first year Exod. 12.9 Corn the Son of the threshing floore Isa 21.20 the Owles daughters Ib. 3.21 that is Chicken Villages belonging to Bethshean and other Cities are said to be their daughters Jos 17. Daughters of Jerusalem Sion or Babylon are the inhabitants which acknowledg those places for Mothers In which sense Jerusalem is said to be the Mother of us all Gal. 4.26 To this Trope are referred Anthropopathies wherein hands and eyes and eares and other members and humane affections are referred to God and Spirits which Anthropomorphites taking literally were condemned for Hereticks Of this kind are these passages It repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth and it grieved Him at the Heart Gen. 6.6 His soul was grieved for the misery of Israel Judg. 10.16 Let me alone that my wrath may wax hot against them Exod. 32.10 The Lord repented of the evill that he thought to do unto his people v. 14. and the like In which expressions for mans weak capacity God is said to do such things out of passion which from eternity he had determined as men do out of weakness when they change their minds No change being in God but in the things done which fall out in men according to the mutability of their purposes carried on by passion Thou tellest my wandrings put my teares in thy bottle Are they not in thy book Psal 56.8 * Comprehensio intellectio Intellectio est cum res tota parva de parte cognoscitur aut de toto parva pars Author ad Heren Synecdoche Of Synecdoches are met with no lesse store 1. In generalls put for particulars Preach the word to every Creature Mar. 16.15 meaning that is capable of it The earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God Rom. 8.19 all sorts of men hoping to have their states bettered Submit your selves to every humane Creature for the Lords sake 1 Pet. 2.13 that is every man to whom you are subordinate because God will have it so 2. Specialties put for generalls as The Sun shall not burn thee by day nor the Moon by night Psal 1216. that is nothing shall hurt thee Edom and Moab and Ammon have confederated or covenanted to take unto themselves the houses of God in possession Psal 83. i.e. the progeny of such wicked persons So souls are put for persons All the souls that came into Egypt with Jacob were 70. that is all the persons Gen. 46.27 His travell shall fall upon his own head and his wickednesse upon his owne pate Ps 7.16 his person shall endure the brunt of it Is not the hand of Joab in all this 2 King 14.19 Joabs advice and counsell 3. A synecdoche is frequently observed in putting a set number for an indefinite and reciprocally If we would contend with God we cannot answer one for a Thousand 1 Sam. 18.8 that is a great multitude by which trope 7 is often put for many or an unlimited number The women said to Naomi concerning Obed He shall be unto thee a restorer of life and a nourisher of thine old age For thy daughter in law which loveth thee which is better to thee then 7 Sons hath born him Ruth 4.15 So an evil spirit cast out when he returns is said to take with him 7 other spirits which makes the re-possession of him that was freed worse than when he was first possessed Matth. 12.45 It is a good caution put in by a father Augustinus de Doctr. Christia Lib. 3. c. 5. 10. 11. that To urge a trope according to the letter and that which is literally taken to wrest to a trope in some sort verifieth that of the Apostle The letter killeth but the spirit giveth life 2 Cor. 3.6 Such a mistake the Disciples were guilty of who understood the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadduces which their Master warned them to take heed of to be literally meant of bread which should have been understood metaphorically of their leaven of doctrine Matth. 16.12 And the false witnesses alledged against Christ the destroying of the materiall Temple which was spoken of him by a Trope concerning the Temple of his Body Jo. 2.21 These tropes twisted together in a speech continuate are as sparkling Diamonds in a Ring by the Apostle termed an allegory 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gal. 4.24 Gal. 4.24 And may be conspicuously discerned in 1. Types 2. Mysteries 3. Apologues 4. Parables 5. Apothegms 6. Reproofs * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 exemplar figura a picture or shadow of things to come qui in veteri testamento praefiguravit aliquid in novo fit tribus modis vel 1. Natura vel 2. Hominum confilio vel 3. Dei Types Hagar and Sarah by the Apostle are urged as types of difference between the old and new Testament as answerable to Sinai in bondage and free Jerusalem Gal. 4.25 Israels reducing from Egypt mentioned by the Prophet Hosea 11.1 is made a type by the evangelist of our Saviours returning from thence Matth. 2.15 The deliverance by the arke said to be a type of baptisme 1 Pet. 3.21 as likewise the lifting up of the brasen Serpent a type of Christ's lifting up on the Crosse Joh. 3 14. The passing of the Israelites thorough the red sea mannah the cloud and the rock set down as types of the Sacraments of the New Testament 1 Cor. 10. So to take such precepts literally as Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mothers milk Exod. 23.19 Thou shalt not plough with an asse and an ox together Deut. 22.10 Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn Ib. 25.4 and not morally for avoiding cruelty parting stakes in worshipping and defrauding the Minister of his due the Apostle brandeth as grosse for saith he Doth God take care for oxen 1 Cor. 9.9 1 Tim. 5.18 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—uâ—d An hidden secret in Religion the knowledge of which is not attainable by any strength of flesh and blood but by divine revelation Mysteries Mysteries under aenigmaes or hidden speeches contain matter either 1. Morall 2. Sacramentall 3. Propheticall for informing of manners by way of doctrine confirming of promises or points of belief or fore-warning of things to come for the good of Gods people and terrour of their opposites For instances in either Without controversie great is the mystery of godlinesse God was manifest in the flesh justified in the spirit seen of Angels preached unto the Gentiles believed on in the world and received into glory 1 Tim. 3.16 To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of God but to them that are without all things are done in parables Mar. 4.11 Of these mysteries the Apostles and their successors are the dispensers Let a man so account of us as of the ministers of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God 1 Cor. 4.1 Which mystery was kept secret
from me my Children are desolate because the Enemy prevailed Lament 1.16 So O earth earth earth hear the vvord of the Lord Jeremiah 22.29 A sword a sword is sharpned and also furbished it is sharpned to make a sore slaughter it is furbished that it may glitter should vve then make mirth It contemneth the rod of my Son as every tree Ezek. 21.9 10. I vvill overturne overturne overturne it and it shall be no more untill he come vvhose right it is and I vvill give it him Ezek. 21.27 In the same straine are these of our Saviour Martha Martha thou art carefull and troubled about many things but one thing is necessary Luk. 10.41 42. O Jerusalem Jerusalem thou that killest the Prophets and stonest them that are sent unto thee how often would I have gathered thy Children together as a Hen gathereth her Chickens under her wings but ye would not Matth. 23 37. Luk. 13.34 Multitudes multitudes in the valley of decision for the day of the Lord is neer in the valley of decision Joel 3.14 Sometime a Parenthesis is interposed as They seemed to be somewhat vvhatsoever they vvere it maketh no matter to me God accepteth no mans person for they who seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me Gal. 2.6 To this Epizeuxis may be referred * Reduplicatie called by Plutarch 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Verbi ejusdem repetitio à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicere quia idem sonus iteratur Anadiplosis which is when the same word that ends one sentence begins the other and Climax a climbing by a repetition of the words before to make as it were a foot-step to ascend higher as both words give it I was glad when they said unto me We will go into the house of the Lord our feet shall stand within thy gates O Jerusalem Jerusalem is built as a City that is at unity in it selfe Ps 122.1.2 I will laugh at your calamity and I will mock when your feare cometh when your feare cometh as desolation and your destruction cometh as a whirl-wind when distress and anguish cometh upon you Pro. 1.26.27 And it shall come to passe when they shall say unto thee Whither shall we go forth then thou shalt tell them Thus saith the Lord Such as are for Death to death and such as are for the Sword to the sword and such as are for Famine to the famine and such as are for Captivity to the captivity Jer. 15.2 So Zach. 11.9 That which Dyeth let it dye and that that is Cut off let it be cut off and let the rest cut every one the flesh of another Of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scala gradus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because in this figure we do proceed as it were by certain steps or rounds in a ladder whence it is named Gradatio repetit quae dictasunt priusquam ad aliud descendat in prioribus resistit Quintil. L. 9. c. 3. Climax these notable concatenations we have in the New Testament Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved How then shal they call on him in whom they have not believed and how shal they believe in him of whom they have not heard and how shall they heare without a Preacher and how shall they Preach except they be sent Rom. 10.13 14 15. Whom he did foreknow he also did praedestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son that he might be the first born among many brethren Moreover whom he did praedestinate them he also called whom he called them he also justified and whom he justified he also glorified Rom. 8.29 We glory in tribulation knowing that tribulation worketh patience and patience experience and experience hope and hope maketh not ashamed because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us Rom. 5.3.4 5. Giving all diligence add to your faith virtue and to virtue Knowledge and to knowledge Temperance and to temperance Patience and to patience Godlinesse and to godlinesse Brotherly kindnesse and to brotherly kindnesse Charity 2 Pet. 1.5 6 7. In which kind is that saying Learn to know know to doe doe to dye dye to live live to laud. So as by Higgaions Selahs Hosannahs we may attaine at length to coelestiall Halleluichs * By Plutarch called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by him taken notice of to be very powerfull to work upon the affections as well as to delight the care 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quare videtur esse adhibenda ad exornandam augendam orationem Auth. ad Heren Anaphora In Anaphora the same word is re-assum'd to begin divers sentences So blessings and cursings are Anaphorically propounded If ye walke in my statutes and keep my Commandements and do them I will give you raine in due season I will give peace in the land I will have respect unto you I will set my Tabernacle amongst you But if ye will not hearken unto me but walke contrary to me then will I walke also contrary to you in fury and I even I will hastise you 7 times for your sins Lev. 26.3.27 28. In like manner Deut. 28. Blessed blessed blessed and Cursed cursed cursed are re-assumed by Anaphora as the 8 Beatitudes and so many Woes are pronounced and denounced to the Happy and Hypocrites Mat. 5. ch 23. In the same figure Charity is displayed Charity suffereth long and is kind Charity envieth not Charity vaunteth not her selfe 1 Cor. 13.4 The abhominations of the bloody City of Jerusalem in which the Princes of Israel were in their power to shed blood are heavily taxed In thee have they set light by Father and Mother in the midst of thee have they dealt by oppressions with the stranger in thee have they vexed the fatherless and the widow Thou hast despised my holy things and profaned my Sabbaths in thee are men that carry tales to shed blood in thee they that eat upon the mountaines in the midst of thee they commit lewdnesse in thee have they discovered their fathers nakednesse in thee have they humbled her that was set a part for pollution and one hath committed abhomination with his neighbours wife and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law and another in thee hath humbled his Sister his Fathers daughter in thee have they taken gifts to shed blood thou hast taken usury and encrease and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbour by extortion and hast forgotten me saith the Lord God Ezek. 22.7 The devastations of Jerusalem are lamented by the Prophet Mine eyes fail with teares My bowels are troubled My liver is poured upon the earth for the destruction of the daughter of my people What thing shall I take to witnesse for thee what thing shall I liken to thee O daughter of Jerusalem what shall I equall to thee that I may comfort thee O virgin daughter of Sion for thy breach is great like the Sea
Hec est corpus meum Matth. 20.26 1 Cor. 11.24 the Signe dignified with the name of the thing signified for the assurance of the performance on the part of him who sealed the evidence except we would make a prodigie of the blessed Supper appointed to set at variance not in unity to fix believers For the exemplification of the third kind of Metonymies upon the mutuall change of antecedent and consequent with the thing to be expressed So To know a woman to go in unto her to be with her Hath Ammon thy brother been with thee 2 Sam. 13.20 serve modestly to expresse what may be done without otherwise speaking of it So Joseph is not and Simeon is not Gen. 42.36 Rachel weeping for her children and would not be comforted because they were not Jer. 31.15 Matth. 2.18 by consequence speak their precedent death * Simulatio Because we speak one thing and mean another Cum aliud in pectore reclusum aliud in lingua habemus as in the Poet. Scilicet is superis labor est It is likewise called by Tully Inversio a turning upside down of a thing or contrary to the right form A proper tearm to expresse this Trope where the contrary is meant to what is said Euge bone serve curâsti probè There are six species of it 1. Chleuasmus or Epicertomesis 2. Charientismus or Scomma 3. Astismus 4 Diasyrmus 5. Exutenismus 6. Sarcasmus Ironia Ironies also find an admittance in both Testaments for He that dwelleth in heaven laugheth his enemies to scorn the Lord shall have them in derision Psal 2. Elias mocked them Baalites and said Cry aloud for he is a god either he is talking or pursuing or he is in a journey or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awaked 1 King 18.27 So that speech of Micajah to Ahab Go up and prosper for the Lord shall deliver it into the hands of the King 2 King 22. cannot stand with a true Prophets integrity if it be not passed with an Irony as the King also took it vers 16. By the like proverb which is the Scripture phrase the King of Babylon is intituled Lucifer son of the morning which did weaken the Nations Isa 14.12 The Prince of Tyrus is also taunted Behold thou art wiser then Daniel there is no secret that they can hide from thee VVith thy wisdom and with thy understanding thou hast gotten thee riches and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou encreased thy riches and thy heart is lifted up because of thy riches Ezek. 28.3 4 5. In the New Testament that of our Saviour must needs be taken for an Irony Full well ye reject the commandment of God that ye may keep your own tradition Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers Matth. 23.32 And that Sleep on now and take your rest behold the hour is at hand and the son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners Matth. 26.45 So that of the Apostle Now ye are full now ye are rich ye have reigned as Kings without us I would to God ye did reigne that we also might reigne with you 1 Cor. 4.8 More bitter and baser were those Sarcasms of the souldiers to our Saviour whom they had crowned with thorns Hail King of the Jewes Matth. 27.29 Milder that of the Apostles Ye suffer fools gladly seeing ye your selves are wise 2 Cor. 11.29 And what is it wherein ye were inferiour to other Churches except it be that I my self was not burthensome unto you forgive me this wrong ib. 12.13 Some would have that to be ironically spoken Rather give alms of such things as ye have and behold all things are clean unto you Luk. 11.4 which others with greater reason deny * Translatio when a word is transferred from one thing unto another by reason of the likenesse that is betwixt them Nihil est in rerum natura cujus non in alijs rebus possimus uti vocabulo nomine Vnde enim Simile duci non potest potest autem ex omnibus Indidem verbum unum quod similitudinem continet translatum lumen affert orationi The Greek Rhetoricians under this notion did comprehend all the Tropes Arist 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id Rhetor. lib. 3. cap. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So Cicero ad Brutum Though the variety of this Trope be very great and field large yet Quintilian endeavours to reduce it into four ranks 1 When one animate is put for another as Cato barked at Scipio 2 Inanimate for another as Classique immitâ—it habenas 3 Inanimates for animates as ferro an fato virtus Argivûm occidit 4 Animates for inanimates as Sedet inscius metus alto Metaphora As Metonymies so Metaphors in Scripture are eminent and numberless What hast thou done the voyce of thy brothers bloud cryeth unto me from the ground Gen. 4.10 as an importunate Suiter crying for justice We are come to Jesus the Mediator of the New Teastament and to the blood of sprinkling that speaketh better things then that of Abel Heb. 12.24 whose also being dead yet speaketh Heb. 11.4 Speech is here translated from man to blood 2 We have fathers mothers brothers sisters masters servants and such other relatives without stint metaphorically taken So God is said to be father of all Hath the rayne a father or who hath begatten the drops of dew Job 38.28 none but God that created them The child Christ is called the everlasting father Isa 9.6 The divell is a liar and the father of it Joh. 8.44 that is the author inventor propagator Jabal and Jubal the fathers of such as dwell in Tents keep cattle handle the harp or Organ Gen. 4.20.21 Micah's masse-priest must be a father to the plundering Danites Judg. 18.19 that is an instructor One Joab is the father of the valley Charashim for they were craftsmen 1 Chron. 4.14 Elisha cryeth after Elijah My father my father the Chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof 1 King 2.12 a surer protector then all their Martialists with their best forces With the same King Joash reverenceth Elisha ib. 13 14. And Naamans servants honour their Master My Father if the Prophet had bid thee do some great thing wouldest thou not have done it Ib. 5.13 Job stoopes to acknowledge corruption to be his Father and the worme to be his Mother and Sister in regard of his wofull plight Job 17.14 And our Saviours position is catholick Whosoever shall do the will of God the same is my Sister and Brother and Mother Mar. 3.25 not by generation but acceptation In an opposite sense is the inscription on Babylons fore-head Mystery Babylon the great the Mother of harlots and abhominations of the earth Revel 17.5 In as far-fetch'd Metaphors we have The sons of the quiver for arrows Job 41.28 Lament 3.13 Jonah's goard shall be the Son of a night Jon. 4.10 The pascall-Lamb a male the Son of the