the Ottoman Arms till this had continued engraved upon the highest tip of the Tower of S. Stephens Church from the year 1529 when the Citizens placed them there for an acknowledgment to Solyman II. who during his Siege totally exempted that Cathedral from Battery But no such regard to it having been observed by the Turks in the last Siege a Cross was immediately advanced in the place of the Crescent This City has been the Seat of the Emperors of Germany ever since 1438. Frederick II. founded an University in it in 1237. which Albert III. Archduke of Austria reestablished in 1365. In 1267. a Council was celebrated here The Scotch College was a principal and stately Building of this City before its destruction in the last Siege It is fortified with 12 Bastions The Learned Dr. Edward Brown in his Travels has excellently described the present State of it and to him I remit the Reader It stands 26 German Miles from Lintz to the East 6 from the Borders of Hungary 50 from Cracow 34 from Buda Long. 39. 10. Lat. 48. 22. Vienne Vienna a most antient City of Gallia Narbonensis in the Roman times the Metropolis of the Allobroges and then a great and Royal City Called by Pomponius Mela Vienna Allobrogum Now an Archbishops See seated in the Dauphine upon the Rhosne where it entertains the Gera over which it had a Bridge now half ruined at the foot of an Hill 13 Leagues from Grenoble to the West 5 from Lyons to the South and 11 from Valence Pope Calixtus II. was an Archbishop of this City It is the Capital of the Territory of Viennois which lying betwixt the Rhosne and Isere is called the Island of the Allobroges This City in the Roman Coins Inscriptions and Histories is called the Illustrious Adorned Strong Beautiful Fruitful Colony of Vienna Claudius the Emperor chose several of its Citizens into the Roman Senate Hither Pilate and Archelaus the Son of Herod the Great were banished Valentinian the Younger was here murdered by Arbogastes a traiterous Courtier in 392. In the fifth Century it became the Seat of the Kings of Burgundy that Kingdom beginning about 408. In 504. Gundabond one of these Kings took it by a Siege and slew Godigisilas his Brother who defended it against him In 532. there was an end put to this Kingdom by Clothaire King of France In 855. it became the Seat of a second French Burgundian Kingdom which ended in 1032. And this City passed to the Emperors of Germany In 1100. it was seized by one Guine by the Title of Earl or Dauphine of Vienne and continued in this Line till 1342 when it was again united to the Crown of France Also regardable on the account of a Council held here in 1311. by Pope Clement V. assisted with the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch and 300 Bishops in the presence of Philip le bel King of France This Council rendered the Feast of Corpus Christi before instituted by Pope Vrban IV. of universal observance In 1119. Pope Gelasius II. held also a Council here Another in 1112. excommunicated the Emperor Henry V. and declared the Treaty betwixt Pope Paschal II. and him touching Investitures null In 892. the Legate of Pope Formosus celebrated a Council in the same place where there have been divers others Long. 26. 00. Lat. 45. 28. Vienne Vigenna Vigenne a River of France which ariseth