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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58159	A collection of curious travels & voyages in two tomes ... / by John Ray ...	Ray, John, 1627-1705.; Rauwolf, Leonhard, ca. 1540-1596. Seer aanmerkelyke reysen na en door Syrien t́ Joodsche Land, Arabien, Mesopotamien, Babylonien, Assyrien, Armenien, &c. in t́ Jaar 1573 en vervolgens gedaan. English.; Staphorst, Nicolaus, 1679-1731.; Belon, Pierre, 1517?-1564.	1693 (1693)	Wing R385; ESTC R17904	394,438	648

hours walking distant from it 2. The Old-Gate 3. The Prison Gate whereof Nehemiah maketh mention in his 12th Chapter through which our Saviour Christ carried his Cross 4. Rayn-Gate 5. The Gate of Ephraim before which St. Stephen was Stoned to Death as you may read in the 2d Book of the Ecclesiastical History in the 1st Chapter 6. The Gate of Benjamin where the holy Prophet Jeremiah was taken and Imprisoned as he saith himself in the 37th Chapter 7. Corner Gate 8. Horse-Gate 9. Valley-Gate through which they went into the Valley of Josaphat 10. Dung Gate through which the Water carried out all the Soil into the Valley of Josaphat and about this River is still to this day a great stink 11. Sheep-Gate 12. Fountain-Gate which is now Walled up The Prophet Nehemiah maketh mention of them in his 3d 8th and 12th Chapter so that it is not needful to say any more These Gates are so mightily decayed that there is not to be seen the least of the old Buildings The Turks have instead of them built others in the New raised Wall but yet not half so many in number whereof some according as the Town is enlarged in some places and contracted in others are displaced others are erected again in the same places according to the Old Streets viz. 1. The Fish-Gate which is still standing towards the West behind Mount Sion and over against Mount Gihon as you may conclude out of the words of the 2d Book of Chronicles in the 33d Chapter and 14th Verse Manasses built a Wall without the City of David on the West-side of Gihon in the Valley even to the entring in at the Fish-Gate This Gate hath its Name because they brought many Fishes from the Sea-side through this Gate into the City So is also still standing on the outside of the Valley Tiropaeon which distinguished the two Mounts Sion and the Temple Mount called Moriah the Gate of the Fountain which hath its Name because it leadeth towards the Fountain of Siloha which Nehemiah in his 2d Chapter Verse 14 calleth the Kings Pool Through this was our dear Lord Christ the true promised Siloha brought a Prisoner bound from the Mount of Olives over the Brook Kidron into the House of Hannas and Caiphas in the upper Town as we read in the 12th Chapter Verse 37. that by the Fountain-Gate they went up to the City of David The same way also the two Disciples Peter and John were sent to bespeak the Paschal Lamb by Christ where they met the Man with the Pitcher of Water The Sheep or Beast-Gate is also still standing by Moriah the Mountain of the Temple which the Turks have taken to themselves and have built on it a Turkish Mosque or Temple because that God Almighty hath done many and great Miracles on this Mount and besides Mahumet did find himself again on this Mount after he had been carried up as his lying Writings tell us through the Heavens before God by the Angel Gabriel Wherefore they take this Mount to be Holy so that none that is not Circumcised and so Unclean dare approach or come near it nor take the nearest way without over the height of the Mount as Nehemiah did as you may see in the before quoted place so that the Christians must take a further way about and from the Gate Siloha go below through the Valley of the Brook Cedron between this and the Mount of Olives to the Beast-Gate which hath its Name because the Beasts that were to be offer'd in the Temple were driven through it Near the Gate you see still the Sheep-pond which is large and deep yet hath but little Water in it wherein the Nathineens used to wash the Beasts and then to give them to the Priests And also immediately within towards the North a Conduit which was the Pool by St. John the Evangelist in the 2d Verse of his 5th Chapter called Bathesda erected by King Ezechia that had five Porches wherein lay a great multitude of impotent folk that waited for the moving of the Water Through this Gate is the straight way over the Brook Cedron by the Mount of Olives toward Bethania down to Jericho on the River Jordan into the Valley of Josaphat wherefore this also being nearer now in these days is called the Valley-gate There is also still the Corner-gate in its old place where the North and East Walls meet on large and high Rocks and 〈◊〉 called still by some the Gate of Naphthali This I thoug● convenient to say of the City of Jerusalem in the g●ner● of its Buildings Fruitfulness and adjacent Countries what Famous and Holy Places are within and without the City thereof I intend to treat in particular CHAP. IV. Of Mount Sion and its Holy Places MOunt Sion very famous in holy Scripture hath round about it steep sides high Rocks deep Ditches and Valleys so that it is not easie to climb up to it only on one side towards the North where it buts upon the lower Town so that the Castle and Town of David situated on it was very strong and almost Invincible as you may read in the 48 Psalm vers 2. The joy of the whole earth is Mount Sion on the sides of the north the City of the great King God is known in her places for a refuge for the Kings were assembled c. Seeing then that the Castle and the upper Town Millo vvas so vvell fortified vvith Tovvers and Walls that it vvas not easily to be taken the Jebusites after that Canaan the vvhole Land of Promise together vvith the Tovvn of Jerusalem vvas taken did defend themselves in it against the vvhole force of Israel for a long time although they often attempted to take it and called the Tovvn of Jerusalem after their Name Jebus until the Kingly Prophet David came vvho took it by force and after he had rebuilt the upper Tovvn and joined the Castle vvith it into one Building and surrounded it vvith Walls he called it after his ovvn Name The City of David and kept his Court there and gave also Lodgings to his Hero's and Officers vvhereof Vriah vvas one vvho had his Lodgings near to the Kings Palace vvherein the King vvalking on the Roof of his House savv the fair Bathsheba his Wife and committed Adultery vvith her These their Habitations as they are still built in these Days have instead of Thatch or Tiles plaister'd Roofs so that one may walk on them as you may see here that King David walked on it And also in the Second Chapter of the Book of Joshua where is said That when the Two Spies sent into the Land of Promise to Jericho came into Rahab's House and the King sent to search after them they went at her request up to the Roof of the House where she hid them with the Stalks of Flax which she had laid in order upon the Roof But seeing there is nothing so strong in in this World that is not transitory

Chap. IX Which way I came in my return from Bagdet through Assyria the Confines of Persia and the Province of the Curters to the Town Carcuch Capril c. and at length to the River Tigris to Mossel that Famous Town which was formerly called Nineveh p. 197 Chap. X. Which way we went through Mesopotamia by the way of Zibin and Orpha to Bi r not without a great deal of danger and afterwards how we passed the great River the Euphrates and came at last into Syria by Nisib to the famous Town of Aleppo p. 206 Chap. XI Of the Turkish Physicians and Apothecaries of my Comrade Hans Ulrich Krafft of Ulm's hard Imprisonment of the great Danger that I was in in the 2 Towns of Aleppo and Tripoli of the murdering of some Merchants and what else did happen when I was there p. 218 Chap. XII Of the large and high Mount of Libanus its Inhabitants and strange Plants that are found there p. 224 Chap. XIII Cunning and deceitful Stratagems of the Grand Turk against the Inhabitants of Mount Libanus the Trusci and Maronites And how he made War with them and what damage they sustained by it p. 236 PART III. Chap. I. A Short Description of his Departure from Tripoli a Town of Phenicia in Syria and how he went from thence to Joppa p. 257 Chap. II. A short Relation of my Travels by Land from the Harbour of Joppe to the City of Jerusalem p. 266 Chap. III. A plain Description of the City of Jerusalem as it was to be seen in our time And of the adjacent Countries p. 274 Chap. IV. Of Mount Sion and its Holy Places p. 283 Chap. V. Of the Mount Moria and the glorious Temple of Solomon p. 293 Chap. VI. Of the Saracens and Turkish Religion Ceremonies and Hypocritical Life with a short hint how long time their Reign shall last after Mahomet's Decease p. 301 Chap. VII Of Mount Bethzetha and the two Houses of Pilate and Herod p. 312 Chap. VIII Of the Mount Calvaria and the holy Grave of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ p. 315 Chap. IX Here follow some Epitaphs of the Christian Kings of Jerusalem together with a short Relation of their Reigns and mighty Deeds p. 326 Chap. X. A common Account of several sorts of Christians but chiefly of them that are always to be found in the Temple of Mount Calvaria And also how these and many other Strangers are treated by the Turkish Emperor as by their chief Head to whom they are generally subjected and his Officers p. 331 Chap. XI Of the Greeks p. 343 Chap. XII Of the Surians that esteem themselves to be Christians p. 346 Chap. XIII Of the Gregorians p. 347 Chap. XIV Of the Armenians and their Religion p. 348 Chap. XV. Of the Nestorians p. 350 Chap. XVI Of the Jacobites called Golti p. 352 Chap. XVII Of the Abyssins Priest John called Lederwick Subject unto the King of the Moors p. 353 Chap. XVIII Of the Maronites p. 356 Chap. XIX Of the Latinists or Papists 357 Chap. XX. Of the Knights of the Temple of Jerusalem the Order of the Johannites p. 360 Chap. XXI A short description of some Places Hills Valleys c. that lye near and about Jerusalem Of the Mount of Olives and its Holy Places p. 365 Chap. XXII Of Bethlehem the Mountains of Judea and their famous places Where also is made mention of my returning back from Jerusalem to Tripoli p. 373 Chap. XXIII How I took Ship at Tripolis in Syria and sailed back from thence to Venice and travelled home again to my own Relations at Augspurg p. 384 TOME II. Chap. I. MR. Belon's Remarks in the Island of Crete or Candy p. 3 Chap. II. A Description of Mount Athos commonly called Monte Santo by Mr. Belon p. 7 Chap. III. An Account of a Journey by Land from Mount Athos to Constantinople wherein the Gold and Silver Mines of Macedonia together with many Antiquities and Natural Rarities are describ'd p. 12 Chap. IV. The ways of Fishing on the Propontis the Bosphorus and Hellespont as also of the Fishes taken By M. Belon p. 17 Chap. V. Of some Beasts and mechanick Trades at Constantinople p. 18 Mr. Francis Vernon's Letter written to Mr. Oldenburg Jan. 10. 1675 0 p. 19 Some Plants observed by Sir George Wheeler in his Voyage to Greece and Asia minor p. 30 Historical Observations relating to Constantinople By the Reverend and Learned Tho. Smith D.D. Fellow of Magd. College Oxon. and of the Royal Society p. 35 An Account of the City of Prusa in Bithynia and a continuation of the Historical Observations relating to Constantinople p. 50 An Account of the Latitude of Constantinople and Rhodes by the learned Mr. John Greaves p. 84 Chap. VI. Some Observations made in a Voyage to Aegypt By Mr. Belon p. 90 More Observations made in Egypt by Guilandinus Alpinus and others And Chap. I. Of the Weather and Seasons in Egypt p. 92 Chap. II. Of the meats and drinks of Egypt p. 94 Chap. III. Of the Diseases and Physick p. 95 Of the Pyramids of Egypt by Mr. Greaves Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford A description of the First Pyramid p. 98 A description of the Second Pyramid p. 121 A description of the Third Pyramid out of Mr. Belon and Mr. Greaves p. 124 Of the rest of the Pyramids in the Lybian Desart p. 127 In wh● manner the Pyramids were built p. 129 Of the 〈◊〉 Sphynx Mummies c. by Father Va● 〈◊〉 ●hers p. 134 Of the Sphynx p. 139 Of the Wells where the Mummies are p. 140 A description of an entire Body of a Mummy p. 144 A Letter from Dublin concerning the Porphyry Pillars in Egypt by Dr. Huntingdon p. 149 A Journey from Grand Caire to Mecha p. 156 Of the Aga sent to meet the Caravan upon their Return p. 159 Of Mecha and Medina p. 162 An Extract of a Journey through part of Arabia Felix from the Copy in Ramusio's Collection p. 167 Some Observations made by Sir Henry Middleton and other English-men in Arabia Felix c. p. 169 Of the Ways and Roads between Egypt and Ethiopia p. 172 Of Ethiopia by Michael of Tripoly Ambassador from the Habessine Emperor to the Grand Signior p. 175 More Observations of Ethiopia by Father Lobo Father Alvarez Father Tellez and others extracted from their Portuguese Voyages p. 183 THE FIRST PART OF Doctor Leonhart Rauwolff's Travels into the Eastern Countries In which is chiefly Treated how he got into Syria and what strange things he there saw and observed CHAP. I. Which way I went first of all from Augspurg to Marseilles and from thence Shipped over the Seas towards Tripoli of Syria situated in Phoenicia I Having always had a natural Inclination almost from my Infancy to Travel into Foreign Countries but chiefly into the Eastern ones which have been of old celebrated for fertility which were cultivated by the most ancient People and whose Princes in former Ages have

noble Root called Rhubarb And moreover they sell several sorts of precious Stones viz. Garnats Rubies Balasios Saphirs Diamonds and the best sincerest Musk in little Gods These precious Stones are hid by the Merchants in the great Caravans that come from India and they bring them secretly because they dare not pay Custom for them that the Bashaws Sangiachs and others may not rob them of them on the High-ways for they use to do so if they find any I will cease to discourse any longer of these and other Drugs and several Merchandises which the Merchants convey thither from forreign Places daily and from thence to other places again because it is none of my Business to deal in them With the Spices are sometimes by the Merchants brought from the Indies delicate Canes which are very long solid or full within flexible and bright without of a yellowish Colour they are almost every-where alike thick only a little tapering but few Joynts far distant from one another and are hardly seen in them There are two sorts of them great and small ones the great and stronger ones are used by old and lame People instead of Crutches to walk with but the lesser which are very like the former are made into Arrows and Darts for which they are very fit the Turks wind them about with Silk of many sorts of Colours which they are very proud of when they make their entries You find also in the Shops another sort of Canes to be Sold which are small and hollow within and smooth without a brownish red Colour wherewith Turks Moors and the Eastern People write for to write with Goose-Quills is not in use with them wherefore these may be esteemed to be the true Syringas or Fistularis of Dioscor Besides these there is another bigger sort of Canes almost of the same Colour but full of Joynts the Pilgrims that go to see their Mahomet bring these with them from Mecha and the People of that Country carry them along with them on Horseback instead of short Pikes chiefly the Arabians for they are long strong and light and yet solid or full within with these they come running on upon their Enemies or else they lifting it up above the middle in one of their Hands fling it at them with such force that they penetrate deeper with their sharp Iron wherewith they are tipt before and behind then their Arrows Theophrastus maketh peculiar mention of them in his fourth Book and the 11 th Chapter and Pliny in his Sixteenth Book and the 36 th Chapter We see very few of these in our Country for the Christians are forbidden under great Penalties to carry any of them the same it is with any other Arms that they make use of in their Wars out of the Country if any doth and is found out he exposes himself to infinite Troubles and Dangers as did happen to one in my time which after a Scimiter was found about him was very highly accused and fined Seventy Ducats to be paid in two days time and if he had not paid it they would certainly have circumcised him and made him a Turk Besides these above-mentioned Champs there are a great many more without and within the City where also all sorts of Merchandises are Sold viz. Quibir the Great Sougier the Little Gidith the New Atich Old c. And besides all these they have a great Exchange called Batzar by the Inhabitants which is in the middle of the Town and is bigger then Friberg in Bavaria in it there is many Alleys and each of them divided for several Wares and handy-craft Trades first the Grocers and Mercers then those that sell Tapestry and other soft Woollen Cloaths and also Turkish Machyer Camlet Taffety and other Silks and Cottons delicately wrought There are also good Cardavon delicate Furrs of Martins and chiefly Wild Cats whereof abundance runs about in these Countries There are also Jewellers that sell all manner of Jewels precious Stones Pearls c. All sorts of Handy-craft Tradesmen as Shoe-makers Taylors Sadlers Needle and Pin-makers Painters Goldsmiths Brasiers Locksmiths c. that have their Shops in the Batzars where they work but their work is chiefly that of the Goldsmiths Painters and Locksmiths is so silly that it is by no means to be compared with ours There are also Turners Fletchers that make Arrows and Darts and Bow-makers that have besides their Shops small Butts that any body that goes by may exercise himself or try his Bow before he buyeth it These Bows are sometimes plain Work and some inlaid with Ivory Buflers Horns c. which maketh them of a differing Price The Archers wear a Ring upon their right Thumbs as our Merchants wear their Seals wherewith they draw the String on when they are going to shoot these are made of Wood Horn or Silver and some are set with Precious Stones Besides these you find in great Batzars some Barbar-Surgeons which when they have no body to trim use to go about the Streets with their Instruments and a Flask of Lather to look out for Work if they find any that will be trimed they do not come back to their Shops but go to Work in the Streets or in the next Champ if any be near and there begin to Lather him and shave all the Hair of his Head save only one long Lock which he leaves to hang down his Back There are also places where they sell Slaves of both Sexes old and young which are sold dearer or cheaper according to their Strength or Handsomeness c. But in all these Countries I saw neither Wheel-wright nor Cart-wright because neither Waggons nor Carts are in use with them Neither could I find for all it is so great a City a Gunsmith that understood how to mend the least fault in a Gun-lock because there is a great Trade daily driven in these Batzars you shall find there at all times of the day a great number of People of several Nations walking up and down which makes a Crowd as if you were in a Fair. Amongst them you will often see drunken Turks which use to push People that do not give them the way immediately chiefly if they be Christians but the Christians are not afraid of them for all that but prepare themselves when they perceive some of them to approach among the People and stand upon their Guard to be even with them and when the Turks come and push them they make them rebound again to one side or to one of the Shop-boards Sometimes also the Turks will lean themselves backwards against the Shops and when they see a Christian go by they let him fall over their Legs and so laugh at them but then the Christians again when they perceive this they kick up the other Leg of the Turk whereon he rests and so make him fall down himself For it is usual with the Turks to try the Christians what Metal they are made of whether they have

and confessed that after it they were holy and so innocent that if they should die then they were secure that their Soul should go immediately out of their Mouth into Heaven and eternal life To this I answered them That I expected Remission of Sin no other ways but only in the Name and for the Merits of our Lord Jesus Christ and that I had not undertaken this Pilgrimage as they did to get any thing by it as by a good Work nor to visit Stone and Wood to obtain Indulgence or with opinion to come here nearer to Christ because all these things are directly contrary to Scripture As the Lord himself saith Time will come that you shall neither on this Mount nor at Jerusalem worship the Father And he also forewarneth us of these that say Lo Christ is here Christ is there lo he is in the desarts he is in the Chamber that we should not believe them nor go out but rather confide on his promise that he will be with us to the end of the World and where two or three are met together in his Name that he will be in the middle of them Wherefore our dear Lord Christ hath no need because he is himself present with them that believe in him of any Vicegerent that should on Earth usurp such Power and take such Honor and Glory to himself as to give Indulgence at his pleasure because all these things belong only to God When I saw that they did not much mind this my Discourse I let them alone in their Opinions but yet I saw here and there all these places and considered by my self what our Lord Christ had by his bitter Sufferings and Death by his Glorious Resurrection and Ascension procured us from his Heavenly Father When the Pilgrims came to one of the above-mentioned places of Mount Zion and had said their Prayers they went into it and contemplated it fell down again before it and kissed it with great Submission and Devotion pulled out several pieces viz. Beads and Rosaries turned of the Wood of the Trees of the Mount of Olives some wrought Points Laces c. tied together in Bundles to touch the holy place with it they also knocked off in some places where they might some small Pieces to take them along with them as consecrated Sanctuaries to distribute them amongst their Friends at their Return All the while that they were thus busie I considered rather standing behind what our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ had suffered for us in these places how he had humbled himself and came down to us miserable Sinners to help us and to extol us that were fallen and to make us free of the heavy Burthen of our Sins how he was led before the Seat of Judicature of Caiaphas that we might not be led before the severe Judgment Seat of the Almighty God that he suffered himself to be led captive and bound to deliver us from the Bands of the Devil and Death and to save us from the Jaws of Hell and as Esaias saith in his 53d Chapter Verse 5. He was wounded for our transgressions he was bruised for our iniquities the chastisement of our peace was upon him and with his stripes we are healed But that our dear Lord Christ was delivered to the High Priest and Scribes c. for our sakes and that he was obedient to his Heavenly Father unto Death even the Death of the Cross to deliver us from the Curse of God and eternal Death And to make us certain that he had procured these his unspeakable Benefits and Heavenly Treasures for us and that we really should be partakers thereof before his passion he did institute his holy Supper upon the Mount in the large upper Room wherein he doth not only communicate them to us but giveth us also if we receive the holy broken Bread and the blessed Cup with true Faith according to the Institution his real Body and Blood to feed us to eternal Life where we then shall sit with our Lord Christ and all the elected ones after this life as Coheirs in the high upper Room of his Heavenly Father at his Table to eat and drink it with him anew And that we might heartily comfort our selves with these his unspeakable Benefits he also after his Ascension sent us on the Day of Pentecost his Holy Ghost the Spirit of Truth to incline our Hearts to believe stedfastly all that he hath promised us in his holy Word and Sacraments So the sending of the Holy Ghost which was long before predicted by the holy Prophets was fullfilled on this Mount whereof we read in several places of the holy Scripture viz. Joel ii 28. And it shall come to pass afterward that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh c. For on mount Zion and in Jerusalem must be a Deliverance according to the promise of the Lord. And Isaiah ii 3. Come ye and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord c. for out of Zion shall go forth the law and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem So that the Preaching of Christ's holy Gospel and his Kingdom did begin from Zion and Jerusalem and was afterwards spread abroad by his holy Apostles throughout the whole World Grant then O our dear Lord Christ unto us thy Holy Ghost that he may keep us in the Knowledge of thy holy Word and that he may so strengthen and comfort us in it that we may freely and without any fear confess it before the Face of our Enemies and Adversaries and if they offend and prosecute us that we may overcome our Crosses and Persecutions with patience that thy Honor may be advanced and our Constancy appear Grant us also that he may plant these thy Graces in our Hearts that we may comfort our selves with the hope and expectation of those Treasures which thou hast by thy Death and Passion merited and purchased for us So that we may abide in thy Tabernacle and dwell in thy holy Hill for ever Amen Psalm xv 1. CHAP. V. Of the Mount Moria and the Glorious Temple of Solomon WIthin the City near to Mount Zion lieth another called Moria divided from it by the Valley of Tiropaeon which is now filled up and made even with the top as I have said before that hereabout is hardly any Depth or Unevenness to be seen This as well as the other meets with the Rivulet or Brook of Kidron towards the North and on both of them the Town lieth on the sides or descent This is very famous in the Holy Scripture as you read Genesis xxii That the pious Patriarch Abraham was ready to offer his Son Isaac on this Hill for a Burnt-Offering to the Lord whereon Melchisedec the first Founder and King of the Town Salem and Priest of the Almighty God did first build a Temple and therefore named the City Jerusalem So we read in the Second Book of Chronicles Chap. iii. That on the same holy Mount

Sun without using any 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the Parallax and Refraction which at that time was not necessary I found the Latitude to be 41 degrees 6 minutes And in this Latitude in the Chart I have placed Byzantium and not in that either of the Greeks or Arabians From which Observation being of singular use in the rectification of Geography it will follow by way of Corallary that all Maps for the North-East of Europe and of Asia adjoyning upon the Bosphorus Thracius the Pontus Euxinus and much farther are to be corrected and consequently the situation of most Cities in Asia properly so called are to be brought more Southerly than those of Ptolemy by almost two entire degrees and then those of the Arabians by almost four Concerning Rhodes it may be presumed that having been the Mother and Nurse of so many eminent Mathematicians and having long flourished in Navigation by the direction of these and by the vicinity of the Phoenicians they could not be ignorant of the precise Latitude of their Country and that from them Ptolemy might receive a true information Though it cannot be denied but that Ptolemy in places remoter from Alexandria hath much erred I shall only instance in our own Country where he situates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is London in 54 degrees of Latitude and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the middle of the Isle of Wight which in the printed Copies is falsly termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in the MSS rightly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 52 degrees and 20 minutes of Latitude Whereas London is certainly known to have for the Altitude of the Pole or Latitude of the place only 51 degrees and 32 minutes and the middle of the Isle of Wight not to exceed 50 degrees and some minutes But in my judgment Ptolemy is very excusable in these and the like Errors of several other places far distant from Alexandria seeing he must for their position necessarily have depended either upon relations of Travellers or Observations of Mariners or upon the Longitude of the day measured in those times by Clepsydrae all which how uncertain they are and subject unto Error if some celestial Observations be not joyned with them and those exactly taken with large Instruments in which kind the Ancients have not many and our times excepting Tycho Brahe and some of the Arabians but a few I say no man that hath conversed with modern Travellers and Navigators can be ignorant Wherefore to excuse these Errors of his or rather of others fathered by him with a greater absurdity by asserting the Poles of the World since his time to have changed their site and consequently all Countries their Latitudes as Mariana the Master of Copernicus and others after him have imagined or else to charge Ptolemy being so excellent an Artist with Ignorance and that even of his own Country as Cluverius hath done from which my Observations at Alexandria and Memphis may vindicate him the former were too great a stupidity and the latter too great a Presumption But to return to Rhodes an Island in Eustathius's Comment upon Dionysius's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 920 furlongs circuit where according to Ptolemy the Parallel passing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath 36 degrees of Latitude and so hath Lindus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the chief Cities of the Island the same is confirmed by the MS but where the printed Copy and Eustathius read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Mercator renders Talyssus the MS renders 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Abulfeda in some Copies situates the Island Rhodes for he mentions no Cities there in the Latitude of 37 degrees and 40 minutes And the Geography of Said Ibn Aly Algiorgany commended by Gilbertus Gaulmyn in 37 degrees if it be not by a transposition in the MS of the numerical Letters in Arabic 37 for 36. which by reason of their similitude are often confounded in Arabick MSS. By my Observations under the Walls of the City Rhodes with a fair Brass Astrolabe of Gemma Frisius containing 14 inches in the diameter I found the Latitude to be 37° and 50′ A larger Instrument I durst not adventure to carry on shore in a place of so much jealousie And this Latitude in the Chart I have assigned to the City Rhodes from the Island so denominated upon which on the North-east side it stands situated better agreeing with the Arabians than with Ptolemy whom I know not how to excuse CHAP. VI. Some Observations made in a Voyage to Aegypt By M. Belon IN our sailing between Rhodes and Alexandria a sort of Falcon came and sate two hours upon our Sails Abundance of Quails flying from the North Southwards fell into our Ship We observ'd in our sailing many Pelecans and some unknown Birds At Alexandria I observ'd them to burn the Kali for Fuel Wood being scarce they calcine Lime with the Ashes then call it Soda and sell it to the Venetians who melt it with a particular Stone brought from Pavia by the River Tesino and so make their famous Crystal Glass at Muran but the French find the Sand brought from Estampes to serve as well as the Pavian Stone From this place they send their Commodities and Merchandise into all parts of the World In my passage to and from Grand Cairo and during my abode there I observ'd besides other things the Animals and Plants As the Garaffa or Camelopardalus the Bubalus of Africk different from the Buffalo Flocks of the Oryx and of Gazells which they shoot the Axis a most beautiful Creature by the Description it may be the Zebra or Zembra of Africk great varieties of Monkeys at Caire the Hippopotamus about the Lakes and Rivers Goats with very long Ears hanging down almost to the Ground Sheep with great Tails and vast Laps under their Chin the Ichneumon tame in their Houses like Cats this Animal destroys Rats and Mice like Weasils hunts Serpents which the People eat destroys Chamaelions and other Lizzards it creeps and darts upon its Prey 't is bigger and much stronger than a Cat. I observ'd at Caire many Civet-Cats Two kinds of Camelions frequently sitting on the Rhamnus catching of Insects with their Tongues as they fly by Crocodiles common in the Lakes and Rivers the little Lacerta Chalcidica hunts Insects under the Walls the Stellio or Swift Lizzard is common about the Pyramids and the other Sepulchres where it runs after Flies the Excrement of this Animal is sold up and down for an excellent Cosmetick I saw also the Serpent call'd Cerastes The great Batts abound in the Caves Amongst the Birds the Ostrich whose Skins and Feathers are in use amongst the Turks the Pelecan with whose Bills and Bags the Watermen of the Nile throw the Water out of their Boats the Vulp-Anser is common in the watery places I observ'd also the Crex and the Ibis The Inhabitants never hatch their Eggs under Hens but all in Ovens or Furnaces The common Trees are the Tamarisk