the_o russian_n that_o they_o can_v never_o afterward_o be_v reconcile_v and_o this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a cause_n of_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o of_o all_o the_o disaster_n with_o which_o poland_n be_v afterward_o harass_v such_o be_v the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o that_o change_n of_o religion_n and_o of_o those_o ceremony_n which_o the_o polish_v gentry_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n they_o ought_v to_o have_v consider_v that_o the_o best_a innovation_n be_v frequent_o attend_v with_o fatal_a consequence_n and_o their_o own_o country_n may_v have_v furnish_v they_o with_o a_o very_a instructive_a example_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o lutheran_n doctrine_n be_v introduce_v into_o riga_n by_o a_o sedition_n of_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o not_o long_o after_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o calendar_n make_v by_o pope_n gregory_n xiii_o have_v be_v publish_v there_o some_o person_n resolve_v to_o celebrate_v the_o feast_n of_o our_o saviour_n nativity_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a calendar_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o city_n imprison_v the_o principal_a of_o the_o college_n because_o he_o be_v the_o first_o who_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n which_o raise_v so_o great_a a_o uproar_v in_o the_o city_n that_o the_o people_n in_o the_o nighttime_n break_v open_v the_o prison_n and_o pull_v down_o the_o house_n of_o the_o curate_n and_o of_o the_o governor_n and_o even_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a that_o almost_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o those_o who_o defend_v the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n and_o especial_o the_o jesuit_n who_o king_n stephen_n battori_n have_v settle_v there_o in_o the_o year_n 1582_o after_o he_o have_v give_v they_o certain_a revenue_n and_o a_o church_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o canon_n during_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o tumult_n the_o incense_a people_n imprison_v some_o of_o the_o senator_n and_o put_v some_o other_o to_o death_n so_o that_o be_v sensible_a of_o their_o gild_n and_o despair_v of_o pardon_n they_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o other_o lutheran_n and_o never_o afterward_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a religion_n thus_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o restrain_v of_o the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n and_o the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o poland_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n and_o vkrania_n be_v the_o two_o principal_a cause_n of_o that_o people_n revolt_n but_o there_o be_v also_o another_o reason_n that_o cause_v that_o fierce_a and_o untractable_a nation_n to_o rebel_v the_o gentry_n of_o upper_a volhinia_n be_v so_o addict_v to_o tyranny_n and_o oppression_n that_o they_o can_v not_o endure_v the_o cossack_n because_o their_o neighbourhood_n give_v a_o bad_a example_n to_o all_o their_o subject_n and_o dispose_v they_o to_o shake_v off_o the_o 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and_o farm_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o lord_n which_o they_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n at_o a_o excessive_a price_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o make_v bad_a brandy_n and_o beer_n they_o be_v first_o introduce_v into_o poland_n by_o a_o duke_n of_o kalisch_n who_o bring_v they_o from_o germany_n and_o establish_v they_o in_o his_o and_o some_o other_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o have_v the_o privilege_n not_o to_o acknowledge_v any_o judge_n but_o only_o the_o palatine_n who_o they_o easy_o soften_v not_o to_o say_v corrupt_a by_o the_o present_v they_o make_v they_o their_o usury_n and_o exaction_n upon_o the_o people_n have_v sometime_o rise_v to_o such_o a_o exorbitant_a height_n that_o they_o have_v obtain_v a_o prohibition_n for_o any_o private_a person_n to_o brew_v beer_n not_o even_o for_o themselves_o by_o which_o mean_n they_o oblige_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o buy_v it_o of_o they_o at_o what_o price_n they_o please_v to_o impose_v upon_o it_o the_o son_n of_o king_n vladislaus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1647_o the_o cossack_n begin_v again_o to_o revolt_v under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o chemeinski_n who_o be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v the_o cossack_n join_v the_o tartar_n notwithstanding_o the_o mortal_a enmity_n that_o be_v former_o betwixt_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a difference_n of_o their_o language_n manner_n and_o religion_n after_o they_o be_v thus_o unite_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o they_o make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n but_o before_o i_o proceed_v to_o relate_v their_o barbarity_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a character_n of_o chemelnski_n he_o understand_v war_n very_o well_o and_o be_v once_o secretary_n to_o the_o army_n he_o be_v also_o a_o man_n of_o learning_n and_o have_v study_v with_o the_o jesuit_n at_o leopold_n he_o know_v the_o weak_a side_n of_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v several_a time_n there_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o a_o envoy_n he_o be_v so_o exasperate_v by_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o estate_n which_o a_o polish_v lord_n have_v take_v from_o he_o by_o a_o lawsuit_n that_o immediate_o he_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v and_o have_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n a_o multitude_n of_o people_n like_o himself_o and_o corrupt_v the_o cossack_n in_o the_o polish_v army_n he_o soon_o after_o prevail_v with_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n to_o join_v he_o with_o who_o assistance_n he_o fall_v unexpected_o upon_o the_o polander_n who_o guard_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o cut_v in_o piece_n part_n of_o their_o army_n and_o send_v the_o rest_n with_o their_o commander_n into_o slavery_n to_o tartary_n from_o that_o time_n he_o so_o manage_v the_o republic_n that_o sometime_o he_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v appease_v by_o promise_n and_o then_o raise_v a_o new_a insurrection_n according_a to_o the_o posture_n of_o his_o affair_n it_o be_v true_a he_o be_v sometime_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n but_o it_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a that_o he_o always_o keep_v the_o advantage_n over_o they_o either_o by_o his_o own_o dexterity_n or_o by_o the_o division_n or_o neglect_v of_o the_o polish_v general_n who_o can_v not_o make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o their_o victory_n he_o be_v often_o reconcile_v to_o the_o republic_n but_o never_o trust_v in_o they_o he_o be_v natural_o of_o a_o turbulent_a spirit_n keep_v his_o man_n always_o in_o arm_n against_o poland_n and_o fortify_v his_o interest_n by_o the_o affiance_n of_o some_o potent_a neighbour_n for_o it_o be_v his_o constant_a practice_n to_o change_v his_o affies_n according_a to_o the_o state_n of_o his_o affair_n thus_o after_o the_o tartar_n have_v conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o king_n john_n casimir_n he_o implore_v the_o protection_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n so_o that_o poland_n can_v hardly_o entertain_v any_o hope_n of_o be_v able_a to_o reduce_v the_o cossack_n during_o the_o life_n of_o so_o politic_a a_o general_n after_o the_o death_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o may_v 30_o 1648_o john_n casimir_n his_o brother_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n nou._n 17_o in_o the_o same_o year_n he_o immediate_o apply_v himself_o to_o remedy_v the_o ill_a state_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o to_o repair_v the_o loss_n it_o have_v sustain_v by_o the_o irruption_n which_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n have_v make_v even_o into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o defeat_n at_o pilaveze_n sept._n 29_o 1648._o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v compose_v of_o new-raised_a soldier_n and_o of_o militia_n they_o be_v encamp_v near_o the_o cossack_n end_n have_v even_o obtain_v some_o advantage_n over_o they_o but_o those_o revolter_n have_v make_v a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o
their_o drum_n and_o trumpet_n and_o by_o discharge_v several_a volley_n of_o canon_n round_o their_o camp_n the_o new-raised_a polander_n believe_v that_o they_o be_v rejoice_v for_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o tartar_n who_o they_o expect_v which_o put_v they_o into_o such_o a_o consternation_n that_o they_o resolve_v upon_o a_o sudden_a flight_n their_o officer_n not_o be_v able_a to_o stop_v they_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a and_o the_o flight_n so_o precipitate_a that_o the_o cossack_n be_v for_o a_o whole_a day_n of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v only_o a_o faint_a to_o draw_v they_o from_o their_o post_n but_o at_o last_o have_v detach_v some_o troop_n to_o observe_v the_o enemy_n they_o understand_v that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o soldier_n leave_v in_o the_o polish_v camp_n whereupon_o they_o march_v immediate_o and_o pillage_v all_o the_o baggage_n that_o the_o polander_n have_v leave_v and_o the_o tartar_n arrive_v afterward_o in_o their_o army_n they_o carry_v terror_n and_o desolation_n into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n such_o be_v the_o fatal_a effect_n of_o a_o panic_n fear_v that_o surprise_v those_o new-raised_a and_o undisciplined_a troop_n the_o polish_v army_n be_v thus_o total_o disperse_v at_o pilaveze_n a_o small_a city_n in_o upper_a volhinia_n about_o two_o league_n from_o chmielnich_n on_o the_o river_n bugg_n the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n besiege_v leopold_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 300000_o man_n and_o at_o the_o first_o assault_n take_v the_o castle_n but_o they_o meet_v with_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a resistance_n from_o the_o town_n though_o it_o be_v neither_o strong_a by_o nature_n nor_o art_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o small_a garrison_n when_o these_o barbarian_n perceive_v that_o they_o can_v not_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n they_o demand_v 200000_o crown_n of_o gold_n for_o its_o ransom_n and_o the_o burgher_n not_o be_v able_a to_o pay_v so_o exorbitant_a a_o sum_n and_o fear_v the_o event_n of_o a_o siege_n give_v they_o 1200_o mark_n of_o uncoined_a silver_n among_o which_o there_o be_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o church-plate_n but_o they_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o small_a a_o sum_n continue_v to_o press_v the_o city_n which_o oblige_v the_o burgher_n to_o give_v they_o 16000_o livre_n more_o which_o they_o raise_v with_o extraordinary_a difficulty_n and_o beside_o they_o give_v they_o the_o holy_a ornament_n cloth_n silk_n and_o abundance_n of_o fur_n for_o though_o the_o city_n want_v the_o convenience_n of_o a_o river_n it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a trade_n because_o it_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o all_o russia_n thus_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o leopold_n october_n 24_o 1648_o after_o which_o they_o ravage_v the_o country_n and_o after_o the_o tartar_n return_v home_o the_o cossack_n alone_o lay_v siege_n to_o zamoiscia_n a_o town_n seat_v upon_o a_o lake_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o belcz_n fortify_v with_o seven_o bastion_n and_o beautify_v with_o a_o academy_n which_o john_n zamoski_n chancellor_n and_o general_n of_o the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n found_v there_o it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o vigorous_a resistance_n it_o make_v against_o chemelnski_n general_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o besiege_v it_o with_o a_o army_n of_o above_o 60000_o man_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n 1648._o the_o year_n follow_v king_n john_n casimir_n send_v deputy_n to_o chemelnski_n to_o endeavour_v to_o bring_v he_o to_o a_o sense_n of_o his_o duty_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o restrain_v the_o violence_n of_o his_o troop_n and_o to_o hinder_v they_o from_o make_v incursion_n but_o chemelnski_n answer_v fierce_o that_o he_o will_v put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o port_n if_o the_o polander_n will_v not_o grant_v he_o all_o the_o condition_n he_o require_v the_o king_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o overcome_v the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o cossack_n send_v other_o deputy_n to_o treat_v with_o they_o concern_v article_n of_o peace_n they_o find_v chemclnski_n at_o pereaslaw_n where_o they_o deliver_v to_o he_o in_o the_o king_n name_n the_o batoon_n of_o a_o general_n on_o the_o 20_o of_o february_n 1649_o and_o receive_v his_o proposal_n which_o look_v rather_o like_v absolute_a command_n than_o condition_n of_o peace_n for_o he_o exclaim_v with_o great_a vehemency_n against_o visnovieshi_n and_o czaplinski_n and_o declare_v with_o a_o infupportable_a insolence_n that_o he_o will_v never_o be_v at_o quiet_a till_o he_o have_v chastise_v they_o for_o all_o the_o injury_n they_o have_v do_v to_o the_o cossack_n that_o visnovieski_n must_v be_v punish_v and_o czaplinski_n put_v into_o their_o hand_n as_o the_o author_n of_o all_o these_o disaster_n that_o potoski_n be_v not_o free_a from_o the_o crime_n of_o have_v persecute_v the_o cossack_n even_o into_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n whither_o they_o have_v retire_v to_o save_v their_o life_n that_o nevertheless_o potoski_n who_o be_v then_o a_o slave_n in_o the_o crim_n be_v punish_v sufficient_o for_o all_o his_o pernicious_a design_n that_o to_o those_o three_o he_o may_v add_v the_o great_a standard_n bearer_n of_o the_o crown_n who_o have_v rob_v he_o of_o his_o inheritance_n and_o have_v quarter_v his_o troop_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o cossack_n where_o they_o commit_v all_o manner_n of_o barbarity_n but_o that_o he_o do_v not_o impute_v all_o those_o disorder_n so_o much_o to_o he_o as_o to_o visnovieski_n and_o czaplinski_n that_o therefore_o the_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o blame_v aught_o to_o fall_v upon_o those_o two_o and_o that_o if_o they_o be_v not_o punish_v he_o will_v perish_v with_o all_o the_o army_n of_o the_o cossack_n or_o poland_n itself_o shall_v perish_v with_o its_o senate_n generals_z lord_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n king_n casimir_n perceive_v the_o design_n of_o the_o cossack_n by_o this_o answer_n draw_v his_o force_n together_o and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n chemelnski_n call_v in_o the_o tartar_n who_o come_v to_o his_o assistance_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o attack_v a_o body_n of_o the_o polish_v troop_n which_o be_v encamp_v at_o zbaras_n a_o small_a city_n of_o lower_n podolia_n upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o lower_n volhinia_n about_o ten_o league_n from_o braclaw_n towards_o the_o north_n famous_a for_o the_o brave_a defence_n that_o a_o small_a number_n of_o polander_n make_v against_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n who_o keep_v they_o invest_v for_o two_o month_n and_o thrice_o attack_v their_o retrenchment_n without_o be_v able_a to_o force_v they_o for_o the_o polander_v defend_v themselves_o with_o so_o incredible_a a_o valour_n that_o they_o give_v their_o king_n time_n to_o come_v to_o their_o relief_n the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n hear_v of_o their_o approach_n march_v secret_o to_o zborow_n on_o the_o river_n bog_n to_o meet_v he_o where_o be_v defeat_v by_o king_n casimir_n and_o understanding_n that_o another_o party_n of_o cossack_n be_v rout_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n they_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v afterward_o ratify_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o same_o year_n 1649._o after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o the_o cossack_n at_o zborow_n chemelnski_n their_o general_n grow_v daily_o more_o powerful_a and_o insolent_a assist_v the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n against_o the_o circassian_n without_o the_o king_n be_v leave_v and_o afterward_o have_v receive_v succour_n from_o the_o cham_n he_o attack_v the_o hospodar_n of_o moldavia_n from_o who_o he_o exact_v a_o great_a ransom_n with_o a_o promise_n to_o give_v his_o daughter_n in_o marriage_n to_o his_o son_n timothy_n but_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o considerable_a a_o alliance_n he_o send_v deputy_n anno_fw-la 1650_o to_o the_o port_n to_o desire_v some_o auxiliary_a force_n and_o to_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o turk_n thus_o he_o shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o cossack_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o vkrania_n which_o be_v a_o extraordinary_a mortification_n to_o the_o polish_v nobility_n who_o have_v just_o re-entered_a upon_o the_o estate_n they_o have_v lose_v during_o the_o insurrection_n of_o those_o rebel_n king_n casimir_n have_v lose_v all_o hope_n of_o reduce_v they_o by_o promise_n or_o favour_n resolve_v once_o more_o to_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o resolution_n he_o summon_v the_o arrierban_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o and_o lead_v they_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n into_o the_o field_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o lesinow_n beyond_o beretesko_n a_o city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o luceoria_n on_o the_o river_n stir_v about_o a_o league_n from_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n in_o
st._n basil_n who_o be_v under_o the_o vow_n of_o chastity_n as_o for_o the_o curate_n of_o their_o parish_n those_o who_o be_v admit_v to_o order_n after_o their_o marriage_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o separate_v from_o their_o wife_n but_o they_o can_v marry_v after_o their_o ordination_n and_o when_o their_o wife_n die_v they_o must_v for_o ever_o afterward_o live_v in_o celibacy_n their_o liturgy_n be_v in_o the_o russian_a language_n which_o as_o well_o as_o the_o polish_v be_v proper_o a_o dialect_n of_o the_o slaâ—ovie_n they_o believe_v that_o the_o holy_a ghost_n proceed_v from_o the_o father_n by_o the_o son_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o the_o head_n of_o the_o whole_a church_n but_o only_o the_o first_o of_o the_o two_o patriarch_n and_o that_o he_o of_o constantinople_n who_o authority_n they_o acknowledge_v be_v the_o second_o and_o yet_o independent_a on_o the_o first_o in_o all_o other_o article_n of_o faith_n they_o agree_v with_o the_o catholic_n but_o their_o ceremony_n and_o ornament_n be_v different_a from_o those_o of_o the_o latin_n and_o armenian_n they_o pray_v stand_v and_o make_v a_o great_a number_n of_o genuflexion_n which_o they_o reckon_v with_o bead_n they_o administer_v the_o sacrament_n in_o both_o kind_n after_o this_o manner_n the_o priest_n consecrate_v several_a little_a loaf_n of_o leaven_a bread_n and_o after_o he_o have_v take_v the_o sacrament_n himself_o he_o break_v these_o loaf_n into_o little_a piece_n and_o put_v they_o into_o the_o chalice_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n then_o with_o a_o little_a silver_n spoon_n which_o serve_v only_o for_o that_o use_v he_o take_v one_o of_o those_o piece_n with_o a_o little_a wine_n out_o of_o the_o chalice_n and_o give_v the_o sacrament_n to_o those_o who_o approach_v he_o by_o pour_v that_o little_a piece_n of_o bread_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n into_o the_o mouth_n of_o each_o communicant_a they_o communicate_v stand_v hold_v their_o arm_n across_o their_o breast_n and_o also_o make_v their_o little_a child_n receive_v the_o communion_n after_o all_o the_o people_n have_v communicate_v the_o priest_n consume_v all_o that_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o chalice_n the_o three_o bishopric_n be_v that_o of_o cracow_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n situate_v upon_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o upper_a or_o little_a poland_n this_o bishopric_n be_v heretofore_o a_o archbishopric_n found_v by_o mieceslaus_n in_o the_o year_n 964._o immediate_o after_o he_o have_v embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n but_o that_o dignity_n be_v lose_v by_o one_o lampert_n who_o be_v of_o a_o potent_a family_n neglect_v to_o send_v to_o rome_n for_o the_o pallium_fw-la it_o be_v observable_a that_o several_a prelate_n have_v hold_v both_o this_o bishopric_n and_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o siberia_n all_o the_o nobility_n of_o that_o duchy_n be_v under_o his_o authority_n and_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o royal_a coart_n this_o metropolis_n be_v compose_v of_o 3_o city_n joyâ—â—d_v together_o viz._n the_o ancient_a city_n which_o be_v build_v by_o king_n cracus_n casimirie_n which_o be_v build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a with_o a_o design_n to_o establish_v a_o academy_n in_o it_o and_o that_o which_o be_v between_o they_o both_o the_o two_o latter_a be_v join_v by_o a_o bridge_n the_o jew_n who_o before_o the_o year_n 1494._o be_v disperse_v promiscuous_o throughout_o the_o whole_a city_n since_o that_o time_n be_v oblige_v to_o reside_v in_o casimirie_n for_o upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fire_n which_o burn_v down_o part_n of_o the_o city_n the_o soldier_n drive_v the_o jew_n out_o of_o all_o the_o house_n they_o possess_v and_o ever_o since_o they_o be_v only_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o casimirie_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v every_o market-day_n to_o the_o old_a city_n queen_n hedwige_n the_o wife_n of_o vladislaus_n jagellon_n who_o be_v a_o princess_n of_o great_a virtue_n and_o piety_n design_v to_o have_v finish_v the_o academy_n which_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a begin_v to_o erect_v at_o cracow_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o that_o queen_n who_o leave_v considerable_a legacy_n to_o the_o poor_a the_o king_n her_o husband_n take_v care_n to_o continue_v her_o pious_a design_n in_o order_n to_o which_o he_o establish_v 2_o college_n in_o that_o city_n and_o bring_v master_n thither_o from_o prague_n to_o instruct_v the_o youth_n these_o college_n be_v almost_o like_o those_o of_o paris_n there_o be_v some_o endow_v scholarship_n and_o the_o student_n be_v oblige_v to_o very_o little_a exercise_n in_o one_o of_o these_o college_n which_o be_v call_v the_o academy_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o poor_a scholar_n who_o receive_v weekly_a charity_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o starve_v which_o with_o what_o they_o get_v by_o beg_a alm_n in_o the_o street_n at_o night_n enable_v they_o to_o 〈◊〉_d their_o study_n the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o cujavia_n and_o pomeâ—â—â—â—_n 〈◊〉_d be_v compose_v of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o wiadislow_n a_o city_n on_o the_o vistula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o thorn_n the_o five_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o vilna_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n vilia_fw-la which_o fall_v into_o the_o nieman_n below_o kowno_n this_o city_n be_v large_a and_o very_a populous_a the_o six_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o posnania_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o same_o name_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la there_o be_v a_o old_a castle_n upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n and_o the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v without_o the_o city_n which_o be_v indifferent_o large_a and_o populous_a the_o seven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o plocsko_n a_o small_a city_n in_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o five_o league_n above_o wladislaw_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o pultausk_n in_o massovia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n narev_n which_o meet_v with_o the_o bug_n about_o two_o league_n low_o the_o bishop_n of_o plocsko_n be_v sovereign_a of_o the_o territory_n of_o pultausk_n and_o there_o be_v no_o appeal_n from_o his_o sentence_n not_o even_o to_o the_o king_n the_o eight_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o episcopal_a seat_n be_v at_o frawenherg_n a_o small_a city_n near_o frischhaff_n the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n be_v precedent_n of_o royal_a prussia_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o his_o diocese_n depend_v upon_o he_o and_o be_v exempt_v from_o all_o the_o royal_a jurisdiction_n the_o nine_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o luceoria_n or_o lucko_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o volhinia_n the_o ten_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o premislia_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n upon_o the_o river_n sana_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o jeroslaw_n and_o 12_o from_o leopold_n towards_o the_o west_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a one_o orichowski_n canon_n of_o this_o cathedral_n be_v the_o first_o who_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reformation_n maintain_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o priest_n to_o marry_o and_o afterward_o marry_v himself_o anno_fw-la 1549._o in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o eleven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o samogitia_n this_o prelate_n have_v no_o particular_a seat_n except_o at_o midnich_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a burrough_n of_o that_o province_n the_o twelve_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o culm_n a_o city_n of_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o thorn_n this_o prelate_n former_o precede_v the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n the_o thirteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o chelm_fw-ge in_fw-ge black_a russia_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a but_o the_o latin_a bishop_n remove_v his_o seat_n to_o kranostaw_fw-mi another_o city_n in_o the_o same_o palatinat_a seat_v on_o a_o great_a lake_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n vieptz_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n who_o have_v ruin_v the_o city_n of_o chelm_fw-ge the_o fourteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o kiowia_fw-la the_o metropolis_n of_o volhinia_n and_o of_o all_o vkrania_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o greek_a schismatical_a archbishop_n who_o be_v former_o primate_n of_o all_o the_o russian_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o kiowia_fw-la be_v schismatic_n and_o now_o subject_a to_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o
boldness_n to_o attack_v poland_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n where_o they_o enter_v vkrania_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminieck_n which_o the_o polander_n can_v never_o retake_v since_o but_o as_o poland_n can_v not_o choose_v a_o poor_a so_o they_o can_v not_o have_v choose_v a_o more_o liberal_a prince_n than_o king_n michael_n and_o as_o he_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o the_o mean_n to_o display_v that_o noble_a and_o princely_a quality_n so_o providence_n order_v that_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v proclaim_v king_n he_o find_v himself_o master_n of_o rich_a furniture_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o plate_n than_o any_o of_o the_o king_n his_o predecessor_n have_v ever_o enjoy_v for_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o gentleman_n who_o be_v able_a to_o make_v any_o considerable_a present_n strive_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o emulation_n to_o express_v their_o affection_n to_o their_o new_a sovereign_n so_o that_o on_o the_o day_n of_o his_o election_n he_o be_v so_o amaze_v at_o such_o a_o sudden_a and_o unexpected_a alteration_n that_o he_o can_v hardly_o forbear_v look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o golden_a dream_n he_o be_v no_o soon_o proclaim_v but_o the_o chancellor_n begin_v to_o insinuate_v that_o he_o owe_v his_o crown_n to_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o difficult_a task_n to_o impose_v upon_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v easy_o govern_v and_o have_v more_o good_a nature_n than_o judgement_n thus_o the_o chancellor_n have_v the_o pleasure_n to_o see_v that_o his_o power_n be_v as_o great_a as_o his_o ambition_n but_o that_o satisfaction_n be_v sufficient_o moderate_v by_o the_o trouble_n and_o division_n that_o happen_v under_o his_o ministry_n for_o have_v persuade_v the_o king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n by_o who_o he_o have_v no_o child_n there_o be_v such_o a_o considerable_a party_n form_v against_o that_o prince_n that_o he_o be_v in_o perpetual_a danger_n of_o be_v dethrone_v and_o reduce_v in_o a_o cloister_n to_o great_a misery_n than_o that_o which_o he_o suffer_v before_o his_o election_n and_o to_o heighten_v his_o assliction_n he_o perceive_v that_o queen_n eleanor_n his_o wife_n be_v engage_v in_o the_o party_n that_o will_v have_v oblige_v he_o to_o resign_v his_o crown_n that_o she_o may_v marry_v a_o handsome_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o picture_n she_o have_v see_v and_o who_o without_o doubt_n have_v be_v king_n of_o poland_n if_o death_n jealous_a of_o the_o happiness_n of_o that_o country_n have_v not_o snatch_v he_o away_o in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age_n to_o the_o regret_n of_o all_o the_o world_n and_o particular_o of_o q._n eleanor_n who_o can_v not_o forbear_v express_v her_o sorrow_n by_o her_o tear_n when_o she_o hear_v the_o news_n of_o his_o death_n among_o the_o several_a prince_n who_o pretend_v to_o dispossess_v king_n michael_n duke_n augustus_n ernest_n of_o brunswick_n bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n who_o will_v have_v willing_o exchange_v both_o his_o bishopric_n and_o religion_n for_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v one_o but_o he_o be_v marry_v he_o will_v have_v meet_v with_o great_a obstacle_n than_o the_o prince_n i_o just_a noun_n mention_v chap._n xv._o of_o the_o diet_n in_o general_n though_o as_o a_o mark_n of_o the_o obedience_n and_o respect_n which_o christian_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o clergy_n the_o polander_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o give_v the_o bishop_n the_o precedency_n in_o their_o diet_n as_o be_v the_o minister_n and_o dispenser_n of_o holy_a thing_n it_o have_v be_v sometime_o observe_v that_o the_o laity_n have_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o dispute_v that_o honour_n with_o they_o thus_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o lublin_n 1501._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o alexander_n the_o ii_o there_o happen_v a_o great_a contest_v betwixt_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o temporal_a senator_n for_o though_o the_o latter_a be_v willing_a that_o the_o bishop_n shall_v be_v seat_v all_o in_o a_o row_n on_o the_o king_n be_v right_a hand_n they_o desire_v that_o they_o may_v also_o sit_v in_o a_o row_n on_o his_o left_a hand_n that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o beneath_o they_o this_o controversy_n be_v long_o and_o hot_o agitate_a but_o at_o last_o the_o king_n decide_v it_o in_o favour_n of_o the_o bishop_n declare_v that_o they_o shall_v still_o enjoy_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n to_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n both_o on_o his_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n a_o general_n diet_n in_o poland_n be_v a_o meeting_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o one_o place_n to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o republic_n the_o king_n may_v appoint_v the_o meeting_n where_o he_o think_v fit_a except_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o coronation_n which_o can_v only_o be_v hold_v at_o cracow_n but_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n it_o have_v be_v always_o in_o the_o king_n power_n to_o appoint_v the_o place_n of_o their_o meeting_n it_o be_v true_a that_o for_o some_o time_n they_o have_v be_v always_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n but_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v make_v a_o complaint_n some_o year_n ago_o that_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o all_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o a_o long_a and_o tedious_a journey_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o one_o of_o three_o diet_n shall_v for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n be_v hold_v at_o grodno_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o troki_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n about_o twenty_o league_n from_o vilna_n it_o be_v seat_v partly_o upon_o a_o plain_a and_o partly_o upon_o a_o eminence_n and_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o castle_n which_o be_v take_v and_o sack_v by_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o when_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v harass_v by_o the_o swede_n the_o other_o two_o diet_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v at_o warsaw_n which_o from_o the_o election_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o to_o that_o of_o john_n iii_o be_v always_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o province_n of_o massovia_n and_o the_o diocese_n of_o posnania_n there_o be_v a_o fine_a palace_n in_o this_o city_n which_o sigssmund_n build_v after_o his_o election_n but_o there_o be_v no_o avenue_n to_o it_o and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v situate_v be_v so_o straighten_v that_o one_o must_v in_o a_o manner_n divine_a how_o to_o go_v into_o it_o it_o have_v a_o very_a fine_a prospect_n but_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o water_n garden_n or_o tree_n nor_o can_v those_o defect_n be_v supply_v because_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o be_v bound_v by_o the_o house_n of_o the_o city_n and_o on_o the_o other_o by_o the_o vistula_n warsaw_n be_v compose_v of_o two_o city_n join_v together_o the_o old_a town_n which_o be_v wall_v with_o brick_n be_v small_a and_o ill_o pave_v as_o be_v all_o the_o city_n of_o poland_n but_o to_o make_v amends_o it_o be_v populous_a and_o enjoy_v a_o good_a trade_n the_o new_a town_n which_o be_v join_v to_o it_o be_v not_o considerable_a beside_o those_o two_o city_n there_o be_v also_o the_o great_a suburb_n of_o cracow_n the_o house_n of_o which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n build_v and_o cover_v with_o wood_n except_o some_o palace_n which_o certain_a person_n of_o quality_n have_v begin_v to_o build_v before_o the_o swedish_n invasion_n both_o because_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n have_v a_o palace_n there_o where_o they_o usual_o reside_v and_o because_o those_o prince_n design_v to_o enclose_v that_o suburb_n and_o the_o two_o city_n with_o 16_o bastion_n which_o they_o have_v already_o mark_v out_o and_o whereof_o some_o footstep_n be_v yet_o to_o be_v see_v the_o abovementioned_a palace_n where_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n reside_v have_v a_o garden_n but_o be_v destitute_a both_o of_o water_n and_o tree_n there_o be_v still_o a_o chapel_n in_o that_o suburb_n call_v the_o muscovite_n chapel_n which_o 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person_n of_o all_o rank_n and_o sex_n into_o slavery_n so_o that_o thracia_n scythia_n and_o almost_o all_o asia_n be_v fill_v with_o polish_v slave_n the_o tartar_n be_v natural_o so_o hardy_a that_o they_o swim_v over_o the_o river_n in_o the_o winter_n when_o there_o be_v no_o ice_n which_o without_o doubt_n proceed_v from_o the_o mother_n wash_v their_o infant_n with_o cold_a water_n they_o cross_v the_o great_a river_n such_o as_o the_o boristhenes_n after_o this_o manner_n each_o of_o they_o prepare_v several_a faggot_n or_o bundle_n of_o rush_n or_o reed_n which_o he_o tie_v to_o two_o pole_n upon_o these_o he_o lay_v his_o clothes_n arm_n saddle_n and_o all_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o carry_v along_o with_o he_o then_o he_o tie_v this_o little_a bridge_n of_o faggot_n to_o his_o horse_n tail_n after_o which_o with_o one_o hand_n he_o take_v hold_v of_o the_o horse_n main_n and_o whip_v he_o with_o the_o other_o and_o in_o this_o equipage_n pass_v the_o river_n stark_o naked_a 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distemper_n and_o even_o devour_v the_o head_n foot_n and_o entrail_n none_o but_o the_o rich_a eat_v bread_n and_o the_o rest_n live_v upon_o milk_n millet_n and_o turkey_n wheat_n they_o be_v very_o lazy_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n but_o be_v extreme_o laborious_a and_o vigilant_a when_o they_o go_v abroad_o upon_o a_o expedition_n the_o poor_a kill_v no_o horse_n to_o eat_v unless_o they_o be_v sick_a and_o when_o they_o kill_v one_o they_o give_v part_n of_o it_o to_o their_o neighbour_n they_o make_v a_o sort_n of_o pudding_n with_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o horse_n they_o kill_v and_o the_o meal_n of_o turkey_n wheat_n or_o millet_n which_o they_o reckon_v to_o be_v a_o very_a delicious_a ragou_n they_o eat_v but_o little_a salt_n because_o they_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v bad_a for_o the_o eye_n and_o since_o they_o be_v mahometan_n it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o add_v that_o they_o eat_v no_o bacon_n these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a 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very_a large_a country_n contain_v above_o 300_o mile_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o above_o 180_o from_o north_n to_o south_n kiovia_n situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n be_v the_o capital_a city_n and_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o large_a town_n in_o europe_n but_o it_o have_v be_v so_o often_o pillage_v and_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v see_v in_o it_o at_o present_a but_o ruin_v house_n and_o cottage_n with_o a_o fort_n in_o which_o the_o muscovite_n keep_v garrison_n the_o boristhenes_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a river_n in_o europe_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o country_n and_o receive_v all_o the_o other_o river_n that_o water_n it_o the_o first_o rendezvous_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v original_o russian_a peasant_n be_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n especial_o that_o of_o tamahoâ—ka_fw-mi from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o through_o all_o vkrania_n betwixt_o the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o czyrkassy_n at_o that_o time_n they_o live_v only_o by_o hunt_v and_o fish_v they_o be_v call_v the_o zaporovian_a cossack_n because_o they_o inhabit_v along_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o those_o who_o live_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o tanais_n or_o don_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n meotis_n stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o first_o who_o bring_v the_o cossack_n under_o military_a discipline_n and_o appoint_v they_o the_o city_n of_o trethymirow_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o twelve_o league_n below_o kiowia_fw-la for_o their_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n for_o heretofore_o they_o have_v no_o leader_n and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v discipline_n that_o they_o march_v rather_o like_v freebooter_n than_o soldier_n but_o from_o that_o time_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v
war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n and_o give_v they_o also_o occasion_n to_o make_v frequent_a inroad_n into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1614_o the_o cossack_n make_v such_o great_a and_o successful_a incursion_n as_o far_o as_o asia_n minor_a that_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o sinope_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n and_o strike_v a_o terror_n into_o constantinople_n for_o they_o be_v so_o brave_a a_o people_n that_o in_o the_o war_n betwixt_o sigismond_n iii_n and_o osman_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n anno_fw-la 1620_o four_o hundred_o of_o they_o who_o come_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o polish_v army_n careless_o straggle_v at_o a_o considerable_a distance_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o force_n be_v attack_v by_o osman_n whole_a army_n with_o which_o they_o fight_v three_o day_n and_o defend_v themselves_o with_o such_o incredible_a valour_n that_o the_o turk_n lose_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o man_n before_o they_o can_v force_v they_o to_o submit_v and_o after_o they_o be_v beat_v the_o ottoman_a army_n which_o be_v very_o formidable_a design_v to_o hinder_v the_o other_o cossack_n from_o join_v the_o polander_n attack_v they_o in_o their_o passage_n but_o after_o a_o fight_n that_o last_v eight_o whole_a day_n they_o join_v the_o polish_v army_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o opposition_n of_o so_o numerous_a a_o army_n and_o in_o a_o word_n they_o do_v wonder_n that_o campaign_n but_o after_o the_o christian_n have_v gain_v the_o battle_n they_o threaten_v to_o leave_v the_o army_n because_o they_o want_v bread_n whereupon_o prince_n vladislaus_n who_o command_v the_o army_n of_o the_o king_n his_o father_n appease_v they_o with_o a_o promise_n of_o fifty_o thousand_o livre_n which_o so_o encourage_v they_o that_o they_o steal_v secret_o from_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o attack_v and_o take_v the_o baggage_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o chief_a reason_n why_o osman_n declare_v war_n against_o poland_n be_v because_o the_o polander_n do_v not_o restrain_v the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n into_o his_o dominion_n it_o be_v true_a king_n sigismond_n be_v so_o unwilling_a to_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o he_o do_v all_o that_o lay_v in_o his_o power_n to_o oblige_v the_o cossack_n to_o give_v over_o their_o piracy_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o find_v themselves_o restrain_v from_o pillage_n they_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o the_o christian_n on_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n where_o they_o be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o ostrog_n after_o which_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o one_o nalevaik_n a_o man_n of_o mean_a birth_n but_o of_o a_o intrepid_a fierceness_n they_o invade_v the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n a_o second_o time_n and_o march_v against_o the_o polander_n over_o who_o they_o obtain_v some_o advantage_n in_o the_o beginning_n but_o at_o last_o they_o be_v rout_v and_o their_o leader_n take_v and_o carry_v prisoner_n to_o warsaw_n where_o he_o be_v behead_v thus_o it_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_n that_o the_o cossack_n begin_v to_o revolt_v but_o this_o sedition_n be_v so_o happy_o quiet_v that_o afterward_o they_o do_v very_o considerable_a service_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n anno_fw-la 1620_o as_o i_o intimate_v before_o after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v between_o poland_n and_o the_o port_n the_o cossack_n not_o be_v able_a to_o give_v over_o their_o wont_a piracy_n embark_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n in_o the_o year_n 1624._o and_o go_v to_o the_o very_a suburb_n of_o constantinople_n from_o whence_o they_o carry_v away_o a_o great_a booty_n the_o next_o year_n they_o enter_v the_o crim_n without_o king_n sigismund_n leave_n of_o which_o the_o grand_a signior_n complain_v to_o the_o republic_n as_o a_o infraction_n of_o the_o treaty_n conclude_v with_o the_o port_n and_o from_o that_o time_n general_n koniesspolski_n begin_v to_o restrain_v they_o from_o make_v incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o cossack_n not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v such_o a_o constraint_n revolt_v a_o second_o time_n in_o the_o year_n 1630_o at_o the_o solicitation_n of_o a_o monk_n of_o kiowia_fw-la and_o defeat_v some_o of_o king_n sigismund_n troop_n but_o general_n koniecspolski_n surprise_v they_o near_o pereaslaw_n a_o little_a city_n in_o lower_n volhiniv_n upon_o the_o river_n trubiecz_n about_o three_o league_n above_o the_o place_n where_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o after_o he_o have_v defeat_v part_n of_o their_o army_n the_o rest_n promise_v to_o send_v the_o author_n of_o the_o revolt_n to_o the_o approach_a diet_n vladislaus_n iv_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1633_o resolve_v to_o suppress_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o year_n 1637_o build_v fort_n kudack_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o five_o league_n below_o the_o place_n where_o the_o river_n samara_n discharge_v itself_o into_o that_o river_n but_o as_o a_o dam_n that_o be_v build_v across_o a_o great_a river_n to_o stop_v the_o current_n of_o its_o water_n serve_v only_o to_o spread_v they_o through_o the_o neighbourhood_n so_o the_o erect_n of_o fort_n kudack_n instead_o of_o restrain_v the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n upon_o the_o infidel_n serve_v only_o to_o turn_v their_o fury_n against_o the_o polander_n and_o prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o new_a revolt_n king_n vladislaus_n be_v inform_v of_o the_o disorder_n they_o commit_v send_v general_n potoski_n to_o reduce_v they_o who_o have_v oblige_v they_o to_o deliver_v up_o pauluc_n who_o be_v their_o leader_n with_o the_o other_o officer_n he_o send_v they_o all_o to_o warsaw_n where_o pauluâ—_n be_v behead_v in_o the_o year_n 1638_o which_o so_o enrage_v the_o cossack_n that_o they_o take_v up_o arm_n immediate_o under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o demetrius_n timoszevit_n but_o they_o be_v quick_o oblige_v to_o submit_v partly_o by_o force_n and_o partly_o by_o promise_n in_o the_o winter_n they_o cover_v their_o body_n with_o rough_a sheepskin_n and_o be_v so_o hardy_a that_o they_o endure_v hunger_n thirst_v wind_n rain_n heat_v cold_a and_o all_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o wether_n with_o much_o less_o trouble_n than_o any_o other_o people_n when_o they_o make_v incursion_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n they_o do_v not_o use_n boat_n or_o vessel_n like_o other_o pirate_n but_o the_o large_a hollow_a trunk_n of_o a_o certain_a tree_n about_o sixty_o foot_n long_o into_o each_o of_o these_o trunk_n they_o put_v fifty_o man_n arm_v not_o with_o bow_n and_o arrow_n like_o the_o tartar_n but_o with_o musket_n with_o which_o they_o shoot_v so_o just_a that_o they_o seldom_o miss_v the_o mark._n when_o they_o embark_v upon_o any_o expedition_n they_o prohibit_v under_o severe_a penalty_n the_o take_n in_o of_o any_o intoxicate_a liquor_n lest_o drunkenness_n shall_v enervate_v they_o and_o so_o render_v they_o incapable_a of_o put_v their_o design_n in_o execution_n when_o they_o encamp_v they_o do_v not_o raise_v trench_n but_o place_v their_o cart_n round_o they_o and_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o this_o enclosure_n which_o they_o call_v tabor_n they_o defend_v themselves_o with_o a_o incredible_a obstinacy_n their_o troop_n be_v divide_v into_o regiment_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o thousand_o man_n each_o so_o that_o they_o have_v very_o few_o officer_n in_o which_o they_o differ_v very_o much_o from_o other_o nation_n who_o be_v general_o persuade_v that_o the_o strength_n of_o a_o army_n consist_v in_o the_o multitude_n of_o officer_n one_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o revolt_n be_v the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o poland_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o vkrania_n and_o russia_n where_o all_o the_o people_n adhere_v to_o the_o greek_a church_n for_o the_o polander_n find_v that_o they_o will_v not_o be_v prevail_v with_o to_o embrace_v the_o romish_a religion_n have_v recourse_n to_o violent_a method_n and_o so_o force_v they_o to_o exchange_v their_o custom_n and_o the_o grecian_a ceremony_n for_o those_o of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o to_o receive_v the_o reformation_n of_o the_o calendar_n which_o be_v make_v by_o gregory_n xiii_o but_o the_o russiant_a not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v such_o a_o innovation_n and_o disdain_v to_o bear_v the_o yoke_n that_o be_v impose_v on_o they_o the_o more_o they_o be_v press_v to_o submit_v to_o it_o the_o more_o vehement_o they_o complain_v against_o and_o threaten_v those_o who_o will_v have_v compel_v they_o to_o receive_v a_o alteration_n to_o which_o they_o have_v so_o strong_a and_o so_o natural_a a_o aversion_n at_o last_o they_o resolve_v to_o call_v in_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v all_o of_o their_o own_o religion_n this_o difference_n in_o religion_n occasion_v such_o a_o implacable_a animosity_n betwixt_o the_o polander_n and_o
the_o borysihenes_n the_o water_n of_o which_o congeal_v to_o salt_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v break_v in_o piece_n and_o carry_v away_o in_o cart_n like_o ice_n but_o it_o melt_v immediate_o with_o rain_n the_o 34th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o pomerania_n who_o palatinate_n be_v in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o 35th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o minsk_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n suislocz_n the_o 36th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o czernichowia_fw-la a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n derna_n this_o palatinat_a which_o be_v also_o a_o duchy_n be_v only_o a_o titular_a dignity_n have_v thus_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o 32_o palatine_n 3_o castellan_n and_o one_o starosta_n who_o be_v senator_n it_o may_v not_o improper_o be_v observe_v that_o though_o the_o quality_n of_o castellan_n and_o starosta_n be_v inferior_a to_o that_o of_o a_o palatin_n there_o be_v four_o of_o they_o who_o possess_v almost_o the_o first_o rank_n among_o the_o lay-senator_n i_o have_v already_o intimate_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o first_o temporal_a senator_n and_o as_o for_o the_o other_o three_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o this_o precedency_n be_v grant_v they_o in_o recompense_n of_o some_o brave_a action_n which_o the_o castellan_n of_o those_o city_n have_v perform_v the_o office_n of_o a_o palatin_n be_v to_o lead_v the_o troop_n of_o his_o palatinate_n to_o the_o army_n to_o preside_v in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o his_o province_n to_o set_v a_o price_n upon_o merchandice_n and_o commodity_n to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v not_o alter_v and_o to_o judge_n and_o defend_v the_o jew_n he_o have_v a_o vice_n palatin_n under_o he_o who_o must_v take_v a_o oath_n to_o he_o and_o who_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o estate_n in_o land_n which_o they_o call_v possessionatus_n the_o castellan_n be_v the_o next_o in_o dignity_n to_o the_o palatine_n and_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o they_o in_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v usual_o distinguish_v by_o the_o title_n of_o great_a castellan_n and_o petty_a or_o sub_fw-la castellan_n the_o number_n of_o the_o former_a both_o in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o duchy_n amount_v to_o 32_o and_o that_o of_o the_o latter_a to_o 49._o '_o will_v be_v equal_o tedious_a and_o unprofitable_a to_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o they_o all_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v content_v myself_o with_o observe_v in_o the_o general_n that_o they_o be_v all_o senator_n lieutenant_n or_o deputy_n of_o the_o palatine_n and_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o their_o respective_a jurisdiction_n in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o mention_v the_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n the_o first_o be_v the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o second_o the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o three_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o four_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o five_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o six_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o seven_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o eight_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o nine_o the_o sub-marshal_n or_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o ten_o the_o sub-marshal_n or_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o duchy_n these_o be_v all_o the_o member_n of_o the_o polish_v senate_n i_o have_v in_o another_o place_n give_v a_o sufficient_a account_n of_o the_o privilege_n and_o function_n of_o the_o officer_n mention_v here_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v conclude_v this_o chapter_n with_o observe_v that_o beside_o the_o four_o senator_n who_o ought_v always_o to_o attend_v the_o king_n and_o to_o assist_v he_o with_o their_o counsel_n in_o all_o deliberation_n and_o judgement_n all_o the_o other_o senator_n who_o be_v at_o court_n have_v also_o the_o privilege_n to_o assist_v in_o such_o case_n and_o all_o those_o who_o be_v present_a in_o council_n and_o consent_v to_o the_o decree_n or_o sentence_n be_v oblige_v to_o sign_n it_o not_o only_o in_o criminal_a but_o also_o in_o civil_a case_n that_o they_o may_v afterward_o be_v accountable_a for_o their_o proceed_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o republic_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n the_o three_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n be_v that_o of_o the_o nobility_n who_o be_v only_o capable_a of_o possess_v all_o the_o office_n and_o land_n both_o in_o the_o duchy_n and_o kingdom_n for_o all_o the_o peasant_n be_v slave_n and_o the_o burgher_n of_o town_n and_o city_n be_v only_o look_v upon_o as_o tradesman_n who_o can_v possess_v at_o most_o but_o some_o house_n in_o the_o city_n and_o the_o land_n about_o a_o league_n round_o they_o as_o for_o stranger_n how_o noble_a soever_o they_o may_v be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n and_o whatever_o service_n they_o have_v do_v in_o the_o army_n to_o the_o republic_n they_o can_v neither_o possess_v a_o estate_n nor_o rise_v to_o any_o high_a preferment_n than_o the_o command_n of_o a_o regiment_n of_o foot_n or_o at_o most_o the_o place_n of_o a_o major-general_n which_o be_v a_o office_n not_o much_o different_a from_o that_o of_o a_o brigadeer_n in_o france_n for_o the_o polander_n will_v never_o suffer_v that_o a_o stranger_n though_o never_o so_o expert_a in_o war_n shall_v have_v the_o general_a command_n of_o their_o army_n the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n be_v the_o guardian_n of_o the_o law_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o their_o sovereign_n they_o bestow_v the_o crown_n and_o sceptre_n upon_o he_o and_o furnish_v he_o with_o minister_n and_o counsellor_n they_o make_v their_o own_o law_n and_o determine_v both_o their_o duty_n and_o privilege_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o defend_v the_o right_n of_o their_o country_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o any_o aspire_a prince_n who_o ambition_n may_v carry_v his_o design_n beyond_o the_o limit_n prescribe_v to_o he_o by_o the_o law_n since_o the_o number_n of_o the_o gentry_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o can_v all_o assist_v at_o the_o general_a diet_n they_o choose_v deputy_n in_o the_o petty_a diet_n who_o they_o send_v to_o the_o general_a diet_n to_o preserve_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o constitution_n and_o to_o contrive_v and_o enact_v new_a law_n for_o their_o security_n the_o polish_v gentry_n be_v general_o persuade_v that_o it_o be_v their_o interest_n to_o preserve_v a_o uninterrupted_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o preserve_v all_o their_o province_n but_o it_o be_v plain_a from_o the_o event_n that_o they_o be_v extreme_o mistake_v in_o their_o politics_n for_o poland_n lie_v open_a on_o all_o side_n and_o be_v surround_v by_o so_o many_o enemy_n we_o may_v easy_o suppose_v that_o every_o one_o of_o they_o may_v find_v a_o opportunity_n to_o surprise_v some_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n before_o the_o people_n can_v put_v themselves_o in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n all_o that_o the_o king_n can_v do_v in_o such_o a_o juncture_n be_v to_o summon_v the_o nobility_n together_o to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o arriere_n ban_n in_o france_n and_o be_v call_v the_o postpolite_n in_o poland_n upon_o such_o occasion_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o king_n must_v send_v his_o circular_a letter_n thrice_o into_o each_o palatinate_n to_o assemble_v they_o that_o none_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o service_n but_o the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o starosta_n of_o frontier_n place_n that_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v above_o three_o league_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o those_o of_o lithuania_n and_o prussia_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o all_o that_o the_o king_n can_v keep_v the_o gentry_n in_o arm_n above_o the_o space_n of_o six_o week_n and_o that_o all_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v shut_v up_o during_o the_o time_n that_o the_o arriere_n ban_n be_v assemble_v it_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o maintain_v a_o constant_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n that_o it_o be_v this_o very_a maxim_n which_o occasion_v the_o loss_n of_o the_o three_o part_n of_o their_o country_n for_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o vladislaus_n the_o ivth_o they_o build_v fort_n kudack_n on_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o hinder_v the_o cossack_n from_o cruize_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n for_o fear_v of_o irritate_v the_o turk_n but_o this_o false_a step_n in_o stead_n of_o secure_v the_o quiet_a of_o the_o kingdom_n engage_v they_o in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n and_o even_o
which_o he_o restore_v the_o key_n and_o make_v some_o of_o the_o burgess_n of_o the_o city_n or_o of_o some_o other_o place_n golden_a knight_n by_o strike_v they_o soft_o with_o his_o naked_a sword_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n this_o do_v the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o crown_n scatter_v some_o piece_n of_o silver_n among_o the_o people_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o king_n go_v to_o a_o house_n that_o look_v into_o the_o square_n and_o afterward_o return_v to_o the_o castle_n with_o the_o same_o train_n that_o accompany_v he_o to_o the_o townhouse_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o get_v himself_o crown_v as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v possible_a and_o i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o show_v what_o advantage_n he_o receive_v by_o it_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o assoon_o as_o the_o polish_v nobleman_n have_v choose_v their_o king_n they_o begin_v to_o look_v upon_o he_o as_o a_o usurper_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o king_n look_v upon_o the_o nobility_n as_o a_o formidable_a body_n that_o oppose_v all_o his_o design_n now_o he_o can_v either_o weaken_v they_o or_o strengthen_v himself_o more_o effectual_o than_o by_o make_v they_o pay_v dear_a for_o the_o favour_n he_o bestow_v upon_o '_o they_o for_o it_o be_v in_o his_o power_n to_o dispose_v of_o all_o the_o office_n benesices_n and_o royal_a gift_n which_o amonnt_n to_o a_o three_o part_n of_o all_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o he_o can_v do_v till_o after_o his_o coronation_n nevertheless_o the_o late_a king_n be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v this_o maxim_n that_o though_o he_o may_v have_v be_v crown_v immediate_o after_o the_o day_n of_o his_o election_n which_o be_v may_n 19_o 1674._o he_o do_v not_o appoint_v the_o day_n for_o his_o coronation_n till_o feb._n 2._o 1676._o during_o which_o time_n he_o make_v two_o campagnes_n one_o in_o vkrania_n and_o the_o other_o in_o podolia_n as_o for_o that_o in_o vkrania_n he_o set_v out_o from_o warsaw_n august_n 22._o 1674._o and_o advance_v towards_o leopold_n where_o his_o army_n be_v to_o rendezvous_n there_o he_o be_v inform_v that_o the_o queen_n his_o wife_n lie_v sick_a at_o casimir_n upon_o the_o vistula_n whereupon_o he_o leave_v the_o camp_n at_o leopold_n and_o arrive_v at_o casimir_n on_o the_o 8_o of_o october_n not_o long_o after_o he_o return_v to_o the_o army_n because_o the_o night_n begin_v to_o grow_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o turk_n who_o be_v not_o accustom_a to_o such_o a_o cold_a climate_n begin_v to_o think_v of_o retire_v after_o the_o turk_n have_v withdraw_v their_o force_n the_o king_n lead_v the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o of_o lithuania_n which_o both_o together_o amount_v to_o about_o 30000_o man_n into_o vkrania_n where_o he_o keep_v they_o so_o long_o that_o the_o lithuanian_a troop_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o great_a general_n patz_n abandon_v he_o to_o avoid_v the_o miserable_a fate_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n which_o be_v so_o harass_v with_o hunger_n and_o cold_a that_o it_o be_v reduce_v to_o less_o than_o 3000_o man_n for_o the_o king_n stay_v in_o vkrania_n till_o april_n and_o arrive_v on_o the_o 25_o of_o that_o month_n at_o sloczow_n whither_o the_o queen_n be_v come_v to_o receive_v he_o the_o turk_n understanding_n that_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v ruin_v in_o vkrania_n that_o the_o king_n be_v go_v back_o with_o the_o miserable_a remnant_n of_o his_o force_n and_o that_o those_o of_o lithuania_n have_v leave_v he_o against_o his_o will_n they_o return_v with_o a_o great_a army_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o july_n 1675_o when_o the_o king_n be_v at_o jawarow_n think_v of_o nothing_o but_o to_o refresh_v himself_o after_o the_o fatigue_n of_o the_o precede_a campaign_n but_o upon_o the_o first_o advice_n of_o the_o march_n of_o the_o ottoman_a army_n which_o consist_v of_o 30000_o turk_n and_o 80000_o tartar_n he_o set_v out_o from_o jawarow_a the_o 10_o of_o july_n and_o march_v in_o haste_n to_o leopold_n which_o the_o turk_n threaten_v to_o besiege_v he_o encamp_v near_o the_o city_n with_o about_o 3000_o man_n who_o he_o have_v draw_v together_o and_o the_o turk_n be_v inform_v of_o his_o weakness_n send_v a_o body_n of_o 14000_o tartar_n to_o force_v his_o camp_n but_o they_o dare_v not_o attack_v he_o it_o be_v give_v out_o that_o a_o great_a number_n of_o tartar_n be_v kill_v on_o the_o 24_o of_o august_n 1675_o in_o the_o attack_z of_o the_o camp_n at_o leopold_n though_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v only_o one_o horse_n wound_v with_o a_o arrow_n for_o the_o tartar_n retire_v without_o lose_v one_o of_o their_o man_n or_o wound_v one_o of_o their_o enemy_n the_o turk_n as_o i_o intimate_v before_o be_v not_o able_a to_o bear_v the_o extreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o winter_n in_o poland_n for_o have_v once_o enter_v russia_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o not_o return_v soon_o enough_o they_o be_v surprise_v with_o so_o violent_a a_o cold_a that_o above_o 40000_o of_o they_o be_v freeze_v to_o death_n and_o many_o be_v find_v dead_a in_o their_o horse_n belly_n into_o which_o they_o have_v creep_v to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o the_o cold._n and_o it_o be_v this_o that_o oblige_v they_o to_o retire_v out_o of_o poland_n by_o the_o end_n of_o october_n at_o far_a chap._n xx._n of_o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n have_v discourse_v at_o length_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o their_o election_n and_o coronation_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v some_o account_n of_o the_o queen_n it_o be_v certain_o of_o great_a importance_n to_o the_o republic_n that_o a_o king_n when_o he_o marry_v shall_v choose_v a_o princess_n who_o alliance_n may_v be_v advantageous_a to_o the_o state_n and_o therefore_o this_o article_n be_v insert_v in_o the_o paeta_n conventa_fw-la which_o the_o new_a king_n swear_v to_o observe_v that_o he_o shall_v not_o marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n for_o they_o be_v as_o much_o concern_v as_o the_o king_n himself_o in_o the_o choice_n of_o a_o queen_n though_o the_o polish_v nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o choose_v any_o of_o his_o child_n to_o succeed_v he_o so_o that_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n unless_o he_o resolve_v to_o violate_v his_o oath_n and_o expose_v himself_o to_o the_o jealousy_n and_o hatred_n of_o his_o people_n who_o be_v not_o easy_o pacify_v on_o such_o occasion_n thus_o when_o sigismond_n iii_o marry_v ann_n of_o austria_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n 1592._o he_o meet_v with_o so_o much_o opposition_n in_o the_o diet_n that_o be_v afterward_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o acknowledge_v his_o fault_n as_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n so_o he_o can_v divorce_v his_o wife_n without_o the_o same_o approbation_n for_o when_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o last_o of_o the_o race_n of_o the_o jagellon_n separate_v from_o elizabeth_n of_o austria_n because_o of_o a_o crime_n with_o which_o she_o be_v false_o charge_v and_o after_o her_o death_n marry_v one_o radziwill_n a_o widow_n of_o a_o palatin_n of_o troki_n the_o senator_n be_v so_o exasperate_v that_o they_o have_v almost_o proceed_v to_o declare_v the_o throne_n vacant_a because_o he_o slight_v his_o fair_a and_o chaste_a queen_n and_o wife_n and_o marry_v the_o widow_n of_o a_o simple_a palatin_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n but_o vladislaus_n the_o iv_o pursue_v wise_a maxim_n he_o be_v sensible_a of_o the_o danger_n of_o irritate_v a_o stubborn_a and_o seditious_a people_n and_o have_v a_o more_o tender_a regard_n to_o the_o article_n he_o have_v swear_v to_o observe_v for_o when_o the_o king_n of_o england_n offer_v he_o his_o niece_n the_o elector_n palatine_n daughter_n in_o marriage_n he_o decline_v the_o match_n and_o declare_v that_o he_o neither_o can_v nor_o will_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n which_o in_o that_o case_n he_o can_v not_o expect_v to_o obtain_v because_o the_o princess_n be_v a_o protestant_n when_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n marry_v after_o his_o coronation_n the_o queen_n can_v be_v crown_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n but_o if_o he_o be_v marry_v before_o he_o may_v cause_v she_o also_o to_o be_v crown_v without_o ask_v their_o consent_n so_o that_o the_o report_n which_o be_v spread_v abroad_o after_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n john_n iii_o be_v false_a and_o groundless_a for_o it_o be_v give_v out_o that_o the_o queen_n his_o wife_n will_v
they_o sock_n the_o ordinary_a gentleman_n and_o even_o some_o of_o the_o great_a lord_n cause_n some_o bruise_a chaff_n to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o foot_n of_o their_o boot_n which_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o sole_a and_o for_o sock_n but_o i_o speak_v only_o of_o the_o gentry_n for_o the_o peasant_n wear_v no_o linen_n at_o all_o unless_o perhaps_o a_o shirt_n of_o course_n cloth_n the_o polander_v cut_v their_o hair_n above_o their_o ear_n and_o shave_v their_o face_n leave_v only_o one_o large_a whisker_n they_o walk_v grave_o with_o a_o pole-ax_n in_o their_o hand_n and_o a_o sword_n by_o their_o side_n which_o they_o never_o lie_v aside_o but_o when_o they_o go_v to_o bed_n for_o they_o wear_v it_o even_o when_o they_o go_v to_o confession_n and_o when_o they_o receive_v the_o sacrament_n the_o sword_n hang_v at_o a_o thong_n of_o leather_n to_o which_o their_o handkerchief_n be_v fasten_v with_o a_o knife_n in_o a_o sheath_n and_o a_o small_a stone_n set_v in_o silver_n to_o whet_v their_o knife_n on_o every_o morning_n they_o wash_v their_o face_n and_o neck_n with_o cold_a water_n even_o in_o the_o sharp_a wether_n this_o custom_n be_v so_o general_o observe_v among_o they_o that_o the_o father_n make_v their_o child_n wash_v themselves_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o rise_v almost_o all_o the_o woman_n of_o quality_n dress_v after_o the_o french_a mode_n especial_o those_o who_o frequent_a the_o court_n and_o even_o the_o old_a of_o they_o be_v very_o careful_a to_o adorn_v themselves_o and_o wear_v red_a clothes_n they_o be_v extreme_o fond_a of_o fine_a clothes_n modish_a silk_n lace_n point_n ribbon_n hood_n glove_n fine_a shoe_n and_o general_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v bring_v from_o france_n which_o they_o usual_o buy_v very_o dear_a for_o provide_v they_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o pay_v ready_a money_n they_o be_v willing_a to_o promise_v whatever_o be_v demand_v so_o that_o the_o french_a merchant_n who_o always_o find_v a_o way_n to_o recover_v their_o money_n grow_v quick_o rich_a for_o they_o sell_v ribban_n for_o a_o crown_n a_o yard_n which_o cost_v they_o but_o 15_o penny_n at_o paris_n though_o the_o ell_n in_o poland_n be_v but_o half_a a_o french_a ell._n the_o polander_n be_v so_o much_o in_o love_n with_o splendour_n that_o the_o lady_n never_o go_v abroad_o but_o in_o a_o coach_n draw_v by_o six_o horse_n even_o though_o they_o only_o intend_v to_o cross_v the_o street_n and_o to_o go_v to_o a_o church_n over_o against_o their_o house_n when_o the_o lord_n or_o lady_n go_v abroad_o at_o night_n they_o have_v 24_o flambeau_n of_o white_a wax_n carry_v before_o their_o coach_n the_o lady_n train_n be_v frequent_o hold_v up_o by_o dwarf_n who_o be_v bear_v of_o father_n and_o mother_n of_o a_o very_a large_a stature_n the_o lady_n be_v always_o attend_v by_o a_o old_a woman_n who_o they_o call_v majordome_n the_o gentleman-usher_n who_o ought_v to_o lead_v they_o under_o the_o arm_n be_v a_o old_a gentleman_n who_o follow_v they_o on_o foot_n and_o never_o go_v into_o the_o coach_n but_o the_o horse_n go_v very_o soft_o this_o custom_n do_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o jealousy_n of_o the_o husband_n for_o they_o neither_o do_v nor_o have_v any_o reason_n to_o suspect_v their_o wife_n because_o the_o polish_v lady_n be_v very_o modest_a and_o not_o at_o all_o coquette_n though_o they_o have_v as_o much_o liberty_n as_o in_o france_n but_o ordinary_a woman_n be_v not_o so_o nice_o virtuous_a especial_o the_o maid_n who_o think_v it_o no_o scandal_n to_o their_o reputation_n to_o be_v unmarried_a mother_n nor_o be_v their_o frailty_n any_o hindrance_n to_o their_o fortune_n they_o usual_o serve_v as_o nurse_n for_o a_o marry_v woman_n though_o never_o so_o poor_a will_v not_o nurse_v any_o child_n but_o her_o own_o notwithstanding_o the_o extreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o climate_n they_o be_v so_o much_o addict_v to_o bathe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o gentleman_n house_n without_o a_o bath_n there_o be_v also_o public_a bath_n in_o every_o town_n for_o the_o common_a people_n the_o lady_n and_o their_o daughter_n bath_n once_o a_o month._n it_o be_v a_o universal_a custom_n through_o the_o whole_a country_n to_o bathe_v their_o infant_n twice_o a_o day_n till_o they_o be_v two_o year_n old_a this_o be_v probable_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o polander_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o scabbiness_n in_o the_o face_n or_o head_n the_o child_n be_v never_o hear_v to_o cry_n because_o they_o be_v not_o swath_v but_o only_o wrap_v about_o with_o linen_n clouts_n and_o consequent_o have_v room_n enough_o to_o move_v their_o body_n whereas_o in_o france_n they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n fetter_v with_o cord_n and_o because_o there_o be_v sometime_o girl_n to_o be_v see_v in_o this_o country_n who_o stature_n be_v spoil_v which_o some_o may_v attribute_v to_o the_o neglect_n of_o swath_a they_o in_o their_o infancy_n i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o observe_v that_o all_o the_o man_n be_v very_o large_a and_o well-shaped_a and_o that_o the_o ordinary_a girl_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o that_o inconveniency_n so_o that_o we_o may_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o the_o stature_n of_o some_o girl_n of_o quality_n be_v only_o spoil_v by_o their_o governess_n who_o put_v they_o in_o clothes_n too_o soon_o after_o the_o french_a mode_n or_o because_o they_o gird_v they_o too_o close_o and_o know_v not_o how_o to_o dress_v they_o the_o polander_n bear_v the_o loss_n of_o their_o estate_n and_o all_o other_o disaster_n with_o so_o much_o courage_n and_o resolution_n that_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v insensible_a and_o as_o they_o endure_v their_o own_o misfortune_n with_o so_o little_o concern_v they_o have_v no_o compassion_n for_o the_o misery_n of_o other_o their_o city_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n build_v of_o wood_n which_o frequent_o take_v fire_n they_o will_v stand_v very_o quiet_o to_o see_v a_o house_n burn_v without_o make_v the_o least_o motion_n to_o extinguish_v the_o fire_n and_o even_o there_o be_v so_o little_a tenderness_n in_o their_o temper_n that_o neither_o the_o father_n take_v care_n to_o ransom_n their_o child_n nor_o the_o child_n their_o father_n who_o be_v carry_v away_o slave_n into_o tartary_n it_o can_v be_v suppose_v that_o such_o a_o nation_n as_o this_o regard_v the_o condition_n of_o other_o kingdom_n and_o indeed_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o concern_v themselves_o with_o the_o affair_n of_o foreigner_n that_o though_o the_o whole_a christian_a world_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o universal_a war_n they_o will_v not_o so_o much_o as_o offer_v their_o mediation_n to_o negotiate_v a_o peace_n they_o neither_o learn_v to_o ride_v fence_n nor_o dance_n in_o poland_n because_o they_o have_v no_o academy_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n the_o young_a lord_n be_v general_o much_o addict_v to_o travel_v that_o they_o may_v learn_v the_o language_n and_o exercise_n that_o be_v teach_v in_o foreign_a country_n nevertheless_o those_o who_o stay_v at_o home_n ride_v fence_n and_o dance_v after_o their_o own_o fashion_n and_o without_o constraint_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v natural_o incline_v to_o such_o exercise_n and_o be_v all_o passionate_a lover_n of_o dance_a and_o music_n the_o very_a nurse_n teach_v the_o child_n to_o dance_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o begin_v to_o go_v and_o you_o may_v frequent_o see_v two_o little_a child_n dance_v to_o the_o voice_n of_o a_o nurse_n or_o servant_n and_o peasant_n play_v upon_o the_o violin_n while_o they_o be_v bring_v a_o boat_n lade_v with_o corn_n along_o the_o vistula_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o polander_n will_v be_v invincible_a if_o they_o be_v welldisciplined_a for_o they_o be_v so_o harden_v and_o enure_v to_o fatigue_n that_o they_o look_v upon_o the_o german_n as_o a_o soft_a and_o effeminate_a nation_n who_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v the_o toil_n of_o war_n and_o the_o excessive_a rigour_n of_o the_o winter_n the_o polish_v army_n have_v oftentimes_o encamp_v in_o the_o snow_n and_o particular_o in_o the_o year_n 1663._o king_n casimir_n set_v out_o from_o leopold_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n and_o lead_v his_o army_n to_o the_o frontier_n of_o muscovy_n where_o he_o encamp_v all_o the_o winter_n and_o do_v not_o retire_v till_o the_o next_o spring_n before_o i_o conclude_v this_o chapter_n i_o must_v take_v notice_n of_o two_o distemper_n that_o be_v peculiar_a to_o poland_n of_o which_o one_o be_v call_v the_o rose_n and_o the_o other_o the_o plica_fw-la the_o rose_n be_v a_o sort_n of_o erysipela_n which_o chief_o break_v out_o in_o the_o face_n the_o polander_n cure_v this_o disease_n by_o apply_v powder_n of_o chalk_n to_o the_o part_n without_o let_v blood_n for_o they_o fancy_v that_o bleed_a will_v prove_v mortal_a in_o that_o case_n the_o plica_fw-la
of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o gentleman_n both_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n who_o be_v choose_v in_o each_o palatinat_n the_o lay-member_n once_o in_o four_o year_n and_o the_o ecclesiastic_n every_o two_o year_n the_o judgement_n be_v give_v by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n but_o in_o matter_n that_o be_v pure_o ecclesiastical_a the_o number_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a judge_n must_v be_v equal_a to_o that_o of_o the_o secular_a there_o be_v also_o two_o court_n for_o affair_n relate_v to_o the_o finance_n one_o at_o radom_n in_o upper_a poland_n and_o the_o other_o at_o vilna_n the_o palatine_n take_v cognizance_n of_o nothing_o but_o such_o matter_n as_o relate_v to_o the_o jew_n the_o marshal_n give_v final_a judgement_n without_o further_a appeal_n in_o all_o cause_n both_o civil_a and_o criminal_a relate_v to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n household_n and_o to_o the_o domestic_a servant_n of_o the_o senator_n who_o remain_v with_o the_o king_n the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o marshal_n extend_v over_o the_o merchant_n and_o over_o all_o forreignner_n who_o be_v scarce_o able_a to_o procure_v justice_n in_o this_o country_n the_o chancellor_n only_o determine_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v bring_v before_o they_o by_o appeal_n as_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o magistrate_n of_o city_n and_o of_o palatine_n when_o the_o difference_n be_v between_o a_o christian_a and_o a_o jew_n the_o punishment_n of_o malefactor_n be_v of_o several_a kind_n some_o for_o example_n be_v hang_v and_o other_o behead_v the_o variety_n of_o punishment_n do_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o different_a quality_n of_o the_o criminal_n but_o from_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o crime_n for_o they_o hang_v a_o robber_n of_o what_o quality_n soever_o he_o be_v and_o they_o behead_v all_o sort_n of_o person_n for_o all_o other_o crime_n but_o robbery_n unless_o for_o some_o enormous_a villainy_n which_o be_v punish_v by_o break_v the_o malefactor_n on_o the_o wheel_n or_o by_o cut_v off_o two_o thoug_n or_o long_a piece_n of_o the_o skin_n of_o his_o back_n master_n have_v also_o a_o power_n to_o correct_v and_o chastise_v their_o servant_n which_o they_o do_v in_o this_o manner_n if_o the_o servant_n that_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v be_v a_o gentleman_n they_o make_v he_o lie_v down_o upon_o his_o belly_n on_o a_o carpet_n that_o be_v spread_v upon_o the_o ground_n than_o a_o man_n beat_v he_o on_o the_o back_n with_o a_o cord_n or_o stick_v give_v he_o as_o many_o blow_v or_o lash_n as_o the_o master_n who_o be_v usual_o present_a order_n after_o which_o he_o who_o be_v beat_v embrace_v the_o knee_n of_o he_o who_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v beat_v and_o call_v he_o his_o benefactor_n this_o correction_n seem_v a_o little_a too_o severe_a but_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o people_n make_v it_o necessary_a since_o i_o have_v mention_v the_o way_n of_o punish_v servant_n who_o be_v gentleman_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o observe_v that_o polish_v gentleman_n may_v serve_v as_o coachman_n groom_n cook_n and_o do_v all_o the_o mean_a office_n without_o derogate_a from_o their_o nobility_n or_o render_v they_o incapable_a of_o the_o high_a preferment_n for_o i_o have_v know_v some_o of_o they_o who_o after_o they_o have_v be_v footboy_n to_o some_o great_a lord_n and_o other_o who_o after_o they_o have_v be_v drummer_n to_o a_o company_n of_o dragoon_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o senator_n and_o in_o the_o general_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o a_o handicraft-trade_n that_o derogate_v from_o nobility_n in_o this_o country_n chap._n xxvi_o of_o marriage_n and_o funeral_n marriage_n and_n funeral_n be_v extreme_o chargeable_a in_o poland_n for_o when_o a_o gentleman_n marry_v whether_o he_o be_v rich_a or_o poor_a the_o wedding_n must_v last_v three_o day_n the_o marriage_n of_o a_o waiting-gentlewoman_n put_v her_o lady_n to_o almost_o the_o same_o charge_n as_o if_o one_o of_o she_o own_o daughter_n be_v marry_v as_o for_o the_o marriage_n at_o court_n of_o the_o queen_n maid_n of_o honour_n or_o of_o the_o daughter_n of_o some_o great_a lord_n on_o the_o first_o and_o second_o day_n the_o king_n make_v the_o wedding-feast_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o a_o great_a hall_n where_o three_o table_n be_v spread_v the_o king_n and_o queen_n sit_v at_o the_o first_o front_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o hall_n the_o bride_n and_o bridegroom_n be_v seat_v by_o the_o queen_n side_n and_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n and_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n sit_v next_o the_o king_n the_o ambassador_n be_v also_o seat_v at_o the_o same_o table_n opposite_a to_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n so_o that_o they_o be_v all_o under_o the_o canopy_n of_o state_n yet_o there_o be_v some_o example_n to_o the_o contrary_a for_o at_o the_o feast_n which_o sigismond_n iii_o make_v at_o cracow_n upon_o occasion_n of_o his_o marriage_n with_o constance_n of_o austria_n in_o the_o year_n 1606_o he_o cause_v the_o cardinal_n maciejowski_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n who_o be_v nominate_v to_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n to_o be_v remove_v from_o under_o the_o canopy_n the_o lady_n senators_z and_o all_o the_o officer_n except_o those_o who_o be_v to_o serve_v the_o king_n be_v seat_v on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o other_o two_o table_n which_o be_v very_o long_o before_o they_o sit_v down_o they_o be_v all_o call_v over_o in_o order_n that_o they_o may_v take_v their_o place_n according_a to_o their_o rank_n the_o feast_n begin_v usual_o about_o four_o or_o five_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o they_o continue_v drink_v and_o dance_v till_o two_o in_o the_o morning_n the_o senator_n rise_v from_o time_n to_o time_n from_o the_o table_n and_o go_v before_o the_o king_n to_o drink_v his_o health_n and_o do_v he_o obedience_n by_o bend_v the_o knee_n though_o the_o table_n be_v cover_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o provision_n yet_o they_o eat_v but_o little_a at_o those_o feast_n but_o they_o drink_v abundance_n of_o hungary_n wine_n which_o be_v very_o excellent_a and_o one_o may_v say_v that_o though_o it_o be_v very_o dear_a it_o be_v more_o common_a and_o less_o spare_v than_o water_n and_o there_o be_v not_o a_o lady_n at_o table_n who_o have_v not_o before_o her_o a_o dozen_o of_o glass_n of_o wine_n of_o all_o the_o health_n that_o be_v drink_v round_o for_o their_o modesty_n oblige_v they_o only_o to_o touch_v the_o glass_n with_o their_o lip_n so_o that_o they_o spill_v more_o wine_n upon_o the_o table_n and_o in_o the_o dish_n than_o they_o drink_v after_o the_o entertainment_n have_v last_v five_o or_o six_o hour_n they_o begin_v to_o dance_v to_o the_o music_n of_o several_a violin_n and_o small_a portable_a organ_n all_o sort_n of_o people_n dance_n in_o poland_n both_o the_o old_a the_o young_a the_o poor_a and_o the_o rich._n the_o old_a senator_n and_o the_o old_a lady_n begin_v the_o dance_n which_o they_o do_v so_o soft_o and_o modest_o that_o one_o will_v think_v it_o be_v a_o company_n of_o monk_n and_o nun_n walk_v in_o procession_n but_o the_o exercise_n grow_v warm_a by_o degree_n and_o end_n at_o last_o with_o a_o great_a noise_n on_o the_o second_o day_n every_o one_o present_n the_o bride_n with_o a_o piece_n of_o plate_n all_o those_o present_n be_v make_v before_o the_o queen_n and_o the_o bride_n who_o sit_v by_o she_o those_o who_o present_v they_o make_v harangue_n which_o be_v oftentimes_o long_o and_o troublesome_a and_o the_o queen_n chancellor_n answer_v they_o all_o so_o that_o this_o ceremony_n which_o common_o do_v not_o begin_v till_o noon_n last_v sometime_o till_o three_o a_o clock_n after_o which_o they_o begin_v to_o place_v themselves_o at_o the_o table_n on_o the_o three_o day_n the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o marriage_n be_v perform_v all_o the_o young_a people_n accompany_v the_o bridegroom_n and_o bride_n to_o church_n on_o horseback_n in_o their_o return_n they_o pass_v before_o the_o king_n palace_n the_o trumpet_n and_o kettledrum_n continual_o sound_a from_o the_o balcony_n on_o each_o side_n after_o which_o the_o same_o train_n conduct_n the_o king_n and_o the_o queen_n with_o the_o bride_n to_o the_o bridegroom_n house_n where_o there_o be_v a_o magnificent_a entertainment_n prepare_v for_o they_o after_o they_o rise_v from_o the_o table_n they_o dance_v and_o the_o ball_n be_v over_o every_o one_o retire_v then_o the_o bride_n begin_v to_o weep_v for_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o all_o the_o polish_v gentlewoman_n to_o shed_v tear_n on_o that_o occasion_n and_o to_o seem_v very_o much_o afflict_v because_o otherwise_o they_o will_v run_v the_o hazard_n of_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o impudent_a and_o shameless_a woman_n have_v give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o wedding_n i_o proceed_v to_o speak_v something_o of_o the_o funeral_n which_o be_v so_o pompous_a and_o