belong'd to the Archbishoprick of Rheims Artaldus for this Excommunicated him King Lewis to make him amends for the Losses he sustain'd granted him the Earldom of Rheims and the Priviledge of the Mint and assisted him in taking several Castles which were held out by the Troops of Hebert Fortune did not long favour Artaldus for Hugh entring into a new League with Hebert against Lewis d'Outremer they came with William Duke of Normandy besieg'd the City of Rheims became Masters of it at the end of six days and caus'd Artaldus to appear in the Church of S. Remy in the presence of several Lords and Bishops and oblig'd him to make a Resignation of his Archbishoprick and to content himself with the Abbeys of S. Bazol and Avenay into the former of which he retir'd after he had govern'd the Church of Rheims for the space of Eight years and seven months Hugh the Son of Hebert was replac'd in possession thereof and was ordain'd Priest by Guy Bishop of Soissons three Months after his return and fifteen Years after his first Election He had spent this Interval of Time at Auxerre where he had follow'd his Studies under Guy Bishop of that City who had ordain'd him Deacon for he had receiv'd his other Orders at Rheims from the Hand of Abbo Bishop of Soissons The next Year namely 941. the two Counts Hebert and Hugh conven'd the Bishops of the Province The Council of Rheims for the Deposing Artaldus and ordaining Hugh of Rheims at Soissons and enter'd into a Consultation of ordaining Hugh the Son of Hebert Archbishop of Rheims The Deputies of the Clergy and Laity of Rheims met there and demanded that he might be ordain'd asserting that Artaldus had not been Elected according to the Canon but intruded by Force and that he had given up all the Title he could claim to that Archbishoprick Upon this Remonstrance the Bishops resolv'd upon ordaining Hugh and immediately set out for Rheims for that purpose Artaldus was already withdrawn to Lewis d'Outremer but that Prince having been defeated in the Year 941. near Laon Artaldus was very lucky in reconciling himself with Hugh the White and Hibert in re-entring into the Possession of his Abbeys and in making a League with Hugh Archbishop of Rheims who soon after receiv'd the Pall that was sent him by Pope Stephen VIII Notwithstanding this League Artaldus return'd to Lewis d'Outremer In the mean time Hebert dying in 943. Lewis was perswaded by Hugh the White to entertain the Sons of this Count and also to leave Hugh in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rheims upon condition that they restor'd to Artaldus his Abbeys give him another Bishoprick and grant that his Kinsmen should retain the Honours they had obtain'd This Treaty was not long kept for Hugh the White and Lewis d'Outremer Warring against each other the latter laid Siege twice to the City of Rheims and the second time having chas'd away Hugh Archbishop of Rheims he enter'd the City and re-establishes Artaldus who was replac'd in his See in the Year 946. by the Archbishops of Treves and Mayence The Church of Amiens becoming Vacant the year after Hugh ordain'd Tetbold Arch-deacon of Soissons Bishop thereof which occasion'd a Trial which was brought before an Assembly of Bishops and Lords held near the River Cher. The Affair was not brought to any Issue at that place but put off 〈◊〉 November In the mean time Artaldus was left in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rhems and Hugh permitted to stay at Mouzon A Council was call'd and held at Verdun wherein were Robert Archbishoy of Treves Artaldus The Council of Verdun Archbishop of Rheims Odalric Archbishop of Aix Adalberon Bishop of Mets Gozelin Bishop of Tulle Hildebald Bishop of the Upper Rhine in the presence of Bruno an Abbot Brother to King Otho and of the Abbots Agenold and Odilo Hugh was cited thither by two Bishops but would not appear The Synod adjudg'd the Archbishop◠of Rheims to belong to Artaldus Another Council was call'd in January following upon the same Subject and held in the Church of The Council of Mouzon S. Peter near to Mouzon They met at the time appointed and Hugh made his appearance But after he had discours'd with Robert Archbishop of Treves he withdrew and only caus'd a Letter to be presented by one of his Clergy which was brought from Rome and writ in the name of Pope Agapetus wherein it was order'd that Hugh should be re-establish'd in the Archbishoprick of Rheims The Bishops having read the Letter alledg'd that it would not be reasonable to supersede the Execution of the Orders which they had reciv'd from the Holy See upon the account of a Letter presented by the Enemy of Artaldus and after they had read the nineteenth Chapter of the Council of Carthage concerning the Accuser and the Accused they adjudg'd Artaldus to have continued in the Communion of the Church and in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rheims and that Hugh who had been already summon'd before two Synods without appearing to either ought to be depriv'd of the Communion and Government of that Church till such time as he should clear himself in a General Council This Sentence they notified to Hugh who for his part declar'd that he would not submit to it In the mean time Artaldus having appeal'd to the Authority of the Holy See Pope Agapetus sent Bishop Marinus his Vicar to King Otho that he might call a General Synod to pass a definitive Sentence on this Affair It was held at Ingelheim the seventh of June in the Year 948. Marinus the Pope's Legat was the The Council of Ingelheim in favour of Attaldus President thereof and the Archbishop of Cologne Mayence Treves and Hambourgh his Assistants with six and twenty Bishops of Germany without reckoning Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims upon whose account the Assembly met The Kings Otho and Lewis d'Outremer were likewise present The latter made his Complaints against the Rebellion of Hugh and afterwards Artaldus presented his Petition to the Popes Legat and the Synod wherein he gave a Remonstrance of all his Concerns which was as follows That after the death of Herveus Seulsus who had been put up in his place declar'd himself against the Kindred of his Predecessor and that he might gain his point he enter'd into a Confederacy with Count Hebert who cast them into Prison where they were confin'd till the death of King Robert That Seulfus dying in the third year of his Pontificate being poyson'd as several attested by Hebert ' s Creatures that Count seiz'd on the Church of Rheims and was in possession thereof for the space of six years by the permission of King Radulphus But that afterwards that King being mov'd by the Remonstrances of the Bishops who complain'd that that Church was left so long without a Pastor after he had made himself Master of Rheims had caus'd him to be ordain'd by eighteen Bishops That he
his Grace The same Author has compos'd a Treatise of Mercy and Justice without affixing his Name thereto It is divided into three Parts In the first he shews in what Instances we ought to extend Mercy to Criminals and to bear with them In the second part he shews at what times with what discretion and in what manner we ought to exercise Justice upon them In the third he discourses of the different Errors of the Hereticks about the Sacraments and shews wherein they differ from the Catholicks and in what Points they disagree among themselves This is what we gather from the Preface of that Treatise which Preface Father Mabillon has publish'd in the first Tome of his Analects with the Panegyrick of a Canon of Liege who was Cotemporary with Alger This Preface is taken out of his two Manuscripts where the Work is compleat but has never yet been publish'd We have wholly lost several Letters and the History of the Church of Liege which he wrote whilst he resided in that City of which the Author of his Elogy makes mention Peter sirnam'd the Venerable prefers Alger's Piece upon the Eucharist to those of Lanfrank and Guitmond It must be confess'd That 't is a great deal larger and that he cites more Passages out of the Fathers but his way of Reasoning is not so exact nor is his Writing so compleat as Lanfrank's He has observ'd Guitmond's Method and done little else besides amplifying and confirming his Principles and Arguments This Treatise was printed at Cologne in the Year 1535. At Louvain together with Lanfrank's Treatise in the Year 1561. and is to be met with in the Bibliotheca Patrum S. Anselm Arch-bishop of Canterbury THE same Principles which are establish'd in the Tracts of Guitmond and Alger are likewise S. Anselm A. B of Canterb. to be met with in the two last Letters of S. Anselm Arch-bishop of Canterbury wherein he establishes the real Presence and refutes those who believ'd that the Eucharist was only a Type and Figure He asserts That the Bread and Wine are chang'd into the Body and Blood of JESUS CHRIST but withal owns That it may be call'd Bread a Sacrament and a Figure Bread because JESUS CHRIST is call'd so himself A Sacrament because under the visible Appearance of Bread and Wine the Divine Power does therein internally present to us the Flesh of JESUS CHRIST And a Figure because we conceive and believe it to be quite another Thing than what it seems to be to our Sight and Taste That God made Choice of Bread and Wine in this Sacrament because of the Analogy which there is between our Spiritual and Corporeal Nourishment That we ought not to believe that when we receive the Body we do not receive the Blood and that when we receive the Blood we do not receive the Body but that they are exhibited to us under these two different kinds thereby to denote that we ought to be conformable to the Body and Soul of JESUS CHRIST That Water is mix'd therewith thereby to represent that Water which issu'd out of our Lord's Side and which is the Figure of Baptism That the Wicked do indeed receive the Substance tho' not the Effects and Benefits of the Body of JESUS CHRIST That the outward Elements of Bread and Wine may be broken eaten by Mice and go into the Stomach but that these are Accidents which only happen to the Elements which are left but not to that which is really the Eucharist That we ought not to ask what becomes of the Body of JESUS CHRIST nor how the Bread is chang'd into the Body of JESUS CHRIST because God has wrought greater Miracles than these Lastly That a wicked Priest may as well Consecrate as a good Priest because 't is JESUS CHRIST who Consecrates and 't is he who Baptizes CHAP. IV. An Account of the Popes and of the Church of Rome from the time of Silvester II. to Gregory VII GERBERT who goes under the Name of Silvester II. had the Possession of the Papal Chair only Five Years from the Year 999. to the Year 1003. During this Silvester II. time he did not do much worth the mentioning nor did he write so much as he had acted before We have only Three Letters of his written whilst he was Pope The First is directed to Azolin Bishop of Laon who was accus'd by King Robert of being disloyal to him He had been cited before a Council held at Compiegne where he had acknowledg'd his Fault begg'd Pardon for it given Hostages for a Security of his Allegiance and promis'd to restore the Forts of Laon to the King But afterwards he went back from his Word would have taken the Arch-bishop of Rheims Prisoner under a Pretence of restoring to him the Citadel of Laon and kept those Men Prisoners who were sent to take Possession thereof The Pope upbraids him with this Perfidiousness and cites him to a Council to be held at Rome in the Easter-week giving him to understand That if he did not make his Appearance he would pronounce Sentence against him without admitting his Excuse of the Dangers of Travelling since there was no more Danger in the Kingdom of Lorrain than in Italy And whereas he might perhaps alledge Sickness as an Excuse the Pope adds That if he made use of that Shift he must send some to testifie the Truth of it and to answer to the Accusations which were preferr'd against him We have already mention'd his Second Letter directed to Arnulphus Arch-bishop of Rheims by which he confirms him in that Arch-bishoprick The Third is a Bull or Grant which confirms and ratifies the Privileges of the Abbey of Vezelai We may likewise add to these Letters his Tract against the Simonists which he made in the beginning of his Popedom Ademar makes mention of one Action of Silvester which if true is an Instance of unheard-of Severity He says That Guy the Count of Limoges having imprison'd Grimoald Bishop of that City for taking Possession of the Monastery of Brantome which that Bishop demanded of him and having afterwards releas'd him upon certain Conditions this Bishop went to Rome and having complain'd of this Usage to Silvester that Pope had cited Guy to Rome where his Cause being heard in an Assembly held on Easter-day he had been condemn'd by the Pope and Senate to be ty'd by the Feet to wild Horses Tails and to be drawn and torn to pieces But that being committed to the Bishop's Custody he adjusted Matters with him and that they both fled from Rome and return'd good Friends to their own Country again 'T is very probable that all this was done by Consent for otherwise how can one excuse the Cruelty of this Sentence so disagreable to the Spirit and Character of the Church which breaths out nothing but Gentleness and Peace and which desires not the Death but the Here we may see how much Dupin though a true Romanist abbors those bloody
Differences between this Pope and the Emperor Henry and other Princes of Europe With an Abstract of his Letters THERE happen'd no disturbance among the People upon the Death of Pope Alexander For Hildebrand who had the whole Power in his own Hands gave such Gregory VII good Orders that all was still and quiet He order'd a Fast to be kept and Prayers to be made for three Days together before they consulted about the Election of another Pope But at the very time of Interring the Corps of the deceased in the Church of S. Saviour April 22 in the Year 1073. being the very Day of his Death the People being mov'd thereto proclaim'd Hildebrand Pope and put him into the Possession of the Holy See The same Day he acquainted the Prince of Salerno of his Election and pray'd him to come to Rome to defend him This is what he says himself about the manner of his Election But he withal declares that it was much against his Will and that he was very Angry at it His Adversaries tell us quite another Story and say That they were his Soldiers and other of his Creatures who made this tumultuary Proclamation That neither the Cardinals nor the Clergy nor the most considerable among the People had any Hand in it However there is an Act of Election in the Name of the Cardinals and the Clergy of Rome made in the presence of the Bishops and Laity which bears date the very Day of his Election However the Case was it must be own'd that this Election was very Precipitate and that Didier Abbot of Mount Cassin and Cardinal had a great deal of reason for the Reply he made to Hildebrand who check'd him for coming too late when he told him that it was himself who was too hasty since he took possession of the Holy See before the Pope his Predecessor was lay'd in his Grave And Hildebrand himself has acknowledg'd the Fault of this Election which he casts upon the People and maintains that he had no Hand in it He was of Tuscany of the Borough of Soana the Son of a mean Artificer if most Historians may be credited He spent the first Years of his Life in Rome where he had for his Master Laurence Arch-bishop of Melpha and was extreamly in the favour of Benedict IX and Gregory VI. He attended the latter in his Banishment to Germany and after his Death retir'd into the Abby of Cluny where he abode till such time as Bruno Bishop of Toul who was nominated for Pope by the Emperor Henry going through France took him along with him to Rome not questioning but by the Acquaintance and Interest which he had in that City he might be very serviceable to him He was no sooner return'd but he renew'd his Familiarity with Theophylact or Benedict IX and grew within a while so Rich and Powerful that he became Lord and Master of all Affairs and the Popes were in a manner his Dependents It was he who negotiated the Election of Victor II. between the Emperor and the Romans and under Victor's Pontificate he was sent Legat into France He turn'd out Benedict IX and caus'd Nicholas II. to be Elected in his stead who made him Arch-deacon In a Word it was by his means that Cadalous was turn'd out and Anselm Bishop of Lucca ordain'd Pope under the Name of Alexander II. It was he who supported that Popes Interest and having taken upon him the Character of Chancellor of the Holy See had the absolute Administration of all Affairs both Ecclesiastical and Civil as well as the entire disposal of the Revenues of the Church of Rome during his Popedom Hildebrand foreseeing that his Election might be molested because it had been carry'd on so precipitately and without the Consent of Henry King of Germany he forthwith wrote to him about it and requested by his Deputies that he would be pleas'd to confirm it assuring him that he had been elected against his Will and that he put off his Ordination till such time as he was inform'd of his Will and Pleasure King Henry took some time to consider on it and sent Count Eberhard to Rome to learn after what manner that Election had been carry'd on Hildebrand shew'd so many Civilities to this Count that he wrote to the King in his behalf And Henry perceiving that it signified nothing to oppose his Election because he was more powerful in Rome than himself gave his Consent to it By this means Hildebrand was ordain'd Priest and afterwards Bishop of Rome in June Anno Dom. 1073. At his Ordination he took upon him the Name of Gregory VII in honor to the Memory of John Gratian his old Patron who had assum'd the Name of Gregory VI. when he was seated upon the Papal Chair No sooner was this Man made Pope but he form'd a design of becoming Lord Spiritual and Temporal over the whole Earth the supreme Judge and Determiner of all Affairs both Ecclesiastical and Civil the Distributer of all manner of Graces of what kind soever the Disposer not only of Arch-bishopricks Bishopricks and other Ecclesiastical Benefices but also of Kingdoms States and the Revenues of particular Persons To bring about this Resolution he made use of the Ecclesiastical Authority and the Spiritual Sword which God had put into his Hand not only to maintain the Faith and Discipline of the Church to reform Abuses and to punish those who were guilty of Spiritual Offences but he likewise made use of it to deprive Kings of their Kingdoms Princes and Lords of their Estates and Revenues to render them his Tributaries to dispose at his pleasure all that belong'd to them and to force them to do whatsoever he desir'd to engage Arch-bishops and Bishops to pay him a blind Obedience and to do nothing in their own Diocesses without his Order He liv'd in times very lucky for him and very proper to establish his Pretensions the Empire of Germany was weak France govern'd by an Infant King who did not much mind the Affairs of State England newly Conquer'd by the Normans Spain in part under the Government of the Moors the Kingdoms of the North newly Converted Italy in the Hands of a great many petty Princes all Europe divided by several Factions so that it was easy for him in such a juncture to establish his Authority But this undertaking created a World of Business to him and engag'd him in Contests with a great many European Princes The most considerable was that which he had with Henry King of Germany which lasted all his Popedom and was of very pernicious Consequence both to the Church and the Empire The account of which is as follows Henry the Fourth King of the Germans of that Name since Henry the Falconer succeeded An Account of the Difference between Henry and Gregory VII as we hinted before his Father Henry in the Year 1056. being then about five Years old His Father at his Death recommended him to Pope
Consequence Gregory VII does not enter into the particulars of the Privileges of the Arch-bishop of Lions but only says in general that the Ecclesiastical Affairs of any Consequence ought to be brought before him and that it belongs to him to confirm and disannul the Judgments of the Ordinaries and to judge the Causes of Bishops and the Affairs of Importance but without prejudice to the Holy See Before Gregory VII was Pope Manasses was Arch-bishop of Rheims That Prelate being very powerful thought that the Monks of the Abby of S. Remy of that City ought to pay an entire Submission to him He was for giving them such an Abbot as he thought fit and took The Cause of Manasses Arch-bishop of Rheims part of their Revenues into his Possession These Monks having preferr'd their Complaints to Alexander II. that Pope wrote to Manasses and admonished him to put an end to these Complaints and to give Orders that that Abbey should be provided with a regular Abbot who should have the Administration both of Spirituals and Temporals in his own hands Gregory VII continued the same Remonstrances But being inform'd that Manasses notwithstanding all the Promises which he had made by his Deputies to give him satisfaction continu'd his Abuses to those Religious and enjoy'd their Revenues He wrote a Letter to him full of Invectives wherein he threatens to shew him the utmost severity if he did not immediately cause a Regular Abbot to be put into that Abbey and if he did not give such Orders as that the Religious might have no farther Reason to complain of him And at the same time he orders Hugh Abbot of Cluny to convey that Letter to him and to learn his Answer These are the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Letters of the first Book dated June the 29th 1073. and the first which Gregory wrote after his Ordination Manasses obey'd the Pope's Orders and caus'd William Abbot of S. Arnulphus of Metz to be elected also Abbot of S. Remy of Rheims The Pope approv'd of the Choice of the Person but he thought it hard that one Man should have the Charge of two Abbeys However he permitted William to hold or relinquish that of Remy as he thought fit He held it for some time but not being able to endure the Tyranny and Oppression of Manasses he resign'd that Abbey The Pope wrote to Manasses to order another Abbot to be elected and gave at the same time notice to Herman Bishop of Metz that Abbot William was willing to reside in the Abbey of his Diocess This is the Subject matter of the Fifty second and third Letters of the first Book dated March the 14th 1074. The next year the Pope by the Fifty sixth Letter of the second Book dated March the 4th committed to Manasses the Execution of the Sentence pass'd against the Bishop of Chalons who had been depos'd for not appearing before the Synod of Rome to which he had been cited upon the account of some Differences between Him and his Clergy And by the Fifty eighth dated the 5th of the same Month he orders him to cause the Bishop of Noyon to restore to the Bishop of Utrecht a Church which he had unlawfully seiz'd upon Hugh Bishop of Dia Legat of the Holy See in France having cited Manasses to a Council which he had call'd at Autun that Arch-bishop thought it beneath him to appear there which caus'd the Legat to Condemn him Manasses went immediately to Rome to clear himself and by the Pope's order waited there three Months together for Hugh of Dia. But when that Bishop came not the Cause of Manasses was argu'd in a Council between Him and the Deputies of Hugh of Dia. Manasses having no Body to Accuse him did with ease justify himself and having affirm'd that it was not in contempt of the Holy See that he did not appear before the Council of Autun the Sentence pass'd against him in that Council was declar'd invalid upon condition that he would appear before the Pope's Legat whenever he should be Summoned But he declar'd that he would not admit the Bishop of Dia to be his Judge The Pope ask'd him whom he was willing should be his Judge Manasses reply'd The Abbot of CLUNY Whereupon the Pope deputed that Abbot to be the Judge in the Cause of Manasses after he had made him promise that if he were call'd to any Synod by the Holy See or to any by that Legat he would not fail to make his Appearance Manasses being return'd to France was Summond in the Name of Hugh of Dia and the Abbot of Cluny to a Council to be held at Troyes he went thither with part of his Clergy But the Clerks who accus'd him not daring to come thither he was countermanded and the Legats of the Pope were not at that Council Manasses appeard there notwithstanding the Orders to the contrary and thought he had discharg'd the Promise which he had made to the Pope He pretended likewise that according to the Promises he made he was oblig'd to appear before none beside the Pope or before the Roman Legats sent immediately from the Holy See and not before the Bishops on the other side the Mountains He wrote to the Pope about it and at the same time complain'd of the Arch-bishop of Vienna who had depos'd and re-establish'd several Priests of the Diocess of Rheims and of the Bishops of Laon and Soissons his Suffragans who had ordain'd a Bishop of Amiens without consulting him and even whilst he was at Rome Gregory reply'd to him by the Second Letter of the sixth Book dated August the 22d 1078. That he ought to acknowledge the Legats nam'd by the Holy See upon the place as well as those who were sent immediately from Rome and that he ought forthwith to clear himself of the Things laid to his Charge before Hugh of Dia and the Abbot of Cluny and that they should do him Justice with respect to the Complaints which he had made This is what he acquaints the Bishop of Dia with by the next Letter dated the same day In the mean time Hugh of Dia caus'd Manasses to be Summon'd twice to a Council to be held at Lions to answer to the Accusations which Count Manasses and several Clerks of the Church of Rheims preferr'd against him The Arch-bishop of Rheims refus'd to come to that Council and publish'd an Apology or Manifesto wherein he alledges several Reasons for his not appearing The first is Because there is no mention made of the Abbot of Cluny in the Order by which he was Summon'd to that Council The Second Because that Council was held in a City which was not in that part of France wherein he ought to be Judg'd The Third Because the Province which lay between that of Rheims and that of Lions and through which he must pass was engag'd in a War so that he could not come without danger of being made Prisoner The Fourth Because he understood
made use of him in Matters of the highest Importance Alexander II. sent him as his Legat into France to put an end to the Difference there on Foot between the Bishop of Mascon and the Abbot of Cluny concerning the Privileges of that Abbey He held a Council at Challons wherein he made several Orders confirm'd the Privileges granted by the Popes to the Abbey of Cluny and made the Bishop of Mascon to consent thereto He was likewise sent by the same Pope to Florence to put a stop to the Schism which was between Peter Bishop of that City and his Clergy Afterwards in the Year 1068. he went as Legat into Germany to hinder the Emperor Henry from being divorc'd from his Wife Bertha Some time after he took a Journey to the Monastery of Mount Cassin to consolate the Religious of that place Lastly In the Year 1072. he was sent by the same Pope to Ravenna to take off the Excommunication issu'd a long time since against that City because of the Differences which Henry Bishop of Ravenna lately deceas'd had with the Holy See After he had discharg'd the Commission he dy'd the 23d of February the Year ensuing at Fayance being Sixty six Years Old The Works of this Author in the last Edition are divided into Four Tomes The First contains the Letters rang'd in Eight Books according to the Quality of the Persons to whom they were written of which the First is compos'd of the Letters which are directed to the Popes The First is to Gregory VI. whom he congratulates upon his advancement to the Popedom His Letters to the Popes exhorts to root out Simony and admonishes to depose the Bishop of Pesaro The Second is directed to the same Pope he gives him to understand That the Man who was elected Bishop of Fossombrona was not altogether worthy of the Episcopacy because of his Ambition but that yet he was to be preferr'd to a great many others and that in other Respects he had the Qualifications necessary to a Bishop The Third is to Clement II. to whom he writes word That the Emperor had order'd him to wait upon him to inform him of the Abuses of several Churches and of what he thought necessary to put a stop to them that being upon his Journey he had receiv'd a Letter from that Prince which was directed to him that being return'd to his Solitude he sent it to him where he waits for his Orders to depart He declares on the one Hand That he would be very well satisfied to be excus'd from the Journey that so he might not lose his Time in going and coming but that on the other hand he could not but be mov'd with the miserable Condition of the Churches of his Country which were in a strange Confusion by reason of the Irregularity of the Bishops and Abbots He remonstrates to him That it signified nothing that the Holy See was pass'd from Darkness to Light if the rest of the Churches were still in Darkness and exhorts him to apply some speedy Remedy to these Evils and to punish the Bishop of Fano The Fourth is to Leo IX He therein complains for that this Pope had given too lightly Credit to the Calumnies rais'd against him and he calls God to witness how Innocent he was The Fifth is to Victor II. He remonstrates to this Pope That he ought to protect a Lord who had devoted himself to the Service of God and whom they would dispossess of his Estate The Sixth directed to Nicholas II. is amongst the Opuscula of this Author of which it makes the Seventeenth The Seventh is to the same Pope He congratulates him for that the Church was in Peace under his Pontificate and Petitions him in behalf of the Inhabitants of Ancona who had been excommunicated In the Eighth directed to Pope Nicholas and the Arch-deacon Hildebrand he desires to quit his Bishoprick since they had divested him both of his Sacerdotal Habits and of his Revenues The Ninth and Tenth are among the Opuscula and they make the Nineteenth and Twentieth of them The Eleventh is directed to Alexander II. He recommends to him the Church of Orleans which was then in Trouble The Twelfth directed to the same Pope is very considerable He therein reproves two Abuses which he says were too frequently practis'd by the Court of Rome in his Time and he intreats the Pope to redress them The First is That in almost all the Decretals the Penalty of Excommunication was inserted The Second is That the Clerks and Laicks were hinder'd from reproving the Vices of their Bishops The First says he makes the Salvation of Men very dangerous because Persons are often excommunicated without knowing any thing of it and that for Things of little or no Consequence the most trivial Faults being punish'd with the same Penalty as the more heinous ones They punish a Man more rigorously for having violated an humane Law than ever God does for the breaking of his Commands He says That St. Gregory and the other Popes had no such Custom and that they seldom pronounc'd an Anathema in their Decretals except when the Faith was in dispute He therefore conjures this Pope to abolish this Custom and for the future to strike this Clause out of their Decretals by assigning some other Penalty in its stead As to the other Abuse which supposes that it is not lawful for Inferiours to accuse their Bishops in a Superior Court or to alledge against them what ought to be Corrected This says he is a very unreasonable Thing and contrary to the Discipline of the Church For to whom can one better address ones self to discover the Faults which a Bishop commits than to him who has the Office of a Master and who has the Pre-eminence among his Brethren to correct the Faults of the Bishops according to the Privilege of his See And is it not a piece of insupportable Arrogance Pride and Vanity that a Bishop shall live as he pleases and not condescend to harken to the Complaints of those who are under him in things wherein he may be deceiv'd especially when they do not apply themselves to secular Judges but to Bishops that they may honourably and gravely redress those Grievances which might attract the Smiles of the Laity Is it not reasonable that he who is accus'd should Justify and Clear himself or else acknowledge his Faults To this he subjoyns the Example of St. Peter who did not make use of his Authority to reject the Complaints of the Faithful who took it ill that he should Preach the Gospel to the Gentiles but gave them a reason for this his Proceeding To this Instance he adds that of David who acknowledg'd his Offence when he was reprov'd for it by Nathan the Example of Mary who suffer'd the Reproof of her Sister Martha and another Instance of St. Peter who did not take it ill that St. Paul rebuk'd him Afterwards he starts this Objection But I am Bishop
in that City The Pope being set at liberty by the Normans of Apulia grants them all the Territories which they had subdu'd and those that they might obtain by Conquest from the Greeks and Saracens A Contest between the Churches of Grado and Aquileia for the Metropolitan Right determin'd in the Council of Rome in favour of Grado The Pope's Letter to the Bishops of Venice and Istria confirming that Right A Council at Rome  1054 Leo IX dies Apr. 15. and the Papal See continues vacant during a whole year Hildebrand goes to meet the Emperor to demand Gebâ—hart Bishop of Eichstadt who was made Pope the next year under name of Victor II. I. XV. Constantin Monomachus dies and Theodora Porphyrogenneta governs the Empire I. Pope Leo's Letters which confirm the Metropolitan Right of the Church of Carthage over all those of Africa The Pope sends Legats to Constantinople to treat about the Re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches Pope Leo's Letters on that Subject to the Emperor Constantin and to Michael Cerularius Patriarch of Constantinople A Contest between the Legats and that Patriarch An Answer by Cardinal Humbert the Pope's Legat to the Letter of Michael Cerularius and Leo of Acris Nicetas Pectoratus a Monk of Seuda composes a Tract against the Latin Church Cardinal Humbert's Answer to that Piece Nicetas makes a Recantation and burns his Writings A Sentence of Excommunication denounc'd by the Legats against Michael Cerularius The Patriarch in like manner excommunicates the Legats by a publick Edict and raises a Sedition which obliges the Emperor to deliver up their Interpreters who are misus'd and put in Prison A Council at Narbonne Humbert Cardinal Nicetas Pectoratus a Monk of Seuda Dominick Patriarch of Grado Peter Patriarch of Antioch 1055 II. XVI II. Berenger abjures his Opinions in the Council of Tours in the presence of Hildebrand Maugier Archbishop of Rouen is depos'd in the Council of Lisieux and Marrillus a Monk of Fecamp put in his place A Council at Florence A Council at Lyons A Council at Tours against Bereinger A Council at Lisieux  1056 II. Pope Victor goes to Germany where he was invited by the Emperor Henry III. XVII The Emperor Henry dies Oct. 3. Henry IV. his Son aged only 5 years succeeds him and is at first put under the Tuition of his Mother who obtains the Administration of the Government III. Theodora dies in the end of the year and Michael whom she had made Emperor a little before reigns alone  A Council at Toulouse  1057 Victor dies at Florence July 28. and Frederick Abbot of Mount Cassin is chosen in his place on the Festival of S. Stephen whence he took the Name of Stephen IX I. I. Michael abdicates the Imperial Throne and leaves it to Isaac Commenus I. Pope Victor's Letter which confirms and augments the Privileges granted to the Church of Selve-Blanche Frederick is made Abbot of Mount Cassin a little after Cardinal and at last Pope Alphonsus Abbot of St. Benedict at Salerno is ordain'd Archbishop of that City A Letter by which Pope Stephen IX re-unites the Bishoprick of Marli which was sometime divided Peter Damian is made Cardinal and Bishop of Ostia by that Pope A Council at Rome Peter Damian Alphanus 1058 Stephen dies at Florence March 29. The Count of Frescati and Gregory of Lateran cause Mincius Bishop of Veletri to be chosen Pope who assumes the name of Benedict Cardinal Humbert and many others refuse to own his Authority Gerard Bp. of Florence is chosen and this Election is approv'd by the Emperor Henry II. II. Pope Stephen sends Legats to Constantinople who return without pursuing their Journey having receiv'd Information of his death Michael Cerularius is turn'd out of the Patriarchal See of Constantinople and Constantin Lichudes is substituted in his room Evershelm is made Abbot of St. Peter at Ghent Marianus Scotus an English Monk passes into Germany where he continues ten years a Recluse in the Monastery of Fulda Lambert of Aschaffemburg assumes the Monastick Habit at Hirlfeldt under the Abbot Meginher in a little while after is ordain'd Priest by Lupold Archbishop of Mentz and undertakes a Journey to the Holy Land without the knowledg of his Abbot from whence he returns the next year   1059 II. Gerard is ordain'd Bp. of Rome in the beginning of Jan. and takes the name of Nicolas II. I. Mincius renounces the Papal Dignity and is suspended for ever from Ecclesiastcal Functions III. III. Isaac resigns the Imperial Dignity to Constantin Ducas and retires to a Monastery I. A Privilege granted to the Nunnery of St. Felicitas near Florence The Election of Popes reserv'd to the Cardinals in the Council of Rome Berenger abjures his Opinions in that Council and makes a Confession of Faith Peter Damian is sent Legat to Milan to reform the Clergy who publickly us'd Simoniacal Practices The Bishop of Trani is depos'd in the Council of Melfi Sigefroy or Sigifred succeeds Luitbold in the Arch-bishoprick of Mentz A Council at Rome A Council at Melfi A Council at Benevento held in the beginning of the Month of August  1060 II. IV. Henry I. King of France causes his II. St. Anselm embraces the Monastick Life in the Abbey of Bec. A Council at Tours Guitmond Arch-bishop of Aversa Durand Abbot of Troarn Franco a Philosopher  Son Philip to be crown'd at Rheims May 22. dies in the end of this year    of Liege Warin Abbot of St. Arnulphus at Mets. 1061 III. The death of Nicolas II. in the Month of July Anselm Bishop of Lucca is elected three Months after and ordain'd Pope under the name of Alexander II. The Emperor Henry incens'd by reason that he was chosen without his knowledg causes Cadalous Bishop of Parma to be proclaim'd Pope who endeavours to make himself Master of the City of Rome but being repuls'd was oblig'd to return to Parma the next year V. III.   Michael Psellus Alberic a Monk of Mount Cassin Merellus Abbot of Tergensee 1062 I. VI. IV.    1063 II. VII V. A Contest between Peter Arch-bishop of Florence and his Monks The Pope sends the Pall to Peter Archbishop of Dalmatia Lanfranc is made Abbot of the Abbey of St. Stephen at Caen newly founded and St. Anselm succeeds him in the Office of Prior of Bec Abbey Maurillus Archbishop of Rouen holds a Synod for the Dedication of the Cathedral Church of that City which was newly built A Confession of Faith publish'd in that Synod against Berenger's Opinions A Privilege granted by the Pope to the Abbey of Vendome Peter Damian the Pope's Legat in France determins in the Council of Challon the Differences between the Bishop of that City and the Abbey of Cluny about the Privileges of the same Abbey which are confirm'd in the Council A Council at Rome A Council at Rouen A Council at Challon  1064 III. Cadalous causes some Disturbances Alexander is own'd as
be distributed to them and that they who put it to another use are to be look'd upon as Robbers This Discourse is follow'd by another pronounc'd in a Synod held for the Ordination of a Bishop He begins with the Commendation of the Church and afterwards rejects the Person of Girard who was propos'd alledging That although there was a form of Election in his favour nevertheless he ought not to be ordain'd by reason that it is not to be endur'd that the Liberty of Elections which was introduc'd for the Benefit of the Churches should be made prejudicial to them and therefore that the Election of Girard was null as having been carry'd on only by some few Persons devoted to his Interest He acquaints that Pope in another Letter That he had pass'd Sentence in favour of Hugh Abbot of Senlis in a Cause that was depending between that Abbot and Garnier a Priest concerning the Church of Marine for the Tryal of which he was nominated a Commissioner with Henry Bishop of Senlis He likewise gave him notice in the following Letter that the King of England had favourably receiv'd his Letters and Nuncio's and that he had re-instated the Arch-bishop of Canterbury but he complains that the Nuncio's did not promote the making of Peace and entreats the Pope to do it In another Letter he informs the same Pope That he had put an end to the Contest between the Abbot of La Couture and Hermier the Priest about the Church of Breule In one of the Letters directed to the Pope's Legates Albert and Theodin he determines That it is not expedient to bestow Altars that is to say Benefices on the Sons of Priests lest it should occasion disorders Afterwards he writes to Pope Alexander against those Monks who refuse to obey their Bishop and claim a right to retain Cures and Tithes He complains in particular of the Abbot of St. Evrou who presum'd to celebrate Divine Service notwithstanding the Sentence of Suspension he had pronounc'd against him The Poems of this Author are not very considerable as to the Subjects but they are exact in reference to the Rules of Poetry and the Verses are very fine The first is on the Nativity of Jesus Christ the second is an Encomium of the Bishop of Windsor and the rest on the alteration of the Seasons and on some other profane Subjects There are also two Epitaphs of Queen Mathilda one of Algarus Bishop of Coutances and another of Hugh Arch-bishop of Roan Father Dachery has publish'd in the second Tome of his Spicilegium an excellent Discourse dedicated to Geffrey Bishop of Chartres and compos'd by Arnulphus when as yet Arch-deacon of Seez against Peter de Leon the Antipope and Gerard Bishop of Angoulesme his Legat. It is written with a great deal of earnestness and energy so that the Author gives us a very lively description of the Irregularities and Vices of that Antipope and of his Legate maintains the Election and Proceedings of Innocent II. and makes it appear that the latter is the true Pope Father Dachery has likewise set forth in the end of the Thirteenth Tome of the Spicilegium a Sermon upon the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary and five Letters by the same Author The other Works of Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux were printed at Paris from a Manuscript of Adrian Turnebus's Library A. D. 1585. and afterwards in the Bibliotheca Patrum PETER de CELLES Bishop of Chartres PETER sirnam'd de Celles from the Name of his first Abbey commonly call'd Monstierla-Celle Peter de Celles Bishop of Chartres in the Suburbs of the City of Troyes was descended of an honourable Family of Champagne He apply'd himself to Study at Paris and was apparently a Novice in the Monastery of St. Martin des Champs He was chosen Abbot of Celles A. D. 1150. translated from thence to the Abbey of St. Remy at Rheims in 1162. and at last made Bishop of Chartres in 1182. in the place of John of Salisbury After having govern'd that Church during five Years he died Feb. 17. 1187. The following Works of this Author were collected and publish'd by Father Ambrosius Januarius of the Congregation of St. Maur and printed by Lewis Billaine in 1671. But the first of his Works is a Course of Sermons on all the Festivals of the Year which were never as yet printed However notwithstanding the Reputation they might have in his time Father Januarius observes that they are weak and that Peter de Celles is not very sollicitous to prove a Truth thoroughly but passes lightly over from one Subject to another although his Writings are full of pious Conceptions Flowers of Scripture and very useful Instructions He might also take notice that they are full of Puns affected Antitheses sorry Allusions mean Descriptions and Notions which have not all the Gravity that is requisite in Discourses of that Nature In his Eighth Sermon on the Lord's Supper we find the Term of Transubstantiation which is also in Stephen Bishop of Autun who liv'd in the same Century And indeed those two Authors are the first that made use of it The three Books of Bread dedicated to John of Salisbury contain a great number of mystical Reflections on all the sorts of Bread mention'd in the Holy Scripture The Mystical and Moral Exposition of the Tabernacle is a Work almost of the same Nature The Treatise of Conscience dedicated to Aliber the Monk relates altogether to Piety and that of the Discipline of the Cloister comprehends many Moral Instructions in the Exercises of the Monastick Life which he follow'd above Thirty Years This Piece was set forth by Father Dachery in the third Tome of his Spicilegium The last Work in this Edition is a Collection of the Letters of Peter de Celles which were already publish'd with Notes by Father Sirmondus A. D. 1613. They are divided into nine Books and relate either to pious Subjects or to certain particular Affairs or are merely Complimental Indeed they are written with greaâ—er Accuracy than his other Works being of a more natural and less affected Style nevertheless they are full of verbal Quibbles and Puns In this Collection are three Letters on the Festival of the Conception of the Virgin Mary in which Peter de Celles strenously maintains St. Beâ—nard's Sentiments on that Subject NICOLAS a Monk of St. Alban was of a contrary Opinion and averr'd That Nicolas Monk of St. Alban the blessed Virgin was never obnoxious to Sin This is the Subject of the Twenty third Letter of the Sixth Book but the Monk vindicates his Opinion in the Ninth Letter of the last Book and confutes that of St. Bernard yet not without expressing a great deal of Respect for the Person of that Saint However he does not treat Peter de Celles with the same Moderation who being nettled returns him a somewhat sharp Answer in the Tenth Letter of the same Book Peter was then Bishop of Chartres JOHN of SALISBURY Bishop of Chartres
of the Ordinances of the Council of London A. 1125. St. Bernard composes his Treatise of the Duties of Bishops which he dedicates to Henry Archbishop of Sens and at the same time makes a Discourse to the Clergy of Paris call'd Of Conversion 1128 IV. The Pope Excommnicates Roger Duke of Sicily IV. X. The Death of Albero Bishop of Liege January the 1st Stephen Abbot of St. John at Chartres is made Patriarch of Jerusalem Drogo or Dreux Priof St. Nicaise of Rheims is constituted first Abbot of St. John at Laon by Bartholomew de Foigny Bishop of that City Peter Library-Keeper of Mount Cassin is expell'd that Monastery by the envy of his Companions and retires to the Emperor who Constitutes him his Secretary and Chaplain and employs him in several Negotiations A Council at Troyes held Jan. 13. which confirms the Institution of the Order of the Knights Templars and prescribes 'em a Rule and a Form of a White Habit upon which Pope Eugenius III. afterwards ordain'd that a red Cross should be worn St. Bernard composes this Year his Treatise of Grace and Free Will. Drogo or Dreux 1129 V. Lewes the Gross King of France causes his Son Philip to be crown'd April the 14th V. XI The Pope sends Legate to Denmark Gregory deCrescentia Cardinal of Theodorus A Council at Châlons held Feb. 2. in which Henry Bishop of Verdun resigns his Bishoprick according to St. Bernard's advice and Ursio Abbot of St. Denis at Rheims is substituted in his place The Death of Gauterius Bishop of Maguelone 1130 The Death of Honorius II. Feb. 14. INNOCENT II. is chosen the same day The Schism of Peter de Leon who assumes the Name of Anacletus Innocent is acknowledg'd in the Assembly of Etampes and goes into France I. VI. Lewes the Gross King of France magnificently entertains Pope Innocent at Orleans Henry I. K. of England receives him in the like manner and owns his Authority XII St. Bernard speaks earnestly in favour of Pope Innocent in the Council of Etampes and his judgment is follow'd by the Council Hugh a Native of Amiens and Abbot of Redding in England is made Archbishop of Roan A Council at Etampes which acknowledges Innocent as lawful Pope Eckard Abbot of Urangen Hugh Monk of Fleury Isaac an Armenian Bp writes against the Errors of the Armenians Anselm Abbot of Gemblours Ordericus Vitalis Anselm Bishop of Havelberg Hervaeus Monk of Dol. Hugh de Foliet Stephen Bishop of Paris Rainier Monk of St. Laurence at Liege Gualbert Monk of Marchiennes Pandulphus of Pisa. Fabritius Tuscus Abbot of Abendon Auctus Abbot of Valombre  1131 II. An Interview between Pope Innocent and the Emperor Lotharius at Liege The Pope visits the Abbeys of Cluny and Clairvaux at his return from Liege VII Philip the Son of Lewes the Gross is kill'd by accident and his Brother Lewes the Younger sir-nam'd the Godly is crown'd by the Pope in the Council of Rheims Octob. 25th XIII The Emperor proposes the re-establishment of the Investitures in his Interview with the Pope at Liege but St. Bernard opposes it and persuades that Prince to insist no longer upon that Demand St. Bernard refuses the Bishoprick of Châlons and causes Geffrey Abbot of St. Medard at Soissons to be chosen Bishop of that Diocess The Pope grants a Privilege to the Abbey of Même St. Bernard invites to Clairvaux Gueric Canon of Tournay An Assembly at Liege March the 2â—th A Council at Rheims held in the Month of October where the Anti-pope Anacletus is Excommunicated In this Year St Bernard composes his Treatise of Injunctions and Dispensations Albericus Canon of Aix Foucher a Monk of Chartres Gauterius the Chancellour Annas Comnenus Michâ—el Gâ—â—cas The Death of Baudry Bishop of Dâ—â— 1132 III. The Pope returns to Italy VIII XIV The Death of St. Hugh Bishop of Grenoble St. Bernard accompanies Innocent II. to Italy and by the way reconciles the Inhabitants of Genoua and Pisa and obliges 'em to declare for the Pope Albero who had succeeded another Albero in the Dignity of Primate of Mets when the latter was made Bishop of Liege is chosen Arch-bishop of Triers A Contest between the Abbey of Cluny and that of Cisteaux on occasion of a Privilege grantby Pope Innocent which exempted the Monks of Cisteaux from paying Tithes to the Abbey of Cluny Differences between Stephen Bishop of Paris and an Arch-Deacon of his Diocess who had unadvisedly Suspended his Arch-Deaconry from Divine Service with Stephen de Garlande his Adversary which is the Subject of the Letters written by that Bishop  Tâ—â—stin Arch-bishop of York The Death of Hildebert Archbishop of Tours 1133 IV. Lotharius re-establishes Pope Innocent in the See of Rome but this Prince is no sooner departed thence to return to Germany but the Anti-pope Anacletus constrains Innocent to retire a second time to Pâ—sa Roger Duke of Sicily upon the Sollicitation of Anacletus who had given him the Title of King in vain endeavours to with-draw the Inhabitants of Pisa from their Obedience to the Pope IX Lotharius is crown'd Emperor at Rome by Pope Innocent XV. The Pope ratifies the Immunities and Donations made to the Church of Pistoia in Tuscany He likewise confirms the Right of Superiority of the Archbishop of Hamburg over the Bishops of Denmark Sweden and Norway Thomas Prior of St. Victor is kill'd near Gournay by the Relations of Theobald Arch-Deacon of Paris as he was returning with Stephen Bishop of Paris from the the Abbey of Chelles where they they went to reform some Abuses This Bishop Pronounces a Sentence of Excommunication against those Murderers and retires to Clairvaux Archembald Sub-Dean of Orleans is likewise Assassinated at the instigation of John Arch-Deacon of St. Croix of the same City Robert Pullus who had pass'd from France to England in the Year 1130. and had since obtain'd the Arch-Deaconry of Rochester re-establishes the Universitiy of Oxford A Council at Joarre which Excommunicates the Assassins of Thomes Prior of St. Victor at Paris and of Archembaldâ—â— Sub-Dean of Orleans and all those that entertain'd ' em The Pope confirms this Sentence and adds in a Letter that Divine Service should cease to be celebrated in all those places where these Assassins were present and that those Ecclesiastical Persons that were abetters to these Murders should be depriv'd of their Benefices  1134 V. X. A Treaty of Peace concluded between Lotharius and Conrad by the Mediation of St. Bernard XVI St. Bernard after the breaking up of the Council of Pisa is sent to Milan to reconcile the Milaneses with the Church of Rome He is accompanied with 2 CardinalLegates Guy Bishop of Pisa and Matthew Bishop of Albano as also with Geffrey Bishop of Chartres A Council at Pisa held by the Pope against the Anti-pope Anacletus Hugh of St. Victor The Death of St. Norbert Founder of the Order of Premontré The Death of Stephen Harding Abbot of Cisteaux 1135 VI. Roger Duke of Sicily takes
Pope approves the Institution and the Constitution of the Carthusian Order   1177 XVIII An Interview between Pope Alexander and the Emperor Frederick at Venice in the Month of July where the Peace of the Church is establish'd By virtue of this Treaty William King of Sicily obtains a Truce of fifteen Years with the Emperor and the Lombards one of seven XXVI XXXV William of Champagne the Brother-in-law of the King of France is translated from the Archbishoprick of Sens to that of Rheims and made Cardinal Stephen of Tournay is translated from the Abbey of St. Everte at Orleans to that of St. Genevieve at Paris after the Death of the Abbot Aubert The Pope sends a Legate to a King of the Indies commonly call'd Prester John A Council at Venice held by the Pope September 16. in which the Peace is confirm'd and the Anathema renew'd against those that were not return'd to the Bosom of the Church  1178 XIX The Pope is re-call'd from Anagnia to Rome by the Clergy Senate and People of that City The Anti-pope Calixtus obtains Pardon upon his Prostration at the Pope's Feet XXVII XXXVI Escilus Archbishop of Lunden Primate and Legate of the See of Rome in Denmark and Sweden and Regent of both Kingdoms quits all these Dignities to turn Monk at Clairvaux where he dies four Years after Absalon succeeeds him in the Archbishoprick of Lunden Saxo Grammaticus Provost of Roschild is sent to Paris by Absalon Archbishop of Lunden to bring Monks of St. Genevieve into Denmark A great number of Dissenters from the Church of Rome are discover'd at Thoulouse who being branded with the odious Name of Hereticks are Excommunicated and Banish'd by the Pope's Legate with the assistance of some Bishops and who retire to the Country of Albigeois where Roger Count of Ally receives 'em favourably and makes use of 'em to detain the Bishop of his City Prisoner since that time these People were call'd Albigenses or Albigeois The Pope confirms the Rights â—nd Privileges of the Archbishop of Colen   1179 XX. XXVIII Lewes the Young King of France causes his Son Philip to be Anointed and Crown'd at Rheims XXXVII William Archbishop of Tyre assists in the Council of Lateran and draws up the Acts. The Albigeois or People of Alby are Condemn'd and Excommunicated in the General Council of Lateran which declares that they were call'd Cathari Parians and Publicans and that they had many other Names Laborant is made Cardinal John of Salisbury ordain'd Bishop of Chartres A III. General Council at Lateran begun March 2.  1180 XXI XXIX The Death of Lewes the Young King of France on the 10th or 20th Day of September His Son Philip Augustus succeeds him XXXIII Manuel Comnenus dies Octob. 6th ALEXIS COMNENUS succeeds him Arnold Bishop of Lisieux having incurr'd the displeasure of the King of England retires to the Monastery of St. Victor at Paris Peter Abbot of Cisteaux is ordain'd Bishop of Arras  John the Hermit writes this Year the Life of St. Bernard Thierry or Theodoricus a Monk in like manner composes his History in the same Year Richard Prior of Hagulstadt Stephen Bishop of Tournay The Death of St. Hildegarda Abbess of Mont St. Robert The Death of Philip de Harveng Abbot of Bonne Esperance The Death of Adamus Scotus a Regular Canon The Death of Nicolas a Monk of Clairvaux in the same Year 1181 XXII Alexander III. dies on the 27th day of August or on the 21. of September LUCIUS III. is chosen to supply his place XXX I. Henry Bishop of Alby having in quality of the Pope's Legate levy'd certain Troops marches into Gascogne to expel thence the People call'd Publicans who were Masters of a great number of Castles They make a shew to avoid the Storm of abjuring their Opinions but the Bishop being gone they live as before John de Bellemains is translated from the Bishoprick of Poitiers to the Archbishoprick of Narbonne and afterwards to that of Lyons Baldwin of Devonshire Abbot of Ferden is ordain'd Bishop of Winchester  The Death of Alanus at Clairvaux 1182 I. XXXI II. Peter de Celles Abbot of St. Remigius at Rheims install'd Bishop of Chartres in the place of John of Salisbury  Cardinal Laborant writes his Collection of Canons The Death of John of of Salisbury Bishop of Chartres The Death of Arnold Bishop of Lisieux August 31. 1183 II. XXXII Henry the Youngest of the three Sons of the King of England dies I. ANDRONICUS COMNENUS causes Alexis to be put to Death and Usurps the Imperial Throne Above seven thousand Albigeois are destroy'd in Berri by the Inhabitants of the Countrey   1184 III. XXXIII II.   A Council at Verona held in the presence of the Pope and the Emperor Frederick concerning the Execution of the Treaty of Peace concluded at Venice 1185 IV. Lucius III. dies at Verona Novemb. 25. URBAN III. succeeds him XXXIV III. ISAAC ANGELUS kills Andronicus and takes Possession of the Empire Contests arise between Pope Urban and the Emperor Frederick concerning certain Lands left by the Princess Mathilda to the Church of Rome about the Goods of Bishops after their Decease to which the Emperor laid claim as his Right and about the Taxes that were levy'd for the maintenance of Abbesses Baldwin of Devonshire is translated from the Bishoprick of Winchester to the Archbishoprick of Canterbury after the Death of Richard the Successor of Thomas Becket  Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury Joannes Phocas a Greek Monk goes in Pilgrimage to the Holy Land and at his return writes a Relation of what he had seen and observ'd Petrus Comestor Peter of Blois Sylvester Girald Bishop of St. David 1186 I. The Pope being offended at a Letter sent by the Assembly of Geinlenbausen resolves to Excommunicate the Emperor but the Inhabitants of Verona entreat him not to publish this Excommunication in their City XXXV Henry the Son of the Emperor Frederick marries Constance the Daughter of Roger King of Sicily I. The Pope sends the Pall to Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury St. Hugh Prior of the Carthusian Order is made Bishop of Lincoln An Assembly at Geinlenhausen in which a Resolution is taken to write to the Pope concerning the Rights claim'd by the Emperor Godfrey of Viterbio compleats his Universal History and Dedicates it to the Pope Hermengard John the Hermit Bernard Abbot of Fontcaud Joannes Cinnamus 1187 II. The Pope departing from Verona with a design to Excommunicate the Emperor dies October 17. before he cou'd effect it GREGORY VIII succeeds him the next day but dies two Months after December 16. XXXVI The Nativity of Lewes VIII King of France the Father of St. Lewes September 5th II. The City of Jerusalem is taken from the Christians October 2. 〈◊〉 Saladin King of Syria and Aegypt Thus at the end of 88 Years ends the Kingdom of Jerusalem A Circular Letter of Pope Gregory to all the Faithful exhorting them to the
hundred and fifty first he confirmed the judgment given by the Bishop of Lodi in favour of the Canons of Novara against a private Person who pretended to a Prebend of that Church belonging to him by a Mandate By the four hundred and fifty second he accepted of the Resignation of the Bishop of Urgel and by the next he order'd the Chapter of that Church to proceed to the Election of a new Bishop whom in the four hundred and fifty fourth he recommended to the Archbishop of Tarragon He determined in the four hundred and fifty fifth That a Religious Vow made before the year of probation is valid but that the Abbots ought not to accept of it and that that of a married Person ought not to be accepted except she likewise to whom he is married makes a vow of perpetual continence The four hundred and fifty sixth is written in favour of a Priest who had had some forged Letters of the Pope's given him and had made use of them thinking them true The Pope excused him upon account of his ignorance and order'd the Archbishop of Siponto to put him to no trouble upon this matter In the four hundred and fifty seventh he gave leave to the Abbot and Religious of St. Edmond to get their Church dedicated and likewise to let such Crosses and Images as were not easily taken out remain in their places In the four hundred and fifty eighth he confirmed the Sentence given in favour of the Church of St. Paul about the Privilege of having a Font and baptising which was disputed by the Church of St. Mary of Cervaro near Monte-Cassino In the four hundred and fifty ninth he forbids the Prior and Religious of Durham to do any thing but with the consent of the Bishop of that City which was to them instead of an Abbey In the next he upholds the Bishop of Durham in the right of conferring such Benefices as the Patrons had left vacant By the four hundred and sixty first he order'd the Bishop of Cesena to take off the Censure pronounced against those of that City on condition they would take an Oath to submit to the Pope in those things for which they were interdicted In the four hundred and sixty second he declar'd that Laicks could not under any pretence whatsoever claim the Tithes of Churches In the four hundred and sixty third he confirmed the Orders for the Chapter of Arles and in the four hundred and sixty seventh he forbids the receiving of any Canon into this Church who doth not make profession of the Order of St. Augustin By the four hundred and sixty fourth he gave leave to the Archbishop of Arles to proceed against the Abbot of St. Gervais of Fos who would not obey him and made no scruple to admit those to divine Service whom he had interdicted and to give them Ecclesiastical Burial By the four hundred and sixty fifth he confirm'd the Privileges of the Abbey of Compeigne In the four hundred sixty and sixth he ordered the Suffragans of the Archbishop of Arles to be obedient to him In the four hundred and sixty eighth he gave leave to the Bishop of Chonad in Hungary to give absolution in Cases reserved for the Holy See to the sick and old of his Diocess upon condition that as soon as they were well they should come to Rome In the four hundred and sixty ninth he order'd this same Bishop to make such Deacons and Subdeacons as were married to quit their Wives In the four hundred and seventieth he confirmed the Institution of the Prebends created in the Church of Durham In the four hundred seventy first he forbids plurality of Livings In the four hundred and seventy second and third he forbids the Provost of the Church of Arles to borrow any thing without the consent of his Chapter and would have him give them an account of what he received and what he laid out In the four hundred and seventy fourth he order'd that the Archbishop of Arles should have the disposal of the Personates of his Church and in the four hundred and seventy sixth he advises him to make a Reform in the Monastery of St. Gervais In the four hundred and seventy seventh he order'd the execution of his Mandates for the Canonships in the Church of Xainte In the three next he ordered Peter of Corbeil famous for his Learning and Knowledg to be put in possession of a Prebendary and the Archdeaconry of York which had been given him by that Archbishop The four hundred and eighty first contains a Rule of the Order of Trinitarians which he confirms By the four hundred and eighty second he gave to the Provost of Alba the Privilege of presenting to the Custody of his Church In the four hundred and eighty third he exhorted the Bishop of Poictiers to reform the Churches of his Diocess and gave him power for that purpose By the four hundred and eighty fourth he confirmed the Privileges of the Abbey of St. Peter of Corbie and by the four hundred and eighty eighth and ninth Letters defended them against the Bishop of Tournay The four hundred and eighty fifth is written to the King of England in favour of the Monks of Canterbury who had not been well dealt with by their Archbishop He sends it in the next to the Archbishop of Rouen and the Bishop of Ely that they might give it the King The four hundred and eighty seventh is a Letter of exhortation to Almeric King of Jerusalem The four hundred and ninetieth ninety first second and third are written about the Translation of Maurice Bishop of Nantes to the Bishoprick of Poictiers which the Pope permits and approves of In the four hundred and ninety fourth he accepted of the Resignation of the Bishop of Carcassonne By the four hundred and ninety fifth and sixth he named Commissaries to defend the Privileges of the Church of St. Martin of Tours In the four hundred and ninety seventh he order'd the Bishop of Coventry in England to dispose of the Benefices of those Clergymen that were convicted of Simony and to oblige those who were suspected of it to clear themselves canonically The four hundred and ninety eighth is an Act by which Guy Earl of Auvergne gave a Castle to the Pope and desired his Protection against the Bishop of Clermont his Brother who ravaged his Lands with a Troop of Biscayans In the four hundred and ninety ninth he commended the design which the Archbishop of Colocza had of reforming a Monastry and gives him leave to put Regular Canons into it In the five hundredth he wrote to the King of Hungary to oblige the Sclavonians to pay their Tithes to the Archbishop of Colocza In the five hundred and first he determin'd That no one ought to make a Promise of a Benefice before it is vacant In the five hundred and second he gave permission to the Bishop of Tripoli to stay in that Diocess although he was chosen
Reform'd by the Order of the Holy See It afterwards made an Order to hinder the Regulars from having any more than one Divinity-Professorship in Paris Statutes of Raymond Count of Toulouse against the Albigenses order'd by the Council of Melun the Year before and Publish'd February 14. of this Year The Council of Beziers The Council of Nymphea in Bithynia held the morrow after Easter for the Reunion of the two Churches but they came to no Conclusion Maurice Arch-Bishop of Roan interdicts his Diocess and dies the Year after 1234 VIII VI. XXIV The Stadings Hereticks of Germany getting to an head against the Catholicks are Defeated and Cut to pieces by the Forces of the Arch-Bp of Breme Duke of Brabant and of the Count of Holland who entirely extirpated that Sect. The Council of Arles July 10. William Abbot of Andreas finishes his Chronicon Edmund Rich is made Arch-Bishop of Câ—â—terbury 1235 IX VII XXV The War of Frederick in Lombardy His Son Henry joyns with the Cities of Lombardy against him Frederick causes him to be Apprehended and Depos'd and Banish'd him to Apulia where he died in Prison the Year after The Pope approves of the Order of Mercy The Council of Narbonne held about this Year Robert Grostest is Elected Bishop of Lincoln Alexander of Hales John of Rochel Thomas of Celano Two Anonymous Authors of the the Lives of Herman the Blessed and of St. Anthony of Padua Flourish'd at that time 1236 X. VIII XXVI Conrad the Second Son of Frederick is Elected King of Germany after the Death of his Brother Henry Albertus Abbot of Stada endeavours to no purpose to bring in the Reformation of Citeaux into his Monastery by Virtue of Pope Gregory's Bull. The Council of Tours Albertus Magnus is made Vicar General of his Order Luke Bishop of Tuy finishes his Chronicon John Algrin dies Jordain dies about this Year 1237 XI IX Baldwin comes to desire Supplies in the West against Batarzes the Emperor of the Greeks XXVII Frederick goes into Italy where he retakes almost all the Towns of Lombardy  The Council of London November 19. Godfrey of S. Pantaleon finishes his Chronicon Gregory of Caerguent enters into the Monastery of Glocester 1238 XII X. XXVIII Frederick is Excommunicated and Depos'd by the Pope who offers the Empire to Robert Brother of S. Lewis K. of France who refuses it The Divines of Paris by a Decision condemn the Plurality of Benefices Several Carmelites come from the East to the West where they set up a Convent The Council of Cognac the Munday after the Octave of Easter Raymond of Pennafort made General of his Order 1239 XIII XI XXIX The War between the Guâ—… and Gibelins who lay Italy waste Frederick is repuls'd before Rome The League of the Pope against the Emperor  The Council of Tours Gerard Monk of S. Quentin at Lisle Flourishes Walter Cornu Arch-Bp of Sens and Bernard Bishop of Annecy went by the Order of King S. Lewis to receive the Crown of Thorns of our Saviour which that Prince had redeem'd from the Venetians to whom Baldwin II. Emperor of Constantâ—… 〈◊〉 pawn'd it 1240 XIV A Council appointed at Rome against the Emperor by the Pope XII XXX William of Aâ—â—rgne Bishop of Paris condemns ten Propositions advanc'd by the Professors of the Mendicant Friars William Professor of the Order of Franciscans is oblig'd to retract two Propositions which he had advanc'd about Free-Will and Free-Grace  Edmund Rich Arch-Bp of Canterbury retires into the Monastery of Fontigny in France Raymond of Pennasort quits his Generalship Albertus Abbot of Stada goes into the Order of Franciscans Richard of S. Laurence Moneta Flourish'd William d' Auvergne Bishop of Paris dies Conrad of Litchtenau dies 1241 XV. Gregory IX dies Sept. 30 Celestin IV. who is Elected in his room survives but 18 days after his Election The Holy See is Vacant for 19 Months or thereabouts XIII XXXI The Prelates who went to the Council appointed to be held at Rome are aprehended and taken Prisoners Frederick takes a Castle of Campania where there were several of Pope Gregory's Relations whom he caus'd to be hang'd   S. Thomas enters into the Order of the Dominicans Alberick Monk of Citeaux finishes his Chronicon Walter Cornis Arch-Bishop of Sens dies 1242  XIV XXXII  The Council of Laval Edmund Rich goes from the Monastery of Pontigny to the House of the Regular Canons of Soisy George Pachymera born 1243 〈…〉 IV. is 〈…〉 â—ope on the Feast of S. John Baptist and Consecrated at Anagnia on the Festival of St. Peter and Paul I. XV. The Death of 〈◊〉 Nauâ—lius Patriarch 〈◊〉 Constantinople XXXIII    1244 II. XVI Methodius is made Patriarch of the Greeks at Nice and dying within there Months 〈◊〉 succeeds him XXXIV The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 IV. May 14 which 〈◊〉 the Dominicans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Privilege of Preaching and Confessing  James of Vitry dies St. Thomas Aquinas comes to Paris from whence he went afterwards to Cologne to study there under Albertus Magnus 1245 III. Innocent IV. retires to France and appoints a Council at Lions XVII XXXV Frederick is excommunicated and Depos'd in the Council of Lions The Rule of the Order of the Carmelites is explain'd and moderated by the Pope The first General Council of Lions Roderick Ximenes dies Alexander of Hâ—les dies 〈◊〉 of S. Cher made Cardinal Vincent of Beauvais enters upon his Work Peter de Vignes is deputed on the behalf of the Emperor Frederick at the Council of Lions 1246 IV. XVIII XXXVI 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Elected 〈…〉 〈◊〉 are of 〈◊〉 King of Germany o◠〈◊〉  The Council of Beziers Bartholomew of Bresse Godfrey of Bald. William Monk of S. Martin at Tournay Giles Monk of Orval 〈◊〉 of Compostella Flourish'd Peter of Vignes accus'd of Disloyalty has his Eyes put out and Imprison'd at Capua The Death of Edmund Rich who is Canoniz'd the next Yeâ—â— 1247 V. XIX XXXVII 〈◊〉 of Thuringen being dead 〈◊〉 Count of 〈◊〉 iâ— Elected in his 〈◊〉   Oâ—â— Rigaud is made Arch-Bishop of Râ—â— 1248 VI. XX. XXXVIII William 〈◊〉 〈…〉 â—… and is there Crown'd 〈…〉 departs from France to 〈…〉 War against the Sâ—â—â—cens The â—…matical 〈…〉 of Germany The Council of Valence in Dauphiny held the Saturday after the Festival of St. Andrew  1249 VII XXI 〈◊〉   Peter of Vignes dies 1250 VIII XXII 〈◊〉 The Emperor Frederick dies who leaves his 〈…〉 to 〈◊〉 Son Conrad The Pope confirms the Empire to William Count of Holland and declares him Soveraign of Siciâ—â— St. Lewis is deâ—â—ated in Egypt and taken Prisoner by the Saracens The Determination of the Divines of Paris which imports That 't is not lawful 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one's self to any â—erson whatever without the consent of the Curate The University of 〈◊〉 causes its Publick Lectures to cease because of several 〈◊〉 committed against the Scholars for which it could not get Justice done The Dominicans not
115 Councils Observations on the Councils held this Century 89. Reasons of holding the second General Council of Lions 123. The Tartâ—â— Ambassador Baptiz'd in this Council ibid. The Obligation of holding Provincial Councils every Year 97 Crimes Of the Punishment of Enormous Crimes 136 Croisade A 〈◊〉 for the Croisade resolved upon in the Fourth Lateran Council 102. Privileges and Indulgences granted to the Croisado Men ibid. The Croisade order'd in the First general Council of Lions 115. The Croisade against the Albigenses 150. Letters of Innocent III. in favour of the Croisade and Croisado Men 23 25 29 31 32. That their Vow of going to the Holy Land may be commuted 14. Depriv'd of their Privileges when they commit Crimes 108 111 Curacies Of the Age required for to Possess them 124 134. Forbidden to receive them from the Hands of Laicks 126 and from having Pluralities of them 134. They may not be held by Monks 113 114. That the Bishops may not apply the Revenues of them to their own use 116. Prohibited from being given in Commendam for above Six Months 124. See Benefices Curates A Canon concerning the Institution of Curates into Churches 108. Depriv'd of the Revenue of their Cures till they be Priests 133. Competent Allowances granted to Curates and Vicars 100 104 106 113 119 125. A particular House for each Curate 119. Of their Duties 100 104 126 129 130. 131 132 133. Oblig'd to Residence 120 D DEans Rural Of their Duties 115 128. That they cannot have Vicars 113 Dâ—creâ—als A Collection of the Decretals of Popes 49 Dedication Of the Celebration of that of Churches 111 Degrees in the Schools How Establish'd and of the Right of Conferting them 155 The Abbey of St. Denis The Confirmation of its Privileges 18 Didacus Bishop of Osma His Remonstrances in a Council for the more speedy and easie Converting of Hereticks 150. An Example of Humility which he gives upon that Occasion Ibid Dieppe This City yielded by way of Exchange to the Arch-Bishoprick of Roan 16 Dispensations Whether those of the Pope's for enjoying Pluralities be Valid 65 Divines Of their Establishment in the Churches 98 Divorce That a Process against a Marriage of along standing ought not to be easily admitted 43 Dol. This Church subjected to the Arch-Bishoprick of Tours 36 St. Dominick Made use of to Preach to the Albigenses 150 151. Institutes the Order of Preaching Friars 157 St. Domnin An Exemption granted to that Church 25 Donation That a Donation is Null when he who gives it is not Compos Mentis 21 Dormitory That the Monks ought to lye alone 93 Drunkenness Forbidden to Ecclesiasticks 98 105. E ECclesiasticks Of their Habits 91 94 98 105 112 116 118 119 120 c. Of their Manners Conduct and Duties 23 90 91 92 c. Ought to be well skill'd in the Vulgar Tongue 108. That the Priests of one Diocess may not Celebrate in another Diocess without their Bishop's Letter 113 117. Exempted from Civil Trusts and Charges 91 134. That they ought not to appear nor bring any Processes before Lay Judges 113 114 117 120 122 129. That they ought not to keep any suspicious Women in their Houses 90 117 122 129 133. Canons against Incontinent Clerks 98 105 108 117 120. Their Natural Children declared Slaves of the Church 129. Punishment of those who Rebel against their Bishop 122 126. Punishments of Excommunicated Clerks 127. The Reasons why the Pope reserves to himself the Absolution of those who have abus'd Ecclesiasticks 23. Exempt from Taxes and Imposts 100 106 107 108 Easter That there are three sorts of Easter a Corporeal a Spiritual and an Eternal 95. Ecolampadus Proposals which he made to the Waldenses for their Union with those of his Sect 149 Elections Forms prescrib'd for them 99. Of the Freedom of them 91 121 127. Of Elections and of the power of the Elected 123 155. That Hereticks have no Right to Elect 23. That the Election is null if the Person Elected be interdicted 39. Or if made by the Secular Power 12 15. That it ought to be confirm'd before Possession be taken 38. The Age prescrib'd for to be capable of being Elected Bishop 40. The Election of a Bishop to another Church null without the permission of the Holy See 24. The Incapacity of a Person Elected to the Bishoprick of Cambray 36. Of Conventual Elections 92. The Election of an Abbot of Gemblours declar'd valid tho' Money were given for the Confirming of it 37 Abbey of S. Eloy at Noyon A Convention for the Election of an Abbot of that Abbey condemn'd by Innocent III. 19 Empire of the East The Division of that Empire 81. A Supply granted in the General Council of Lyons for the Empire of Constantinople 114 Empire of the West Contested between Philip Duke of Suabia and Otho Duke of Saxony 1 2 45 c. The Popes Pretensions upon this Contest 42 46. This Pretension contested 47. At last the Empire is granted to Philip who declares Otho his Successor 2. This Empire bestow'd on several Princes by the Holy See 8 9 Engelbert Archbishop of Cologne The Statutes of this Archbishop 120 Eucharist Questions touching the Form which I. C. made use of to Transubstantiate the Bread and Wine into his Body and Blood 44. Order'd to renew the Eucharist every Fifteen Days 50. and every Sunday 131. How it ought to be carryed to the Sick and Indulgences for those who attend it 96 134. Of the Respect due to this Sacrament 131. An Abuse in Administring the Eucharist redress'd 117. It ought to be kept under Lock and Key 99 129. The Error of Reginald Abbot of St. Martin of Nevers about the Eucharist 89 Evora This Church subjected to that of Compostella 36 Examination A Comparison between the Examination of Conscience and that of Students who stand for Degrees 73 Excommunication Forbidden to be Issued frequently 108 or lightly 114. Constitutioâ—â— about the Form of Excommunication 101. That it ought to be preceded by an Admonition 105 110. Rules prescrib'd for the Excommunication or Interdiction of Lords and their Vassals 113. That they ought not to be Universal 128. Order'd to be Publish'd every Sunday against Hereticks 110. When they may be Issu'd against Priviledg'd and Exempt Persons 129. That every Parish-Priest is oblig'd to pay a Deference to the Excommunications Issu'd out by the Bishop 21. Of the obligation of getting one's self speedily Absolv'd 21. That the Priests who contemn the Excommunication of their Bishop ought to be Depos'd 86. A Case wherein Excommunication is incurr'd 12â— Excommunicated Persons Canons against them 91 92 95 100 101 104 105 108 110 113 114 117 c. Whether one Excommunicated for two Faults is sufficiently Absolv'd in acknowledging only one 24. Whether one may Communicate with an Excommunicated Person who has given Security to be Obedient to the Church tho' he has not yet receiv'd Absolution 27. Who are the Persons that may Communicate with the Excommunicated and what Punishment
they deserve who do it ibid. 35 111 127. Of the Absolution of those who Communicate with Excommunicate Persons 35 F The Order of FAbale An Order of Hermit-Friars re-united to the Order of Augustines this Century 157 Faith Of Faith 63. Two sorts of Articles of Faith 63. Prohibitions against handling Questions of Faith in the Schools of Paris according to the Principles of Philosophy 146. A Form of Faith Publish'd in the Fourth General Council of Lateran 96 Falling Sickness Renders the standing for a Bisâ—oprick Null 44 False Witnesses Excommunicated 104 106. Condemn'd to very severe Punishments 111 Fasts A Constitution for the Monks touching the Fasts of Advent and Lent 126 Feltri A Rule concerning the Oblations and Burial in this Monastery 28 Ferdinâ—nd the King of Arragon's Son Takes his Doctor 's Degree in the University of Paris 155 Festivals The number of Festivals order'd in the Council of Oxford in the Year 1222 10â— and in the Council of Toulouse in the year 1229 107. The Obligation of observing the Festivals 134. The Festival of the Holy Sacrament The Institution of it 51. The Office of this Feast by whom Compos'd 70 Fighting That the Priests who stir up others to Fight ought to be Depos'd 27 Filioque The Proposal made by the Greeks to the Pope's Legates about this Addition to the Creed 82. The Legates Reply to that Proposal ibid. Contests between the Greeks and Latins about this Expression 83 First Fruits The Laicks oblig'd to Pay this Duty to their Curates 117 Flagelâ—aâ—es The Rise of this Sect and its Errors 153 c. The Abbey of Flora. Its Founder 54 Foix. The Count of Foix divested of his Territories by the Count of Montfort General of the Croisade against the Albigenses 151. The Propositions of the King of Arragon in his favour to the Pope rejected ibid. Joins himself with the King of Arragon and the Count of Toulouse against the Croisade ibid. Is oblig'd to Sue for the Restitution of his Territories in the Lateran Council ibid. Submits himself to the King of France and the Pope 152 Fondi The County of Fondi granted to the Holy See â—3 Forgers Excommunicated 135. Canons against the Clerks guilty of Forgery 126 Fornication A Question concerning Forâ—ication 50 France The respects of the Holy See for the King of France 11 47. That the Kingdom of France could not be Interdicted without a special Mandat from the Holy See 50 Francis Cussardi Arch-Bishop of Tours The Canons which he order'd to be Publish'd in a Council 107 Frederick II. Emperor Crown'd King of Sicily by Pope Innocent III. 1. His Election to the Empire 2. Defaults started by the Pope touching his Election 46. His several Coronations 3. The original of his Differences with the Holy See 3. Excommunicated by the Pope Ibid. Causes his Son Henry to be Crown'd King of Germany Ibid. Oblig'd to undertake an Expedition to the Holy Land under pain of Excommunication and his Waverings therein Ibid. The Excommunication renew'd against him Ibid. Causes Four Manifesto's to be Publish'd against the Pope and the Cardinals Ibid. His Expedition to the Holy Land Ibid. The Reasons which oblig'd him to make a Treaty with the Saracens after he had caus'd himself to be Crown'd King of Jerusalem 4. The Conditions of his Agreement with the Pope who gives him Absolution Ibid New Contests betwixt him and the Pope Ibid. The Rebellion of his Son Henry whom he causes to be Depos'd and clap'd into Prison Ibid. Causes his Second Son Conrad to be Elected King of Germany after Henry's Death Ibid. The War which he carry'd on against the Pope who oblig'd the Italians to enter into a Confederacy against him and Excommunicated him afresh 5. He hinders the holding of the General Council at Rome and Hangs the Pope's Relations Ibid. The Proposals which he caus'd to be made at the General Council of Lions 6. The Accusations of the Pope brought against this Prince Ibid 7. His replies to those Accusations 6. The Sentence of this Prince's Deposition 7. His Remonstrances to the Princes of Europe against that Sentence 8. The Proposals of Accommodation which he in vain made to the Pope Ibid. His Competitors to the Empire ibid. His Death Ibid. Minor Friars Of the Institution of their Order 157. Confirm'd by Honorius III. 49. Of the Power of Preaching and Confessing granted to the Minor Friars 52 157 Preaching Friars Of the Founding of their Order 157. They change their Habit and Constitutions in the Year 1218 ibid. Why call'd Jacobines ibid. Their Contests with the University of Paris 137 c. The Form of the Oath which the University would have had them take in order to be Admitted Doctors ibid. Why expell'd the University ibid Their Proceedings and the Bulls of Alexander IV. for their Re-establishment ibid. c. Admitted at last Members of the University 140 155 G GAllo Cardinal The Constitutions which he Publish'd in France 90 Games at Hazard Prohibited to Ecclesiasticks 94 98 125 Gelesinanza Bishop of Verona Head of a Party among the Albanians Hereticks 150 The Abbey of St. Genevieve du Mont. The Letter of Innocent III. concerning the Accomodation made between the Bishop of Paris and that Abbey 44 Geofrey Canon of St. Genevieve Penalties inflicted on his Murderers 91 Geofrey of St. Brice Bishop of Saintes His Synodal Constitutions 131 George Morrel. Deputed by the Waldenâ—es to Treat of their Union with the Calvinists 149 Gerard of Malemort Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux The Constitutions which he Publish'd in the Councils 112 116 117 Abbey of St. Germain at Auxerre The Confirmation of the Privileges of this Abbey 22. The Behaviour of a Bishop of Auxerre against the Monks of this Abbey condemn'd by Innocent III. 18 Abbey of St. Germain of Prez Its Privileges Confirm'd 18 H. Ghost Of the Process or of the Holy Ghost 123 Gilbert Bishop of Chichester His Synâ—â—al Statutes â—35 St. Gilles a City of Provence An Assembly held in this Place against the Albiâ—enses â—50 Gloria in excelsis The Monks of Vezelay allow'd to Sing it in Lent the Day of the Translation of St. Mary Magdalene 17 Gospel Times wherein it was prohibited to Swear on the Evangelists 117 The Eternal Gospeâ— A pernicious Book under that Title 139. â—45 William 〈◊〉 St. Amour Writes against this Book â—39 The Errors of this Book and its Condemnation 118 145 Grado The Tenths restor'd to this Church 17 Grammar-Masters Of their Establishment in the Churches 98 The Order of Grammâ—nt The Confirmation of its Statutes â—ud Privileges 42 Guardianships Prohibited to Seâ— the Election of them 108 Guelphs and Gibelins The Rise of these two Faction in Italy 42 Guy Cardinal Legate in Germany The Constitutions which he Publish'd in a Council 120 Guy Count of Auvergne A Donation made to the Pope by that Count 31 Guy of Neville Bishop of Sainte His Constitutions 136 H. HEnry Landgrave of Thuringâ— His Election to the Empire and his Death 8 Heresies The Causes of Hereâ—â—es 63.
is a Story without Ground This Pope after his Election took the Name of John XXII was Crowned at Lyons Sept. 25. and immediately went from thence to take up his Residence at Avignon where he Arrived Octob. 2. Queen Clemence was brought to Bed of a Son Nov. 15. who dying Eight days after Philip was Crowned Jan. 6. 1317. Some time after that Pope John XXII was arrived at Avignon he discovered that Hugh Giraldi Bishop of Cahors had contrived to Poison him and was Guilty of divers other Crimes He thereupon had him Examined before the Cardinals caused him to be formally Degraded and Condemned to perpetual Imprisonment in April the same Year and having delivered him to the Secular Power he was Condemn'd to be Flea'd Drawn through the City and Burned which Sentence was Executed upon him in August of the same Year At the same time John XXII endeavoured to make a new Archbishoprick and several Bishopricks Pope John Erects new Archbishopricks and Bishopricks in France The Diocese of Tholouse was of a great Extent and very considerable for its Revenue Clement V. had some Thoughts to make it a Province and John XXII being resolved to put his Design in Execution made Tholouse a Metropolis taking it from the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Narbonne and preferr'd John de Cominges who had been Bishop of Magalona to be Archbishop of it having deprived Hugh de Pressac Pope Clement Vs. Nephew of that Bishoprick He divided the Diocess of Tholouse into Six Bishopricks and placed their Sees in Six small Cities viz. Montalbanum which was before partly in the Diocess of Cahors S. Papoul Rieux Lombez Lavaur and Maripoix to which he added the Bishoprick of Pamiez then newly Erected He also Created two new Bishopricks in the Archbishoprick of Narbonne viz Alet and S. Pons He took away Castres from the Diocess of Albi to make a Bishoprick of it Toul from that of Limoges Surlac from that of Perigueux S. Flour from that of Clermont Vabres from that of Rhodes and made two of that of Poictiers Maillezais and Luçon He also Erected several Colleges in the Province of Tholouse and in the Diocess of Albi. In the following Year he divided the Province of Tarragon into two Parts made Saragosa a Metropolis and Subjected the five Suffragans of Tarragon to it Some say he also made a Bishoprick of the Abby of Mont Cassin but we find before his Pontificate Bishops of that Title While John XXII lived in Peace at Avignon Italy was distrubed with the Factions of the The Stare of the Empire and Italy Guelphs and Gibelines who continually maâ—â— War one against the other and put the City of Rome into strange Confusion The Emperors of Germany had no Authority almost in Italy Apuâ—ia and all the Kingdom of Naples were under the Dominion of Robert the Son of Charles II. King of Sicily who maintained the Party of the Guelphs against the Gibelines The Empire was then under Contest between Lewis Duke of Bavaria and Frederick Duke of Austria for after the Death of Albert Duke of Austria who was Slain in the Year 1308. by one of his Nephews Henry Earl of Luxemburg was chosen Emperor and his Election was Confirmed by Clement V. who had favoured him privately by breaking his word with Philip the Fair who would have had his Brother Charles de Valois chosen Emperour Henry who was the Seventh Emperor of that Name spent the Year 1311. in Italy to appease the Troubles of that Country and to cause himself to be Crowned Emperor as he had promised the Pope he required the People of Florence and Aretium that they would entertain him and his Army but they refused yet he kept on his March seized on Milan where he was Crowned brought the greatest part of the Cities of Italy into Subjection to him marched directly to Rome where he was received in spite of the Contrary Faction and was Crowned there by the Cardinals Notwithstanding the Opposition of Clement V. and took an Oath of the People of Rome but presuming to impose a Tribute upon them they revolted and by the Assistance of Robert King of Apulia constrained Henry to retire to Tivoli from whence he went to Pisa where he began the Quarrel with King Robert against whom he declared War and departing from thence to go into Apulia with his Troops to invade that Kingdom he fell Sick by the way Aug. 15. at the Castle of Benâ—ovent where he died the 24th of the same Month being Poisoned as our Historians relate by a Dominican Friar called Peter de Chasteau-Renaud who gave him a Poisoned Host. Nevertheless the Dominicans obtained a Letter several Years after dated May 17. 1346. from John King of Bohemia in which that Prince declares That the Reports which have been spread abroad against these Monks were False and Groundless The Electors of Germany being Assembled at Franckfort in the Year 1314. were divided in Two Emperors Elected in Germany their Choice of an Emperor to Succeed him The Archbishop of Mentz and Treves John King of Bohemia and Wolemarus Marquess of Brandenburg gave their Votes for Lewis Duke of Bavaria but the Bishop of Colen and Rodolphus of Bavaria Count Palatine gave their Votes for Frederick Duke of Austria Lewis was Crown'd at Aix la Chapelle by the Archbishop of Mentz and Frederick at Bonne by the Archbishop of Colen The Cities of Germany took part some with Lewis and others with Frederick The first was Acknowledged by the Cities of the Lower Rhine as far as Strasburg and by the Cities of Suabia and the other by the Cities of the Higher Rhine and Suitzers Lewis of Bavaria apply'd himself to Pope John XXII to have his Election confirmed as the only Lawful One since he had the greatest Number of Votes but the Pope refused to do it not only because 't was contested but because he had attempted to do some Things which he affirmed to be above his Power whereupon he declared the Empire vacant and that the Administration of Affairs belonged to the Holy See and upon that account Deposed the Governors and Deputies which the Emperor had set up in Italy This was the beginning of the Quarrel between John XXII and Lewis of Bavaria These two Competitors for the Empire made War against each other while Italy was troubled with the Factions of the Guelphs and Gibelines Matthew Viscount of Milan being in League with the Gibelines Besieged Genoa The Genoeses having put themselves under the Protection of Pope John XXII and Robert King of Apulia this last came to relieve them and the Pope thundered out Excommunications against Matthew and invited Philip of Valois to Succour Genoa but that Prince being retired without doing any thing the Pope published a Crusado against Matthew and begged of Frederick Duke of Austria to furnish him with some Troops promising him to confirm his Election to the Empire and make his Brother Archbishop of Mentz Frederick allured
Guilt to all those who had assisted at this Council and adher'd to what had been determin'd in it In fine he declar'd That having a Design to Reform the Church in its Head and Members and having taken much Pains already to that purpose but not being able to finish it because of the Departure of some Prelats and Ambassadors he did therefore delay this Reformation until the next Council whereof the time was already prefixed leaving all those who had been called to this Council at liberty to return to their own Homes This is what was done in the Council of Pisa the Acts of which have been publish'd by Father Dom. Luc Dachery in the 6th Tome of his Spicilegium and whereof we had nothing before but an Abridgment containing the Names and Titles of those who were present being in number 22 Cardinals 67 Ambassadors partly Ecclesiastical partly Laical from Kings or Sovereign Princes 4 Patriarchs 2 Prothonotaries 12 Archbishops 67 Bishops in Person and 85 by Deputies a very great number of Abbots of Generals Ministers and Proctors of Orders and Convent-Priors of Deputies from the Universities of Paris of Angiers and Montpellier and of Proctors of an infinite number of Abbies and Monasteries of Chapters Cities Provinces and other Communities Alexander V. confirm'd the Acts of this Council by his Bull dated the last of January 1410. Gregory and Benedict seeing themselves abandon'd by the Old Cardinals created some new ones Benedict made 12 of Spaniards or Arragonese and Gregory also created some out of the Prelats who were of his Obedience among whom was Gabriel Condolmier who was afterward Pope under the Name of Eugenius IV. Gregory XII by a second Bull dated December 18. in the Year 1408. had fix'd the precise The Council of Aquileia under Gregory XII Place where his Council was to meet which was Udine a City of the Province of Aquileia in Friuli Thither he came at the time appointed and open'd the Council on the Festival-day of Corpus Christi in the Year 1409. by solemn Processions but there being scarce any Prelats present he put off the next Session to the 22d of June and invited the Bishops anew to come thither This second Session was not more numerous than the former nevertheless he gave order to declare That the Elections and Enthronements of Urban VI. Boniface IX Innocent X. his Predecessors and his own were Canonical and that they ought to be acknowledg'd for true and real Popes and on the contrary That the Election of Robert of Geneva of Peter de Luna and Peter de Candie who was lately chosen were temerarious unlawful and sacrilegious and that they were Schismaticks and Usurpers That they had no Right to the Papal Dignity and that whatever they had done or should do was Null and Void In fine in the third Session on the Fifth of September or rather in a Congregation of a small number of Prelats which he had about him he made a Declaration importing That he was ready to resign the Pontifical Dignity really and actually provided that Peter de Luna and Peter of Candy would also personally resign at the same place their pretended Rights to that Dignity according to the Form prescribed in the Conclave on condition nevertheless that to make the Election of a new Pope valid he must have two thirds of the Suffrages of the Cardinals of the two Obediences and for appointing a place of meeting that Power be given to Robert King of the Romans and Laodislaus King of Jerusalem and Sigismund King of Hungary to make choice of the place And in case his Adversaries would not accept of this Proposal he gave Power also to Princes to call a General Council at which he proinises to be present and to stand to the Judgment which shall be there given by the greater part of each Obedience This last Clause render'd the Execution of this Project impossible for Sigismund Laodislaus and Robert were at War with one another and therefore could act nothing by common Consent in an Affair about which their Interests were quite different However Gregory might put a good Face upon the Matter he was really very much perplex'd with the present State of Affairs for he fear'd lest the Venetians should abandon him or cause him to be apprehended in Obedience to the Decree of the Council of Pisa which exhorted all Secular Powers to oblige the Competitors to submit to the Determination of that Council and this he fear'd the rather because the Patriarch of Aquileia whom he would have depriv'd of his Dignity appear'd very vigorously against him and the Cardinals whom he had newly created Upon this The flight of Gregory into the Kingdom of Naples account he took up a Resolution to retire from Udine but he could not easily put it in Execution because the Venetians had guarded the Passes lest he should escape He wrote to King Laodislaus who sent him two Gallies and fifty Men for a Convoy But this small number being too weak to force the Passes which were guarded by strong Troops he made his Escape all alone on Horseback being disguis'd in the Habit of a Merchant with two Footmen and got to the two Gallies In the mean time the Guards stop'd Paul his Chamberlain who Travell'd in a Red Habit with his Equipage and it was very unhappy for this poor Ecclesiastick that he counterfeited the Pope for he was taken Prisoner robb'd and receiv'd many Bastinadoes By these Blows they Extorted from him a Confession that he had 500 Florins sow'd up in his Shirt which were taken from him and the next Day one of these that had robb'd him in derision of Gregory put on the Pontifical Habit which Paul had and being Cloath'd with it went on Horseback into the City of Udine giving the Benediction to the People by the way The Equipage of Gregory was sold Paul was put in Prison some of those that belong'd to his Court were abus'd and others fearing the same Treatment lay hid in the City until they found a favourable opportunity to retire In the mean time Gregory arriv'd at Abruzzo and took up his Residence at Caiete under the protection of Laodislaus having a very small Court because no place acknowledg'd him but Apulia and part of Tuscany and Liguria and Emilia Alexander V. who was chosen at Pisa by the Cardinals of the two Colleges was a Greek born in the Isle of Candie He never knew his Father or Mother but while he was yet very young Alexander V. and went about begging his Bread he was taken up and entertain'd by an Italian Monk of the Order of Friars Minors who was in that Isle who having taught him Latin made him take the Habit of his Order and carried him with him into Italy From Italy he was sent into England to study at the University of Oxford from whence he went to Paris and took his Degrees and commenc'd Dr. in Divinity After this he went into Lombardy and
treats of the Administration of Baptism He says That the Ceremonies of Baptism have been encreased by little and little that the Unction of Chrism was added to it which no body doubts but 't was taken from the Old Law That from the very first Confirmation was Administred by Imposition of Hands which was then always Conferr'd by the Bishops and so is still That the solemn times of Administring Baptism are Easter and Whitsuntide that some have added Christmas-day and the Epiphany That in case of necessity Persons may be Baptized at any time That they may be Baptized by Dipping or Sprinkling Plunging the Infant in the Water once or thrice That at the beginning of the Church Baptizing of Adult Persons was more frequent because that those which were Converted were capable of being instructed in the Principles of Religion and in answering for themselves That as for Infants they had Godfathers and Godmothers to answer in their Names who are obliged to put them in mind when they come to have the use of their Reason of the Promise that they have made for them He passes afterwards to Tithe's and shews that they ought to be given to the Clergy who must divide them into four parts whereof one is for the Bishop another for the Clerk a third for the Poor and the last reserved for the Buildings of the Church He does not forget to speak of the Litanies or Processions used in the days of Rogations establish'd by Mamertus but he observes that some keep them between Easter end Whitsuntide according to the Council of Orleans but the Spaniards defer them till after Whitsuntide and others to December He adds that the name of Litany does not only signifie that Prayer by which the Saints are Invoked but also every sort of Prayer by which we ask any favour of God He speaks afterwards of the Sprinkling of the Holy Water of the Consecrating of Wax-Candles and ends with an enumeration of the several Orders of Clergy which he compares to Civil Employments These are the several Orders of the Clergy The Supreme Bishop who enjoys the See of Rome and holds the place of St. Peter being rais'd to the Dignity of Head of the Church The Patriarchs of other Churches who are equal in Dignity to the See of Rome which are of Antioch in Asia and Alexandria in Africa besides these three Patriarchs there are many others which are Inferiour to them as the Patriarchs of Constantinople and Ephesus The Arch-Bishops are above the Metropolitans to whom succeed in order the Metropolitans Bishops Abbots Great Chaplains Little Chaplains Suffragans Priests that are possessed of Churches where they Administer Baptism and Priests who have the Government of private Chappels Arch-Priests that have the charge over Canons Arch-Deacons who have care of the Bishop's Family Then Deacons Sub-Deacons Exorcists Porters Acolythus's Readers and Singing-men This is an exact Abridgment of this Work of Walafridus Strabo which treats of Matters very rationally He seems to have read a great deal He often quotes the false Decretals of the Popes and sometimes Cites Apocryphal Histories There is another small Treatise of this Author's upon the Destruction of Jerusalem and a great deal of Poetry Publisht by Canisius Antiq. Lec Tom. 6. The Lives and Miracles of St. Gallus and Othmarus Publisht by Surius Oct. 16. Nov. 16. The Life of Blainaus Abbot of Ifi and the Visions of St. Wittinus in Saec. Benedict IV. of Father Mabillon Walafridus dyed in the year 849. CHAP. XIV Such Orders and Constitutions relating to a Monastick Life as were made by the Authors of this Age. BEnedict Native of Languedoc Son of Aigulphus Earl of Maguelone having past some Benedict Abbot of Aniana time at the Court of Charles the Great retired into the Abbey of St. Sequanus in the Diocess of Langres The Abbot of this Monastery being dead they would have chosen him in his room but he refused it and returned to Languedoc where he Erected near the River Aniana a Monastery which afterwards became very considerable The Reputation of this Holy Abbot was so great that he was chosen to Govern divers Monasteries and to effect a Reformation in all the Abbies of France Being Invited to the Court of Lewis the Godly he Built the Monastery of Indus near Aix-la-Chapelle he was present at the Council held in 817. in that City and framed Statutes for the Monks He dyed in his Monastery of Indus in the year 821. He has made a Collection of all the Rules and Orders of Monks both of the East and the West and another Work in which he shews the Conformity of other Orders with that of St. Benedict The first is Entituled Codex Regularum i. e. a Book of Rules and the second Concordia Regularum or an Harmony of Rules The first has been Publisht at Rome by Holstenius 1661 and since Printed at Paris in Quarto in the year 1663. by Billaine And the second Publisht by Father Menardus and Printed at Paris in 1648. At the end of the first there is a Collection of Works of Fathers proper for Monks It is Composed out of the Pious Treatises of St. Athanasius St. Basil Evagrius and Faustus also out of other Writings about a Monastick Life There is also another Collection of Passages of the Fathers which also bears the name of Benedict of Aniana Composed of Extracts out of the Works of St. Jerome St. Austin St. Ephraim St. Cesarius Cassian St. Fulgentius c. There are also some other small Treatises of this Abbot as a Penetential printed in the Addition of Capitularies by M. Balusius A Confession of Faith which is to be seen no where but in Manuscripts and a few Letters Ardo Smaragdus a Scholar of St. Benedict of Aniana and a Monk of his Monastery has written the life of his Master Publisht by Father Menard and inserted in the first Tome of F. Mabillon's Ardo Smaragdus Saec. Benedict IV. We ought not to Confound another Smaragdus with the foregoing This was Abbot of St. Michael Smaragdus in Lorraine he taught human Learning to his Society as it appears by his Commentaries upon Donatus and other Profane Authors He wrote a Book concerning the Duty of a Prince under the Title of Via Regia i. e. The King's Way which he Dedicated to Lewis the Godly who was made King of Aquitain by his Father Charles the Great He has also written Sermons upon the Epistles and Gospels throughout the whole year Collected for the most part out of the Fathers Likewise a little Treatise for Instruction of Monks Entituled Diadema Monachorum or Monk's Crown and a Commentary upon the Rule of St. Benedict which he explains and confirms in many places by other Rules Charles the Great made use of him to Write to Pope Leo about the Procession of the Holy Ghost And he also writ the Acts of the Conference held at Rome in the year 809. and upon the same Subject The Book Entituled The
and Annuntiation of the Virgin Palm-Sunday the Incarnation the Burial Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ upon the Feast of Pentecost and Death of the Virgin which he calls her Repose maintaining That she as well as others paid the last Debt to Nature leaving us in doubt whether her Body was afterwards re-united to her Soul or whether she was put into some place to be reserved there to the General Resurrection Theophanes surnamed Cerameus or the Potter Bishop of Tauromenium in Sicily liv'd about Theophanes Bishop of Tauromenium the End of the IX Age. He hath composed several Homilies upon the Gospels and yearly Festivals which are Printed in Greek and Latin at Paris in 1644. Gretzer hath put out two upon the Cross. Another Bishop of the same Place nam'd Gregory * Dr. Cave places him in 1040. Georgius Chartophylax hath composed several Homilies upon the same Subjects but they are not yet printed Georgius Monachus the Keeper of the Records of the Church of Constantinople and afterwards Archbishop of Nicomedia was one of Photius's great Friends He composed several Homilies upon the Feasts of the Virgin published by F. Cambefis in vol. 1. of his Auctuar Biblioth Patrum They are in a copious Style and full of Common Places of little Benefit and tedious Nor doth the West furnish us with fewer Historians who wrote the Lives of the Saints of their Time than we have seen the Eastern Empire to have done viz. Ludgerus the Scholar of S. Gregory of Utrecht having spent much Time and Labour in Ludgerus Bishop of Munster converting the Infidels in England and Swedeland was made Bishop of Munster in Westphalia in 802. He wrote the Life of his Master S. Gregory Bishop of Utrecht which is published by Brower at Mentz 1615. who hath joyned with it a Relation of the Beginning of S. Benedict's Mission This Life is in Tom. 2. Saec. Benedict III. published by F. Mabillon Surius and Bollandus have published a Letter under Ludgerus's Name dedicated to Rixfridus Bishop of Utrecht which contains a Relation of the Life and Miracles of S. Switbert but it is proved by Cointe in his Ann. Eccl. Fran. ad ann 779. n. 31. 754. n. 78. by many Arguments not to belong to this Author He died in 809. and his Life is written by Alfridus the third Bishop of Munster Aegil or Eigil fourth Abbot of Fulda governed that Monastery from 818. to 822. He Aegil Abbot of Fulda hath written a Relation of the most eminent Actions of his Master S. Sturmio his Predecessor in the Abbacy of that Monastery It is put out by Brower at Ingolstadt in 1616. and is also in Tom. 2. Saec. Benedict III. The Life of S. Aegil is written by a Monk of the same Abby named Candidus and published by the same Authors Candidus Vufinus Boetius Bishop of Poictiers Hermenricus Abbot of Elwangen Vufinus Boetius Bishop of Poictiers flourished from the Time of Lewis the Godly to the year 830. He wrote the Life of S. Junianus Abbot of Maire which is extant in Tom. 1. Saec. Benedict put out by F. Mabillon Hermenricus a Monk of Elwangen a Monastery in Germany was chosen Abbot of it in 846. He wrote the Lives of S. Magnus and S. Sola with a Dialogue about the Foundation of his Monastery The Life of S. Sola was written about the Time that Rabanus was chosen Bishop of Mentz about 847. It is dedicated to Rodolphus a Monk of Fulda under whom Ermenricus had studied These two Lives are published by F. Mabillon Eulogius whom some believe to have been chosen Archbishop of Toledo suffer'd Martyrdom Eulogius the Martyr at Corduba in 859. in the Persecution of the Christians in Spain by the Saracens He wrote the Martyrdom of the Christians which suffered for the Faith of Jesus Christ before him in that City This Treatise is entituled Memoriale Sanctorum or An Account of the Sufferings of the Martyrs of Corduba and is divided into three Books Afterward he composed an Apology or Defence of the same Martyrs against those who denyed them that Title and Honour for 3 Reasons 1. Because they never did any Miracles as the ancient Martyrs did 2. Because they did not suffer variety of Torments but were put to Death presently 3. Because those that put them to Death were not Idolaters but Mahometans who worship the true God He answers these Objections and continues the History of those Martyrs These 4 Books are followed by an Exhortation or Instruction which he made in Prison and dedicated to two Virgins Mary and Flora who also were Prisoners In which he gives all the Christians then in Bonds for Christ's sake Arguments and Encouragements to suffer constantly and adds a Prayer for them to use in their present Condition He hath also composed a Writing dedicated to Wilifindus Bishop of Pampelona when he sent him some Relicks of the ancient Martyrs of Corduba which he had desired of him when he was at Pampelona In it he speaks of the Persecution of the Christians of Corduba and sets down the Names of the Martyrs and the days of their death He sent his Instruction to Flora and his Memoir of the Martyrs to his Brother Alvarus who was then in Banishment in Germany and wrote two Letters to him about the same matter which Alvarus answered Afterward he sent him an Account of the Martyrdom of those two Virgins as he did also to Baldegosena Flora's Sister We have these Letters with the Works of Eulogius in the Biblioth Patr. Tom. 15. p. 242. and in the IV. Tome of the Spanish Writers p. 213. Ambrosius Moralis also hath printed all together with his own Notes at Complutum in 1554. which was the first Edition of Eulogius's Works but Maluenda finds fault with it because he hath left out several things concerning Mahomet and his Doctrines in the first and second Books of his Memoir of the Martyrs which Eulogius had written Wherefore Poncius Leo put out a more correct Edition at the same place in 1574. but continued Moralis's notes Surius also hath printed his Lives of the Martyrs of Corduba Alvarus Brother of Eulogius hath written besides the Answers to his Brother Eulogius's Letters before-mentioned which are among Eulogius's Letters the History of his Brother's Alvarus Martyrdom which is prefixed before Eulogius's Works in the Complutensian last Edition and in the Biblioth Patr. and Surius-March II. Vossius attributes to this Author two other Treatises viz. Scintillae Patrum which is a Collection of Moral Sentences out of the Fathâ—… and Voss. de Hist. Lat. Indiculus Luminosus but they are not yet commonly received for his by Learned Men. Herricus or Erricus born at a Village of the same name viz. Hery two Leagues from Auxerre was a Benedictine Monk of the Abby of S. Germans in that City He had for his Masters Herricus a Monk of S. Germans at Auxerre Haymo of Halberstadt and Lupus of
his room The latter was zealous in endeavouring to re-establish the Church-Discipline and to reform the Corruption of Manners To which purpose he call'd divers Synods and made some Constitutions In that which was held by him at Rouen A. D. 1063. for the Dedication of the Cathedral Church the building of which was compleated at that time he publish'd a Confession of Faith against Berenger's erroneous Opinion The Council of Rouen in 1063. of which we have made mention elsewhere The Council of Rouen held A. D. 1072. MAURILLUS dying A. D. 1069. Duke William caus'd John de Bayeux Bishop of Auranches to be chosen to supply his Place and sent Lanfranc on purpose to Rome to get that Election confirm'd by the Pope This Arch-bishop held a Council at Rouen in 1072. The Council of Rouen in 1072. with his Suffragans in which after having reviv'd the Creeds of the Councils of Nice Constantinople Ephesus and Chalcedon they set forth Twenty four Canons relating to Church-Discipline The First imports That the Bishop shall perform the Consecration of the Holy Chrism and of the Oils after the Hour of †One of the Popish Canonical Hours None having at least twelve Priests for his Assistants The Second That the Arch-deacons shall not content themselves only with receiving some few Drops of the Chrism and consecrated Oil to be mixt with the other Oil as it is commonly practis'd in some Places by an Abuse but that they shall present all their Chrism and Oil to the Bishop to be consecrated by him The Third That the Deans being cloathed with Albes shall distribute the Chrism and consecrated Oil with Reverence and keep them in well stopt Vessels The Fourth ordains That none shall celebrate Mass without the Communion The Fifth That the Priests shall remain Fasting and Cloath'd with the Albe and Stole when they go about to administer Baptism unless in Case of necessity The Sixth That the Viaticum or Holy Water shall not be kept above eight days and that Hosts already consecrated shall not be consecrated a second time The Seventh That to confer Confirmation 't is requisite that the Bishop and those Persons who receive it should be Fasting and that Tapers be lighted The Eighth That sacred Orders shall be conferr'd in the Evening on Saturdays or Sunday Morning if Saturday's Fast were not broken The Ninth That the Fasts shall be exactly observ'd during the Ember-Weeks The Tenth That Clerks who have caus'd themselves to be ordain'd by surprize shall be depos'd The Eleventh That those who have receiv'd Crowns with Benediction and presume to quit them shall be excommunicated till they have made Satisfaction and that Clerks who are desirous to be ordain'd shall repair to the Bishop on Fridays for that purpose The Twelfth enjoyns That vagabond Monks or such as have been turn'd out of their Monastery for some Misdeameanour shall be constrain'd by the Bishop's Authority to return to them but if the Abbots refuse to re-admit those whom they have expell'd they shall be oblig'd to give them Alms and to maintain them The Thirteenth That no Merchandise shall be made of Spiritual Livings The Fourteenth That no Marriages shall be solemniz'd privately nor after Meals but that the Bride-groom and Bride being Fasting shall be bless'd by a Priest in like manner Fasting and that before he proceed to marry them enquiry shall be made whether the Parties be not Relations in the seventh Degree of Consanguinity The Fifteenth declares That Priests Deacons and Sub-deacons who are marry'd cannot enjoy any Church-Revenues nor dispose of them themselves or by others The Sixteenth That a Man cannot marry a Widow with whom he is suspected to have convers'd scandalously in her Husband's Life-time The Seventeenth That a Man whose Wife is vail'd a Nun cannot take another as long as she is living The Eighteenth That a Woman cannot marry again till she be certainly assur'd of her Husband's Death The Nineteenth orders That Clerks who have committed enormous and publick Sins shall not be restor'd to their Dignities till after a long course of Pennance The Twentieth That if any Clergy-man be guilty of a Crime for which he ought to be depos'd his Diocesan shall summon such a number of his Collegues as is requir'd by the Canons that is to say six for the deposing of a Priest and three for that of a Deacon and that those who cannot assist in Person shall be permitted to send their Deputies to supply their Place The Twenty first That during the time of Lent none shall take any Repast before the * One of the Canonical Hour of None The Twenty second That on Saturday the Vigil of Easter-Festival the Office shall not be begun before the Hour of None by reason that it is the Noctural Office which belongs to Easter-Sunday and that no Mass ought to be said during the two preceding days The Twenty third That if any Festival happens to fall on a day when it cannot be celebrated it shall be transferr'd to another within the Octave The Twenty fourth That the solemn and general Baptism of adult Persons shall be administred only at Easter and Whitsontide and not even on the Festival of the Epiphany unless in Case of necessity but as for Infants they may be Baptiz'd at all times In the following Year there happen'd a notable Quarrel between John de Bayuex the A Quarrel between the Arch-bishop of Rouen and the Monks of St. Owen Arch-bishop and the Monks of the Abbey of St. Owen at Rouen It was a Customary thing for the Metropolitan of that City to celebrate a solemn Mass in their Church on the Patron 's Festival Arch-bishop John having made them stay somewhat longer than ordinary they began the Office without him but he arriv'd when the Hymn call'd Gloria in excelsis was ended and being incens'd because they did not wait for him he excommunicated all the Monks caus'd the divine Service to cease and the Abbot of Sees who was officiating to depart from the Altar By this means a great Tumult was rais'd during which one of the Monks or one of their Servants got up into the Steeple rung the Alarm-bell and cry'd out from the top of the Tower That the Arch-bishop was come to take away the Relicks of St. Owen Whereupon the People were gather'd together some with Hatches and others with Staves ran in crowds to the Church and broke in furiously whilst others climb'd upon the Vaults The Arch-bishop terrify'd with the danger retir'd toward the Church-doors caus'd them to be shut and made a Rampart of Seats and Benches against those who were in the Church In the mean while his Attendants fell foul upon the Monks with Candlesticks and Staves and the Monks on the other side defended themselves as resolutely till at last the Sheriff of the City being inform'd of this Tumult and of the danger to which the Arch-bishop was expos'd came with his Guards and rescu'd him out of
had made with the Holy See about Investitures By the sixth he confirms the Privileges of the Church of Brague By the seventh and eighth those of the Church of Bamberg By the ninth and tenth those of the Abbey of Vendome In the eleventh he refers to the Bishop of Langres a difference which was between the Monastery of St. Peter the Lively of Sens and the Abbots of Molesin and of St. Rhemy of Rheims The next are written in favour of the Chapter of St. John of Besanzon to whom he adjudg'd the Right of the Cathedral The four next are Privileges granted to the Abbey of Tornus The twenty first and second are other Privileges granted to the Abbey of Cluny The twenty third is a Letter of Compliment to King Lewis the Gross to whom he recommends his Legat. The twenty fourth is directed to Gerbert Bishop of Paris He therein orders that all the Churches and Abbeys of his Diocess shall be subject to him and that the Canon of his Church who had been made a Bishop shall no longer hold his Prebend In the twenty fifth he permits a certain Lord of Germany to found a Monastery upon Condition that the Revenues which he bestow'd should be under the Protection of the Holy See to which than Monastery should give every fourth Year an Albe and some white Vestments and that neither he 〈◊〉 his Successors should have any thing to do with what related to the Monastery In the twenty sixth and seventh he approves the Institution of the Regular Canons in the Churches of Benriad and Berchgetesgaden By the twenty eighth he Establishes Gerard Bishop of Angoulême his Legat in the Provinces of Bourges Bourdeaux Auche Tours and Bretagne In the twenty ninth directed to the Bishops of Orleans and Paris he confirms the Prohibitions made by his Legat against Celebrating Divine Service where-ever William the Son of Count Robert who had Marry'd the Daughter of the Count Anger 's his Kinsman should be In the thirtieth directed to Pontius Abbot of Aniana he adjudg'd to that Abbot a Priory which was Contested between him and the Arch-Bishop of Arles and the Monks of the Abbey de la Chaise-Dieu In the thirty first and second he order'd that those who pillag'd the Revenues of the Village of Mongodin belonging to the Chapter of Mascon shall be Excommunicated In the four next he confirms the Primacy of the Arch-Bishoprick of Toledo To these Letters is annex'd a Letter of Lewis the Gross directed to that Pope as an Answer to that which he had sent into France upon the taking of Burdin wherein after he had declar'd to him the Joy he conceiv'd at this Success he returns him thanks for having superseded for a while the Sentence pass'd against the Arch-Bishop of Sens in favour of the Arch-Bishop of Lions and desires he would be pleas'd wholly to revoke it observing to him that he had laid this business very much to heart and would expose himself and his Kingdom to the utmost dangers rather than put up such an Affront He puts his Holiness in mind of the great services which the Kings of France had always done to the Holy See and of those which in a particular manner he had done for him by being present at the Council of Rheims wherein he had more regard to the Honour of the Holy See than to his own Interest He conjur'd him as an acknowledgment of those good turns that he would be pleas'd to preserve the Church of Sens in its Ancient Liberty which could not be taken away from it by a Privilege granted by Stealth and without his knowledge to the Arch-Bishop of Lions The four Sermons upon St. James attributed to Calixtus II. Publish'd by Mariana and inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum are supposititious pieces and unworthy of that Pope CHAP. III. The History and Letters of the Popes Honorius II. Innocent II. Celestine II. Lucius II. and Eugenius III. POPE Calixtus being Dead Leo Franchipani forbad the Cardinals to proceed to a New Election till three days after under pretence that they might have time sufficient to deliberate on the Honorius II. Choice they were to make and to consult the Canons relating to Elections thereupon Franchipani's design was to get Lambert Bishop of Ostia Elected the People were for the Cardinal of St. Stephen whom Franchipani seem'd also to favour But the Cardinals casting an eye upon Thibaud Priest and Cardinal of St. Anastasius gave their Votes for him and would have Proclaim'd him Pope under the Name of Celestine II. When in the mean time Leo Franchipani observing the People were against this Election propos'd to them the aforesaid Lambert who was soon after Proclaim'd by the common suffrage of the Clergy and People was Clothed in his Pontifical Habit and Nam'd Honorius II. Nevertheless the better to gain the Cardinal's Approbation in few days after he threw off his Papal Ornaments in their presence which won so extreamly upon them that they were soon brought to acknowledge him and confirm his Election He Govern'd Peaceably and Prudently the Holy See for five Years and two Months In the Year 1125. 〈◊〉 Excommunicated Frederic and Conrade Nephews to the Emperor Henry V. who would have seiz'd upon the Empire and who made War upon Lotharius In 1127 he declar'd War himself against Roger Count of Sicily who pretended to have a right to the Dutchies of Calabria and Apulia Independant from the Pope The Year after he Excommunicated this Prince and Dy'd the 14th of February in the Year 1130. After the Death of Honorius II. the Cardinals that were then present on the same day Elected Gregory Cardinal of St. Angelo who was then Nam'd Innocent II. At the same time Cardinal Peter of Innocent II. Leon formerly a Monk of the Abbey of Cluny caus'd himself to be Elected under the Name of Anacletus by another Faction of Cardinals The Party of Cardinal Peter was by much the stronger which oblig'd those that were for Innocent to retire to strong Holds and afterwards to fly with that Pope to the City of Pisa. This occasion'd Innocent to come into France where an Assembly of Prelates was held on his account at Etampes in the Year 1130. to which St. Bernard was sent He spoke very notably in favour of Innocent and his Opinion was follow'd by the whole Council This Pope being thus acknowledg'd by France went immediately thither and was splendidly receiv'd at Orleans by King Lewis the Gross and several Bishops that came to wait on that Prince From thence he set forwards to Chartres where Henry I. King of England acknowledg'd him likewise He had not long after the Approbation and Consent of the Emperor Lotharius whom he went to meet at Liege in the beginning of the following Year This Prince receiv'd him very honourably but however he would needs make use of this occasion to get the Investitures restor'd This very much surpriz'd the â—…ns and St. Bernard labour'd all he could to disswade
being design'd for the Church under the Protection of the Holy See In the Sixth directed to the Clergy of Tours he confirms the Excommunication pronounc'd by his Legat against Fulcus Earl of Anger 's by reason that he did not break the Marriage between his Daughter and William Son of Lord Robert The Seventh is a Confirmation of the Privileges granted the Abbey of Cluny by his Predecessors The Three following relate to the Legateship of Cardinal John de Creme into England The Last Address'd to the Bishops of the Province of Tours to exhort them to Observe the Decrees of the Council of Nantes The Letters of Innocent II are very many In the First he confirms the Judgment of the Council of Jouare against the Associates of Thomas The Letterâ— of Innocent II. Prior of St. Victor as likewise against those of Archembaud Sub-Dean of Orleans adding several Punishments which were before Omitted By the Second he gives all the Lands which the Princess Matildis enjoy'd in Italy and which she had left to the Holy See to the Emperor Lotharius and Henry Duke of Bavaria his Son in Law on condition that they swear Fealty and do Homage to the Church of Rome and moreover to pay yearly a Hundred Pound in Gold The Third is a Confirmation of the Immunities and Revenues belonging to the Church of Pistoia in Tuscany Address'd to the Bishop of that City The Five Letters following are written to the Patriarch of Jerusalem and Antioch and the other Bishops of the East for Conservation of the Dignity and Rights of Fulcus Arch-Bishop Tyr. In the Ninth he confirms the Grant made by Pope Honorius II. to Roger of the Kingdom of Sicily Dutchy of Apulia and Principality of Capua together with the Title of King The Next following contain the Condemnation of Peter Abaëlard and Arnold de Bresse The Twelfth is a Privilege granted to the Abby of St. Memme In the Three Next he confirms the Power of the Arch-Bishop of Hambourg over the Bishopricks of Denmark Sueden and Norway In the Sixteenth he Admonishes Hugh Arch-Bishop of Roan to comply with the King of England his Master and to permit the Abbots of Normandy to pay Fealty and Homage to him In the Seventeenth he acquaints King Lewis that he is Arriv'd in perfect Health at Cluny By the Eighteenth he commands Geofrey Bishop of Chartres and Stephen Bishop of Paris to restore to Archembaud Sub-Dean of Orleans and his fraternity the Benefices and Goods that had been taken from them In the Nineteenth he orders the same Bishop of Paris to take off the suspension which he had awarded against the Church of St. Genieveve The Four next relate to the Abbey of Vezelay to which he orders an Abbot and whose Privileges he confirms In the Twenty fourth he commands Alâ—isus Abbot of Anchin to take care of the Church of Arras of which he was Elected Bishop In the Twenty fifth he confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Bishop of Bamberg In the Twenty sixth he receives Hugh Arch-Deacon of Arras under protection of the See of Rome The Fourteen Letters which follow concern the Privileges and Revenues of the Abbey of Cluny and in the fifteenth he recommends himself to the Prayers of this Monastery The Forty second is a piece of a Letter wrote to Otho Bishop of Lucca concerning those Witnesses who are related to either Party In the Forty third he acquaints Guigue Prior of the Great Charter-House that he has Canoniz'd Hugh Bishop of Grenoble and farther Commands him to write what he knows of his Life or Miracles There are also five more Letters which belong to Innocent II. and relate to the Affairs of Germany and two concerning the Church of Anger 's The first are at the end of the 10th Tome of the Councils and the two last in the 2d Tome of the Miscellanies of Monsieur de Baluze We have but three Letters of Celestine II. IN the First he acquaints Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny with his Accession to the Pontificate The Letters of Celestine II. In the Second he confirms the Donation of the Church of St. Vincent to the Order of Cluny by the Bishop of Salamanca In the Last he orders the Arch-Bishop of Toledo to restore to the Bishop of Orense some Parishes which the late Bishop of Astorgas had seiz'd upon The Letters of Pope Lucius II. are about Ten. BY the First he gives Peter of Cluny to understand that he has made a Truce with Roger King of The Letters of Lucius II. Sicily By the Second he demands aid of King Conrade against the Italians who were revolted and who had chosen Jordanes for a Patrician In the Third and Fourth he confirms the Primacy of the Church of Toledo over all the Churches of Spain The Fifth contains a Privilege granted to the Abbey of Cluny In the Sixth he submits the Monastery of St. Sabas to the Abbey of Cluny By the Seventh he Commands the Abbot of St. Germain's of Auxerre to discharge the Servants of the Abbot of Vezelay who were Bail for him and he moreover removes the Suit before Godfrey Bishop of Langres In the Eighth he confirms the Judgment given by Pope Paschal against those that had kill'd Artaud Abbot of Vezelay and forbids their being receiv'd any more into any Monastery By the Ninth he orders the Count of Nevers to restore to the Abbey of Vezelay whatever he had taken from it And by the Tenth he enjoyns St. Bernard to warn the said Count from exacting any thing from the aforesaid Abbey The Letters of Eugenius III. are in a far greater number THE First Address'd to Lewis King of France is an exhortation to the Croisade to encourge the retaking Eugenius III. the City of Edesse with all others that had been Conquer'd and in a word to defend the Holy-Land from Invasion He therein confirms all the Privileges granted to the Knightâ— of the Cross by his Predecessor Urban and moreover puts their Wives Children and Estates under protection The Letters of Eugenius III. of the Churches and Bishops then he prohibits any Process being issu'd out in prejudice of the said Knights till they were either Dead or return'd from their Voyage Next his Will is that they be paid Interest for the Money they had Permits them to Mortgage their Estates to the Churches without equity of Redemption warns them not to be at a needless charge about unprofitable Equipage but to lay the most part out in Arms Horses and other Instruments of War And lastly he grants them Remission and Absolution of all their Sins which they shall have Confessed with an humble and contrite Heart By the Second directed to Thibaud Arch-Bishop of Canterbury he Commands and Provides that the Bishop of St. David's shall be subject to the See of Canterbury and likewise requires the two said Bishop's Attendance at Rome the Year following on St. Luke's day that he may Judge farther of the matter The
preserved by the Virgin Mary He likewise derides the pretended Milk of the Blessed Virgin which was kept in the Church of Laon and in some other Places The Monks of St. Medard having alledged divers Miracles in vindication of their Relick Guibert replies that that Tooth perhaps might be the Tooth of some Saint or that those Miracles were wrought upon account of the Faith of those Persons who came thither to honour a Relick which they suppos'd to belong to Jesus Christ. In the last Book that bears this Title Of the Internal World he Treats of Visions and of the Apparitions of Demons or Souls and shews that the Visions of the Prophets were Visions of Corporal Things He acknowledges that Demons are disper'd in several places and that they are present in this Visible World He maintains That the Happiness of the Elect and the punishments of the Reprobates are not Corporeal for the present but Spiritual and is of Opinion that Hell-fire with which the Devils are Tormented is not a Material and Corporeal Fire but the extreme anguish they have to see themselves depriv'd for ever of the blissful State and of the Beatifick Vision as the Happiness of the Blessed Spirits consists in the delight they take in beholding the Glory of God Lastly he proves that Souls are of a Spiritual Nature That they have no Figure That they are only capable of Spiritual Sympathies and that Bodies cannot act on them His Piece call'd Gesta Dei per Francos or an Account of the Actions that God perform'd by the French is divided into Eight Books and Dedicated to Lisiard Bishop of Soissons It contains a large and accurate History of the first Crusade undertaken by the French and of the Conquests they made in the Levant and in the Holy-Land more especially under the Conduct of Boemond Duke of Apulia and of Godfrey of Bouillon King of Jerusalem This Work is written in a swelling Style some Verses being intermixed with the Prose but the Author has every where acted as a very faithful Historian and has ever declin'd to insert such Narratives as had no other Grounds but popular Reports The Life of Guibert written by himself is not a simple Relation of what befel him but a Work partly Moral in imitation of St. Augustin's Confessions and partly Historical He makes long Digressions on different Subjects relating the History of the Abbeys of St. German and Nogent sons Coucy with that of the Churches of Laon Soissons c. There are also divers Narrations as a great number of Miracles Visions and Apparitions and of other Historical Matters of Fact that happen'd in his time Among the Works of St. Bernard is likewise to be found a Sermon on these words of the last Verse of the XI Chapter of the Wisdom of Solomon Vice shall not prevail against Wisdom she reacheth from one end to another mightily and sweetly doth she order all things which is attributed to Guibert of Nogent because he intimates in the XVI Chapter of the first Book of his Life that he made a Sermon on that Text. Besides these Works Guibert wrote a Treatise on the Sentences taken out of the Gospels and the Books of the Prophets of which he makes mention in the XVI Chapter of the first Book of his Life but this Work was not brought to Light and perhaps was never Compleated Father Oudin informs us that he found in the Library of the Abbeys of Vauclair and Igny certain Commentaries written by Guibert in the Prophecies of Obadiah Jonah Micah Zachariah Joel Nahum Habbakuk and Zephaniah This Author having spent much time in the Study of Grammar and Poetry wrote in a very clear Style and Compos'd indifferent good Verses He argues with a great deal of Judgment in his Dogmatical Treatises and handles the Matters Methodically He gives a very Natural Description of the inward Dispositions and Passions of Men in his Treatises of Morality but is too florid and prolix in the Historical His Works were publi'shd by Father Luke Dachery in Folio by Billaine at Paris A. D. 1651. He has Illustrated them with Learned Notes and large Observations in which he refers to a great number of Ancient Monuments and produces the History of divers Abbeys He has likewise inserted in the same Volume to render it of a Competent largeness the Lives of St. Germane St. Simon Count of Crepy and St. Salberga the first Abbess of St. John at â—…on who Founded that Monastery A. C. 640. as also three Books of Hugh Arch-bishop of Rouen against the Hereticks of his Time and the Continuation of Sigebere's Chronicle by Robert of Torigny Abbot of St. Michael's Mount with a Treatise of the same Author about the Reformation of divers Abbeys and several Lists of the Deans of the Cathedral Church of Laon and of the Abbots of St. John and St. Martins in the same City Guibert's History of the Crusade was already set forth by Jacobus Bongarsius in his Collection of Historians printed in 1611. under the same Title that Guibert impos'd on his Work viz. Gesta Dei per Francos SIGEBERT A Monk of Gemblours SIGEBERT a Monk of Gemblours after having been publick Professor of Divinity in the Sigebert Monk of Gemblours Monastery of St. Vincent at Mets return'd to his own Convent where he apply'd himself entirely to Study and to the Composing of Books He vigorously maintain'd the Interest of the Emperors Henry IV. and Henry V. against the Popes and died A. D. 1113. The following Catalogue of his Works was made by himself He Compos'd during his abode at St. Vincent at Mets the Life of St. Thierry Bishop of the same City and Founder of the Abbey with an Encomium on that Saint in Heroick Verse The Passion of St. Lucia in Alcaick Verse An Answer to those who censur'd the Prophecy of that Saint in which as it is reported she foretold that the Persecution would cease within a little while upon the Expulsion of Dioclesian and the Death of Maximilian A Sermon in commendation of the same Saint in which he relates the History of the several translations of her Body from Sicily to Corfu and from thence to Mâ—â—s And the Life of St. Sigebert King of France who founded the Church and Abbey of 〈◊〉 Martin near Mets. Sigebert after his return to the Monastery of Gemblours compos'd the following Works viz. The History of the Passion of the Thebâ—… Martyrs in Heroick Verse and the Life of St. Guibert Founder of the Church of Gemblours He likewise corrected the old Relation of the Life of St. Lambert and made a new one illustrated with Comparisons taken out of the ancient Writers as also an Answer to a Letter that Pope Gregory VII wrote to Herman Bishop of Mets. To these Pieces are to be added an Apology for the Emperor Henry against those who inveigh against Masses said by married Priests A Letter written in the Name of the Churches of Liege and Cambray against Paschal II's
San Donino to obey the Bishop of Parma The four hundred and fourth is written to his Commissioners about the Letters of the Pope being charged with an Error He says That he who made the Charge to put off the Judgment of the Suit and then could not make it good ought to lose his Cause The four hundred and fifth is about the validity of a Mandate for a Canonship in the Church of St. Juvenca of Pavia granted by the Pope to a Person whom they pretended to be unworthy of it the Pope commissions Judges to see him put in possession if they could not prove his unworthiness In the four hundred and sixth to the Archbishops of Embrun Arles and Aix and their Suffragans he recommended it to them to make some order in their Provincial Councils for the Provision of some Relief for the Holy Land In the two next he invited an Earl to go to that War The four hundred and ninth is written to a Legate who had raised Mony for the Holy Land about the use which he should make of it The four hundred and tenth is an Act whereby he acknowledges Frederick King of Sicily upon condition that he should pay Homage and Fealty to the Holy See and likewise some acknowledgment In the two following he regulates the manner of choosing Bishops in the Kingdom of Sicily according to what followeth The Episcopal See being vacant the Chapter shall give notice to the King of the Bishop's death It shall then proceed to an Election and shall ask the consent of the Prince for the Person it shall choose who shall not be enthronized till the King have agreed to it nor shall perform his Office till the Pope have confirmed him In the four hundred and thirteenth he order'd all the Prelates of the Kingdom of Sicily to obey his Legate The four hundred and fourteenth is written against a Clergyman who had Pluralities in the Church of Naples In the four hundred and fifteenth he declared That an Oath taken by a Person always to observe judiciary Forms doth not take place in such Causes where one is not obliged to observe those Forms In the four hundred and sixteenth he forbad the alienation of the Possessions of the Monastries of Naples without leave of the Archbishop and he declared in the next Letter that the Archbishop of Naples might sell the Goods of the Church to pay its debts In the four hundred and eighteenth he order'd the execution of a Mandate for a Canonship of Poictiers which the Chapter of this Church would not obey In the four hundred and nineteenth he confirmed the Primacy of the Archbishop of Lunden over the Churches of the Kingdom of Sueden In the four hundred and twentieth he order'd the Prelates of Jutland to reestablish the Canonical Doctrine in their Country and to put down that Custom which had been introduced of paying but one piece of Mony for satisfaction for all sorts of Crimes The four hundred and twenty first is a Mandate directed to the Archbishop of Lunden In the four hundred and twenty second he confirmed that Custom of giving Estates to the Church which was used in Denmark by laying a little piece of the Land upon the Altar in the presence of Witnesses In the four hundred and twenty third he confirmed the Collation of the Provostship of Strand in Denmark and in the following order'd the Goods which had been taken from that Church to be restored it By the four hundred and twenty fifth he confirmed the Privileges and Donations of the Abbey of Sora. The four hundred and twenty sixth is an Act by which he takes the City of Todi into the Protection of the Holy See and confirmed its Privileges In the four hundred and twenty seventh he gave Judgment in a difference between the Abbey of Calana and that of Mont-sacre and declared that the Abbey and Religious of the former of these should lay down all Pretensions to any right they might have on that of Mont-sacre on condition that that should give them up a Church and pay them every year an acknowledgment of Olives The three next are written about the Election of a Bishop of Cambray It was said that he whom the Chapter had chose was crooked and had married a Widow by whom he had had a Son that succeeded him immediately in the Provostship of St. Peter of Douay The Pope wrote upon this to the Chapter and commissions the Bishop of Paris and Arras to examine if matters were really so and in case they were he declares this Election null By the four hundred and thirty first he nominated the Archbishop of Senlis to defend the Privileges of the Abbey of Compiegne In the five following Letters he condemns the undertaking of the Archbishop of Canterbury who would build a Church notwithstanding all the Pope's Commands to the contrary and order'd that he should restore to the Monastry of Canterbury all that he had taken from it to endow this new Church with By the four hundred and thirty seventh he takes Almeric King of Jerusalem into the Protection of the Holy See By the four hundred and thirty eighth he exhorted many Princes of the East to assist the King of Cyprus against the Saracens In the four hundred and thirty ninth he order'd that those who had been dispensed with for performing their Vow of going to Jerusalem in person should pay a sum of Mony towards the defraying of the Charges of the Holy War In the four hundred and fortieth he forbids the augmenting the number of Canons in the Church of Acre in the East By the four hundred forty first he puts the King and Kingdom of Portugal under the Protection of the Holy See In the two next he forbad the Chapter of Auranches and the Archbishop of Rouen to proceed against the Theologal of the Church of Auranches to the prejudice of the Appeal which he had put in to the Holy See In the four hundred and forty fourth he order'd the Archbishop of Upsal to hinder Bastards being admitted into Orders or any Ecclesiastical Preferment By the four hundred and forty fifth he empowered the Bishop of Perigeux to make what Orders he should think fit for his Diocess and Abbey and to see them put in execution notwithstanding any Appeal He order'd him by the next to make the vagabond Monks return to their Monastries In the four hundred and forty seventh he wrote to the Archbishop of Tours that only the Pope could give leave to Bishops to remove to another Bishoprick In the four hundred and forty eighth he puts the King of Portugal in mind of paying the Tribute which he owed the Holy See and by the next he order'd Rainier to oblige him to do it In the four hundred and fiftieth he order'd the Archbishop of Lunden to see that Men of no scandalous and ill lives were employed in the Church for receiving the Alms towards the War in the Holy Land In the four
past The five hundred and forty fourth is a Commission about a difference between the Abbot of Felduar and the Bishop of five Churches concerning a Privilege In the five hundred and forty fifth he confirmed the Judgment given by the Cardinal of St. Lawrence by which Alberic Prior of St. Lawrence of Spello was turned out The five hundred and forty sixth is a Commission to the Archbishop of Strigonia and to two other Bishops to examine into the difference between the Bishop and Chapter of Varadin The five hundred forty and seventh and five hundred forty and eighth and five hundred fifty and seventh are Confirmations of the Privileges of Monastries By the five hundred and fiftieth he appointed Commissioners for the difference between the Bishop of Coventry and his Monks about some Exemptions which had been granted them by the Predecessor of this Bishop By the five hundred and fifty second he granted the Protection of the Holy See to the Monastry of Cerfroy of the Order of the Trinity In the five hundred fifty third he commissions the Bishop of Paris and Peter of Corbeil to judg the Bishop of Langres who was accused by his Canons In the five hundred and fifty fourth he explained the difference between a General Interdict and a Particular Interdict because when the Interdict is general the Churches which have Privileges of the Holy See cannot celebrate Divine Office except with the door shut in a low Voice and without ringing the Bells whereas in a particular Interdict they pretended to a Privilege of doing it publickly To avoid any abuses that might arise from this Dispute the Pope decides that an Interdict is to be accounted general not only when a whole Kingdom or Province but likewise when a City or Castle are interdicted In the five hundred and fifty fifth he recommended it to the Archbishop and Chapter of Pisa to persuade the Pisans to enter into the General Peace of Tuscany In the five hundred and fifty sixth he frees the King of Navarr from an Oath which the Kings of Castile and Arragon entring with an Army into his Kingdom had forced him to take of giving his Sister in Marriage to the latter of them who was her Kinsman in the third degree In the five hundred and fifty seventh he order'd the Bishops of the Kingdom of Sicily to stir themselves against Marcovaldus In the five hundred and fifty eighth he exhorted those of Capua to a vigorous defence against the Troops of Marcovaldus The three next are upon the same subject In the five hundred and sixty second third fourth and fifth he declared the Cardinal of St. Mary his Legate and Vicar in Sicily Guardian to Frederick the young King and exhorts this Prince and his Subjects to follow his Counsels By the five hundred and sixty sixth he entrusted the Archbishop of Palermo with the Reform of a Monastry in his Country In the five hundred and sixty seventh he exhorted the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem to make use of the methods of Justice and not of Force to right themselves in their differences with the Templers In the five hundred and sixty eighth and sixty ninth he declar'd That all Churches are bound to pay the right of Procuration to the Legate of the Holy See and none were exempt from it By the five hundred and seventieth he gave his Approbation of the Rules of the Teutonick Order In the five hundred and seventy first he order'd that the Bishop of Passaw should judg the Causes of those that were under his Jurisdiction In the five hundred and seventy second he gave him Power to absolve the Incendiaries The five hundred and seventy third is the Judgment in a Suit about a Living In the five hundred and seventy fourth he order'd the Bishop of Hildesheim to remain in the Church where he was and forbids him to remove to that of Wirtzburg of which he had taken the Title without the permission of the Holy See In the five hundred and seventy fifth he order'd an Earl to keep a strict Guard upon the Prisoners which he had taken of the Party of Marcovaldus The import of the five hundred and seventy sixth to the Bishop of Coimbra is That those Clergymen who call themselves Canons of the Holy Cross or other privileged Orders and live in their own Diocess in a secular Habit and receive the Sacraments of the Church are obliged to pay all Episcopal Duties This Letter which is the last of the first Book bears date the 17th of February in the year one thousand one hundred and ninety nine Monsieur Baluze has added some Letters or Pieces made in the first year of the Pontificate of this Pope The two first are Oaths taken to Pope Innocent the one by the Prefect of Rome the other by Count Ildebrandin The third is the Decree for the Confirmation of a Treaty made between the Church of Penna in Abruzzo and the Monastry of St. Vit of Fourche The fourth fifth and sixth are written in favour of the Monks of Canterbury concerning the difference which they had with their Archbishop about a Chappel he was building And the last which is the five hundred and eighty third in all is a Letter of these Monks to the Pope upon the same subject In the first Letter of the second Book to the Magistrates and People of Viterbo the Pope in general forbids all sorts of Persons in any manner whatsoever to receive protect or favour the Hereticks and declares all that shall so do infamous unworthy of any Voice active or passive in Elections to have forfeited their right of Succession and to be incapable of all sorts of Offices He adds that those who converse with Hereticks whom they know to be so incur the danger of an Anathema and order'd that the Estates of Hereticks should be confiscated In the second he determined That the Marriage of a Girl which had been nullified because it was contracted before she was marriageable might be renewed with the consent of the Woman after she was to come to that age The third is a Confirmation of the Privileges of the Abbey of Lundors in Scotland In the fourth he exhorted the Magistrates and People of the City of Jesi to do all that was possible to bring the rest of the Marquisate of Ancona under the obedience of the Pope In the fifth to the Bishop of St. Andrews in Scotland he order'd him to provide for vacant Churches if the Patrons did not provide within the time set by the Council of Lateran In the twentieth Letter he gave the Archbishop of Magdeburg the same orders In the next written to the same Bishop he gave him leave to build a new Church in his Diocess because those which were already there were not proportioned to the number of his Docesans which encreased every day By the seventh he declar'd null the alienation of the Fiefs and Estates of a Church which was made in the form required by
what is printed under the Name of this Author Those who have spoke of them do mention also the following Treatises Of the Ecclesiastical Dignity to Pope Nicholas of the Pains of Hell and of Purgatory of Restitutions and Contracts a Commentary upon the Rule of Friars Minors three Books of Lust a Discourse of the Conception of the Virgin and one upon the Passion of our Lord a Treatise against the Hussites and a Discourse against Rocksane Laurence Valla a Roman Patrician Canon of the Church of St. John of the Lateran did not only excel in Polite Learning and a Critical Knowledge of the Tongues but made himself Laurence Valla Canon of St. John of the Lateran famous also by some Pieces which respect Religion and particularly by his Notes upon the New Testament which yet are rather Grammatical than Theological but still they are useful for understanding of the Text they have been printed at Paris in 1505. at Basil in 1541. at Amsterdam in 1631. and in the great Criticks of England With them we must join the Discourse about the Forgery of Constantine's Donation which is written rather like an Orator than a Critick which has been printed in the Collection of Grotius and a-part at Leyden in 1620. a Treatise of Free-will printed at Basil in 1540. and a Discourse upon the Eucharist printed at Strasburg in 1490. This Author flourish'd at Rome about the Year 1440. He went out of it to go to Naples in 1443. where he taught Latin to Alphonsus V. King of Arragon 'T is said that he was delated to the Inquisition and that he escaped the Flames only by the favour of King Alphonsus who yet could not save him from being publickly whipp'd with Rods But this History appears so much the rather fabulous because when he return'd to Rome he was honoured with a Pension and taught there publickly He died in 1465. aged fifty Years Flavius â—londus Secretary to Eugenius IV. Flavius Blondus or rather Blondus Flavius was born at Forc-livio in 1388. He was sometime Secretary to Pope Eugenius IV. and died under the Pontificate of Pius III. on the 4th of June in the year 1463. He made himself Famous by his three Decades of the History of the Western Empire from the year 410. to the year 1440. of which Aeneas Sylvius has made an Abridgment He wrote also other Books to Illustrate the History of Italy viz. Three Books Entituled Rome Restor'd which contain a Description of the City of Rome as it was in his time Eight Books of Italy Illustrated wherein he gives a New Description of the State of Italy as it was in his time a Treatise of the Origin and Actions of the Venetians from the year 450. to the year 1291. and a Treatise Entituled Rome Triumphant divided into Ten Books which contains a Description of what belongs to the Government of Ancient Rome All these Works were Printed at Basil in 1559. Ambrose of Camalduli may justly be rank'd among Ecclesiastical Writers as well upon the Ambrosius Camaldulensis Account of his Profession as an Hermit in the Abby at Camalduli which he embrac'd at the Age of Fourteen Years as because of his Works which are almost all about Ecclesiastical Matters He was Born at Pertico a small City of Romandiola and was the Disciple of Emanuel Chrysoloras under whom he learn'd the Greek Tongue which he understood better than any Latin Authors of his time in the judgment of Scuropulus He Flourish'd under the Pontificate of Eugenius IV. and was made General of the Order of the Camaldule Hermites in 1431. He was one of the Divines who was present at the Councils of Basil Ferrara and Florence 'T was he that drew up in the last the Form of the Union He died at his return from this Council October the 21st in the year 1439. His Chief Works are his Translations of the Greek Authors viz. of the Life of St. John Chrysostom written by Palladius and Printed at Venice in 1533. of the Spiritual Meadow Printed at Lyons in 1617. of the Ladder of St. John Climacus at Venice in 1531. of Four Books of Manuel Calecas against the Errors of the Greeks Printed at Ingolstadt in 1603. of some Sermons of St. Ephrem of the Books attributed to St. Denis of the Coelestial Hierarchy of a Treatise of Virginity by St. Basil of a Treatise of St. Athanasius against the Gentiles of three Books of St. Chrysostom to Stagyrius of his Homilies upon St. Matthew and of many other Works of the Fathers Of the other Works of St. Ambrose there are none Printed but his Voyage into Italy publish'd at Florence in 1681. wherein he describes the Disorders of many Monasteries which he had Visited But there are many more Manuscripts of his at Florence in the Library of St. Mark viz. Sixteen Books of Letters the Chronicon of Mount Cassinus two Books of his own Actions while he was General of the Camaldulians a Treatise of the Sacrament of the Body of Jesus Christ a Treatise against the Greeks about the Procession of the Holy Spirit Some Discourses spoken in the Councils of Ferrara and Florence and in the Library of St. Justina at Padua a Treatise against those who censure a Monastick Life The Style of Ambrose the Camaldulian is Latin good enough but he takes a great deal of liberty in his Translations and does not always render the words according to their true and proper signification Maphaeus Vegius of the City of Lodi near Milan Datary to Martin V. is the Author of this Maphaeus Vegius Dâ—… to Martin V. Age who wrote most Usefully most Pleasantly and most Elegantly He wrote a Treatise of the Christian Education of Children which is the most Compleat that we now have of this kind There he Treats of the Duties of Fathers and Mothers of the Studies of Children and the Vertues that ought to be inspired into them 't is full of a most Christian Morality and an uncommon Prudence The Six Books of the same Author about perseverance in Religion contain a solid Piety and most useful Instructions for making great progress in it and for maintaining and preserving a sense of Piety and Religion which is also the design of his Discourses concerning the four last ends of Man which he handles excellently well The Dialogue of Truth Banish'd is a piece of Wit I say nothing of his profane Works as his Supplement to the Twelfth Book of Virgil and some other pieces of Poetry and Eloquence wherein he excell'd and came near to the Ancients He died in 1458. St. Antonine being Born at Florence in 1389. studied Law at Fiesoli and at the Age of Sixteen St. Antonine Archbishop of Naples years entred into the Order of Friars Predicant Among them he spent some part of his Life tho' he was employ'd by the Republick of Florence in divers Negotiations and was at last made Archbishop of Naples by Eugenius IV. in 1446. He died the 2d of
He wrote this Treatise before he was Cardinal during the Council of Basil and in it he handles these Questions with much moderation The Principal Points which he establishes in it are these that the Church is the Union of all Souls with Jesus Christ its Spouse that there are in this Church different Degrees that altho' it be united yet it may be divided into Militant Dormant and Triumphant that the two last parts are made up only of the Predestinate and that the first is a mixture of those who are good and evil That the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy has its degrees resembling those Nicholas of Câ—… a Cardinal of the Angels That there is but one sâ—… Chair in the Church which is fill'd by all the Bishop's Successors to St. Peter among whom the Bishop of Rome is the first That the Roman Church is taken in different senses sometimes for the Pope and the Clergy and the Diocese of Rome sometimes for those who belong to that Patriarchate and sometimes for the Universal Church because the true Church is at present reduc'd to the Patriarchate of Rome that in this last sense only 't is Infallible that regularly it belongs to the Pope to call a General Council and to preside in it That to the end a Council may be General it must be compos'd of Five Patriarchs and be kept publickly and that its â—…cisions may be Infallible 't is necessary that it should be free and that they be made with common consent upon which chiefly depends the Authority of the Council That the Canons of theâ—… Councils do not oblige particular Churches till after their Acceptance That the Validity of the Council does not depend at all upon the Pope That an Universal Council is above him whose Laws he can neither change nor repeal That Provincial and National Councils have 〈◊〉 their own Authority That the Pope has a Right to judge in difficult Cases to receive Appâ—…s from the Judgments of particular Churches to take Care of the Universal Church Lastly That his Primacy is of Divine Right and that he receiv'd it from Jesus Christ with the consent of the Church That the Imperial Power does not at all depend upon that of the Pope That 't is not he who has translated the Empire from the Greeks to the Latins nor created the Electors That the Power of the Empire is Sovereign That he receiv'd it immediately from Jesus Christ That he can Call Councils by way of Exhortation be present at them maintain Order in them and cause their Decrees to be put in Execution Lastly He proposes divers Regulations for the Reformation of the Empire and concludes with shewing That nothing 〈…〉 more contrary to the good of the Church than a Discord between the Empire and the Priesthood He follows the same Principles in a Letter in 1442. to Roderick Ambassador of the King of Castile at the Diet of Frankfurt The two next Letters are address'd to the Bohemians about the Communion of the Laity under one kind and there he makes it appear That the Church has Power to take away the Use of the Cup and that no more Grace is receiv'd by Communicating under both kinds than under one the three other Letters are also address'd to the Bohemians about the Peace and Unity of the Church and the seventh is also about Communion in one kind The Treatise of the Agreement or Peace of Faith is a Dialogue between Persons of many Religions and Nations about Matters controverted in Religion In fine the last Work of the Tome is a Treatise which he wrote about the Alcoran Entitled The Alcoran sifted wherein he does not only prove the falshood of this Book but also makes use of such places which are to be met with in it as favour the Christian Religion to persuade the Mahometans to embrace it There is at the end of this Tome a little piece Entitled A Conjecture upon the 〈◊〉 Times wherein he relates what is said in Scripture about the last Times without determining any thing precisely as to the time that the World shall yet last The last Tome contains his Works of Mathematicks Geometry and Astronomy which shew his profound Knowledge in these Sciences so that each Tome of his Works have their peculiar Characters Metaphysicks reign in the first Theology in the second and Mathematicks in the third As to the Style it â—s clean and easie without Affectation and Ornament This Cardinal knew the Oriental Languages and it cannot be deny'd but that he was a Man of profound Learning and a sound Judgment His only Fault was That he was too Abstract and too Metaphysical in many of his Works All his Works are printed at Basil in 1565. Julian Caesarin of an Illustrious Family in Rome being appointed Cardinal-deacon with the Julian Caesarin a Cardinal Title of St. Angelo in the Year 1426. and afterwards Cardinal-priest with the Title of St. Sabina and lastly Cardinal-bishop of â—…scati was sent by Martin V. against the Bohemians and appointed to assist in the Quality of Legat to the Holy See at the Council of Basil. Eugenius IV. confirm'd him in these Employments and he presided at the beginning of the Council of Basil. He would not Dissolve it as he had receiv'd Orders from the Pope but when the Greeks arriv'd he left the Council of Basil and went to Ferrara where he was at the Head of the Latins who were appointed to Confer with the Greeks There are two Letters of this Cardinal address'd to Pope Eugenius to dissuade him from the Dissolution of the Council printed in the Collection of Gratius and elsewhere a Discourse which he made in the Council of Basil against the Bohemians and many Discourses which he spoke at Ferrara and Florence He was Eloquent Learned and a Great Politiciâ—n At the same time flourish'd Nicholas Tadeschus a Sicilian commonly call'd Panormitanus because Nicholaus Tedeschus Panormitanus Arch-bishop of Palermo he was Abbot of an Abby of the Order of St. Benedict in Palermo and afterwards Arch-bishop of that City He is one of the most famous Canonists we have He was present at the Council of Basil and had a great Hand in what was done there against Pope Eugenius in recompence for which Service he was nam'd Cardinal by Foelix V. in 1440. But at last he was oblig'd by the Orders of the King of Arragon his Master to return to his Archbishoprick where he died of the Pest in 1445. His Works are A great Commentary upon the five Books of the Decretals printed at Venice in 1492. and at Lyons in 1586. Some Commentaries upon the Clementines and their Glosses 118 Counsels and 7 Questions printed also at Lyons in 1584 and 1586 A Treasure of Canon-Law and some other Treatises But the most curious of all his Works is his Treatise of the Council of Basil against Pope Eugenius wherein he gives a History of all the Transactions in that Council until the Suspension of Eugenius
Bishops Parish-Priests and other Priests do also molest the Regulars being perswaded that these Regulars seduc'd their Parishioners from their Parishes by telling them That they may freely come to their House on Festival Days to hear Divine Service That they are the proper Priests and Rectors to whom they ought to make Easter-Confession That the Parish-Priests maintain also That Confessions made to Regulars ought to be reiterated That these Disputes being the Cause of Scandal Hatred Divisions and Scruples he ordains both one and the other to put an end to these Contests and each to continue within the same Bounds which of Right belonged to 'em without attempting to invade the Right of others or to enlarge their own Pretensions For which end he renewed the Clementine Dudum revok'd the Enlargements which might be made of it and all such Privileges which may have been granted beyond what is contained in that Bull which he declares null and condemns the Propositions which were advanc'd as well by the Regulars to seduce the Parishioners from their Parish as by the Seculars against the Privileges granted to the Mendicants by this Decretal Sixtus IV. without any regard to this Revocation of Callistus reviv'd in 1473. the Bulls of Alexander V. and Eugenius IV. and gave the same Power which the Mendicants had of administring the Sacraments of the Eucharist and Extream Unction to those whom the Curates refused without a lawful Cause But he was aftewards forc'd to explain himself upon Occasion of the Differences which arose in Germany between the Mendicants and the Parish-Priests and declared by his Bull dated June the 17th in 1478. 1st That the Orders of Mendicants were very advantageous to the Church 2d That the Friars Mendicants ought not to preach That the Parishioners were not obliged to hear Mass in their Parishes on Festivals and Sundays 3dly That neither the Regulars nor the Mendicants ought to solicit the Laity to chuse their place of Burial among them because in this they ought to be left to their Liberty 4thly That the Mendicants ought no more to preach That Parishioners are not obliged to confess themselves at least at Easter to their Parish-Priests because the Parishioners are bound of Right to confess themselves at Easter to their proper Priests That in the mean while the Friars Mendicants are not excluded by this from hearing Confessions and imposing Penances according to common Right and the Privileges which were granted them 5thly That the Usage shall be observed as to the Hours of Divine Service That the Regulars shall not seduce the Parishioners from their Parishes and that the Parish-Priests shall not hurt the Mendicants that so there may appear to be a perfect Union and Charity between them This Decision of Sixtus did wholly remove the Difficulty about the Easter-Confession and plainly decided the Question in favour of the Parish-Priests The new Religious Societies instituted in this Century are the Society of Canons Regulars of St. Saviour founded near Siena by Stephen a Regular Augustin who had leave of the Pope The Institutions of new religious Orders to change the Habit and was approved by Gregory XII in 1408. to which the Church of St. Mary of Escoupetto of Florence was united from whence the Monastery was called Scopetto and the Canons Scopettines the Order of Mount Olivet which was a Reformation of the Hieronymites who followed the Rule attributed to St. Jerom which was compiled by Loup a Brother to St. Vincent Ferrier and approv'd by the Popes Gregory XII and Martin V. the Society of Canons Regulars of George of Alga founded in 1407. by Lawrence Justinian the Patriarch of Venice The Congregation of St. Justina of Padua which was a Reformation of the Benedictine Order in Italy made by Lewis Barbe a Venetian Canon of the Congregation of St. George of Alga in 1409. which was approv'd by Eugenius IV. and John XXIII and honoured with many Privileges by the Popes The Congregation of Bursfeld which is a Reformation of the Benedictines in Germany that was begun by John Rhodes who passed from the Order of Carthusians to that of St. Benedict and was made Abbot of the Abbey of St. Matthias near Treves and finished by John Abbot of Bursfeld who united many Monasteries into one Congregation The Order of Minims whose Author was St. Francis of Paule who built about the Year 1467. a little Monastery of Regulars near that City under a Rule which was approved by Sixtus IV. Alexander VI. and Julius II. At first they bore the Name of the Hermits of St. Francis and afterwards that of the Minims because they called themselves in Humility Minimi fratres Eremitae The Order of the Nuns of the Blessed Virgin Mary which was instituted at Toledo by Beatrix at Sylva a Portuguese Woman and approved in 1489. by Innocent VIII upon the Prayer of Isabella Queen of Spain While Beatrix liv'd they followed the Rule of the Cistertians after her Death they assum'd that of St. Claire in 1494. The Military Orders founded in this Century are that of the Annunciade instituted by Amideus The Military Orders V. Count of Savoy in 1420. That of St. Maurice instituted by Amideus VII who was afterwards chosen Pope That of the Golden Fleece instituted in 1431. by Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy That of the Knights of Luna by Renatus Duke of Anjou King of Sicily in 1464. That of the Knights of St. George by Frederick III. Emperor That of St. Michael by King Louis XI in 1469. That of St. Stephen by Cosmus of Medicis which was approv'd in 1561. by Pius IV. and some others that are less famous A DISSERTATION ABOUT THE Author of the Book CONCERNING THE Imitation of JESUS CHRIST Wherein the Contests that have arisen upon this Subject are Related and the Reasons which have been alledg'd in favour of those to whom it is Attributed the Manuscripts the Editions and Testimonies which are made use of to maintain the Right of each Pretender are Examin'd and upon the whole an Equitable and Impartial Judgment is given THERE never was a Book in the World whose Author was Contested with more heat and about which more Pieces have been Written than about the Book of the A Dissertation about the Author of the Imitation of Jesus Christ. Imitation of Jesus Christ. This Question which appears not to be of any great Consequence nor to be worthy of the pains of Learned Men is now become Famous by the contrary Pretensions of two great Religious Societies about it by the different Judgments which Learned Men have given of it by the Curious Enquiries which have been made on both sides by the great number of Reasons and Authorities which have been alledg'd by the Learning and Eloquence of the Contenders and by the noise it has made in the World All these Reasons have oblig'd us to search this Matter to the bottom in this Dissertation wherein we have Collected together all that has been done
according to the Certificate of Father Breidendâ—nch Subprior of this Monastery and of a Notary go under the Name of Thomas a Kempis a Manuscript in the Library of Afflighew cited by Sanderus upon the Testimonial of Father Cambiere a Benedictine Regular of that Abbey which goes under the Name of Thomas a Kempis a Manuscript in the Monastery of Canons-Regulars of Maseyke quoted by Rosweidus which was written in 1477. by Cornelius Offermans which goes under the Name of Thomas a Kempis a Manuscript in the Library of David Ehinger of the City of Kirchen in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg quoted by Prosper Farandus which contains three Books of the Imitation with the Name of Thomas a Kempis upon which it is observ'd that this Book is of the Author's hand who wrote it in 1425. But since there is now no such Manuscript neither is it said with what hand this is observ'd no great matter can be built upon it A Manuscript in the Library of Ausburg attested by the Surrogat Bishop of that City without any Date wherein the Imitation carries the Name of Thomas a Kempis a Manuscript in the Library of Ausburg which contains four Books of the Imitation under the Name of Thomas a Kempis as the Catalogue printed in 1633. gives ground to believe and wherein there is no more but the last joyn'd to the other Treatises of Thomas a Canon-Regular of Mount-Saint-Agnes in a Volume on the 1st Page whereof it is observ'd That this Book was for the Use of Friar John Lefort a Reader of Divinity and that it was given in 1490. in the Octave of St. Martin by John Carpenter Provincial of the Order of the Carmelites To these particular Manuscripts of the Imitation of Jesus Christ which go under the Name of Thomas a Kempis we may joyn the Ancient Collections of the Works of this Author among which the Imitation is plac'd The 1st is a Manuscript in the Library of the Monastery of St. Barbe of the Carthusians of Collen containing divers Treatises the Titles whereof are at the Top viz. The Mirrour of Henry of Hesse the Book of discerning Spirits by the same and afterwards Some Tracts of a Devout Regular where some Person has added on the Margin whose Name is Thomas Kempis of a Convent near to Zwoll Of the Sacrament of the Altar Of the seven things which most pleased God in his Elect The Breviloquium of Spiritual Exercises A Treatise of some Vertues The Soliloquy of the Soul by way of Dialogue The little Book which is call'd Qui sequitur me Towards the end of the Book about the Sacrament of the Altar 't is observ'd That this Treatise was written in 1447. on St. Simon and St. Jude's Day The two first Treatises of this Manuscript which are Henry Hesse's and the last which is the first Book of the Imitation are written in a different hand from the rest which are written in a hand resembling that in which the Catalogue is written This was the Judgment of men well vers'd in these matters But the Name of Thomas a Kempis appears to be written lately There are also two other Collections alledg'd one which is in the Monastery of Benedictines of Mount Blandin near Gant which according to the Certificate of Father Vanheul Library-keeper to this Abby authoriz'd by the Dean of the Church of Gant contains many Works of Thomas a Kempis which begin with the Sermons to the Novices together with their Preface which is Entituled Here begins the Prologue of that devout Man Friar Thomas Kempis a Priest a Canon-Regular profess'd who died in the Monastery of St. Agnes near Zwol after this follow the Sermons There are many other Works of the same Author among which is found that of the Imitation This Manuscript has no Date and there was never any Judgment given of its Antiquity The third Collection is that which is found in the Library of the Benedictines of St. Martin at Tournay which is alledg'd by Chifletius it contains the Book of the Discipline of those who are in the Cloyster Spiritual Exercises the Treatise of a Man's Acknowledgment of his own Frailty A short Advertisement of the Spiritual Exercise Useful Advices for a spiritual Life this is the 1st Book of the Imitation Advertisements which carry a man inward that 's the 2d Book and at the end is written with the same hand and in Red Friar Thomas a Kempis Canon-Regular of the Monastery of St. Agnes near Zwoll in the Diocese of Utrecht wrote the Tracts above recited This Manuscript is without Date To these Collections we may add the Manuscript Catalogues of Books wherein the Imitation is found commended under the Name of Thomas a Kempis such as that of the Library of Endovia which is join'd to another Catalogue of Sancta Maria of Arnhem dated in the Year 1472. A Catalogue of the Books of about a hundred Libraries of Germany which contain short Characters of Authors wherein there is found at Page 302. what follows Friar Thomas a Kempis of the Diocess of Collen a Canon-Regular at Mount St. Agnes near Zwoll of the Diocess of Utrecht being well vers'd in the Holy Scripture has Compil'd many Tracts which are witnesses of his Devotion and useful for Regulars viz. Advertisements for a Spiritual Life otherwise call'd of the Imitation of Jesus Christ Advices which lead to an inward Life and of inward Conversation of Internal Consolation or Speech of the Holy Communion or the Preparation of a Man for the Communion There is another Catalogue joyn'd to the preceeding wherein at the Letter T. there is put under the Name of Thomas a Kempis the four Books of the Imitation together with the Book of the Three Tabernacles and of Mary and Martha these three Catalogues are in the Library of St. Martin of Louvain There is also a Catalogue in the Library of St. Maria of Arnhem dated in 1496. wherein the four Books of the Imitation are found under the Name of Tho. a Kempis Three ancient Catalogues in the Library of the Monastery of St. John Baptist de Rebdorf containing the Titles of all the Works of Thomas a Kempis among which are found the Books of the Imitation whereof one bears date 1488. and goes under the Name of Friar Nicolas Numan of Frankfurt a Regular of Frankendal An Observation which is at the end of the Monastery of St. Catherine of Ausburg wherein are the Lives of Gerard and Florence in German wherein 't is observ'd that this Book is Thomas a Kempis's who wrote a Devout Book of the Imitation of Jesus Christ. The General Answer which is given to all these Manuscripts is this that being all later than that of Antwerp in 1441. which has the Name of Thomas a Kempis at the end of it altho' it be only in the quality of a Transcriber and not of the Author it was very possible that one of these might be taken for the other and that the Book might be ascrib'd to Thomas
History of Florence places his Death Now supposing that about the Year 1480. Marianus had seena Manuscript of the Conferences under the Name of St. Bonaventure then he who is the Author of them must have liv'd before that time and this Author having when he wrote an Anonymous Manuscript of the Imitation in Italy 't is probable say they That this Book was compos'd before Thomas a Kempis could write it But this is what those deny who maintain that the Book was written by Thomas in 1410. And so the Testimony drawn from these Conferences is not concluding 'T is alledg'd That St. Thomas took something out of the 4th Book of the Imitation and inserted it into the Office of the Holy Sacrament viz. That which he says in the Responses of the Magnificat at the Feast of the Holy Sacrament O quam suavis est Domine spiritus tuus qui ut dulcediâ—em tuam in filios demonstrares Pane suavissimo de Caelo praestito esurientes reples bonis fastidioses divites dimittens inanâ—s for the very same Words almost are to be found in Ch. 13. of B. 4. of the Imitation O quam suavis est spiritus tuus Domine qui ut dulcedinem tuam in filios demonstraâ—es pane suavissimo de Coelo descedente illos reficere dignaris But what Proof is there That St. Thomas did rather take this from the Imitation than the Author of the Imitation should take it from the Office of the Holy Sacrament especially if we consider That this Author does often take Sentences out of the Offices of the Church as in ch 3. of the Same Book O mira circa nos tuae Pietatis dignatio Which Words are us'd at the Blessing of the Easter Wax-Candle and again in ch 55. there is a Prayer taken from the Orison on the 16th Sunday after Whitsunday Matthias Farinator is also alledg'd but to this pretended Witness we have already answer'd from whence it appears That it is not demonstratively prov'd that the Imitation of Jesus Christ was cited by any Author before that Thomas a Kempis could have written it There remains only a Passage of Trithemius which we have already produc'd which is That his Ancestors said that their Ancestors had seen the Book of the Imitation many Years before Quem ante multos annos seniores nostri suos ferunt legisse seniores Trithemius wrote this in 1495. His Ancestors were then between Sixty and Seventy Years of Age and these being young men had seen the Book in the hand of their Ancestors who read it many Years ago This will make his Age at least to go back to the beginning of the Century which is the Reason also why Trithemius ascribes it to a Thomas more ancient and not to him that liv'd until his time It may be said That supposing Thomas had written the Imitation in 1410. which Trithemius in that Place says may be true and that the Ancient Thomas to whom he ascribes it was no older then consequently the whole matter depends upon knowing whether in 1410. Thomas was capable of composing this Book which we shall examine hereafter Let us now see whether there are any Manuscripts of this Book whether they be Anonymous or have the Author's Name whether they be dated or without Date which prove that this Book was in being before it could be compos'd by Thomas a Kempis The first of all which we produce shall be that which is pretended to have been written with the hand of John the Abbot of Verceil who is said to be the Author which Manuscript was in the Abbey of that City if it be true which is written upon an ancient Edition at Venice in 1501. under the Name of Gerson Hunc librum non compitavit Joannes Gerson sed D. Joannes ..... Abbas Vercell ...... ut habetur usque hodie propria manu scriptum in eadem Abbatia But since it is not known by whom nor when this Note was first put upon this printed Book and that it was certainly done since the Year 1501. since that Mr. Naudaeus avers that this was written even since the Controversie about this Book begun and the F. F. Benedictines did not produce this Copy in 1671. nor in 1674. altho' they had it in their hands I think we need not be concern'd about it The Manuscript of Arona which goes under the Name of the Abbot Gersen and that in the Monastery of St. Columbanus of Bobio were judg'd in 1687. to be 300 Years old Scriptura non videtur inferior annis tricentis and if so then they were written at the end of the 14th Century and consequently before Thomas a Kempis could write them Father Sirmondus has given the same Judgment of an Anonymous Manuscript which he had and which is in the Library of the College of Jesuits at Paris Mr. Naude judg'd it much later but I shall rather refer my self to F. Sirmond than Mr. Naude There is also alledg'd an Anonymous Manuscript in the Abbey of Grandmont together with the Certificate before a Notary of Peter Almaert a Monk and Library-keeper of the Monastery of St. Adrian of Grandmont who testifies That he had seen and read upon the last Leaf of this Manuscript which was tore off some Years after an Inscription which said That this Book was written by Friar Louis Du Mont who died before the Year 1400. Hic liber conscriptus fuit a F. Ludovico de Monte qui obiit ante Annum millesimum quadringentesimum But since 't is not known by whom this Note was added nor at what time and that this Manuscript contain'd the Book of the Discipline of those who are in the Cloyster by Thomas a Kempis it cannot be made use of to prove that the Imitation is more ancient than he The Manuscript of the Monastery of St. James of Liege in Paper wherein is found the 4th Book of the Imitation under the Title of a Book about the Sacrament of the Altar without the Name of the Author has this Note written upon the first Leaf Anno Dom. 1417. die mensis Octobris 15. indutus fui habitum Ordinis sancti Benedicti in Monasterio aedificato in honore sanctorum Apostolorum Jacobi Andreae But it is not necessary That this Note should be written from the time that this Regular was profess'd and it happens sometimes that the Regulars set down the Day of their being profess'd upon Books which they had not till a long time after yet 't is very probable that this was not written a long time after The First Manuscript which has a certain Date is that which was cited in a Register of the Monastery of Melice written and fram'd in 1517. by Fâ—iaâ— Stephen Purckhardi wherein there is mention made of a Volume in Manuscript containing the Treatise of St. Austin of the Visitation of the Sick the first Book of the Imitation of Jesus Christ and a Meditation upon the Passion by St. Bernard at the end of which