Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 460 Chap. II Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards in the West-Indies Controversies arise betwixt the Crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning their Discoveries Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 461 Chap. III. Palma one of the Canary-Islands Conquered The Mastership of the three Military Orders annexed to the Crown of Castile The Original of the Neapolitan War The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 464 Chap. IV. The French invade the Kingdom of Naples An Account of Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan The French King at Rome Alonso King of Naples Abdicates The French possess themselves of the Kingdom of Naples p. 465 Chap. V. The League against the French carried on with wonderfull secrecy The French King returns home The Venetians overthrown by the French King Ferdinand of Naples successful against them and recovers that Noble City p. 468 Chap. VI The Death of John II. King of Portugal The French quite expell'd the Kingdom of Naples Ferdinand King of Spain honoured by the Pope with the Title of Catholick King The posture of Affairs in Portugal under Emanuel the new King p. 469 Chap. VII The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples The Emperor passes into Italy The Popes Forces defeated by the Ursini The Death of the Duke of Gandia The Marriage of Prince John of Spain Proposals concerning setling the Kingdom of Naples p. 472 Chap. VIII Progress of the Portugueses Discoveries in the East Peter Covillam and Alonso de Paira sent to India by Land Vasca de Gama sent to discover India by Sea with four Ships His Voyage till he came to Calicut p. 474 Chap. IX A short but particular Account of India what happened to Vasco de Gama at Calicut His bold Enterprize there and a Relation of his return to Portugal p. 476 Chap. X. An Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama and of all the Coasts of Africk as they lay in his way Of the Island of Zocotora and of all the Coast of Asia as far as China and the Method observed by the Portugueses in Sailing thither p. 478 The Twenty Seventh BOOK Chap. I. THE Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierom Savonorola burnt at Florence p. 480 Chap. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions Vniversity of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain Moors p. 481 Chap. III. The Birth of the Emperor Charles V. The French possess themselves of the State of Milan and take the Duke and his Brother the Cardinal The great Year of Jubelee 1500. The League betwixt France and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks p. 484 Chap. IV. King Ferdinand 's double dealing The Princess Mary of Castile Marry'd to the King of Portugal The French and Spaniards jointly subdue the Kingdom of Naples Actions of the Great Captain p. 486 Chap. V. The French and Spaniards fall at variance about divideing their Conquest The Description of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the French King's hands French perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather The coming of the Arch-Duke into Spain p. 488 Chap. VI. Further Actions of the Great Captain at Naples The Duke of Calabria contrary to Articles sent into Spain The French and Spanish Generals consult their Kings and have a Conference to adjust Differences in the division of Naples The beginning of the War betwixt them p. 490 Chap. VII The Arch-Duke of Austria and Princess his Wife sworn Heirs of Aragon He goes away for Flanders The Spaniards offer Battle to the French several small Actions betwixt them The Spaniards decline in Calabria are defeated p. 492 Chap VIII Great Booty taken by the Spaniards as also the Sieur de la Palisse A Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians Several losses of the French The Marques del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards p. 494 Chap. IX The Peace concluded by the Arch-Duke with France It takes no effect Succours from Spain arrive at Naples The Lord Aubigni defeated and taken p. 496 Chap. X. The Battle of Cirinola and great overthrow of the French Almost all the Kingdom of Naples subdued by the Great Captain His Reception into that Noble City p. 497 The Twenty Eight BOOK Chap. I. THE Siege of Gaeta The Death of Pope Alexander VI. Pius III. chosen Practices of the Spaniards The French invade Roussillion p. 501 Chap. II. The French Besiege Saulses or as the Spaniards call it Salsas The Siege raised Nineteen Sail of Infidels destroyed Pope Pius III. dies Julius II. chosen The French Army marches thro' Italy Two Defeats given them p. 502 Chap. III. The City Gaeta surrendred A Truce betwixt France and Spain The Prefect of Rome submits to Spain The Nobility of Naples swear Allegiance to Spain and several Cities of Italy sue for its Protection Truce for 3 years betwixt France and Spain p. 505 Chap. VI. Perfidiousness of Duke Valentine who is as perfidiously sent into Spain by the Great Captain contrary to his Promise and he ill represented to the King Projects of Peace betwixt France and Spain come to nothing p. 507 Chap. V. The League betwixt the Emperor the Arch-Duke and King of France The League against the Venetians The Death of King Frederick of Naples and Queen Elizabeth of Castile Contention about the Government of Castile betwixt King Ferdinand and King Philip. Treaties with France p. 509 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to his People The posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperor and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King p. 511 Chap. VII Mazalquivir in Africk taken from the Moors The Nobility of Spain divided for and against King Philip. The Agreement made betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip The latter in England p. 513 Chap. VIII The Affairs of Portugal A bloody Mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Germana King Philip comes into Spain and declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Death of Christopher Columbus p. 515 Chap. IX The Spaniards and Flemings at variance upon their first Meeting King Ferdinand raises Forces pretending to rescue his Daughter Many forsake him and he is forced to quit Castile An Interview of the two Kings p. 517 Chap. X. The two Kings of Spain agree and join in League Joanna King Philip 's Queen Distracted thro' Jealousie Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen go to Zaragoca Jealeusie started against the Great Captain King Philip dies p. 519 The Twenty Ninth BOOK Chap. I. THE Settlement made by the Nobility of Castile after the Death of King Philip. The Catholick King goes over to Naples His Reception
as that of Wamba the Ruins of it still are to be seen in the Market-place of Zocodover and at the Gate del Hierro Wamba the more to strengthen the Place and bring the Suburbs within the City added a Wall lower Stones were brought for the Work from all Parts and particularly as is supposed from an old Roman Fabrick like a Circus which they had formerly raised there with Marble Stones in it and Figures like Roses or Wheels carved on them The common Sort are persuaded those were the Arms of Wamba but those very Stones prove the contrary because they are laid without any Order or Method but just as they were brought so they were placed by the Work-Men Grave Authors affirm That in Memory hereof he caused two Verses to be Carv'd on the principal Towers in unpolished Latin such as was used in that Age the Sense of them is With the help of God the mighty King Wamba raised the beautiful Wall to his City for the Honour of his Nation Besides on the upper part of the Towers he placed the Statues of those Saints held in greatest Veneration in the Town of white Marble and under them other two Verses to this effect Ye Saints who are Honour'd here keep this City and People and avert as you can all Sickness These Statues being fallen and the Inscriptions worn out by time King Philip II. caused them to be restored anew In the fourth Year of Wamba's Reign which was of our Lord 675. he caused a Synod of 17 Bishops and 7 Abbots to be held at Toledo This is counted the 11th Council of Toledo About the same time another Synod was Celebrated at Braga and was the third of that City We have no account of any other Councils in the Reign of Wamba but it 's supposed there were more both in regard that the former Councils had Ordained the keeping of yearly Provincial Synods and because grave Authors affirm that by a Council held at Toledo in his time the Bounds of each Bishoprick were assigned and this could not be done without the Concurrence of all the Bishops of Spain Wamba Instituted many Laws for the better Administration of Justice whereof there was great defect In particular he corrected the Military Discipline He Ordained that when Forces were raised all should repair to the Standard that were not over or under Age or hindred by Sickness Also that every one should send to the Army the twelfth Slave with such Weapons as are there specify'd differing from the rest Even the Bishops and Priests were commanded to march with their People 100 Miles in case of Invasions or Inroads made by the Enemy By the prudent Conduct and Management of King Wamba the Goths obtain'd a memorable Victory at Sea The Saracens were possess'd of all Africk along the Coast of the Mediterranean from the Mouth of the Streights to that of the River Nile and designing to pass over into Europe had set out a Fleet of 170 Sail with which they ran along the Coast of Spain putting all to Fire and Sword The Goths fitted out another great Fleet and coming to a Battle utterly destroy'd the Enemy burning and taking most of their Fleet. There are Authors that say The Fleet of the Saracens came into Spain at the Instigation of Ervigius who being a Man in great Power of the Family of King Recesuinthus aspired to the Crown but being disappointed this way found means to give the King a poisonous Potion with which he presently Sickned and on a sudden lost all his Senses in such manner that it was thought he could not live beyond the first Hour of the Night They shav'd his Beard shore his Head like a Priest and put him on a Monks Habit as was used in those Days All this was done as supposed by the contrivance of Ervigius that in case he recovered he should be incapable of Reigning as was Decreed by the 6th Council of Toledo Being as was thought at the last Gasp tho' he was not in his Senses they caused him to declare Ervigius his Successor and having drawn a Form of Renunciation forc'd him to Sign it All this hap'ned on Sunday the 14 of October as is supposed in the Year 680. Notwithstanding Wamba the Day following came to himself yet he would not recall what he had done Thus a mighty King was on a sudden made a Monk and resolving to forsake the World for Ervigius the same Day had caused himself to be Crown'd and taken upon him the Government tho' the Anointing was deferred till next Sunday immediately went to the Monastery of Pampliega seated according to some Opinions in the Valley of Munon where he spent the residue of his Life which according to some was 7 Years and 3 Months and more according to others He Reign'd 8 Years 1 Month and 14 Days was Buried in that Monastery and thence by King Alonso the Wise Translated to Toledo and Bury'd in the Church of St. Leocadia where lies also King Recesuinthus Julian Arch-Bishop of Toledo Anointed the new King whence it is inferred that Quiricus his Predecessor dy'd about that time if it was not that he Renounc'd the Dignity seeing the wrong that was done the good King Wamba CHAP. VII The Reigns of the Kings Ervigius and Egica FLavius Ervigius by wicked means ascended the Throne as has been said yet he governed well The better to secure himself in his ill gotten Power he made use of the show of Religion calling together all the Bishops of the Kingdom Thirty five met at Toledo on the 9th of January 681. and this is counted the 12th Council of that City Many Acts were passed in this Synod but the two most remarkable were The first approving the Election of Ervigius because they durst do no otherwise and declaring the Subjects free from their Oath of Allegiance on account of Wamba's Resignation The second was giving the Arch-Bishop of Toledo Power to create Bishops throughout Spain in the King's Absence and of Confirming those made by him Two Years after this there met in the same City by the King's Order 38 Bishops 26 Vicars of absent Bishops and 9 Abbots who together with many of the Nobles then present Celebrated the 13th Council of Toledo on the 4th of November 683. and the 4th Year of the Reign of Ervigius In this Council the chief Acts were a Pardon to those that had followed Paul's Party Abatement of Taxes and a Law to protect Queen Leubigotona and her Children in case of the King's Death The following Year by command of Pope Leo II. was held the 14th Council of Toledo in order to their receiving the Decrees of a Council celebrated not long before at Constantinople at which were 290 Prelates and it is reckon'd the 6th of the General Councils Only 17 Bishops and 10 Deputies assisted at this Synod and approv'd and receiv'd the Council of Constantinople Condemning as
Months His severity and the mutability of those People caused his ruin One Mahomet was put into his place and Reigned one Year four Months and twenty two Days and then was killed by the Citizens The same befell Hiaya the Son of Hali who was of the other Faction and had been before Proclaimed King he was in the same manner slain at Malaga whither as was said he had retired when he had Reigned in Cordova only three Months and twenty Days After this Idric Brother to Hali and Unkle to Hiaya was sent for out of Africk where he was Lord of Ceuta to take the Crown This Man being come into Spain what on account of his Kindred with the other two and what by force of Arms possessed himself of the Kingdom of Granada Sevil Almeria and other Neighbouring Cities The inland continued under Hissem for after the Death of Hiaya the People of Cordova had Reinthroned him unless it was another of the same name those Citizens made Choice of for these affairs are very dark The extravagancies of Ministers commonly turn to the ruin of their Masters as hap'ned to Hissem for his Alhagib or Viceroy being Cruel and Covetous was killed and the King expelled his City In that confusion a Youth of the Family of the Humeyas being assisted by a Company of wild Young Fellows entred the Palace and desired of the Soldiers to Proclaim him King They excused themselves with the disloyalty of the Citizens and advised him to take warning by so many as had perished before him to this he Answered Call me King to Day and kill me to Morrow Such is the inordinate desire of Reigning Nevertheless this Man and Hissem with all the Abenhumeyas as the causers of all these Confusions were turned out of the Town by the Citizens Hissem tired with so many changes of Fortune at last came to Zaragoça where he was well received by Zulema Abenbut King of that City who gave him a Castle called Alçuela where he spent the rest of his Life as a private Man D. Roderick the Archbishop who gives this account of the last Kings of Cordova somewhat more obscure than it is set down here does not mention what became of Idric How is it possible in such Confusion to be plain We can only add that from this time forwards the Kingdom of the Moors which for so many Years had mantained it self in great Power and Splendor in Spain so visibly decayed that it was divided into many Sovereignties for every one that could possess himself of a City called himself King of it Jahuar seized Cordova Albudazin Sevil. Haytan he that at first assisted Hissem and then became his Enemy secured Toledo Some will have the Kingdom of Toledo to be more Ancient because that City often rebelled against the Kings of Cordova Other Kingdoms were erected in other Cities too long and confused to insert here It will suffice to know that these Sovereignties continued till the powerful Family of the Almoravides came into Spain with their King Thesephin which was in the Year of our Lord 1091. Let us turn back now to the affairs of the Christians under the Earl D. Sancho and King Alonso CHAP. IX The last Actions of D. Alonso King of Leon and his Death The Reign of D. Bermudo the Third His Son Sancho Earl of Castile Poisons his Mother His Son Garcia Murdered D. Sancho Earl of Castile desiring to revenge the Death of his Father with the Assistance of the Kingdoms of Navarre and Leon that were his Allies entred the Kingdom of Toledo putting all that stood in his way to Fire and Sword The same havock was made in the Territory of Cordova whither our Forces advanced incouraged with their success In both places a great Booty of Captives and Cattle was taken Tho' the harm was great much more was the Terror this struck into the Infidels who being embroiled in Civil Wars could not oppose the Enemy so that they who not long before kept the Christians in continual fear were now forced to buy a Peace at a dear Sepulveda a Town on the Frontiers also Osma Santistevan de Gormaz and other Towns taken by the Moors in the last War were now recovered From this time some Anthors write the Nobility of Castile were exempted from following the Wars at their own cost only upon the hopes of Booty and it was ordained they should receive pay as was used in all other Countries D. Sancho in a great measure Blemished the Honour gained in this Expedition by the Death he put his Mother to She fell in Love with a Lewd Brawny Moor and durst not Marry him not so much for any Scruple of Conscience as for fear of her Son and therefore resolved to Murder him by that means to make way to her infamous Wedding The Dose was prepared to Poison him but the Earl having intelligence of it forced his Mother by way of respect to Drink first of the Cup she offered him Hence some think sprang the Custom used in some parts of Spain to make the Women Drink before the Men. Other Authors write that a Lady belonging to the Countess having seen her prepare the Dose gave Notice to her Husband whom some call Sancho del Valle de Espinosa and he to the Earl and thereby obtained that Privilege enjoyed to this day by the Family of Monteros de Espinosa of Guarding the King's Person by Night True it is I find no good grounds to believe this Relation but it is so recorded and the People of that Town affirm it as a certain Truth They add that the Earl to atone for this fault and allay the hatred the People had conceived against him built a Monastery for Nuns and in honour of his Mother gave it the Name of On̄a which Monastery Sancho the Greater King of Navarre gave to the Monks of Cluni and in our Days is the chief in that Country D. Sancho by his Wife Da. Vrraca had D. Garcia Da. Nun̄a Da. Teresa and Da. Trigida The two eldest Daughters were marryed to great Men Trigida was Abbess in the Monastery of On̄a About the same time D. Sancho made a New way for Strangers to travel to the Church of St. James the Apostle through Navarre Rioja Briviesca and the Country of Burgos Before this time the Christian Dominions being of a smaller extent the Pilgrims that came out of France used to Travel with much difficulty through Biscay and the Mountains of Asturias where the ways were uncouth and there was a general want of all necessaries King Alonso enjoying a perfect Peace by reason of the Civil Wars among the Moors and the League that was between the Christian Princes gave his Mind wholly to the Civil Government and held an Assembly of the States or Parliament at Oviedo in the Year of our Lord 1020. In this Parliament the Ancient Laws of the Goths were Corrected The King at his own cost and charges rebuilt the City
the Synod broke up Having setled the Affairs of the City the King went away to Leon leaving Queen Constance and the Archbishop there with a good Garrison There was but a small number of Christians in regard of the Moors yet all things seemed to be well secured However the rashness of the new Prelate put the City in danger of being lost Our Ladies Church which as curious Persons have observ'd is now a Monastery of Carmelites was then the Cathedral the great Church being in the Hands of the Moors It seemed not decent that in a City taken from the Moors they should possess the best Church this might in time have been regulated but the Archbishops hast had like to have ruined all He agreed with the Queen to take it forcibly from them by Night and accordingly breaking open the Doors cast out all that belonged to the Mahometans erected Altars and hanging a Bell in the Steeple called together the Christians to assist at Divine Service This Alarm'd the Infidels so that they could scarce refrain from revenging themselves and only forbore in hopes the King would do them Justice When the News of what had been done was brought to the King he was greatly inraged and Posted away to Toledo with full resolution to punish this breach of Articles with the utmost severity All the principal Inhabitants of Toledo knowing his design went out in Mourning to meet him and the Clergy in Procession and being come to his presence Prostrate on the ground begged Pardon Their intreaties were of no force for he persisted inflexible God Almighty in an unexpected manner put a stop to the evil that was feared for the chief of the Moors their Passion being over considered if the King used any severity on their account it might after his days turn to their Ruin went out of the City and meeting the King begged he would forgive the Queen and Archbishop so they might for the future be secured in their Possessions This request made by the Infidels was so surprizing that he not only pardoned those they begged for but promised that he would ever remember that day and be favourable to them for the Love they had shown him All the City rejoiced and it was ordained that the Memory of this day being the 24 of January should be for ever preserved making it a Festival under the Name of Our Lady of Peace It was said above that Richard Abbot of Marseilles was sent by Pope Gregory VII as his Legate into Spain and that in a Synod held at Burgos he had Established the Roman Ceremonies and form of Prayer This Legate abused his Power committing many insolencies without regard to any thing but gain which scandaliz'd the People so that they railed not only at him but at the Pope himself Bernard the Archbishop was troubled at these miscarriages but had not the Power to Redress them It was then the Custom of Spain in pursuance of a Decree of the Eighth General Council which was the last of Constantinople that no Metropolitans should be Consecrated or exercise their Function till their Election was confirmed by the Pope and he had sent them the Pall. This process of time was extended to Bishops Upon these two Motives the Archbishop resolved to go to Rome but before his departure with the King's Approbation he gathered a Synod of Bishops and Consecrated the Cathedral of Toledo under the Invocation of St. Mary St. Peter St. Paul St. Stephen and the Holy-Cross Vrban II. being Pope in the Year 1088. Bernard the Archbishop being at Rome obtained all he desired to wit the recalling of the Legate and the confirming of himself Primate of all Spain and that part of France called Gallia Gothica By this Authority being returned from Rome he called a Synod of the neighbouring Bishops to Toulouze where he prevailed to be received as their Metropolitan Before the return of the Archbishops to Toledo the Legate had attempted to Abrogate the Gotbick Missal and Breviary and introduce the Roman This had been often endeavoured but the People Tenacious of Old Customs still opposed it Now the Queen the Primate and the Legate used such means that at length they prevailed yet so that in the Ancient Churches the Ancient form should still be continued Which is observed to this day And that Service is still used on certain Festivals in those Churches Besides in the Cathedral there is a Chapel to which belongs a number of Chaplains called Mocarabes or more properly Mixtiar abes who still use that Massal and Breviary This name of Mixtiarabes corruptly Moçarabes was given to the Christians that in the time of the Moors lived under their Government and mixed with the Infidels All the new Churches in Toledo were ordered to say Mass according to the Roman Liturgy This debate being ended the City began to flourish beautiful new Buildings were erected many of the Moors went away and their places were filled by Christian inhabitants to whom were granted Priviledges and Immunities as appears by the Royal Charters still preserved among the Records of Toledo In the Year 1091. Bernard the Primate who studyed nothing but the publick good gathered a Synod at Leon at which was present Cardinal Raynerius the Pope's Legate who succeeded Richard the Cardinal Many Decrees were here made for Reformation of the Clergy at that time grownivery corrupt It was also ordained that for the future in all publick Writings the Gothick Character should be no longer used but instead of it the French It will not be amiss in this place briefly to show how the Archbishops of Toledo came first to be Primates and Metropolitants of all Spain Some will deduce it from the time of the Apostles and pretend that S. Eugenius the Martyr came to Spain and was the first Archbishop of Toledo but we have only the Authority of Modern Authors for it By the Ancient Councils it appears that their Authority is not so long a standing since they sign not to any of them in the first place There were formerly in Spain 5 Archbishopricks viz. Tarragona Braga Merida Sevil and Toledo and none of these acknowledged any Superior but the Pope and each took place in Councils according to the Seniority of his Consecration Now the Goths who at first possessed themselves of the Kingdom of Toledo having subdued all other Barbarons Nations in Spain and made themselves Masters of the whole Country hence this City being the Court of those Kings began to assume a Superiority over all the rest This Authority took its first force in the Seventh Council of Toledo which ordained that all the Neighbouring Bishops should in their turns being called by him their Primate repair to that City and there attend on the King and Archbishop for the space of a Month. The Archbishops Superiority being thus far established was much advanced in the twelfth Council of that City which decreed that the Election of
and challenged him as was then usual but some Persons of Piety interposing the business was mitigated yet the hatred betwixt those two Families could not be rooted out Many Towns and Places of strength adhered to Ferdinand de Castro therefore the King forbore for the present contending with him and bending his Force another way recovered many places that were not Garrisoned It was thought convenient to try the Castle of Zurita seated on a Hill at the foot whereof runs the River Tagus Lope Arenas held it as Lieutenant to Ferdinand de Castro Being summoned he excused himself saying The King was not yet at the age appointed by his Father's Will and that he was but Lieutenant and could not surrender without leave of his Lord. No hopes remaining of a surrender it was resolved to use force D. Lope de Haro came from the farthest part of Biscay to serve at that Siege Provisions growing scarce the Besieged resolved to use Fraud and therefore upon pretence of Capitulating getting D. Nun̄o and Suero de Lara into the Castle kept them Prisoners believing the King to save them would raise the Siege There was one Dominick in the Camp who had deserted from the Castle this Man offer'd for a Reward to make them Masters of the Fort. Upon promise of what he demanded he wounded one Peter Ruiz who was consenting to it and flying was admitted into the Castle and to the Favour of the Lieutenant whose Servant he had been He watched his opportunity and kill'd the Lieutenant whereupon the Castle was immediately Surrendred The King caused Dominick's Eyes to be put out as an example of Treachery yet allowed him a Maintenance which was afterwards taken away and he put to Death for that he boasted of his wickedness The Army was dismissed and D. Lope de Haro much commended return'd home having refused Presents that were offer'd him because the King's Treasury was exhausted This Gentleman is said to have built the Town of Haro not far from the River Ebro The King went to Toledo whither he had summon'd the General Assembly call'd Cortes or Parliament and there it was consulted how to settle the Kingdom and recover those places that would not submit This Year was remarkable for great Rains and Floods particularly at Toledo the River Tagus swelled till it came to the Church of S. Isidorus The following Year on the 8th of February there was an Earthquake in that City a thing not usual and therefore thought to presage more Troubles Ferdinand King of Leon had Marry'd Vrraca the Daughter of Alonso King of Portugal by whom he had Alonso who succeeded him notwithstanding he was Divorc'd from the Queen on account of Consanguinity This Divorce produc'd enmity betwixt the Kings and much harm was done on both sides King Ferdinand was busie repairing the Towns ruin'd by the Wars and building others By the advice of a Banish'd Portugues he built Cuidad Rodrigo on the Borders of Portugal to be a check to those People Hence arose Disgusts which ended in open Enmity King Ferdinand tho' Affable and Courteous was Brave and Resolute and feared not at once to engage both the Kings of Castile and Portugal King Alonso of Castile in the beginning of the Year 1170. held the Cortes or Parliament at Burgos where it was Enacted That since he was at the age of 15 appointed by his Father's Will for delivering all Cities Towns and Castles into his Hands there should be War declared against all such as withheld any from him not excepting King Ferdinand who still was possess'd of a considerable part of the Kingdom That War many difficulties intervening was deferr'd for some time The great Men lest they should be reputed Traitors now no excuse was left obeyed Among the first was Ferdinand de Castro who fearing his Enemies and the King's Displeasure renouncing his Country as the Custom was then went over to the Moors whence he ceased not to do harm upon the Lands of the Christians It was also proposed in the Cortes or Parliament to set on foot a Treaty of Marriage between the King and the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitain After this Alonso King of Aragon had an Interview with his Cousin the King of Castile at Sahagun where a League was concluded between them Thence the two Kings about the beginning of July went to Zaragoça From thence an Embassy was sent to treat about the King's Marriage Cerebrunus Archbishop of Toledo was Principal of the Embassy with him went Raymund Bishop of Palencia and other Prelates and Noblemen At Bourdeaux the Treaty was concluded whence the Lady came into Spain attended not only by those that went for her but by Bernard Bishop of that City and many other Persons of Note Mean while the Kings of Castile and Aragon had made a League Offensive and Defensive against all Princes except the King of England in respect to the Marriage in hand For the more security Cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Najara and Biguerra he of Castile Ariza and Daroca The Bride being come to Taraçona there the Nuptials were Celebrated with great Pomp in the Month of September The King of Aragon gave her Her Joynter was a great part of Castile Burgos Medina del Campo and many other Towns and half of all that should be taken from the Moors For the King ravished with the beauty of his Bride endeavour'd to exceed all his Predecessors in Liberality Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was doubtless in League with the King of Castile for I find he went to Toledo about this time King Alonso of Aragon was about making War upon him on account that he refused to pay the Tribute he paid to his Father but they agreed and he consented to pay upon Condition King Alonso should not uphold the Maçemutes his Enemies All the Solemnities being perform'd at Taraçona the two Christian Kings parted and publick Rejoicings were again Celebrated at Burgos After that the Troop of Avila which till then had attended the King was dismiss'd Great Privileges were granted to the City Avila for its Fidelity to the King in the worst of times Then the King and Queen set out for Toledo At the same time the King of Aragon with the consent of the Bishop of Rhoda had the Head of Valerius Bishop of Zaragoça translated to that City from Rhoda where it had been till then Garsendis Princess of Bearn by the Death of her Father and Brother did Homage to the King of Aragon and confirmed the contract made that she should not Marry without his leave Some are of Opinion she was Marry'd to William of Moncada a Nobleman and Seneschal of Catalonia of which there is no proof and therefore I thought better to leave it dubious than attempt to decide it on either side CHAP. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Azagra
Bun̄ol There they met on the Fourteenth of Sept. 1272 and laying aside all former Animosities concluded a League After the conference the King of Aragon went away to Catalonia then in an Uproar caus'd by the Nobility Armengaud de Cabrera Son to Alvaro de Cabrera to whom the King not long before had given the Earldom of Vrgel was the great incendiary The King besieg'd Balaguer the chief City of that Earldom and in it took Armengaud himself and his Uncle Roger Bernard and some other Lords whom he long kept Prisoners especially the Earl of Faux who had Rebell'd several times Thus the Troubles of Catalonia ended Prince Sancho of Castile went to Badajoz whither his Father was gone from Sevil to endeavour to make Peace between his Grandson Denis King of Portugal and Alonso that Kings Brother whom he labour'd by Force to deprive of the Possessions his Father had left him King Alonso of Portugal Father to Denis dyed at Lisbon the beginning of this same year He Liv'd 70 years Reigned 32. and was buried in the Monastery of S. Dominick Built by himself in that City Prince Sancho having seen his Father was sent away to make New Levies throughout the whole Kingdom in order to March against the King of Granada who was then taken up in Building the Palace of that City call'd Alhambra an excellent Structure which cost much Mony that King being no less skill'd in Works of that Nature than in Military Affairs What pretence there was for this War I know not but suppose he was not included in the late Treaty made with the King of Morocco Denis the King of Portugal either that he confided not in his Grandfather or fearing he was more inclinable to his Brother tho he came as far as Yelves which is but Three Leagues from Badajoz on a sudden turn'd back and went away King Alonso in a great Rage to be so disappointed return'd to Sevil. At this time Conrade Lança Admiral of Aragon with a Fleet of Ten Galleys scour'd the Coasts of Africk particularly of Tunez and Tremezen because they refus'd to pay the Tribute agreed upon some years before A certain Author affirms this Expedition was undertaken to restore Mirabusar Expell'd his Kingdom of Tunez by his Brother All agree a great Booty was taken by the Aragonians and that at the Streights of Gibraltar they defeated Ten Galleys of the King of Morocco Taking some and Sinking others The King of Aragon at Valencia where he commonly resided gave a Grant of the Lordship of Segorve to his Bastard Son D. Jayme about the Month of November CHAP. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to Aid King Alonso Returns home leaving a Thousand Horse to serve under him King Alonso Disinherits and Curses his Son Prince Sancho IN Castile the Affection the People bore Prince Sancho daily increas'd and many believ'd when he was once well rid of his Nephews he would ease his Father of the Burden of the Crown His Father suspected nothing less than such a Design Prince Sancho in the Spring of the Year 1280. March'd with the Army he had rais'd to the Frontiers about Jaen and being there Recruited with Forces sent by his Father from Sevil entred the Territories of Granada where he Burnt all the Country as far as that City and then return'd with a great number of Cattle and Captives to Cordova and thence bore his Father Company to Sevil. This Success endear'd him more to the People which was what he chiefly aim'd at to secure the Succession to the Crown Philip K. of France sent Embassadors to demand that his Nephews should be set at liberty and deliver'd up to him and in case fair means would not prevail to threaten War Nothing being concluded it was agreed the Three Kings upon sufficient Security given should meet and commune together All the Kings set forward but they met not for Prince Sancho cunningly broke off that Interview fearing his Father who was inclinable to his Grandchildren might conclude something that might be prejudicial to him However it was agreed that Charles Prince of Taranto Son to the King of Sicily should carry the messages between the Kings yet all came to nothing Prince Sanoho undermining their Designs The French only ask'd that Prince Alonso should have the City Jaen given him with the Title of King and to hold of the Crown of Castile After this Disappointment the Kings of Aragon and France met about the same Affair and with the same success only the King of France took an Oath he would resign the Lordship of Mompellier to which he had pretended a Right to Jayme King of Majorca Prince Sancho was extreamly pleas'd that he had disappointed all the Designs of those Kings yet fear'd his Fathers Love towards those Children and there wanted not some who incensed King Alonso against his Son Therefore the Prince resolv'd to strengthen himself with Foreign Aids and to that purpose procur'd an Interview between his Father the King of Aragon and himself at a Town call'd Campillo between Agreda and Taraçona on the 27th of March 1281. At this Conference a League offensive and defensive was established between the two Kings upon penalty of 20000 pound weight of Silver to him that first broke it Palaçuela Teresa Xera and Ayola were now given to the King of Aragon and in lieu of them to Prince Emanuel the King's Brother whose those Places were Escalona was given This is what was publickly acted In private they concluded with jont Forces to invade Navarre and agreed what part each was to have when Conquer'd Prince Sancho obtain'd that the young Princes his Nephews should be secur'd in the Castle of Xativa and the more to oblige the King of Aragon he promised after his Fathers Death to yield him up all the Kingdom of Navarre and to give him in Castile the Town of Requena with all its Dependencies which lies on the Borders of Valencia towards Murcia He valu'd not what promises he made to secure his Power D. John Nun̄ez de Lara a powerful Man was then Lord of Albaracin having Marry'd the Daughter and Heiress of D. Alvaro de Açagra the Son of Peter Rodriguez de Açagra both Lords of that City Thence he made inroads into both the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon carrying away much Booty and gave Protection to all those that fled to him on account of any Crimes whatsoever Particularly D. Lope Diaz de Haro a mighty Lord being offended at King Alonso and Prince Sancho for the Death of Prince Frederick and the Lord of Cameros was retir'd thither The King of Aragon and Prince Sancho consulted at Taraçona about taking that City and expelling D. John de Lara King Alonso went to Burgos to Celebrate the Neptials of his two Sons Peter and John Peter marry'd a Daughter of the Lord of Narbonne and John the Daughter of the Earl of
all the Towns in Normandy he held for his King Charles the Heir of Navarre was confin'd to the Court and his Brethren Peter and Mary were imprison'd at Bretol All the Dominions of the Navarrois in France were taken from him except two Towns and Cherbourg which was pawn'd to the English Not content with this the French labour'd to induce the King of Castile to invade Navarre and he wanted not the Will only look'd for some specious pretence to declare War It happen'd opportunely that the King of Navarre complain'd that the Mony agreed to be paid him in Gold was paid partly in Silver Coin which had much Allay and was under Value To revenge this Wrong he dealt underhand with Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Castile and Governour of Logron̄o to deliver up that City to him The Governour gave his King an account of it who order'd him to carry on the Plot and secure the King of Navarre He did so and that King coming with 400 Horse sent part of them to the City suspecting some Treachery and therefore would not go himself Those sent being admitted into the Place were most of them taken and stript only a few escaping Among these Martin Enriquez the King's Standard-bearer defended himself with only his Sword against a great Number and at last sav'd himself and the Standard leaping off the Bridge into the River Ebro This was the beginning of the War King Henry gave the Command of his Army to his Son Prince John who enter'd Navarre plunder'd the Country took Guardia and Viana and burn't 〈◊〉 and Artaxond Thus Navarra was wasted by two powerful Kings neither of whome alone it was able to withstand This in the Year 1378. The King of Castile resided at Burgos where the marriage of his Bashard Son D. Alonso Earl of Gijon with Elizabeth the Bastard-Daughter to the King of Portugal was solemniz'd He also contracted two Bastard-Daughters to the two Sons of D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denis and Marquis of Villena Peter the younger Son presently marry'd Joanna the eldest and had by her Henry and Alonso Ellenor the youngest was contracted to D. Alonso who was then as a Hostage in the Hands of the English for his Father's Ransom yet afterwards the Match broke off Another Match was concluded betwixt Beatrix Legitimate Daughter to the King of Portugal and Frederick Bastard to King Henry Pope Gregory the XIth dy'd at Rome on the 27th of March. The conclave Meeting to elect a new Pope after many intreaties and Threats of the People and Senators of Rome chose Bartholomew-Butillius a Neapolitan Arch-bishop of Bari who took the Name of Vrban the VIth This done some of the Cardinals withdrew to the Castle of ◠Angelo others fled yet they all assisted at the Coronation Nevertheless they met afterwards at Fundi and elected another Pope who was Robert Cardinal of Geneva and took the Name of Clement the VIIth This was the beginning of the Schism that follow'd Pope Vrban in one day created 29 Cardinals all Men of Note Clement went away to Avignon and all Christendom was divided not knowing the true Pope The English Italians and Germans follow'd Vrban the French and Scotch supported Clement The Spaniards at first stood Neuters tho courted by both Whilst the Church was thus divided Portugal enjoy'd perfect Peace yet as it is usual the People was discontented for that the Queen manag'd all things and bestow'd all Honours upon her own Friends and Relations besides she was suspected of entertaining a scandalous Familiarity with D. John Fernandez de Andeyro Earl of Dren Denis and John the King's Brothers being disgussed fled to Castile John their Bastard-Brother and Master of Avis was cast into Prison but submitted to the Queen and appeas'd her The lower part of the City Lisbon towards the Sea was wall'd in because that side had receiv'd most Harm in the last Siege Both the Popes sent their Legates to court the Kings of Spain to declare for them The Aragonians resolv'd to stand Neuter tho offended at Vrban who went about to take Sicily and Sardinia from him yet he would not suffer the Edicts of Clement to be read in his Kingdom but order'd all the Ecclessastical Revenues appertaining to the Pope to be deposited in a third Hand Pope Vrban's Legates found King Henry at Cordova and press'd him to declare against Clement but he would not give any Answer till the Case was debated by learned Men at Toledo Prince John being return'd from the War in Navarre was in that City as also the French Embassadors who came to sollicit for Clement An Assembly of Bishops and Learned Men was held who declar'd it was not their Part to judge of that Controversy but would stand by him that should be own'd Pope by the Church and that till it were decided the Ecclesiastical Revenues should be deposited for the true Pope This was the Answer given to the Embassadors in the Year 1379 Hence King Henry went away to Burgos to prepare for the War with Navarre and there met him Embassadors from that King to treat of Peace which was concluded upon these Conditions That the English Soldiers should depart Navarre That 20 strong places and among them Estela Tudela and Viana should admit Castilian Garrisons for 10 Years That the King of Castile should lend the Navarrois 20000 Ducats as soon as the Peace was ratify'd This done the two Kings met at Santo Domingo de la Calcada with great Retinues and strove to outdo one another in Grandeur and Courtesy The King of Granada having always favour'd King Peter fear'd King Henry now at leisure would take Revenge Not finding himself able to withstand his Power he employ'd a Moor to Murder him This Moor endeavour'd to gain King Henry's Favour by continual Attendance and many Presents Among other Things he gave him a pair of Moorish Buskins as Grave Authors affirm they were poison'd but this is a fabulous Conceit taken up because he fell Sick the Day he put them on and dy'd ten Days after in the City of Santo Domingo His death happen'd on the 29th of May. Good Writers affirm he dy'd of the Gout He liv'd 46 Years and 5 Months and Reign'd after he was call'd King at Calahorra 13 Years and 2 Months His Body was carry'd to Burgos his Son John now King accompanying it and was deposited in the Cathedral Thence he was translated to Valladolid and lastly to Toledo He order'd himself to be buried in the Habit of S. Dominick for the particular Devotion he had to that Saint of whose Order the Kings us'd to choose their Confessor About the same time dy'd the King of Granada Mahomet call'd of Gaudix for his Curiosity in beautifying that City He may be esteem'd more fortunate than all his Predicessors having had no civil Broils during his whole Reign The King of Aragon tho very antient took to Wife Sybila Fortia a Widow Lady
management of the Revenue was distributed among them and it was order'd that five should govern one half of the Year and five the other This settlement it was hop'd would end all debates but it was soon broken by an Accident Two of the Duke of Benavente's Servants kill'd one belonging to the Earl of Gijon as was suspected by their Master's Order whereupon looking on him as Fierce and Ill Princip'd the Cortes alter'd the Form of Government and ordain'd that the King's Will should be fulfill'd yet so that till the Marques of Villena and Count Neibla being sent fo by the King came to Court the Arch-bishop of Toledo should act for them and have 3 Votes among the Governours Two Millions of Marauedies were allow'd the Duke of Benavente and Earl of Gijon yearly during their Lives in lieu of the Government Besides it was granted to the Arch-bishop that he alone should have the Management of half the Revenue The truce with Portugal was upon expiring and it was no time to renew the War The King being in his Minority and the Kingdom exhausted Embassadors were sent to renew and proloug the Truce John Allonso de Guzman Earl of Niebla left his House to attend the Government whereupon ensu'd a great Mutiny at Sevil James Hurtado de Mendoça being great with the King aspir'd to be made Admiral which could not be done without disobliging Alvar Perez de Guzman who had some time been in possession of that Command The Earl of Niebla favour'd the new Pretender whereupon the other joyning with Peter Ponce Lord of Marchena secur'd Sevil and turn'd out all the Earl's Adherents At Segovia the Embassadors return'd to the King from Portugal with News that that King would not hear of prolonging the Truce The Duke of Benavente being ill look'd upon at Court and depriv'd of the Government withdrew to his Estate and it was reported he held intelligence with Portugal and had agreed to marry that King's Bastard-daughter Beatrix He understood what was given out justify'd himself by pleading the Wrong done him in depriving him of the Lady Ellenor de Albuquerque and over'd if he might have her to break off the other Match The Governours considering the state of Affairs consented and appointed the place for celebrating the Mariage but the Duke immediately recanted and pursu'd the Match in Portugal The Arch-bishop of Toledo to prevent any mischief might ensue went to confer with the Duke and offer'd him in Mariage a Daughter of the Marques de Villena with as good a Portion as he expected from Portugal but the Duke would not harken to it Seeing nothing would content him the Arch-bishop return'd to Zamera to prevent the Governour of the Pallace who held the Tower of S. Saviour from delivering It up to the Duke as was suspected he would and the City was in Arms upon that score All things were compos'd and the Governour deliver'd up that Tower according to the Arch-bishop's Order It was now the Heat of Summer when News was brought that the Embassadors again sent to Portugal could not obtain a Prolongation of the Truce The Portugueses were resolv'd to make use of that Advantage and enlarge their Dominions The first that took the Field was the Duke of Benavente who with 500 Horse and a great number of Foot incamp'd near Pedrosa a Town not far from the City Toro Castile was reduc'd to great Streights At Granada the Moors mutiny'd About the beginning of this year King Mahomet always a Friend to the Christians dy'd His Son Joseph succeeded him and was of the same Temper for he freely releas'd many Christians during his Father's Life This his Goodness was prejudicial to him He had four Sons Joseph Mahomet Hali and Hamet Mahomet was ambitiâ—â—â— and having no hopes of obtaining the Crown by fair means us'd Craft giving out that his Father was a Moor only in Name but in his Actions a Christian Many upon this Account sided with him and the Business was brought to that height that the City was in danger of falling together by the Ears An Embassador of the King of Morocco who was there at that time interpos'd and in an Assembly of the Principal Men of the City represented to them the Mischiefs of Discord and the Advantage might then be made upon the Christians if they were united This he did so effectually that all the Rebels were pacify'd and Mahomet promis'd to submit himself to his Father After this they gather'd 700 Horse and 3000 Foot and making an Incursion into the Kingdom of Murcia took a great Booty of Cattle and carry'd away many Captives Alonso Fajardo the Lieutenant of that Country pursu'd them with only 150 Horse yet charg'd them so furious and fortunately that he routed them kill'd many and recover'd the Prey Thus Spain was deliver'd of a great Danger that threaten'd on that side which was such that the King of Aragon who was least concern'd that he might be the more at leasure to oppose the Moors lay'd up a great Fleet he had fitted out against Brancaleon Doria who again revolted in Sardinia This Defeat so terrify'd the Moors that they sent to beg a Truce of the King of Castile which was easily granted in regard to the War that was expected with Portugal The Portugues King was puff'd up with his Success seeing himself so setled in the Throne and having in the space of four Years as many Sons by his Wife the Lady Philippa The 1st was Alonso who dy'd young the 2d Edward who succeeded his Father the 3d Peter created Duke of Coimbra and the 4th Henry Duke of Viseo and Master of the Order of Christ and much given to the Study of Astrology by the help of which and the greatness of his Spirit he first attempted to Coast along the vast and unknown Shore of Africk by that means opening the way to those who after him discover'd the remotest Countries of the East to the great Honour and Profit of the Portugues Nation as shall be shown in its place This King's youngest Children were John and Ferdinand This same year Charles the VIth King of France ran distracted The Constable of France was murder'd by a Gentleman who immediately fled to the Duke of Britany This Action so inrag'd the King that because the Duke refus'd to deliver up the Murderer he march'd against him in Person and one day being upon his March at Noon when the Heat was most violent he suddenly drew his Sword kill'd two that were next him and wounded another raging in that distracted manner till he fell from his Horse He was carry'd back to the City where he recover'd his Senses yet so that he was ever after craz'd John Juvenal Bishop of Beauvais says that in his Fits nothing so much enrag'd him as hearing the English nam'd and that he abhorr'd a Red-Cross because born in the English Colours CHAP. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and
far different Thoughts Now the Popes John and Gregory gave ear to this Request Only Pope Benedict persisted obstinately and would hear of no Proposals of Peace It was given in charge to the King of Aragon to reduce him to Reason He and the King of France sent Embassadors to him upon that Account At the same time the King of Aragon having subdu'd Vrgel and establish'd Peace in his Kingdom return'd to Zaragoça and enter'd that City in Triumph There he was crown'd on the 11th of February 1414 that Ceremony having been deferr'd till then for several Reasons and was now perform'd by the Arch-bishop of Tarragona as Primate of all that Kingdom The King was crown'd with the Crown sent him by his Sister in Law Catherine Queen Dowager of Castile the value of its Workmanship being equal to that of the Matter tho made of Gold set with precious Stones Several Embassadors of Forreign Princes were present as also the Prelates and Nobles of that Kingdom particularly D. Bernard de Cabrera Earl of Osona and Modica now restor'd to the King's Favour and D. Henry de Villena a Man no less remarkable for his extraordinary Learning than for the Misfortunes he underwent and was at that time depriv'd of his Inheritance and the Mastership of the Order of Calatrava The manner of it was thus D. Gonzalo de Guzman dying D. Henry de Villena through the Favour of King Henry the IIId obtained that Dignity Many of the Knights objected that he was marry'd and therefore according to the Constitutions of the Order could not be Master His Ambition was such that he resolv'd to be Divorc'd from his Wife the Lady Mary de Albornoz tho her Portion was great she being Lady of Alcoçer Salmeron Valdolivas and the other Towns of the Infantado To carry on this Divorce he own'd himself naturally Impotent and to the end his own Estate might not fall to the Order made over to the King the Towns of Tineo and Cangas and his Right to the Marquisate of Villen̄a The Commendaries of the Order easily perceiv'd this was all Fraud They assembled again and having taken this Affair into Consideration depos'd D. Henry as illegally elected choosing D. Luis de Guzman in his Place This Election caus'd Disputes which lasted 6 Years All the Knights of that Order did not agree some were for the first some for the last Master In conclusion the Cistercian Monks by order of Pope Benedict having hear'd both Parties gave Judgment in favour of D. Luis de Guzman Thus he who valu'd himself upon his great Learning was found not to understand his own Interest and taking his Wife again spent the remainder of his Days in Poverty for tho the Mastership was taken from him the Patrimony of his Ancestors was not restor'd him After the Solemnities at Zaragoça were perform'd the new King bent his Thoughts to the Affairs of the Church as all Christian Princes desir'd Having signify'd so much to Pope Benedict they agreed to meet at Morella a Town in the Kingdom of Valencia on the Borders of Aragon and Catalonia The King signaliz'd himself in treating the Pope with all manner of Respect For first he led the Horse on which he rode to the Church and thence to his Lodging carry'd his Train next day he waited upon him at Table and Prince Henry did the Office of Cup-bearer His Service which was of Pewter he chang'd into Silver and Gold all to soften his obdurate Heart They met several times to treat of the Affair in Hand The Pope would not yield to lay down that Dignity and his followers obstructed it 50 Days were spent and nothing concluded At the same time came News from Italy of the Death of Ladislaus King of Naples who was reported to be poison'd in the height of all his Prosperity when he might have hop'd to make himself Master of all Italy He had no Issue for which reason that Crown fell to his Sister Joanna Widow of William Duke of Austria not above 30 Years of Age and no less leud than the other Queen of Naples of the same Name we have before mentioned Many Princes considering a Kingdom was her Dower were ambitious to marry her and she was contracted to John second Son to the King of Aragon who on that Account went over to Sicily and yet the Match was broken off and that Queen marry'd to James of Bourbon Earl of Marche a comly Youth Pandolphus Alopus was greater with the Queen than became the Regal Dignity which was censur'd by the People and resented by the Nobility All hopes of reducing Pope Benedict being lost the Christian Princes still continu'd their Resolution of assembling a General Council and appointed the City Constance in Germany to be the Place of Meeting The Bishops of Italy and France came first Pope Gregory sent his Embassadors with full Power to renounce the Papacy for him if requir'd Pope John came in Person relying on his Friendship with the Emperor King Ferdinand ceas'd not to press Pope Benedict to comply as well as his Competitors After much contesting they sent an Embassy to the Emperor desiring they three might meet in some convenient Place The Prelates continued to assemble at Constance and about 300 met The Council was open'd on the 5th of November At the same time in Aragon a great Number of Jews was converted by S. Vincent Ferrerius To facilitate the Conversion of the rest several severe Laws were enacted against them At Constance on Christmas Night which preceded the Year 1415. Pope John and the Emperor went together to Matins two Chairs were set for them the Pope's somewhat above the Emperor's After the Divine Service they began to discourse of the Affair in Hand and it was agreed by all the Prelates that the three Popes should freely abdicate to which Pope John tho with some Reluctancy condescended On the 4th of March he said a solemn Mass and that ended promis'd in publick to renounce the Papacy which gave great Satisfaction to all Men. This was but Counterfeit for not long after he fled away by Night with a design to keep that Division afoot Some Persons were sent after him who apprehended and brought him back to Constance where he was forc'd to resign the Papacy and given in Custody to the Count Palatine yet three Years after he escap'd and to pacify him had his Cardinals Cap restor'd and dy'd at Florence where he was also bury'd The Treasures he had heap'd whilst Pope were left in the Hands of Cosmo de Medices a Noble Citizen of that Place which is said to have been the first step he ascended by and his Family afterwards to be Princes of that Dominion The Joy conceiv'd for the deposing of Pope John was redoubl'd 5 Days after when Charles Malatesta Pope Gregory's Commissioner made a solemn Act of Renunciation in his Name Only Pope Benedict remain'd of whose Obstinacy they fear'd he would continue the Schism
small Labour that remained chearfully putting them in mind of the rich Booty that Place would afford 300 chosen Men advanced and came late at night to the Walls Perceiving no noise in the Castle they applied their Scaling-Ladders and mounted the Wall The first that got up was John de Ortega then another John born at Toledo and the third Martin Galindo all three resolute Soldiers They killed the Sentinels who were asleep and some others then opening the Gate all the others rushed in The Townsmen speedily cast up Works to secure themselves against the Castle and were attacked at break of day by our Men but without success Sancho de Avila Governor of Carmona and Martin de Rojas of Arcos bebing too forward were both killed in the Castle-Gate Any delay was dangerous because Granada was but 8 Leagues off Some were for demolishing the Castle and retiring The Bolder sort were against quitting the Enterprize upon any account This Advice prevailed and the Town was assaulted on all sides Some from without scaled the Walls thither the Moors bent their whole Force which gave those in the Castle an opportunity of entring the Town on that side A resolute Fight was maintained in the Streets The Christians were the better Soldiers but the Infidels more numerous yet both Parties stood their ground till night when such as remained of the Enemy retired to a Mosque where many were killed and the rest made Slaves Thus the loss of Zahara was doubly repaid This was the beginning of that tedious and bloody War Alhama was taken on the last Day of February The taking of this Place struck a Terror into the Moors and caused the Christians to stand upon their Guard The Moors finding the Christians gained footing so near Granada feared the approaching Downfal of that Kingdom Besides they were afflicted at some Apparitions seen in the Air and because an old Fortune-teller as soon as the Infidels took Zahara is said to have cried out The Ruine of that Town God grant what I say prove false will fall upon our Heads My Mind gives me the End of our Dominion in Spain draws near This caused the King to raise Men throughout his Kingdom and to march towards Alhama with 3000 Horse and about 50000 Foot So great an Army was terrible to our Men who could not quit the Place without much Dishonour They sent Messengers to all Parts to hasten Relief and mean while ceased not Day or Night to repair the Walls and add new Works The Safety of the Town consisted in that the Enemy for haste brought no Cannon or other Engines for Battery Therefore all their Assaults proved unsuccessful for our Men bravely made good the Walls The sharpest Dispute was at the River which runs near the Town in which there being no Fountains nor Cisterns the Besieged were obliged to go out for Water The Moors laboured to turn the River another way which tho' with much loss they performed cutting a new Channel D. Alonso de Aguilar marched from Cordova with 1000 Horse and 3000 Foot to the Relief of the Besieged but all Passes being secured by the Enemy was forced to return without effecting any thing All the Hopes that remained was in the Duke of Medina Sidonia and that not much because of his ancient Enmity with the Marquess of Cadiz to which was added that he resented that Expedition had been undertaken without consulting him The Love of his Country prevailed with his Generous Spirit above private Animosities and the Publick Danger reconciled those Opposites Having resolved to relieve the Besieged he took the Royal Standard out of Sevil and joined with other Noblemen particularly D. Roderick Giron Master of Calatrava and D. James Pacheco Marquess of Villena They gathered about 5000 Horse and 40000 Foot King Ferdinand the very Day he received the News of the taking of Alhama and the Danger our Men were in set forward with speed from Medina del Campo leaving Orders for the Queen to follow him He sent Orders to the Noblemen not to enter the Moorish Territories before he came because it was requisite to carry a greater force The great want of Water the Besieged endured made all delay dangerous therefore the Lords notwithstanding that Order marched The Moors expected not their coming but raised the Siege and departed Then the Besieged marched out to meet those that came to their Relief and joyfully embraced one another The Marquess of Cadiz embraced the Duke of Medina Sidonia they saluted one another courteously and so ended the Hatred which had been betwixt those two Families for many Years This Joy was very near being converted into Sorrow by a Dispute arising among the Soldiers Those that came to relieve the Besieged pretended to have share in the Plunder of the Town and from Words they had come to Blows but that the Duke pacified his Men with fair Speeches and promises of leading them to greater Plunder A fresh Garrison was put into the Town and the Army marched back Immediately the Moors returned to the Siege and several Parties went out to plunder the neighbouring Country The Infidels observing the highest part of Alhama being difficult of access was slenderly guarded scaled it before break of day on the 20th of April Our Men taking the Alarm charged the Enemy with such Fury that several of them were killed and the rest to save themselves leaped over the Walls Two Citizens of Sevil signalized themselves in this Action the one called Peter Pineda the other Alonso Ponce CHAP. II. Preparations for carrying on the War against the Moors Loxa in vain Besieged and that War laid aside for some time Some Tumults in Galizia A great Slaughter of Christians on the Mountains of Malaga WHilst the Moors lay before Alhama the King and Queen consulted at Cordova about prosecuting the War Some advised to abandon Alhama as hard to be defended being encompassed with Enemies on all sides The Queen was positive it ought to be defended Her Opinion prevailed and by the Advice of James de Merlo whom the King held in great account it was resolved to besiege Loxa a very strong City not far from Alhama Ezija was the Place appointed for the Army to Rendezvous about 5000 Horse and 8000 Foot gathered there A small Number for so great an Undertaking After the Moors were gone the King marched with part of these Forces to Alhama on the 29th of April He put a new Garrison into the Place and left D. Luis Portocarrero Lord of Palma a great Soldier to Command there Then having wasted the Plain of Granada without sustaining any loss he returned to Cordova to make the necessary Preparations for War Besides the Queen was near her time and he was willing to be present at her lying in On the 29th of July she was delivered of two Children the one that lived was called Mary the other was dead Hence the People took occasion to frame Omens of the Success of the War according
that he had killed 90 Christians by the way who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada The Citizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar where his Treasure lay There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped King Ferdinand tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real because that Town was upon the Frontiers and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of September notwithstanding the Heat was excessive that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor and to sit down before Moclin a strong Town near Granada the King promising to back them with the whole Army The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse and a greater number of Foot This Design being discovered to the Moore he removed to a Hill and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury that the best Soldiers were killed and most of the Foot The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he expected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava who followed those that had advanced before This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand that he retired for some time On the Frontier near Jaen are two Towns and Castles called Cambil and Albahar The River Frio runs betwixt them and tho small is difficult to be waded because of its high Banks Both these Places were besieged Albahar is beyond the River and near it is a Hill that commands it on which the King tho with much labour caused the Cannon to be planted This so terrified the Moores that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares During this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon Duke de Villahermosa the King's Brother a brave Commander His Body was deposited at Baeça and thence translated to Poplete the burial-place of his Ancestors Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa and Earls of Ribagorça In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews A great number of those People who were reconciled and implored Mercy was pardoned They are now called De la Gracia that is the People of Grace The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand upon the usual Pretences Pope Innocent favoured them but it was rather in Words than Effect for he was ancient and otherwise employed The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Salerno Basigniano and Altamura as also the Marquess del Gasto It was reported that Frederick the King's Son under-hand supported the Rebels but this could never be proved The Wicked Life of Alonso Duke of Calabria the King 's Eldest Son was one great Motive of this Revolt The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force and therefore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples as soon as the Storm was over made no account of those Promises and at several times as occasion served seized the Heads of the Rebellion and put them all to death King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceedings but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies which proved fatal to him at last as we shall see in its place Let us turn back On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares was delivered of a Daughter called Catherine well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers Sons to the King of England and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews Edward and Richard the rightful Heirs of the Crown usurped the Kingdom He Govern'd like a Tyrant and ended accordingly Henry Earl of Richmond who had been a Prisoner in Britany having obtained his Liberty overthrew the Tyrant in Battle and killed him By that means he secured the Crown to himself This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself who was the Eighth of that Name King of England and famous for his Incontinency for putting away Catherine his Wife and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope besides many other Crimes which have left an indelible stain upon his Name CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moores A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon but those in Catalonia were more dangerous yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro and is in Beauty Riches and number of Inhabitants almost equal to the best in Spain This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges as it hapned at this time John de Burgos the King 's Alguazil gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan the Chief of the Aldermen and Head of their Counsel Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil Tried Condemned and Hanged him which was a great Affront to the King He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia supream Governor of that Kingdom to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City that no harm should be done for he was expert in Dissembling The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him but Martin Pertusa who was the next and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil was suddenly Executed the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People who were ready to Rescue him This struck a Terror into the others and so the Sedition was appeased Soon after another Tumult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last Peter Arbuc was Inquisitor in that City and punished
all the Inhabitants to the Sword or sold them as Slaves King Ferdinand came to Valladolid upon the 6th of September There an opportunity was offered him of recovering the City Placencia which the late Kings had Alienated and given to the Family of Zun̄iga D. Alvaro de Zuniga dying a Grandson of his whose Father was dead before Inherited his Estate James de Zuniga Unckle to the Heir pretended he had a better Right as being Son to the deceased The Kindred was divided between both Thus the Family of the Caravajales seized the City but could not make themselves Masters of the Castle which was well defended by the Garrison King Ferdinand coming to appease that Sedition seized all D. Alvaro the new Duke surrendring and contenting himself with the Town of Bejar and its Dependancies in lieu of that City This struck a Terror into all the Nobility fearing they should be forced to restore to the King now grown strong all they had extorted from his Predecessors in times of Consusion New Tumults broke out in Aragon upon account that the Nobility were for breaking off the Association not long since formed betwixt the Cities as a thing that Curbed them They never gave over till some Years after at the Cortes held at Barcelona they obtained the Association should be dissolved for Ten Years John de Fonseca and Alvaro Arronio were sent Ambassadors to Flanders to procure the Liberty of Maximilian King of the Romans imprisoned by the People of Bruges They managed their business so well that he was Released and Reconciled to his Subjects His first Wife the Lady Mary to whom belonged the Dominion of Flanders being dead he aspired to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile Her Father and Mother did not consent because she was promised in Portugal yet they offered one of that Princess's Sisters for Philip his Son and Heir Frederick the Emperor his Grandfather upon this design of Marrying him in Spain gave him the Title of Archduke of Austria whereas before they were only called Dukes The Fleet the Lord d' Albret was sitting out on the Coast of Biscay contributed much towards the obtaining the Liberty of Maximilian the People of Bruges being jealous it was designed against them The Fleet Sailed to Britany where the Duke of Orleans and his Confederates were overthrown by the King the Duke and John Gralla who Commanded the Spaniards were made Prisoners as shall be said hereafter CHAP. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moores Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Fathers death AT the end of this Year died Gazri Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava Many aspired to that Dignity but King Ferdinand by virtue of a Bull obtained of Pope Innocent to that purpose annexed it to the Crown The same was afterwards done with the other Masterships whence it followed that rewards due to Soldiers were afterwards bestowed on Courtiers The usual Confusions at the Election of those Masters and the Lowness of the Kings Revenue were the cause of this Alteration In the East Bajazet the Turk gathered a mighty Army and Fleet which Allarmed all the Christian Princes but his design was against the Soldan of Egypt Only 11 Galliots of Pyrats invaded the Island of Malta and plundered it all up to the very Walls of the City This Island having Two Ports can contain any Fleet. The Ports are divided by a point of Land called of Santelmo This Point it was judged necessary to Fortifie that the Enemy might not possess themselves of the Island and from thence Infest the Coasts of the Christians A Fleet Sailed from Sicily in search of these Pyrats but came too late for they were gone with their Booty Another Fleet Sailed from Spain with Ferdinand de Acun̄a who went Viceroy into Sicily It was designed not only to defend their own Coasts but to Invade those of Africk King Ferdinand joined in a League with the King of England and House of Austria against the King of France All this tended towards subduing of the Kingdom of Naples which some of the Banished Nobility offered to King Ferdinand and others to the King of France as the more Powerful and an Enemy to the House of Aragon At the beginning of the Year 1489 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot were sent into Britany to succour the Lady Ann who succeeded her Father in that Dukedom D. Peter Sarmiento Earl of Salinas Commanded that Body The War against the Moores of Granada was of more Moment and greater advantages were expected from it therefore the King and Queen set out from Medina del Campo towards Andaluzia upon the 27th of March. The Rendezvous was at Jaen where upon a Muster the King found 12000 Horse and 50000 Foot all the choice Men in the Kingdom A good Body came from Biscay Baça was resolved upon to begin the Campaigne with By the Way that no Enemy might be left behind they took Cajor a small but strong Town This done Baça was Invested This City is Seated on the Side of a Hill down which and along the plain below it runs a small River on all other sides it is encompassed with other rising Grounds It was well Garrisoned and furnished with all Necessaries for 15 Months The Scituation did not allow any Engines to be brought up to the Walls About 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot sallied out of the City and did us some harm our Men being intangled betwixt the Channels of Water but others coming to their Relief the Enemy was repulsed with considerable loss Several other Skirmishes happened our Men destroying all the Orchards about the City Our Men could not deal with the Enemy upon equal Terms but they overpowred them in number Thus the Siege was prolonged and King Ferdinand was dubious whether he had not best raise the Siege especially because he lost many of his Men by Sickness and other accidents The Marquess of Cadiz then made a Duke advised to raise the Siege However the King resolved to continue it and the more to Curb the Besieged caused a Trench to be drawn quite round the Walls with Nine Forts at convenient distances all strongly Guarded to prevent being surprized by the Enemy Sallying All the Army was conveniently Posted about the Place and the Duke of Cadiz with 4000 Horse had charge of the Artillery Thus no relief could enter the City but they had plenty of Provisions In the Camp there was great scarcity of Bread and Money and yet fresh Troops came in daily About October came the Dukes of Najara and Alva in Mourning for their Father lately deceased The Admiral also came and the Marquis de Astorga Soon after arrived the Queen with the Princess Elizabeth the Cardinal of Toledo and other Prelates The Queens coming as I believe altered the resolution of the Besieged believing now the Siege was fixed Hazen the
and the New King retired to Capua which he had fortified but was betrayed to the French by Trivulcio a Milanese the Governour Whilst the King of France was at Capua the Great Turk's Brother died Others say it was at Naples whether the King marched and was received into that most Noble City without any resistance upon Sunday the 22d of February The New King Ferdinand before the French came abandon'd all and retired to Castelnovo where were the Queen-Dowager her Daughter Frederick the King's Unkle and many other Lords Thence he went to the Castle del Ovo and lastly over to Sicily to wait some turn of Fortune But the French were so fortunate that in 15 Days after their entring upon the Borders of the Kingdom all submitted to them to the utmost point of Italy I believe never so great an Undertaking was concluded in so short a time Only some few Places in Calabria held out some time for King Ferdinand but at last submitted as did Rijoles which is in sight of Meçina where the Fleet of Spain lay but had no Orders to attempt any thing CHAP. V. The League against the French carried on with wonderful Secrescy The French King returns home The Venetians overthrown by the French King Ferdinand of Naples successful against them and recovers that Noble City NO sooner had the French possessed themselves of the Kingdom of Naples but all the Princes of Italy began to consider how heavy the Dominion of that Nation would lie upon them if suffered to settle and root it self in Italy King Ferdinand of Spain was in the greatest danger for the Island of Sicily whither he was informed the French designed to pass as soon as they concluded the Affair of Naples being chiefly animated to that Enterprize by the Prince of Salèrno one of the Outlaws and principal Enemy to the House of Aragon The better to oppose them he sought to draw the other Princes to a League against France To this purpose he had some Months since sent Laurence Suarez de Figuera to Venice and now sent a Gentleman called John Deza to the Duke of Milan with Orders to make an Overture to him not only of giving him one of the Princesses his Daughters but of making him King of Lombardy both which Proposals he willingly gave ear to He also practised to draw the Emperor and the English into the League and in order to it proposed cross Matches to strengthen the Alliance between Prince John and the Princess Joanna his Children and Maximilian and his Sister Margaret on the other side which Design was so well prosecuted that it was fully concluded by Francis de Rojas sent on purpose to Flanders Care was taken to raise Money in Castile and Aragon to defray the Charge of the War In Aragon the Cortes met which the King would have had the Princess Catherine hold but it would not be allowed and he was forced to come himself Such Industry was used that at last the League was concluded at Venice It was agreed this called the Most Holy League should last for the space of 25 Years and that between them all should be raised an Army of 34000 Horse and 28000 Foot proportionable to the Power and Ability of each of the Confederates It was given out the Design was to protect the Church and defend their own Dominions but in reality it was to drive the French out of Italy This Business was carried on with such wonderful Secrecy that the French Ambassador Philip de Comines Lord of Argenton a Man of great Wisdom and Experience then at Venice had not the least Intelligence of it and was so surprized when Augustin Barbadico Duke of Venice gave him an account of it that he asked whether the King his Master might return with safety into France The face of Affairs was soon changed for the Neapolitans repented of what they had done because the Insolencies committed by the French were intolerable The Duke of Milan was perplexed for that the Duke of Orlcans had secured the City Novara besides he understood that the French endeavoured to draw the Genoeses from his Subjection insomuch that he was forced with great Submission to have recourse to the Venetians for their Assistance The King of France understanding what had hapned resolved to return with all speed before the way was stopped Before his departure he appointed Gilbert Duke of Monpensier a Prince of the Blood Viceroy of Naples with him he left part of his Army and some able Commanders He also sent to the Pope to ask of him the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples and to let him know he desired to pass through Rome to confer with his Holiness about important Affairs As to the Investiture the Pope answered he was ready to do Justice according as he should find and as for his going to Rome it could not be without some great Disorder because the People were enraged against the French This unpleasing Answer made the King hasten his Journey He set out from Naples on the 20th of May Being come to Rome he found the Pope was retired to Perosa From Rome he went into Tuscany spent some Days at Siena and without entring Florence went on to Pisa The Florentines demanded the restitution of that City as had been promised them but the People of Pisa prevailed upon him Thence he went into Lombardy where Francis Marquess of Mantua General of the Venetians came to cut off his Retreat The French being fewer in number would have avoided fighting and endeavoured to join the Duke of Orleans but it could not be The Enemies met on the Banks of the River Tarro which runs within a League of the City Parma The Venetians lay near Fornovo a Village at the Foot of the Mountains the French at the entrance into the Valley There the Battel was fought which was one of the most remarkable that had hapned long in Italy At first the Italians had the better but then falling to plunder and seize the Cannon the French had leisure to rally and returned upon the Enemy with such Fury that they broke them with a mighty Slaughter The King was in great danger all his Guards being slain and tho' the Victor could not obtain of the Enemy a Truce for three Days wherefore he was forced to steal away to Aste without beat of Drum It was no small help to him in his retreat that the River being swollen with the Rain the Italians could not so soon pass it to pursue him Yet he sustained much loss by the Light Horse that kept in his Rear and the Country-people who took Arms to secure the Passes Above 4000 Italians were killed in the Fight The Duke of Mantua immediately sate down before Novara where he much distressed the Duke of Orleans Scarce was the King gone from Naples when the Affairs of that Kingdom began to change The Fleet of Spain commanded by the Earl of Trivento lay at Meçina Thither came
France and to marry him to the Lady Charlotte Daughter to the King of Naples Her Father would not consent because they demanded the Principality of Taranto with her as Dower and this was suspected to be in order to seize the whole Kingdom of Naples The Duke of Milan and Cardinal Ascanius his Brother pressed the King to consent lest the Pope should bring the French upon him again which would prove his utter Ruin as it did K. Ferdinand did not approve of this Contrivance tho' he was offered the disposal of the Churches of Pamplona and Valencia then in the hands of Caesar Borgia These Practices scandalized all Christendom to see that a Cardinal in Holy Orders should have leave given him to marry The Wickedness of the Court of Rome gave all the World enough to talk therefore Hierome Savonarola a Dominican who of late Years had a great hand in the Government of Florence Preaching with extraordinary Freedom against the Extravagancies of the Pope was by his Order publickly burnt with two of his Companions in the Market place of that City upon Palm-Sunday Many in Florence to this day account him a Martyr others condemned his Boldness But this hapned not only at Florence for Garcilasso the Catholick King 's Ambassador reproved the Pope to his face and required him in his King's Name to redress those Disorders The Pope was angry at this Liberty but mended not his Faults Soon after Caesar Borgia publickly protested he took Orders against his Will and desired a Dispensation to quit all his Benefices and resign the Cardinal's Cap. Many of the Cardinals were of Opinion he deserved for his wicked Life to be degraded and not suffered to resign but none durst speak for fear of the Pope In fine he resigned and the New King of France created him Duke of Valence Being disappointed of the Daughter of Frederick King of Naples he married the Daughter of the Lord d' Albret and Sister to the King of Navarre By her he had a Daughter who her Father dying was left to the Care of her Unkle the King of Navarre This same Year the Great Captain having gathered a Fleet at Naples sailed for Spain He was the Honour of our Nation for the many Victories he obtained and subduing that Kingdom after such great Disorders CHAP. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions University of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain-Moors AS soon as Prince John died the King and Queen began to be sollicitous about the Succession of the Crown but waited to see what the Princess Margaret would bring forth Their Grief was increased when at Alcala de Henares she miscarried of a Daughter Hereupon they advertised the King of Portugal of his Title to the Crown and advised him to come to Castile and be Sworn according to Custom The Archduke and his Dutchess who at that time took the Stile of Princes of Spain were warned to forbear it The King and Queen of Portugal entred Castile by the way of Badajoz where they were received by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Alva with many other Great Men. Thence they went to spend the Holy Week at Guadalupe and on the 26th of April came to Toledo where the Catholick King and Queen expected them and according to Custom on the Sunday following Homage was done to them and they were Sworn Heirs of Castile The Business of Aragon was not so easie because Henry Duke of Segorve was alive and pretended no Woman could Inherit that Crown and therefore it appertained to him and his Son Alonso as descended of the Male Line of King Ferdinand of Aragon To make all things the easier the Kings of Castile and Portugal went to Zaragoça and there on the 14th of July proposed to the Nobility to Swear to the King and Queen of Portugal as Heirs of the Crown There arose a great Debate some affirming no Woman could Inherit that Crown and others maintaining the contrary To end this Dispute it pleased God that the Queen of Portugal on the 23d of August was delivered of a Son whom they called Michael She died within an Hour after The King her Husband returned immediately to his Kingdom The Queen's Body was deposited in the Church of S. Francis and thence translated to the Monastery of Nuns of S. Elizabeth built by her Father at Toledo On the 22d of September all Difficulties being removed the young Prince was by general Consent Sworn Heir to the Crown of Aragon and soon after the same was done in Castile Before King Ferdinand went to Zaragoça he had sent D. Alonso de Sylva his Ambassador to France to Compliment the New King upon his Accession to the Crown and at the same time to press the Conclusion of the Peace He with the other Ambassadors there before soon brought it to a Period The same was done on his part by the Archduke without consulting his Father or Father-in-Law Luis d' Amboise Archbishop of Roan by his Interest with the King of France much forwarded this Agreement In September the Pope made him a Cardidal at the suit of the French King who was intent upon passing into Italy upon account of the Right he pretended to have to the Dutchy of Milan and Kingdom of Naples From Zaragoça King Ferdinand sent D. Yn̄igo de Cordova Brother to the Earl of Cabra and Dr. Philip Ponce to require the Pope to restore the City Benevento to the Church and to reform the Abuses of his Court and Leudness of his Family The King of Portugal by the Advice of his Father-in-Law sent D. Roderick de Castro and D. Henry Coutin̄o to Rome with the same Embassie They all admonished the Pope and made their Protestation Garcilasso de la Vega performing the Office of Notary Apostolick The Pope was highly offended and threatned to punish them for their Presumption yet at last be answered That Benevento was not nor should not be alienated As to the Reforming his House he answered harshly Within few days the Prince of Esquilache his Wife his Sister Lucrecia and her Husband whose Leudness as well as Caesar Borgia's incensed the People all departed Rome Such was the Hatred the Pope conceived on this account against Garcilasso de la Vega that he was forced to leave that City and the Portugues Ambassadors soon followed at the beginning of the Year 1499. Those of the Catholick King stayed some time longer till the coming of Lorenço Suarez de Figueroa who was appointed to succeed his Brother Garcilasso after he had been Ambassador at Venice where he gained great Reputation Many heavy Cares at the same time lay upon the Catholick King Italy was in danger by reason of the French King's Pretensions The Pope egged him on in hopes to be revenged on King Frederick and to raise Duke Valentine The Venetians also offended with the Duke
would never consent to it unless he were allowed to share in the Government and also in the Revenue by which means he thought to supply his great wants He endeavoured to draw into his Service 1500 of the Catholick King 's Soldiers that served in France but the Catholick King sent Alonsode Olmedes to keep them where they were They obeyed tho' the Marquess of Brandenburgh declared them Rebels as if they had been the Emperor's Subjects The Emperor highly resented that the Catholick King would not admit of Andrew de Burgo whom he sent with the Character of his Ambassador At this time King Emanuel of Portugal extended the Glory of his Name still sending new Fleets to India and obtaining fresh Victories The Kings of Calicut and Cambaya were professed Enemies of the Portugueses and therefore made War upon the King of Cochin and other Princes who received them into their Ports and traded with them The Nobility of Andaluzia were offended for that the Catholick King made not so great account of them as of those of Castile The chief of the Malecontents were the Marquess of Priego D. Peter Fernandez de Cordova and the Earl of Cabra In a Tumult at Cordova the Officers of Justice Apprehended one of the Mutineers whom the Bishop's Servants rescued King Ferdinand set Fernan Gomez de Herrera an Alcalde de Corte with some Men to punish that Insolency He having begun to do his Duty the Marquess of Priego sent him Orders to desist and depart the City till the Kings Pleasute were farther known He on the contrary Commanded the Marquess and his Brother in the Kings Name to be gone out of Cordova The Marquess gathering a Force apprehended the Alcalde but released him again upon promise that he would not return to Cordova This Affront the King highly resented and set out himself to revenge it At Arcos he took Prince Ferdinand from the Queen against her will upon pretence of his Health He summoned Forces to join him in order to punish that Insolence and in pursuance thereof the Deputy of Sevil D. In̄igo de Velasco Ordered all betwixt 60 and 20 years of Age to be ready to march against the Marquess The Great Captain writ to the Marquess his Cousin advising him to submit and he intended so to do The Nobility and particularly the Great Captain laboured to appease the King who was resolved not to give way to Intreaties The Marquess came to submit himself when the King was at Toledo and was Ordered to Wait 5 Leagues from Court and deliver up all his strong Holds He obeyed With the King went to Cordova 1000 Horse and 3000 Foot The Marquess being taken and charged with High Treason would make no defence but cast himself upon the Kings Mercy Judgment was given some Gentlemen were condemned to death some of the Commonalty executed The Houses of D. Alonso de Carzama and Bernardin de Bocanegra who were in Prison were Razed The Marquess was banished for ever out of Cordova and out of Andaluzia during the King's pleasure who was also to secure all his strong Holds except his House at Montilla which was to be demolished The Great Captain and Constable were extreamly disgusted at this Severity insomuch that it was thought the latter would have departed the Kingdom From Cordova the King sent D. Henry de Toledo and the Licenciat Ferdinand Tello to do Homage to the Pope for the Queen his Daughter At Naples died the Queen of Hungary so very Poor the Viceroy was forced to pay the charge of her Obsequies She was buried in the Church of S. Peter Martyr where the Body of her Mother lies King Ferdinand went to Sevil where he was received with great Pomp and Joy With him went the Queen his Wife and Prince Ferdinand Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia was left young by his Father under the Guardianship of D. Peter Giron to whose Sister he was contracted The Duke was haughty and turbulent and had designed to assist the Marquess of Priego To appease the King it was offered he should deliver up his chiefest Fortresses and the Constable would be bound for his good behaviour Nevertheless neither the Duke nor D. Peter Giron came to submit themselves to the King who thereupon put D. Peter from his Guardianship banishing him from Sevil and all the Lands of Medina Sidonia and the Duke was commanded to deliver up all his Places of strength They both fled to Portugal and the King Orderèd their Lieutenants to deliver the Forts Those of Niebla and Figueras would not submit and therefore Niebla was taken by force and plundered This Severity made all Places comply This Estate was put into the Hands of the Archbishop of Sevil and the Council Ordered to prosecute D. Peter Giron The Nobility but chiefly the Constable resented this rigorous Proceeding yet the King was resolved to humble their Pride and the Archbishop of Toledo advised him so to do The Catholick King spent all Autumn in settling Andaluzia and thence promoted the War in Africk assisting the Portugueses who were much distressed The King of Fez being at variance with his Two Brothers it was thought a good Opportunity to gain some advantage in Africk and to this purpose a Fleet was fitted out at Malaga The Pyrates of Velez de la Gomera did much harm at this time along the Coast of Granada Count Peter Navarro our Admiral gave them Chase took some Vessels and pursued the others to an Island opposite to Velez and the common refuge of those Corsairs There were 200 Moors in the Fort of that Island which they call Pen̄on these thinking the Earl would Attack Velez abandoned the Island to defend the Town but he immediately possessed himself of the Castle which Commands the Harbour and City and thence did them so much harm that the Moors were forced to live under Ground This Place was taken on the 23th of July and Ordered to be Fortified and well Garrisoned The Portugueses made War on the Coast of Africk along the Ocean A Moor called Zelum Cousin to the King of Fez offered to put them in a way to take Azamor a famous City on that Coast King Emanuel giving Credit to him fitted a Fleet which carried 400 Horse and above 2000 Foot under the Command of D. John de Meneses This Fleet sailed from Lisbon on the 26th of July and found all things otherwise than they expected for the Citizens defended themselves well and Zelum aided them This brought the Portugueses into great Danger and they were forced to depart without doing any thing The Weather being bad and the Tides low some Vessels and among them one Gally struck the rest came to the streights Mouth This loss seemed to be a special Providence for the King of Fez with a mighty Power sate down before Arzila on the 19th of October D. Vasco Coutin̄o Earl of Borva was Governor who the first day repulsed the Moors with much Bravery but the next day
Successors when they received the Investiture These were the same Conditions that had been imposed upon Charles the first of France About the beginning of July this Grant was passed by the Pope and College of Cardinals On the 7th of August the Pope remitted the yearly Tribute and the 50000 Duccats contenting himself with the white Palfrey and his Furniture and 300 Horse to serve him wheresoever there was War in the State of the Church designing to use them against Ferrara In the time of Pope Leo there was imposed an acknowledgment of 7000 Duccats for the leave granted to the Emperor Charles the 5th to hold that Kingdom together with the Empire which was contrary to the antient Capitulations with the Houses of Anjou and Aragon The King of France was much offended at this Proceeding and by his Ambassador the Bishop of Rieux complained grievously thereof to the Catholick King whilst the Cortes sat at Monçon There on the 13th of August was a Subsidy granted the King of 500000 Crowns a great Sum considering the Time and the Liberty of those Provinces They also in Case the King should be called away authorised Queen Germana to preside and even to assemble the Cortes again if broke up provided she were commissioned as Lieutenant of those Kingdoms The Associations erected some Years before were now dissolved Many Ambassadors and great numbers of Nobility were at Monçon during the Sitting of the Cortes At Malaga a Fleet was provided to carry over D. Garcia de Toledo and the Forces for the Conquests of Africk The King was earnest they should set out yet they delayed some time because of the Plague that was at Bugia The Fleet sailed in the heat of Summer carrying 7000 Men. Part of the Fleet and 3000 Men were left at Bugia to secure that Place James de Vera having put Bugia into a good Posture followed the Fleet and they came together being 16 Galleys to the Port of Tripoli at such time as Count Peter Navarro had embarqued his Men to the number of 8000 designing for Gelves the greatest and most important Island on the Coast of Africk about 100 Leagues West of Tripoli It is plain and sandy covered with Palm and Olive Trees so near the Continent that on the one side there is a Bridge to go over to it In length it is above 16 miles wants Water has no Town but scattering Houses and on the Shore a Castle where the Lord lives It was once subject to the King of Tunez but at this time had a Xeque or particular Lord. On the 28th of August they arrived at Gelves The Forces landed finding no Opposition either in the Island or on the Continent at a Town they call Puente Quebrada All the Army was divided into 3 Bodies D. Garcia tho he was General would advance before the rest with the Gentlemen that followed him Some say it was by advice of Peter Navarro others affirm it was against his Will The Xeque had about 150 Horse and 2000 Foot but so ill armed and so fearful they offered good Terms rather than come to Blows It was Afternoon when our Forces began to march the heat of the sandy Ground was so violent as if all had been in a Flame Scarce had they advanced 2 Leagues when some fell down dead with Drought and all suffered extremely The Vanguard being come to a Wood of Palm Trees fell into Disorder to seek Water at some Wells they imagined there were near certain ruined Houses Here the Moors observing their Confusion fell upon them D. Garcia and others that were a horse-back lighted Some advised him to retire He answered Advance Gentlemen are we come hither to turn our backs If Fortune frown on us yet she cannot make us forget the Duty we owe to our Birth Having said thus he took a Pike from an Aragonian and fell in among the Moors Our Men nothing moved by the Example of their General fled The Moors took the advantage and falling on killed four of those that alighted which were D. Garcia Garci Sarmiento Loaya and Christopher Velasquez all Commanders of Note There was no stopping of those that fled The Count ordered the Batallions of James Pocheco and Giles Nieto which were with him in the Rear to make head against the Moors and by that means prevented their being all cut off The Earl himself was in such a Consternation he was one of the first that embarqued tho he might pretend it was to oblige the Galleys next the Shore to take in the Men many being drowned because they would not admit them About 4000 of our Men were killed or taken and among them many of Note The Body of D. Garcia was carried to the Xeque who writ to D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily that supposing that Lord to be the King 's Kisman he kept his Body in a Chest to be disposed of as he should direct D. Garcia left a young Son called D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo who was afterwards one of the famous Generals of the World Count Peter Navarro having sent the King an account of that Disaster ordered the Galleys back to Naples and with the rest of the Fleet sailed for Tripoli where he arrived on the 19th of December having been 8 days in a Storm He left James de Vera in that City with a Garrison of 3000 Men other 3000 he disbanded being unfit for Service and he with 4000 more and part of the Fleet went out to scowr the Coast between Gelvez and Tunez Bad Weather obliged him to lie by most part of the Winter in the Island Lampadosa near Sicily An infinite number of Moors about the end of this Year layed Siege to the City Safin on the Coast of Africk and subject to the Portugueses Atayde the Governour having received some Supplies from the Island of Madera defended himself bravely and the Siege being raised made an Inroad as far as Almedina 32 miles from Safin He had several Skirmishes with the Moors took a great Booty but in his return such great Numbers came upon him that he was forced to quit it He made several other Incursions and came up to the very Walls of Morocco an Action of more Honour than Advantage The same was done by D. John Coutin̄o Governour of Arzilla and Peter de Sousa of Azamer both brave Commanders and ambitious of enlarging the Portugues Dominions in Africk which might have been the more easily performed that Country being divided into many Kingdoms and they at variance among themselves CHAP. X. Some Cardinals Revolt from the Pope Bolonia taken by the French The Revolted Cardinals summon a General Council MUch about the same time the Catholick King having broke up the Cortes at Monçon returned to Castile and Pope Julius set out from Rome towards Bolonia The King was going to the Cortes of Castile summoned to meet at Madrid to take care for carrying on the War in Africk and no less to provide for the Affairs
Spanish and Swiss Guards with their Lieutenants At a small distance followed the orderly Troop of Noblemen and Gentlemen belonging to the Court and the Captains of the Guards Next them were the Four Mace-bearers with short Roman Crimson Coats and Gilt Maces on their shoulders Then came the Regidores and next them the Kings at Arms with their Embroidered Coats and lastly the Corregidor and Duke of Medina on the right Hand carrying the Standard In this manner they came to the grand Market Place which tho large was then too little to contain the Multitude In the midst of it was raised a Scaffold covered with rich Carpets about 5 or 6 Foot high 30 in length and 20 in breadth with a Staire-case 12 Foot wide and Railed The Duke and Corregidor the Secretaries and the 4 Kings at Armes on both sides of them facing the Windows where the Kings use to see publick Spectacles then the eldest King at Arms who was then D. John de Mendoza with a loud Voice Three times Cried Silence silence silence Hear hear hear Then the Duke also with a loud Voice said Three times Castile Castile Castile for the Catholick King Charles II of the Name whom God preserve The Multitude unanimously shouted Let him Live let him Live let him Live This Ceremony being ended in the Market Place all the Company went to the Palace where the King was Seated in the Chair of the Emperor Charles V. thence he went and did the same in the Town All this being performed the Duke required of the Secretaries and Notaries to give it him under their Hands that he again Restored the Standard to D. Francis de Herrera Enriquez Corregidor of the Town The Corregidor having received it went up to the Council Chamber of the Town and fixed it in the Balcony under a rich Canopy there to remain 8 days and nights the continual lights in the Streets displaying the richness of it On the 2d of July being the Feast of the Visitation D Luis de Aragony Cardona Duke of Segorve and Cardona the eldest Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece was Commanded to go and gird on the King's Sword The Duke came to the Kings Appartment with a great Retinue and there Knighted the King girt on his Sword and kissed his Hand Upon the 8th of the Month the Duke of Cardona as eldest Knight of the Golden Fleece Summoned the other Knights to meet in the Queen's Apartment There met the Duke of Montalto the Princes of Avelino Astillano and Barbançon and the German Ambassador all Knights of the Order the Secretary of the Order being also present in the presence of whom the Duke put the golden Collar with the Fleece hanging to it about the King's Neck the Knights there present doing Homage to him in the Name of the whole Order for the Provinces they represented Astillano Avelino and Montalto for Italy Barbançon for Flanders the Ambassador for Germany and the Duke of Cardona for Spain in Virtue of the Popes Bulls granted the Kings of Spain as Administrators of the Military Orders within their Dominions Anno 1666. This Year began with a Treaty of Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Some proposals were offered by the Military Commanders of both Kingdoms to the Two Queens then Governing for their Sons who were both under Age. These proposals being altogether managed at a distance by 3 Persons they could not come to any Agreement and both Parties were still in Arms. It pleased God to take to himself the Queen Mother of France Ann Mauricia of Austria upon whose death the King her Son began new Commotions there being none to allay Resentments betwixt the Two Nations No Body could guess what his great Preparations tended to for he like a good Soldier kept his Counsels secret raising great jealousies in all the Neighbouring Princes The Queen Regent of Portugal also departed this Life on the 25th of February On the 25th of April the Princess Margaret of Austria was Contracted to her Uncle Leopoldus Ignatius the Emperor Her departure was fixed for the 28th of the same Month She Travelled to Denia thinking to Embark there but being disappointed went thence to Barcelona Her Imperial Majesty came the 18th of July to Monjuy distant half a League from Barcelona whither she came by Sea D. Luis Gonzaga the Viceroy first then the Bishop Chapter and Magistrates went out to welcome and kiss her Hand which Ceremony lasted from 6 in the Morning till Noon All this while she was upon the Sea in the Admiral Gally encompassed by 27 others and much bigger than any of them being guilt all over even to the Oars the Stem and Stern set round with Christal Glass through which appeared her Majesties Bed At Noon she came to the Mole of the City and all the Cannon was Three times fired round the Gallys answering She stept out of the Gally upon a Bridge made on purpose that ran 200 yards into the Sea was Railed on both sides the Rails covered with Crimson Damask and the Ground with Red and Yellow Bays The Duke of Albuquerque handed her out then followed the Dutchess the Ladies Cardinal Colonna Two Bishops and the Dukes Two Brothers These were covered but the Viceroy and other Nobility had their Hats in their Hands At the Foot of the Bridge were Two rich Chairs which took up the Empress and Dutchess the rest went a-Foot to the Mole where they again came out of their Chairs and went into a Coach the Cannon now Firing the 4th time The Empress spent 3 days in Visiting the City and Churches all which time there were Fireworks and Illuminations at Night other sports being forbidden on account of the King's death Six days before her Majesty Embarked came 7 Galleys of Malta which Saluted 7 times with Vollies of small as well as great Shot Every Salute was answered by the City and the Rejoicing lasted Two Hours The 10th of August her Majesty Embarked being 3 times saluted by the Cannon of the Town her Fleet consisted of 34 Galleys Contrary Winds obliged them to put into Roses and Cadaques at length they arrived at Final where Cardinal Nepos the Pope's Legate the Duke of Savoy the Duke of Modena the Duke of Florence his Brother with other great Men expected her Majesty accompanied by 10000 Men to guard her to Trent There the Duke of Albuquerque delivered her to the Imperial Ministers sent to Receive her and taking his leave returned with all the Spaniards going over to Sicily to take Possession of the Viceroyship of that Island Cid Hamet the Moor after having been several times assisted by King Philip IV. and receiving many Favours at his Hands in Requital for all those Obligations resolved to surprize the Town of Alarache and to that effect provided all things necessary for an Escalade A Christian Captive understanding the Design fled with danger of his Life the 24th of February and the 26th came to the Bank of the River
the Carthaginians and gives them a great Overthrow First Nero then Publius Scipio comes into Spain and takes Carthagena p. 26 Chap. VII Publius Scipio Routs Asdrubal and drives the Carthaginians quite out of Spain other notable Actions of his there Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Manlius succeed him and overthrow the Spaniards that had Revolted p. 28 Chap. VIII The Spaniards Revolting are again Subdu'd by the Romans Cato being Consul comes into Spain Several Pretors succeed him Their Government and Actions p. 30 The Third BOOK Chap. I. THE first War of Numantia and Peace concluded with that City The War in Lusitania and other parts and Treachery of the Pretor Sergius Galba p. 33 Chap. II. Viriatus 's Original and Actions against the Romans The Government of several Roman Generals and among them of Metellus and Pompey and Death of Viriatus p. 35 Chap. III. The second War betwixt Rome and Numantia The Consul Mancinus concludes a dishonourable Peace with that People and is therefore delivered up to them Scipio Africanus sent against them The City destroy'd p. 38 Chap. IV. Other Occurrences in Spain after the War of Numantia The beginning of the War of Sertorius His Actions Defeat and Death p. 40 Chap. V. Pompey appeases the Tumults in Spain Julius Caesar comes into Spain The beginning of the Civil Wars there Pompey 's General defeated the whole Country reduc'd by Julius Caesar who returns to Rome p. 44 Chap. VI. Longinus Governs Spain His Actions The War betwixt Caesar and Pompey 's Sons The famous Battle of Munda Caesar returns Victorious to Rome p. 46 Chap. VII Other Commotions in Spain after the Death of Caesar The beginning of the Empire of Augustus and War of Cantabria p. 48 The Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Birth of Christ our Lord. The Death of Augustus and Reigns of the Emperors Tiberius Caligula and Claudius With an Account of the coming of St. James the Apostle into Spain and first Preaching of the Gospel p. 51. Chap. II. The Reigns of the Emperors Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian and Titus With an Account of the Colonies Free-Towns and Courts of Judicature then in Spain p. 53 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Emperors Domitian Nerva Trajan Adrian Antoninus Verus Marcus Aurelius and Commodus the Persecutions under them The building of the City Leon and rise of the Heresie of the Gnosticks p. 55 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Emperors Pertinax Severus Caracalla Macrinus Heliogabalus Alexander Severus Maximinus Gordianus Philip Decius Tribonianus Gallus and Aemilianus p. 57 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Emperors Valerianus Galienus Flavius Aurelianus Tacitus Flavianus Probus Carinus Dioclesian and Maximian Constantius and Galerius Maximinus and Licinius p. 58 Chap. VI. The Reign of the Glorious Constantine the Great the first Christian Emperor The Arian Heresie The first General Council of Nice p. 60 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Emperors Constantine Constantius and Constans Julian the Apostate Jovianus Valentinian and Valens p. 62 Chap. VIII The Reigns of the Emperors Gratianus Valentinian Theodosius Arcadius and Honorius p. 64 The Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE coming of several Barbarous Nations into Spain as the Vandals Alans Suevians Silingians and Goths Their Original and where they setled p. 67 Chap. II. The Goths vanquish and subdue all the other Barbarous Nations in Spain The Vandals after this Successful go over into Africk The rise of the Kingdom of the Suevians p. 69 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Theodoredus Torismund and Theodorick Attila King of the Huns twice routed The General Council of Chalcedon p. 71 Chap. IV. The Death of King Theodorick and Reigns of Euricus and Alaricus The Goths twice overthrown by the Franks p. 73 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Kings Gesaleycus Theodorick and Amalaricus Several Spanish Synods Defeat of the Franks And Tryal by Ordeal p. 74 Chap. VI. The Reigns of Theudiselus Agila and Athanagildus A great Plague The 5th General Council An Interregnum And the Conversion of the Suevians p. 76 Chap. VII Of the two Sisters Galsuinda and Brunechilda The Reigns of the Kings Liuva and Leuvigildus This last makes his two Sons his Companions in the Throne p. 77 Chap. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil and put to Death by him p. 79 Chap. IX The remaining part of the Reign of King Leuvigildus He Persecutes the Catholicks Subdues the Suevians his Death and causes of his Conversion p. 81 Chap. X. The Reign of Recaredus his and Peoples Conversion Conspiracies against him detected and punish'd He overthrows the Franks The third Council of Toledo p. 82 The Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE remaining Actions of King Recaredus He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death Original of Dukes and Counts p. 84 Chap. II. The Reigns of the Kings Liuva Witericus Gundemarus Sisebutus and Recaredus II. Several Synods the Jews banish'd Spain p. 86 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Suinthula Rechimirus Sisenandus and Chintila The Romans quite expell'd Spain Three Synods at Toledo p. 87 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba p. 89 Chap. V. The War with the Rebels in Gallia Gothica Paul Wamba 's General joyns with them The King marches against them and reduces all the Country to his Obedience p. 91 Chap. VI. Wamba returns into Spain Punishes the Heads of the Rebels His Publick Works Eleventh Council of Toledo A great Fleet of Sarazens destroy'd Wamba depos'd Ervigius Vsurps the Crown p. 93 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Kings Ervigius and Egica p. 94 Chap. VIII The Reign of King Witiza Roderick ascends the Throne Ravishes Count Julian 's Daughter and breaks open an old Castle at Toledo said to be Inchanted p. 96 Chap. IX The first coming of the Moors into Spain They prove successful and flock over in great Multitudes King Roderick overthrown in a great Battle His Death The Moors over-run the greatest part of Spain p. 98 Chap. X. The Moor Muza comes over with Supplies His Actions The Moorish Computation of Years call'd Hegira Abdalasis Son to Muza his Actions End of Count Julian and his Family Deplorable state of Spain p. 100 The Seventh BOOK Chap. I. PRince Pelayus or Pelagius takes up Arms against the Moors Is declar'd King and Miraculously Vanquishes the Infidels The Death of Muza Alahor Governs Spain p. 102 Chap. II. Pelayus 's Power increases he takes several Towns His Death The short Reign and Death of Favila Several Moorish Governours in Spain Actions of the Infidels in France p. 104 Chap. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk p. 105 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Froyla Aurelius Silon Alonso Mauregatus and Veremundus or Bermudo Monarchy
time the Carthaginians were possest of some Towns near the Promontory Libybaeum not far from Trepana which was a great Eye-sore to the People of Agrigentum now Gergento It hap'ned the Carthaginians went out into a Wood near the City Minoa to offer Sacrifice which the Agrigentines who watch'd their Opportunity laying hold of fell upon and slaughter'd all but some few that fled and lurk'd about the Woods This News being come to Carthage the People resolving to take Revenge sent over 2000 Carthaginians a like Number of Spaniards and 500 Mallorquines with Slings With these Supplies the Carthaginians took the Field and coming to a Battle not only Vanquished their Enemies but Besieged them in the City Agrigentum whither they were fled and after a Siege of two Years made themselves Masters of it in the Year after the building of Rome 346. The end of this War was the beginning of a greater for Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse taking into his Protection those that fled from Agrigentum and on the other side the Carthaginians having to do with so powerful an Enemy raised an Army of 15000 African Foot and 5000 Horse besides 10000 Spaniards to oblige whom they restor'd Cadiz and withdrew all their Garrisons except from the Temple of Hercules and some other small Forts Himilco Cipo was appointed General of these Forces who at his first Landing in Sicily took the City Camarina which he Burnt and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword The People of Gela terrifi'd at this Cruelty abandon'd the Town Dionysius was not idle but having gather'd a great Force meets the Carthaginians and at first put them so hard to it that their Horse began to give way till Himilco coming up with a Reserve of 2000 fresh Men obliged the Sicilians to betake themselves to Flight Night prevented the Pursuit but Morning being come Himilco Attacks the Enemy in their Camp and after a great slaughter makes himself Master of it Dionysius saving himself by flight But to see how uncertain Humane Prosperities are after all this Success so violent a Plague rag'd among the Carthaginian Forces that Himilco returned Home with a very small Number where for Grief of this Loss he Slew himself After this some will have it that Dionysius endeavour'd by his Embassadors to withdraw the Spaniards from siding with the Carthaginians but they with Kindness and all manner of Courtesie kept them in their Friendship About the same time certain Carthaginians sailing from Spain whether designedly or forced by bad Weather is not known having travers'd the vast Ocean discover'd a large rich and beautiful Island which being Uninhabited some of those People stay'd and Planted there the rest return'd and gave an Account of what they had seen to the Senate where as Aristotle says it was agreed this Discovery ought to be Conceal'd and to that purpose the Discoverers put to Death lest the Citizens allur'd by the Riches of the Island and weary of War should abandon the City Some are of Opinion this Island was one of the Canaries others that it was Hispaniola or some part of the Continent of America The Carthaginians burning with the desire of renewing the War in Sicily raised Men in Spain and Africk but the Spaniards were averse to the War by reason of the distance because of the two great Losses sustain'd there and for that as they said they had received no wrong from the Sicilians This oblig'd the Carthaginians to lay aside that design till a fitter Opportunity which was soon offered for a great Famine hap'ned in Spain and after it as usual a Plague the Spaniards became more inclinable to take up Arms to fly from the Miseries of their own Country 20000 Spanish Foot 1000 Horse and 300 Sling Men of Majorca were raised Hanno was appointed General for this War who with these Forces and 10000 Africans sailed over into Sicily Dionysius who was then in Italy at the Siege of Cotron a Greek City having received Intelligence of the Storm that threatned him was forced to haste back to secure his own His Fleet which served to Transport his Army from Rhegio into Sicily was Defeated by the Carthagians and several Ships taken in which was his own Equipage Among the other things taken were found some Letters written in Greek by one Sunniatus a Carthaginian giving Dionysius an Account of the Preparations made against him which he did in Revenge for that he had not been appointed General but it cost him his Life and it was Enacted that for the future no Carthaginian should ever learn the Greek Language that they might not have the opportunity of Conversing with an Enemy without an Interpreter After this Victory at Sea many Places submitted themselves to Hanno and the War was continu'd with various Success till the sixteenth Year thereof which according to Eusebius was from the Foundation of Rome 336. or rather according to others the second of the 99th Olympiad which was of Rome 371. Then Dionysius the Elder dying Dio who Govern'd the Young Dionysius made a Truce with the Carthaginians yet the Quiet of Sicily lasted not long but it is time to return to Spain It has been already said how the Carthaginians at the beginning of the War of Sicily in part restored those of Cadiz to their Liberty This War being ended they sent Bostar to Govern the Balearick Islands with Orders to endeavour to gain the Good Will of the People of Saguntum but they fearing all his fair Words tended to deprive them of their Liberty would never entertain any Correspondence with him Hanno was sent to Govern Cadiz but he being Covetous oppress'd the Natives and by violent means seiz'd upon all the Treasure as well of private Persons as what belong'd to the Publick which provok'd the Spaniards to Conspire against the Carthaginians All on a sudden they appear'd in Arms slew many of their Enemies and Plundred their Goods Hanno having lost many of his Men and being forsaken by his Allies in Spain sent into Africk for Succour These Auxiliaries committed great Cruelties and made Havock in that part of Spain now called Andaluzia What had hap'ned being known at Carthage they sent another to succeed Hanno but we have no account of his Name or any thing he did in that Government his coming was about the Year of Rome 398. The War which employed the Carthaginians in Sicily gave Peace to Spain for some time but the joy and satisfaction of this Tranquility was allayed by great Floods which destroyed infinite Numbers of Cattle and bore down many Buildings The Year following the Earthquakes were so violent that many Cities on the Coast of the Mediterranean suffered extreamly more especially Saguntum by how much it exceeded all the others in Beauty and Grandeur The third Year which was 405. after the building of Rome was noted for mighty Storms at Sea which caused extraordinary Shipwracks The Governour that succeeded Hanno Dying one
Boodes was sent in his place and after him Maherbal but no Account can be had of any Actions of theirs or what Governour followed It is agreed by all as certain that the Inhabitants of Marseilles in France being grown too numerous in the Year of Rome 419. sent a Colony into Spain and Inhabited that part of the City Empurias which was next the Sea at the Foot of the Pyreneans opposite to Roses in Latin called Emporia Tho' small it was divided from the rest of the City by a Wall whence in Greek it was formerly call'd Palaeopolis that is Old Town signifying the oldest part of it and also Diospolis that is two Towns Another part of the Fleet from Marseilles passed Cape Denia and built a Town near the Temple of Diana Three remarkable things were made known in Spain by the coming of this Fleet the first the great Power of the Romans and how Religiously they Assisted and Supported their Allies the second that the Syracusans after recovering their Liberty contriv'd to expel the Carthaginians out of Sicily and the third that Alexander of Macedon Sirnam'd the Great had Vanquished Darius Conquered the Empire of the Persians and Subdu'd more Countries than another Man in that time could have Travelled through This mov'd the Spaniards Inhabiting along the Coast of the Mediterranean to send an Embassy to him to desire his Protection against the Carthaginians who aim'd at the enslaving of all that Province Paulus Orosius says Maurinus was Chief of this Embassy who joyning by the way with the Embassadors of France went in their Company to Babylon where they found those of all other Provinces that were there by Alexander's appointment expecting his coming Alexander being come to Babylon they gave him an ample Account of their Commission received a favourable Answer with promise of his Protection and having been richly presented returned Home well satisfi'd No doubt but this Embassy was very displeasing to the Carthaginians but it was no time to take notice of it they being then employed in the War in Sicily whence they were totally Expell'd by Agathocles Not long after ensu'd the first War betwixt Rome and Carthage and at the same time our Authors say Spain suffered by Civil War without naming the Parties or Places only express that it was carried on with the greatest Cruelty Killing Plundering and Burning on all Hands without Mercy Much about this time which was the Year of Rome 502. the Mallorquines Revolted from the Carthaginians and having put their Garrisons to the Sword oblig'd the Fleet that lay in the Harbour with Showers of Stones to put to Sea and at last there being no hopes of appeasing those People to return to Carthage To retrieve this loss the Senate sent Hamilcar Barchinus who with great Prudence by Courtesie and Address reduc'd those Islanders to Obedience without using any Force or Violence The Year 507 of Rome and last of the first Punick War was fatal to Spain for a great Drought and violent Earthquakes by which part of the Island of Cadiz was broken off and sunk in the Sea CHAP. II. The second coming of Hamilcar Asdrubal succeeds him His Preparations for the Roman War and Death NO sooner did the Carthaginians begin to breath after their unfortunate War with Rome and other Disasters which followed it but they cast their Eyes upon Spain as the most proper place to make up their Losses Hamilcar was appointed to Command there with an absolute Power He at his setting out from Carthage according to Custom Sacrific'd and Offered up his Vows His Son Hannibal then but nine Years of Age being present he caused him to touch the Altar and Swear that when he was of Age he would revenge his Country against the Romans Besides him Hamilcar had three younger Sons Asdrubal Mago and Hanno Being arriv'd at Cadiz he receiv'd Embassadors from the Turdetani who had always continued in Amity with Carthage offering their Forces if he had occasion for their service With their assistance Hamilcar not only recover'd that part which had been lost but possest himself of all the Province of Betica either by Force or the Submission of the Natives and this was the Year of Rome 516. Strabo says the Spaniards at that time were so Rich that their Mangers and Water Troughs were made of Silver Hamilcar Coasting along the Mediterranean ran up the River Ebro where he built a Town formerly call'd Old Carthage supposed to be now Cantavecha distant ten Leagues from Tortosa to the North-West among the People then called Ilercaones The following Year he subdu'd the Coasts of the Bastetani and Contestani where now are the Cities Baça and Murcia and not far from where Saguntum once stood and whence Embassadors came to Hamilcar bringing Presents and Congratulating his Success but not with any intention of submitting themselves to him Hamilcar receiv'd and dismiss'd them with Kindness yet he earnestly desir'd to be Master of that City It was requisite to have some Colour or Pretence for that Undertaking in order to it he persuaded the Turdetani to build a Town upon the Lands of the Saguntins which was call'd Turdetuni and some will have it to be Terud 20 Leagues distant from Saguntum This bred a Difference betwixt those two Cities which was it Hamilcar aim'd at and they understanding his Design resolv'd not to move or take up Arms against the Turdetani At the Mouth of the River Ebro the Carthaginians celebrated Feasts for the Victories they had obtain'd as also for the Marriage of Himilce Daughter of Hamilcar with his Kinsman Asdrubal this was the Year of Rome 521. While these Feasts were kept Hamilcar was not Idle but sent Embassadors into France to gain the good Will of the Principal Men there believing their Friendship might be advantageous towards carrying on the War he design'd against Rome when he had once subdu'd Spain He won them with Gold of which they were Covetous and Spain yielded Plenty The Year following he advanced to the Pyreneans Conquering all from Tortosa to the River Lobregat then call'd Rubricatus Now it was that he built the famous City Barcelona Capital of Catalonia and gave it that Name from that of his Family to wit the Barzini His Designs were laid against Roses and Empurias which he thought obstructed him as being Confederates with Saguntum when Death surprized him among the Edetani whither he was returned in order to pacifie some Disturbances in the Province of Betica He was Slain in a Battle against the Natives about the ninth Year after this his second coming into Spain This Fight was so Bloody that of above 40000 Men he had in his Army two thirds were Slaughtered the rest of them under the favour of the Night escaped to the neighbouring Towns that held for them Livy says this Battle was fought near a place called Castrum Altum After this signal Defeat the Carthaginian Forces were turned against
himself Propretor but promised to send Corn and Cloaths for the Soldiers Claudius Nero was appointed as soon as the War of Capua was concluded to go over into Spain with 11000 Foot and 1100 Horse Nero landed near Tarragona and having joyned Marcius and Fonteius marched with speed towards Andaluzia in quest of Asdrubal who was incamped at a Wood between Illiturgum and Mentisa supposed to be Montizon or Cazorla where he possest himself of the Passes thro' which of necessity the Enemy was to retire Asdrubal had recourse to Policy and feigning he would take Conditions gained so much time that his Army by Night stole away over the Mountains and the Roman General too late discovering the cheat that had been put upon him offered the Carthaginians Battle which they cautiously avoided At the same time in Rome Publius Cornelius Scipio a Youth of 24 Years of Age but of great hopes was chosen to go Proconsul into Spain with 10000 Foot and 1000 Horse Sillanus was appointed Propretor in the place of Nero and Scipio chose his Brother Lucius and Caius Lelius for his Legats or Lieutenants This is that Lelius who was thought to govern all the Actions of Scipio and of whom it was commonly said that he composed the Play and Scipio acted it He landed in Spain about the end of the Year he commended the Soldiers for what they had done honoured Marcius as he deserv'd and ever after made great account of him At the beginning of the Spring in the Year of Rome 544. Scipio took the Field with his own and the Forces of his Confederates resolving to pass the River Ebro and possess himself of Carthagena a City opposite to Africk the strongest the Enemy held and where they kept the Spanish Hostages and laid up their Magazines His design was well grounded for that there was but a small Garrison in the Town and the Carthaginian Generals were at a distance Mago near Cadiz Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo at the mouth of Guadiana and the other Asdrubal in Carpetania or the Kingdom of Toledo To Lelius was given the command of the Fleet with Orders that he should steep near to the Land Army which in all consisted of 25000 Foot 2500 Horse In seven Days Scipio came before Carthagena and resolv'd to Attack it the next day by Sea and Land Mago who commanded in the Town was not idle but provided all things for his defence This City is seated on a rising Ground over the Harbour opposite to which is an Island which secures it against all Winds it is encompassed by the Sea on three sides and that which is on the Land side looking towards the North is of difficult ascent and was fortified with a good Wall Scipio's Men attempted to scale this Wall but the Spaniards that defended it did not only make good their Post but sallying obliged them to retire in disorder till fresh Supplies coming to their relief the Spaniards were forced to take to the shelter of the Wall This caused so great a Consternation in the Town that many quitted their Posts and the Besiegers laying hold of the opportunity laid their Ladders to the Wall by Sea and Land The Besieged perceiving the danger that threatned them took heart again and throwing showers of Stones and all other Weapons again repulsed the Enemy On the West side of the Town was a shallow which the Fisher-men said a Man might walk over at low Water Tho' the Soldiers had taken no rest after the other Attacks Scipio orders them to assault the Wall in two places to the end that the Townsmen being all bent upon the defence of those parts his Men might enter at that third which by reason of the Water was weaker and unregarded His Orders were punctually obeyed and all things succeeded according to his wishes for the Soldiers entering on that side open'd a Gate and let in their Companions Thus the Romans in a moment were possess'd of the City and Mago having no hopes of maintaining himself delivered the Citadel The Booty was great many Engines of War 74 Colours 63 great Ships that were in the Harbour laden with Provision and Ammunition and 10000 Prisoners besides Slaves were taken All the Citizens of Carthagena were set at liberty and the more to oblige them their Goods restored Part of the Hostages were deliver'd to the Embassadors of their Cities the rest honourably entertain'd and among them the Wife of Mandonius and the Children of Indibilis Moreover a beautiful young Maid being brought to Scipio by the Soldiers he would scarce see her to avoid Temptation and Suspicion but commanded her to be taken care of and restor'd to Luceyus a Noble Celtiberian to whom she was Betroth'd giving her in Dower the Gold her Parents offer'd for her Ransom This goodness and liberality so highly oblig'd that Youth that soon after he return'd to serve the Romans with 1400 Horse and continu'd in the service with great Zeal and Affection The Soldiers that first entred the Town were rewarded according to their Merits and because there arose a dispute betwixt Sextus Digitius and Quintus Trebellius about the Mural Crown each pretending he was the first that mounted the Wall and the Army was divided about it the General decreed that both should have it which gave full satisfaction to all Men. To Lelius was given a Crown of Gold and 30 Oxen for Sacrifice and he was sent to carry the news to Rome in a Galley of five Slaves to an Oar and with him Mago and five Senators of Carthage Next the Walls of the City that had been damag'd were repair'd all which being perfected Scipio at the end of the Year returned with great Honour and Reputation to Tarragona where he had appointed an Assembly of the Confederate Spaniards Lelius being come to Rome laid before the Senate the great advantage that had accru'd to them by the taking of Carthagena But their satisfaction was much abated by the news brought them that 5000 Numidian Horse and other African Forces were ready to be sent from Carthage into Spain besides great Recruits that Asdrubal Barchinus was bringing into Italy to reinforce Hannibal who had lately in the Territory of the Samnites now part of Abruzzo routed the Roman Army killing the Pretor Genius Fulvius and twelve Tribunes with 13000 Men as some will have it or 7000 according to others CHAP. VII Publius Scipio Routs Asdrubal and drives the Carthaginians quite out of Spain other notable Actions of his there Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Manlius succeed him and Overthrow the Spaniards that had Revolted THE taking of Carthagena changed the face of Affairs in Spain and many inclined to the Roman Interest for most Men follow the greater Power Among the rest Edeseus a Man of great note came over to the Romans because they had restored his Wife and Children that were among the Hostages Mandonius and Indibilis Princes of the Celtiberi obtain'd Pardon for the late Miscarriages and were
receiv'd into Grace Asdrubal Barchinus was quarter'd about Betulon a City supposed to be in Andaluzia where now are Vbeda and Baeça As soon as the season of the Year which was of Rome 545. would permit Scipio advanced from Tarragona towards him but he having notice of it and suspecting the Courage of his Men as well as the fidelity of the Spaniards that were with him by Night mov'd his Camp to an Eminence the greatest part of the foot whereof was encompass'd by a River supposed to be Guadalquivir Upon this Hill were two Plains on the lower Asdrubal planted the Numidians Africans and Mallorquins on the upper he encamped with the gross of the Army Neither the roughness of the way nor the steepness of the ascent deterred Scipio from attacking the Enemy who had more confidence in the strength of the place than in the courage of his Men. All the difficulty was in mounting and nothing that the Enemy cast down fell in vain but as soon as they reached the first Plain and came to their Swords the Defendants fled to the upper The ascent thither was more craggy than the other and therefore they were obliged to go about and divide the Army into two parts Scipio marched towards the left and Lelius towards the right no sooner had they mounted and fallen on on both sides but the Enemy fled for they had neither room to draw out nor time to place their Elephants in the Front 8000 were slain 10000 Foot and 2000 Horse taken and among them Massiva a Youth Nephew to Massinissa lately come over from Africk Scipio gave him a Horse clad him richly and sent him away without Ransom to his Uncle Asdrubal having sent the Money and Elephants before made no stay till he came near to the Alps where Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo and Mago joyn'd him Having held a Consultation it was resolv'd that Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo should go into Lusitania and Massinissa with 3000 Horseshould infest the Province of HispaniaCiterior but that both of them should by all means avoid coming to a Battle Mago was sent to Majorca to raise sling Men in those Islands Lastly It was thought expedient that Asdrubal Barchinus should march into Italy as well in obedience to the Commands of the Senate as to secure the Spanish Soldiers that began to be inclinable to the Romans by removing them so far from home Thus the Cartbaginians on the other side Scipio because the Summer was almost spent returned to Tarragona thro' the Woods of Castulon and part of Sierra Morena where he spent all the next Year which was 546. without doing any thing remarkable the Forces of the Carthaginians being much broken From Carthage instead of Asdrubal Barchinus came Hanno to Govern Spain by the way he took up Mago in the Island of Majorca and landed in Spain in the Year of Rome 547. and immediately went to raise Men among the Celtiberi Scipio sent Syllanus against him who coming to a Battle first Routed Mago and then took Hanno who was marching to relieve him Next Scipio resolved to move towards Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo who was encamp'd near Cadiz but he having notice of it divided his Forces among the Garrisons despairing of being able to keep the Field This news coming to Scipio he turned back only sent his Brother Lucius to take Oringe a City of the Milessi Pliny places Oringe in the Province of Betica near where Jaen now stands This Enterprize was succesful for the Town was entred by Storm all the Carthaginians and 300 of the Townsmen that shut the Gates against the Romans were made Slaves the rest were set free and their Goods restored to them Winter drawing on the Army was sent into Quarters and Lucius to Rome with Hanno and other Prisoners where he gave an account of what had been done in Spain The Year following which was the 548 of Rome Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo gathered a mighty Army which with the Auxiliary Spaniards amounted to 50000 Foot and 4500 Horse and incamp'd in the Province Betica or Andaluzia near the City of Silia Scipio having intelligence hereof took only 3000 Spanish Foot and 500 Horse being warned by the fate of Father and Unkle not to place much Confidence in them With these Auxiliaries and the Romans Legions he marched towards Asdrubal Some day swere spent in Skirmishes and then both Armies drew out in order of Battle but neither car'd to give the first stroke Between the two Armies was a Valley and each expected the other should pass it first to keep the advantage of ground on which they stood at length Scipio adventured early one Morning to attack the Enemy in their Camp Asdrubal surpriz'd at this unexpected boldness plac'd his Horse in Front to check the adverse Cavalry that gave the first charge whilst he drew the rest of the Army into the field The Horse stood to it so Couragiously that the Fight a for long time was doubtful Scipio withdrew back his Cavalry into the center of his Battle and stretched out and advanced the Wings in which the Roman Legions fought Thus before the main Bodies joyn'd he made the Enemies Wings give way as being compos'd of Mallorquins and Spaniards both raw and unexperienced Soldiers and that came out fasting whereas the Romans were better provided tho' the Enemy at first retired in order and after fled outright yet the Romans could not enter their Camp by reason of some Rain that fell Asdrubal terrify'd with this misfortune and fearing least all his Allies should desert him as some had already done the following night quitted his Camp designing to get away by long Marches But in the Morning Scipio perceiving he was gone sent the Horse to fall upon his rear and keep them in play till the Legions coming up put them all to the rout great was the slaughter this day for of all that vast Army scarce 7000 escaped with their General who climbed a very craggy Mountain a place naturally strong Hence Asdrubal stole away privately to Cadiz and Scipio with part of his Army return'd to Tarragona leaving Syllanus with the rest to besiege them on the hill Among the Carthaginians was Massinissa who perceiving the Affairs of Carthage totally declin'd resolv'd to side with Fortune and accordingly had a private interview with Syllanus in order to come over to the Romans which is all that was remarkable in that Siege this happen'd in the beginning of Summer and so ended the power of the Carthaginians in Spain which then fell into the hands of the Romans in the 14th Year after Hannibal destroy'd Saguntum and the 5th after Scipio took upon him the Government of Spain This tedious and dangerous War in Spain being in a manner brought to a conclusion Scipio bent his designs against Africk and Carthage and in order to them Treated with Massinissa and sent him over into Africk to dispose his People to leave the Friendship
Spain with 12000 Men and tho' some advis'd to join his Forces with Tarif in order to subdue what still remain'd he took the Councel of those wicked Christians who held their interest in more esteem than Conscience and promis'd to assist him in reducing such places as held out Count Julian either in hope of greater rewards or disgusted at Tarif repair'd to Muza From Algezira where these Infidels landed they march'd to Medina Sidonia which after a Siege of some days they took by Assault Next Carmona having made a good defence was entred by Stratagem some of Count Julian's Souldiers either feigning to Desart or being receiv'd as Merchants for in this Authors vary having possess'd themselves of one of the Gates Many of the Goths resorted to Sevil but upon the approach of the Enemy fled and the Moors gave liberty to the Jews to inhabit it mixt with their own People Beja in Portugal had the same Fortune but the People of Merida tho' much weakned before had the Courage to try their Fortune in the Field and being over-power'd having lost and killed many were forc'd to take the shelter of the Walls Muza taking a view of the City said It look'd as if People had been gather'd from all parts of the World to build it that he would be a happy Man that were Master of it Inflam'd with this desire he sought means to possess himself of that place Not far from the City was a Quarry in which he laid an Ambush that night Next day the Townsmen sallying were hemm'd in and only a few fought their way back the rest perish'd This made them cautious for the future and they resolv'd only to defend their Walls Muza seeing the Siege was like to be tedious apply'd all Engines then in use for battering the Walls which the Besieg'd us'd all diligence to oppose but they were few in number and spent with labour Whereupon they offer'd to treat but upon such high terms that Muza rejected them and the Commissioners believing him so old he could not outlive the Siege would abate nothing The Moor finding in what they grounded their Confidence black'd his grey Hairs and sending for them again they were so surpriz'd not understanding the reason of his sudden change that they immediately submitted to such Articles as he would allow At the same time the People of Beja and Ilipula surpriz'd Sevil and put to the Sword the Garrison the Moors had in that City yet this avail'd them little for soon after the Enemy came upon them and again brought them into subjection The manner of it was thus Abdalasis the Son of Muza who came over into Spain with him complain'd to his Father that he had not given him an opportunity of signalizing himself His Father finding he was in the right gave him the Command of a strong Body of Moors with whom he broke into the Country of Valencia had several Encounters with those People and took the Cities of Denia Alicant and Huerta upon Articles which were That he should not profane the Churches That the People might live peaceably in the Christian Religion and only pay certain Taxes agreed upon These things being perform'd in the Year 716. he return'd to Sevil slew those that had revolted then took Ilipula and it may be imagin'd destroy'd it for whereas it was then a populous City it is now only a small Town called Pen̄aflor situate betwixt Cordova and Sevil. From Merida Muza went away for Toledo Tarif for the more honour came out as far as Talavera to meet him They met with great demonstrations of Friendship and Affection but all counterfeit Tarif was fearful of being call'd to an account and Muza envious of what he had done Being come to Toledo Tarif his accounts were call'd for as well in regard to the charge of the War as to the treasure that had been taken He endeavour'd with submission and Friendly Offices to appease the Old Man At length being reconcil'd they set forwards together towards Zaragoça which City and many others too tedious to relate they took without any trouble they all Surrendring themselves Thus all Spain seem'd to be subdu'd the third Year after the first Army of Moors came over out of Africk True it is the farthest parts could not be brought under without much difficulty as being defended by high and almost inaccessible Mountains Vlit the Miramamolin understanding the success of his Arms and the differences that were betwixt his Generals Order'd them both to appear before him Muza being about to depart appointed his Son Abdalasis to govern in his absence having first oblig'd the Moors to swear they would be Obedient to him This done Muza and Tarif the two Famous Generals prepar'd to Imbark carrying with them all the Treasures the Goths in so many Years had heap'd up From this time forward the old Computation of Years used in Spain beginning at the Birth of Christ or the Julian Account was quite laid aside and that used by the Moors and called Hegira that is an Expedition was taken up which begins from the time that Mahomet first took upon him the Title of King at Damascus In what Year of our Lord this hap'ned Authors do not agree and this difference arises from that betwixt the Years of the Arabs and ours theirs being 11 Days and 6 Hours less than ours as consisting of only 354 Days In my Opinion the Account of the Arabs ought to commence in the Years of our Lord 722. on the 15th of July as appears by the Annals of Toledo composed above 300 Years ago Abdalasis for some time Governed the Province he had received of his Father with Prudence and Wisdom Great Multitudes resorted out of Africk to Plant and People that vast Country left almost waste by the late Wars They had Lands assigned them and Sevil was appointed to be the Metropolis of the new Empire in respect to its greatness strength and commodious Situation Egilona King Roderick's Queen was among the other Prisoners she was Young Beautiful and Comely The Governour caused her to be brought to his Presence and at first sight fell in love with her to such a degree that he took her to Wife without debarring her the Exercise of the Christian Religion He held her in great Esteem all his Life-time for besides her Beauty she was Discreet and in all his Affairs he was directed by her to that degree that by her persuasion he took upon him the State of a King and was Crowned In the Country of Antequera where it Borders upon Malaga there is a Mountain called Abdalasis perhaps it took the Name from this Prince Some also believe that Almaguera a Town belonging to the Knights of St. James had the Name of Magued the Moorish General who 't is said used to drink the Water of a Fountain hard by it and in the Arabick Alma is Water from which Word and Magued they suppose the Name
In Spain in the Year 753. at Cordova three Suns were seen at once and People with the fright imagined they saw several Apparitions of Men going in Procession with lighted Torches The terror was the more encreased by a great Famine which ensued caused by the Drought Spain is subject to Mean while King Alonso laying hold of the opportunity that offered of enlarging the Bounds of his Kingdom now the Moors were at variance among themselves gathered the greatest Force he could and broke into the Enemies Country with mighty Success For in Galicia he took Lugo Tuy and Astorga in Lusitania the City Porto at the mouth of the River Duero Beja Braga Viseo Flavia Bletisa and Sentica Besides he recovered Simancas Duenas Miranda Segovia Avila and Sepulveda at the foot of the Mountain Orospeda on the banks of the River Duraton a place naturally Strong formerly called Segobriga and after Sepulveda Then he turned his Victorious Arms to the Country of Bribiesca and Rioja and possessed himself of those Territories Rioja lies on one side of the Mountain Idubeda about the River Ogia which falling from that Mount runs into the River Ebro The Country is pleasant and fruitful He also took Pamplona in Navarre and that part of Biscay now called Alava It is true many of these Places were afterwards lost the Power of the Moorish Kings of Cordova daily encreasing to the great Detriment of the Christians King Alonso placed Bishops in the Cities he gain'd to instruct the Christians and restore Religion he built Churches and caused those that were prophaned to be reconciled providing them with Vestments and other Necessaries the best the Poverty of that Age would permit After performing these great Actions he dy'd at Cangas in the 74th Year of his Age and of Grace 757. He was a Prince of great Renown Reign'd 19 Years some say but 18 and left 5 Sons 4 by his Wife Ormisinda which were Froyla Bimaranus Aurelius and Vsenda By a Slave he had Mauregatus His Funeral was not so remarkable for the greatness of the Expence as for the Tears and Grief of his Subjects and the Voices of Angels said to be then heard singing these words of the Scripture Ecce quomodo moritur justus nemo percipit corde à facie iniquitatis sublatus est justus erit in pace memoria ejus This King and his Queen were Buried at Cangas in St. Mary's Monastery D. Alonso had a Brother called Froyla more known by his two Sons Aurelius and Veremundus or Bermudus than for any action of his own Let us return to the affairs of the Moors which being so intermixt with our own ought not to be forgotten It will not therefore be amiss to say something of the great discord that about this time hapned among those People on which were laid the foundations of a mighty Kingdom of theirs in Spain Mahomet the Founder of the Sarraçen Empire at his Death left never a Son but three Daughters Fatima Zeinebis and Imicultis all Married to Principal Men. Upon the Death of Mahomet first Abubacar and after him Homar whose Daughters he had Married succeeded in the Empire After them Autuman Husband to Fatima the Eldest Daughter ascended the Throne and of them descended the mighty Family of the Alavecines Mohabia Husband to the other Sister Zeinebis succeeded Autuman and of him came another powerful Family called the Humeyas His Successors were Izit his Son and Maula his Grandson after whose Death the Moors were divided some following Maroan and others Abdalla who dying all was again reduc'd under Abdelmelich the Son of Maula then Vlit Son of Abdelmelich next Zuleyman Brother to Vlit and after him Homar and Izit the Sons of Vlit Their Successor was Iscam a third Brother and his was Alulit the Son of Izit then Ibrahim his Brother Maroan though of the same Family of the Humeyas slew Ibrahim and Usurp'd the Crown Abdalla a wise and resolute Man of the Family of the Alavecines descended from Fatima kill'd Maroan and step'd into the Throne the better to secure himself in which he indeavour'd to extirpate the whole Race of the Humeyas Abderbaman who was of that Family for his own Safety was forc'd to fly into Spain where the Moors being all well affected to the Benhumeyas with their assistance he erected a new Kingdom independent of the Miramamolins of Africk or Caliphs of Asia He chose the City Cordova for the Metropolis of his new acquir'd Dominion as will further appear hereafter CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Froyla Aurelius Silon Alonso Mauregatus and Veremundus or Bermudo Monarchy of the Moors erected in Spain by Abderrhaman his Death and Wars among his Sons UPon the Death of King Alonso his Eldest Son called Froyla or Fruela succeeded in the Throne of the Christians in Spain in the Year of Grace 757. He Reigned eleven Years and three Months his Government was a mixture of Good and Evil being of a harsh Temper rather inclined to Cruelty than Mercy Some Actions of a good Prince he did for he Built the City Oviedo in Asturias and made it a Bishoprick Besides he forbid Priests Marrying a Custom introduced by Witiza and confirmed by the Example of the Greeks which in the Opinion of the Wiser sort had provoked God's Wrath and brought so many misfortunes upon Spain This Action as it gained him the Esteem of the better sort so it drew on him the hatred of the Commonalty and Priests by which his Memory was stained more than he deserved Besides his other good qualities he follow'd the Example of his Father in making War upon the Moors and in the second Year of his Reign overthrew Juzeph who then governed Spain for the Infidels and had entred Galicia killing 54000 of his Men. This loss was the ruin of Juzeph who for the space of four Years had opposed Abderhaman and now being oppressed by the Humeyas he fled from Cordova but was taken by his Enemies at Granada and making his escape thence to Toledo was there killed by his own People From this time which was the Year of our Lord 759. and according to the account of the Arabs 142 all the Moors in Spain were again United under one Head Abderhaman Abenbumeya who after took the Sirname of Adahil founded a new Kingdom of his own Nation independent of the Moors in Africk or Asia as has been hinted before Only the City Valencia held out some time but after a long Siege was forced to submit and joyn with the rest Such was the hatred this Prince bore the Christian Religion that the Christians of that City were forced to depart thence and setled in the farthest part of Lusitania about Promontorium Sacrum carrying with them the Body of St. Vencent from which that Cape now takes its Name A Moor of Fez some time after Hunting about that place slaughtered these People and carryed over their Children into Africk from whom the
and other Persons of note were at the Siege A Body of Frenchmen came under the Command of Aymilius Bishop of Narbonne also succours out of England drawn by the Fame of the enterprize In several Skirmishes the Enemies were worsted which made them more cautious how they Sally'd The Christians lodging themselves under the Walls in Three several places lay'd open as much of them as for one Man to pass Mean while the Besieged were not idle Peter Rodriguez de Açagra and Ximeno de Vrrea at the same time took the Town of Cilla on the other side of Valentia Yet the Moors gain'd Courage at the Arrival of the King of Tunez his Fleet consisting of 18 Ships and Gallies This availed them nothing for the Africans understanding a Fleet was furnishing against them at Tortosa sailed away without relieving the City or taking Pen̄iscola on that Coast as they had designed Now the Besieged began to dismay not only for this disappointment but also because Provisions began to grow scarce and they feared greater want On the contary the Christian Camp was full of hopes and had plenty of all things notwithstanding they were so increased that now they amounted to 60000 Foot and 1000 Horse The King gave great demonstrations as well of his Valour as Conduct and acted the part not only of a General but of a Soldier upon occasion insomuch that approaching too near the Wall he was wounded with a dart in the forehead For five days he could not go abroad On the 13th of June this Year 1238. he received Embassadors in the Camp from the Pope and Cities of Lombardy offering to put themselves into his hands if he would assist them against the Emperor Frederick II. By the advice of his Queen Violante who had great power over him and by whom he had a Daughter of the same Name he accepted of their offers but could not perform as to succouring them he being so engag'd in the Wars of Spain besides that the Emperor was reconciled to the Pope tho' but superficially The Besieged having lost all hopes of Relief resolved to surrender Haliabata the King's Favourite and after him Abulhamaler his Nephew were sent out to treat After many Debates both Parties being eager to come to a conclusion the Capitulation was sign'd and the principal Articles were That the Moorish King deliver up the City Valencia and all other Towns and Castles on this side the River Xucar That the Moors be safely conducted to Cullera and Denia That they have liberty to carry along with them as much Gold Silver Jewels or any other Goods as they can without being searched That a Trūce be inviolably observed betwixt the two Kings for the Term of 8 Years Five days were allowed for the performance of Articles but the Moors before the time was expir'd quitted the City to the number of 50000 Men Women and Children They march'd thro' a Lane made of the Christian Army On Michaelmass-Eve the Victors took possession of that City and Kingdom Consecrated the Churches and chose Ferrer de S. Martin some say he was a Dominican the first Bishop People resorted to inhabit there chiefly out of Catalonia from Tarragona Girona and Tortosa The Country about the City was equally divided among the Prelates Gentlemen and Councils of such Cities as were assisting in carrying on the Siege Also the Knights of S. John and the Templers had their Quota To 380 Horse was assign'd a particular share on account that they should defend the Frontiers 100 of 'em doing Duty every four Months Because the City was not naturally strong and the Walls were batter'd the King raised a new Wall larger than the former and square with 12 Gates 3 towards each quarter of the World New Laws were also given to the Inhabitants Thus Zaen the Moorish King lost the Kingdom he had wrongfully Usurped for no Power unjustly acquir'd can be lasting Great was the Joy for this Success throughout all Spain and it was the greater for that scarce any Gentleman of Note was lost in the Expedition Only D. Artal de Alagon who seeing the Moors go down the Wind had return'd to his Allegiance and together with Raymund Folch Viscount of Cardona took Villena in a Skirmish with the Moors near Saix was killed with a Stone This was the conclusion of the Conquest of Valencia Whilst the Aragonians were busie in this War the Navarrois committed not the least Hostility Theobald Earl of Champagne was their King as has been said above This King being ambitious of Honour and zealous of God's Glory and his Kingdom enjoying Peace agreed with the Earls Henry of Bari Peter of Berteigno and Aymerick of Montfort to go over with their Forces to the Holy-Land All things being in a readiness on their part the Genoeses failed sending a Fleet to transport them They took their Journey by Land thro' Germany Hungary and Thracia and passed over the Streight of Constantinople In Cilicia about the Passes of Mount Taurus they were in great danger being attack'd by vast numbers of Turks so that scarce the third part of the Army that set out reach'd the City Antioch and those that did sick and worn out with their long march Their Success in Palestine was answerable to the beginning very few return'd home The French Historians place this Expedition of King Theobald 10 Years later when S. Luis their King went to the Holy-Land But that cannot be because Roderick the Archbishop mentions this Action of Theobald and his History reaches but five Years after the Conquest of Valencia besides that he was dead before S. Luis set out for the Holy-War THE History of SPAIN The Thirteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians THE two Kings of Spain Jayme and Ferdinand tho' they were before famous for their Valour and other Vertues became now much more Renown'd for the taking of Cordova and Valencia Several Embassies were sent them by Foreign Princes Congratulating their Success and exhorting them to root out the Moors now reduced almost to extremity Nevertheless the War ceased for some time for the King of Aragon had made a Truce and soon after went to Montpelier King Ferdinand was Celebrating his Nuptials at Burgos Queen Berengaria his Mother had concluded a Match for him with the Lady Joanna Daughter of Simon Earl of Poitiers and Adeloyde his Wife Grandchild of Luis King of France and Elizabeth the Daughter of Alonso the Emperor By her the King had Issue Ferdinand Sirnamed Poitiers Luis and Ellenor After the Solemnities were perform'd both King and Queen took a Progress thro' the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile He used to give access to all Men and hear their Business not only in publick Audiences but even in his Closet which gain'd him the affections of all his People Being come
to reduce the Aragonians to submit to the Jurisdiction of the See of Toledo The Prelates of that Country in a Provincial Synod held at Valencia had Decreed that the Archbishop of Toledo should not have his Cross carry'd before him in that Province and Interdicted any Town that should permit him to do it D. Roderick happening to be there continu'd to have his Cross carry'd as usual for which D. Peter de Alvalete the chief Fomenter of that Contention declar'd him Excommunicate They had recourse to Pope Gregory IX who gave Judgment in favour of Toledo Yet the Aragonians not submitting D. Roderick now undertook this Journey to secure his Prerogative He dy'd in France being upon his way home His Body was brought into Spain and bury'd at Huerta a Monastery of Benardine Monks on the Borders of Aragon Near to the High Altar is to be seen his Sepulchre with an Inscription in unpolish'd Latin suitable to that time to this effect Birth Navarre gave Castile me bred and Paris taught Huerta my Bones receiv'd my Soul Heaven sought His Body dy'd but the fame of his Vertue will last for ever John II. of that Name by some called of Medina succeeded him in the Archbishoprick About the same time dy'd Raymund Earl of Provence leaving four Daughters Margaret Marry'd to S. Luis King of France Ellenor to Henry King of England Sancha to Richard the Brother of the said Henry and Beatrix to Charles Earl of Anjou This Earl tho' his Wife was the youngest by the assistance of King Luis and consent of that People inherited the Dominions of his Father-in-law Mean while King Ferdinand staid at Cordova resolving to lay close Siege to Sevil. He sent Raymund Boniface a Native of Burgos and well versed in Maritime Affairs to fit out a Fleet in Biscay that Country being stor'd with Wood and the People good Sea-men Whilst the Fleet was providing the King laid Siege to Carmona in the Year 1246. or thereabouts The Town was well Fortified had a strong Garison and plenty of Provisions for which reasons it could not be entred yet it submitted to pay down a great Sum of Money and a Yearly Tribute for the future Constantina Reyna Lora Cantillana and Guillena were all taken some by Assault others surrendred Reyna was given to the Knights of Santiago Constantina to the Council of the City Cordova and Lora to the Knights of S. John All things succeeded prosperously only it was fear'd lest the King of Aragon should be some hindrance to the Affairs of Castile for that King was displeased with Prince Alonso upon pretence that he did not keep within the Limits assign'd by agreement to the Conquest of each Crown It was fear'd this might come to a Breach and therefore some Persons employ'd to adjust these Matters sought means to reconcile all differences Nothing appear'd more effectual than a Match betwixt Prince Alonso and Violante King Jayme's Daughter which might be advantagious to both Kingdoms This was no sooner proposed than agreed to by both Parties and the Marriage was Celebrated with all Magnificence at Valladolid in the Month of November King Ferdinand was not present at the Solemnity being wholly bent upon the Siege of Sevil for now Raymund Boniface with a Fleet of 13 Sail had Coasted about by Cape Finisterre and lay before the Mouth of the River Guadalquivir where he Vanquisht the Enemies Navy The Moors of Tangier and Ceuta fitted out a Fleet of 20 Ships and Galleys for the Relief of Sevil and meeting with our Squadron there ensu'd a desperate Fight Those Africans were experienced Seamen and being so much superior in number would not give way to the Biscainers who with the lightness of their Vessels had the advantage to shun the Enemy when there was occasion and to lay them Aboard when they found it for their purpose Three Ships of the Moors were taken two sunk one burnt and the rest fled Aragon was now under an Interdict and all the Churches shut up The occasion was that the King in his Youth had familiarity with D. Teresa Vidaura who now challenged him for her Husband before the Pope pleading a Verbal Contract She having no Witness Sentence was given against her After this the Bishop of Girona to whom some say the King had revealed the secret acquainted the Pope with it upon which the Pope was inclinable to call the Cause over again This being known to the King in a rage he sent for the Bishop and caused his Tongue to be cut out If the Bishop revealed a secret told him in Confession he well deserv'd that Punishment As soon as Pope Innocent who then held the Council at Lions as has been said heard what had been done he laid an Interdict on the Kingdom and Excommunicated the King Hereupon the King submitting begg'd Absolution which was granted and the Pennance imposed on him that he should finish the Monastery of Benifacianum begun 20 Years before in the Mountains of Tortosa and assign it Revenues to the yearly value of 200 Marks of Silver also 600 Marks yearly to the Hospital at Valencia and that he should erect a Chapellany in the Cathedral of Girona where Prayers should be perpetually offered up for himself and Successors This account is taken out of the Records of the Monastery Benifacianum and tho' most Authors make no mention of it I would not wholly omit it The Reader may give credit to it as he thinks the thing deserves In the utmost part of Spain towards the West stands the City of Sevil the Metropolis of Andaluzia and for Riches may be reckoned among the Chiefest in Europe It s strength consists not only in the Walls but the number of Inhabitants its beauty in the numerous stately Buildings and splendour of the People Betwixt this City which is on the left hand and a Suburb called Triana on the right runs the River Guadalquivir hem'd in with high Keys and carrying water enough for Ships of great burden which renders it commodious for the Trade of the Ocean and Mediterranean A Bridge of Wood built upon Boats joyns the Suburb to the City In the City is the old Palace inhabited by the ancient Kings in the Suburb facing the East is another stately Royal House Near the River stands a Tower for the excellency of its Workmanship commonly call'd the Golden Tower Near the Cathedral is another Tower of Brick exceeding all the others being 60 Yards in breadth and four times that height upon it another little Tower now White-washed and Painted with sundry Figures wonderfully beauteous It would be too tedious to relate all that is great and extraordinary in this City There were in it at this time 24000 Families divided into 28 Parishes The first and chiefest is S. Mary and is the Cathedral none in Spain compares with it for greatness It is a common saying of the Churches of Spain that of Toledo is Rich that of Salamanca Strong
upon that Design Soon after two others being put to the Wrack confess'd the same Both the Moorish Kings desir'd to relieve the Town He of Morocco durst not leave Ceuta for fear his Son Abderhaman should Rebel who about this time was put to Death for attempting it The King of 〈…〉 durst not alone hazard a Battle but lest he should be thought to be Idle sent part of his Forces to over-run the Country of Ezija whilst he Burnt Palma a Town seated upon the Conflux of the Rivers Xenil and Gaudalquivir He durst not Garrison it nor make any stay there hearing the Country was gathering to make Head against him His other Forces were defeated by Ferdinand de Aguilar who took from them all the Booty they had gather'd It was now the beginning of the Year 1343 and nothing considerable was done at Algezira only some Works were carry'd on by In̄iga Lopez de Horosco wooden Towers were apply'd to the Walls and other Engines play'd but all was destroy'd with Stones cast by the Defendants The Place was unfit for advancing of Works or for the Men to ascend In the Streight of Gibraltar there are two Bays of the same Form but one bigger than the other Tarifa stands upon the Lesser and Algezira over the Greater upon a steep and craggy Hill It is divided into the New and Old each encompass'd with a Wall like two distinct Towns This was then the Seat of the African Empire in Spain No Provision could be convey'd into the Town except a few Boats that stole in by Night which was a small Relief where Hunger began to pinch It was now doubtful whether in were not better to raise the Siege than continue it for the Mony sent by the Pope and King of France was spent and he of Portugal had contributed nothing Some Overtures of Peace were made but took no Effect Therefore the King of Granada advanc'd with his Army as far as the River Guadiarro 5 Leagues from Algezira In Ceuta a great Fleet was ready with the Power of Africk to pass over into Spain These were fresh and the Christians harrass'd yet the King's Resolution and good Fortune overcome all Difficulties Considerable Succours came to him at the same time from England France and Navarre From England the Earls of Derby and Salisbury This Earl of Derby must doubtless be John of Gant 3d Son to King Edward the IIId for it was he had the Title at this time From France the Earl of Faux with his Brother and some others King Philip of Navarre having sent before great store of Provision by Sea and order'd his Army to follow hasted away himself to come time enough for the Battle which was expected would be fought D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel came before and daily fresh Forces arrived from all Parts This increase of the Christian Army terrify'd the Moors and they propos'd a Truce Notwithstanding the Treaty the Town was batter'd and the besieg'd did great harm among the Christians with Iron Bullets they shot This is the first time we find any mention of Gun-powder and Ball in our Histories In the Month of August in the County of Vrgel a Child was born with two Heads and four Legs The Superstitious People bury'd it alive and the Parents suffer'd Death for consenting to that Act. This year also dy'd Robert King of Naples At Algezira when Autumn came on the foreign Souldiers went away the English pretended they were call'd home by their King the Earl of Faux said his Men complain'd of the Pay But Sickness was the chief Motive of their Departure and the Earl of 〈…〉 dy'd at Sevil King Philip of Navarre at Xerez both in the Month of September their 〈…〉 were carry'd into their Countries The Departure of those Princes encourag'd the 〈…〉 hazard a Battle 60 Galleys of theirs which in October had Anchor'd at Estepona pass 〈…〉 to Gibraltar The River Palmones parted the two Armies both Parties several times meeting in that River at last they came to a Battle in which the Moors shew'd no Bravery but presently fled Hunger press'd in the City for our Fleet had taken two Galleys of theirs carrying in Provisions Five Barques got in at the beginning of the Year 1344 and they returning to Africk gave an Account that the besieg'd could hold out no longer Presently after a Treaty was set on Foot and on the 26th of March the City was deliver'd upon the following Conditions That the King of Granada pay the usual Tribute That the besieg'd have leave to depart and carry away their Goods That there be a Truce for the term of Ten Years Many of the Moors went over into Africk The King enter'd the City in solemn Procession on the 27th of March the great Mosque was consecrated and the Country divided among the Souldiers who were willing to live there This done the King went to Sevil where he receiv'd an Embassy from King Edward of England offering his Daughter Joanna in Marriage to France Peter the Heir of Castile This offer was then accepted of yet afterwards took no effect In the late Battle of Tarifa two Daughters of Albohacen were taken Prisoners and now sent to him without any Ransom but he return'd rich Presents Great rejoycing was throughout all Spain and the Churches resounded with Thanksgiving CHAP VI. The King of Aragon conquers Majorca and all its Dominions Great Troubles in Aragon The Rebels suppress'd An Vniversal Plague The Knights of Calatrava at Variance at length reconcil'd DUring the time of the War in Andaluzia the King of Majorca was depriv'd of his Kingdom by Peter the Ceremonious King of Aragon who ought chiefly to have protected him The City Montpellier in France was subject to the Kings of Majorca for which place the Kings of France pretended the others ought to do them Homage they having bought it of the Bishops of Magalone to whom of right it belong'd but those Kings refusing the French by force made themselves Masters of many Towns subject to Montpellier and put Garrisons into them The King of Majorca being a Dependant on the Crown of Aragon begg'd assistance of that King The Aragonian cunningly temporiz'd with the King of France and gave the other nothing but good Words At length they met and the Aragonian promis'd to aid his Kinsman in case the King of France should refuse to put the Difference between them to Judgment Embassadors were sent on this Message but this was only to gain time or mean while the King of Majorca was charg'd with many Crimes whether true or false is not known but such as serv'd for a pretence to deprive him of his Crown The Pope and Queen of Naples labour'd in vain to compose these Differences the Mallorquines wasted with heavy Taxes were willing to change their Master At length the War broke out Peter Moncada the Admiral was call'd from the Siege of Algezira and a Fleet of 116 Sail
pacifie them These Two assembling the People at Santiago and putting to death the Mareschal Peter Pardo and some other Gentlemen brought the Country under subjection King Ferdinand was then gone to Catalonia upon this account Mahomer the Great Turk having in vain besieged Rhodes the space of three Months was forced to quit that Enterprize Part of his Fleet sailed to Vallona in Albania opposite to Apulia a Province of the Kingdom of Naples Thence Achmet Bassa who Commanded passed over into Italy and took the City Otranto on the 13th of August where he made a great Slaughter sparing neither Sex nor Age. From this Place the Turks made Incursions into the Country destroying all they came at to the great Terror of all Italy This moved the Christian Princes to think of joining their Forces to stifle that Flame Particularly King Ferdinand sent Gonzalo Beteta Ambassador to Pope Sixtus who was then much displeased with the King as appeared upon several occasions and now more especially for he constituted the Archbishop of Toledo his Legate in Spain without acquainting the King with his Design The publick Danger made private Animosities be forgot The King also sent D. John Melguerite Bishop of Girona in the Month of February 1481. to make a League with all the Princes of Italy At the same time the King gathered a Fleet of 35 Sail of all sorts at Barcelona The King of Portugal fitted 20 Ships for this purpose but these Succours went on slowly Therefore D. Alonso Duke of Calabria with what Forces he could gather in Italy at last laid Siege to Otranto It fell out happily that Mahomet the Great Turk died at Nicomedia in Bithynia on the 3d of May. News hereof being brought to the Turks in Otranto they surrendered that City the 5th Month after it had been besieged upon condition to depart freely The Duke of Calabria retained in his Service about 1500 Turks designing to make use of them against the Florentines It was the vulgar Opinion they well deserved it because they had called in the Turks yet many believed this was a Policy of the Duke to cast the Scandal of retaining those People upon his Enemy The Succours of Aragon and Portugal were of no use for they arrived in Italy after Otranto was surrendred Besides the distance weighty Affairs kept those Kings employed and diverted them from sending those Succours sooner King Ferdinand held the Cortes of Aragon at Calatayud whither Queen Elizabeth by her Husband's Order brought Prince John D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and Peter Fernandez de Velasco the Constable were appointed Commissioners to Govern Castile The King's aim was to have his Son sworn Heir to that Kingdom as had been before done in Castile and was also performed there on the 29th of May. Soon after the same was done at Barcelona for the Principality of Catalonia Besides these Cares another was added from Navarre Peter the Cardinal and James his Brother Unkles to the young King came to Zaragoça There being admitted to Audience in a long Harangue they laid before King Ferdinand the Misfortunes Navarre laboured under the Rebels being possessed of the most considerable Towns and Cities The Biamonteses had Pamplona the others Estela Sanguessa and Olite They represented That their King had nothing left him but the Title That the Earl of Lerin ceased not to commit all manner of Crimes Therefore they begged King Ferdinand to pity that young King and deliver him from the Slavery of his Subjects King Ferdinand having heard the two Brothers promised he would stand by King Francis and to shew his readiness sent certain Persons with the Two Princes who from him should advise the Rebels to submit to their King The Cortes of that Kingdom met at Tafalla there King Ferdinand's Ambassadors gave an account of what they had in Commission The Navarrois answered That if the King had not been received as he ought in the Kingdom it was not the fault of them all but of some few who disturbed the Peace of the Country yet if he would come to them no Town would be wanting in expressing its Loyalty This Answer was satisfactory and therefore it was proposed to King Ferdinand that King Francis should go to Pamplona It was thought sit he should go with a good Guard lest in that time of Confusion any Affront should be offered him At this time the King of Portugal died at Sintra in the very Chamber where he was born and on the 28th of August His Body was carried to Aljubarrota His Son John II. for his high Spirit and great Exploits Sirnamed the Great succeeded him This Prince as well as his Father was always an utter Enemy to Castile The Father carried it more openly but the Son subtilly and underhand and therefore more furiously vented his Passion upon some Noblemen of his Kingdom whom he suspected of favouring Castile as we shall soon see For Piety Goodness Severity towards Crimina Sharpness of Wit and a Tenacious Memory he equalled all the Kings his Contemporaries and excelled many He used to say That a Kingdom either found Princes wise or made them so by their continual conversing with Men of great Parts who constantly are about the Courts of Kings and use all Arts in Speech and Behaviour to obtain their Desires and discover their Ability CHAP. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crown'd and soon after Dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal discover'd and the Conspirators punish'd Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ratified Luis the Eleventh King of France dies THree Princes died successively one year after another About the end of this year departed this Life Charles Duke of Anjou He appointed the King of France his Heir by which means Anjou and Provence were annexed to the Crown of France besides other Pretentions which served only to intail a War upon that Kingdom On the first of July in the following year 1482 died D. Alonso Carillo y Acun̄a Archbishop of Toledo a Man even when of great Age lively and active He retired in his latter days rather through necessity than of his own inclination He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis built by himself at Alcalà de Henares he also made the Church of S. Stephen till then a Parish Collegiate He was addicted to Chimistry and died Poor yet is said to have left some Money to repair the School at Alcala On the left hand of the Archbishop's Tomb was buried his Son Troylus which the Cardinal D. Francisco Ximenez caused to be removed looking upon it as a Monument of that Prelate's incontinency From this Troylus are descended the Marquesses of Falces in Navarre their Sirname is Peralta The Cardinal of Spain succeeded D. Alonso Carrille in the Archbishoprick of Toledo He was Son to Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Marquess of Santillana and Brother to James Hurtado de Mendoça first Duke del Infantado This Prelate was a Person of
oppose our Army Their Force was 800 Men at Arms and 8000 Foot The Dauphin lay at Garriz with another great Body ready to second them This only waited the coming of King John with his Forces to march into Navarre In hopes of their coming the People of the Valley of Salazar and Roncales revolted from King Ferdinand The Mareschal of Navarre also who till then had stood neuter declared for France and went away thither from Tudela whither King Ferdinand went to meet the Queen after she had broke up the Cortes of Aragon at Monçon This caused King John to hasten his march There are two Passes through the Mountains betwixt Navarre and France one is called Valderroncal the other Valderronças At the entrance of Valderronças is S. John de Pied de Porte where the Duke of Alva then was Through the other Pass the King led his Army about the middle of October With him went the Sieur de la Palisse The Spaniards were no where strong enough to give them Battel yet several Commanders posted themselves in the Straights of the Mountains Among the rest Ferdinand Valdez took his Post at Burgi which place was very weak The Enemy coming on assaulted that place and tho' they lost 400 Men carried it killing many of the Defendants and among them Ferdinand de Valdez It is reported he exposed himself to that Danger out of Despair because when he returned after the Battel of Ravenna the King said The Good Men are left there The Duke of Alva considering the danger Pamplona was in left James de Vera at S. John de Pied de Porte with 800 Foot 200 Horse and 20 Pieces of Cannon and resolved himself with the rest to repass the Mountains into Navarre They Enemy might have prevented him but they were overseen as well in that as in not marching directly to Pamplona which they might easily have taken This delay gave the Duke leisure to march thither and the Archbishop of Zaragoça to join him with 600 Men. Several Castles that had revolted were reduced Having taken Torla and falling to plunder it the People of the Valley joining with the Townsmen fell upon the Forces killing above 2000 and taking all their Baggage with some Field-Pieces King John encamped at Utroz within two Leagues of Pamplona hoping the City would declare for him but our Army had prevented it by expelling 200 Citizens besides at Puente de la Reyna which is hard by a great Body assembled to relieve the place if it were requisite 1500 Men came from Trasmiera and Campos and 900 from Bugia which were landed at Barcelona Soon after the Forces of Aragon came thither The Duke of Najara was chosen General of this Army The French still expected more Forces from the Dauphin and the Sieur de la Palisse was dissatisfied for that nothing succeeded to his Mind The French encamped so as to cut off the Provisions of the City Another Body left beyond the Mountains to divert the Forces of King Ferdinand entred Guipuscoa They passed by Fuenterabia and sate down before S. Sebastian Monsieur de Lautrec Commanded that Army and resolved to attack that Town D. John d' Aragon Son to the Archbishop of Zaragoça was in the place who so encouraged the Garrison tho' small that the French retired into Guienne The Duke of Calabria upon promise of being restored to the Kingdom of Naples designed to fly to the French but was taken with Four others that managed his Intelligence He was kept many years a Prisoner in the Castle of Xativa and his Accomplices executed The Season was unfit to lie in the Field wherefore the French resolved to be the most expedite they could They sacked two Monasteries of Nuns that are without the Walls A German Captain opening the Tabernacle to scale the Custodium threw out the Blessed Sacrament upon the Altar The Nun that was Sacristan said How dare you commit such a Sacrilege He answered This is not the God of the Germans but of the Spaniards He is said soon after like Judas to have burst asunder They planted their Cannon and gave two Assaults but still the Defendants held out The Duke of Najara with 600 Foot besides the Horse appeared on the top of the Mountain designing either to fight or else to cut off the Enemy's Provisions On the last Day of November the French raised the Siege and returned towards France The Constable of Navarre pursued them and killing some took 13 Pieces of Cannon And thus ended that War All the Agramonteses submitted themselves and the City Pamplona was repaired and a place marked out to build a Castle D. Raymund de Moncada having fortunately settled the Affairs of Florence marched towards Lombardy At Modena he held a Council of War to consult what was best to be done The City Bressa was besieged by the Venetians who hoped to possess themselves of it The Empeperor pretended to it and the Swisse would have it given to Duke Maximilian Sforcia whose Quarrel they had espoused To end this Quarrel it was agreed the Viceroy should hold it for the League till it could be decided who it belonged to D. Peter d' Urrea and Andrew de Burgo went to Rome to know the Pope's Pleasure and sollicit the Payment of some Months Arrears He pleaded that Obligation had ceased after the Battel of Ravenna yet promised some Money if the Viceroy would quit Lombardy and return to Ferrara which above all things he desired to possess himself of To this purpose the Duke of Urbin was encamped with 2000 Swiss a small Force and even that deserted for want of Pay D. Peter d' Urrea and his Companion fed the Pope with good Words He resolved to send Bernard de Bibiena who was afterwards a Cardinal to acquaint the Viceroy with his Will At this time the Marquess de Pescara being ransomed from the French came to Milan and had the Command of the Company of the Men at Arms that had belonged to Gaspar de Pomar killed in that City given him On the first of October the Viceroy passed the Po with 9000 Foot Prosper Colona was marching with above 400 Men at Arms and 1000 Foot to join the Viceroy The Pope endeavoured to hinder him but could not He also laboured with the Cardinal of Sion that the Swiss should not admit the Spaniards into Lombardy At Verona Rocandulpho a Commander of the Emperor's joined the Viceroy with 2000 Germans 400 Horse and 27 Pieces of Cannon M. d' Aubigni before distressed by the Venetians seeing this new Supply set up the Emperour's Colours Bernard de Bibiena now coming to the Camp the Viceroy answered He was too forward advanced to go back but as soon as he had put an end to that Undertaking he would obey the Commands of the Pope Monsieur d' Aubigni had leave to march out with his Garrison Arms Baggage and Horses to what part he pleased provided it were not to the Castle of Milan or any other