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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65095	A pleasant and compendious history of the first inventers and instituters of the most famous arts, misteries, laws, customs and manners in the whole world together with many other rarities and remarkable things rarely known, and never before made publick : to which is added, several curious inventions, peculierly attributed to England & English-men, the whole work alphabetically digested and very helpful to the readers of history.; De rerum inventoribus. English	Vergil, Polydore, 1470?-1555.; Langley, Thomas, d. 1581.	1686 (1686)	Wing V598; ESTC R21854	60,337	192

endeavours Pliny says that Cadmus Milesius first writ Histories amongst the Grecians which contain the Actions of Cyrus King of Persia Albeit Josephus supposeth it to be probable that Histories were begun by the old writers of the Hebrews as in the time of Moses who wrote the Lives of many of the most ancient Hebrews and the Creation of the World or else to the Priests of Aegypt and Babylon For the Aegyptians and Babylonians have been reputed of a long continuance the most diligent writers in so much that their Priests were appointed for that purpose to preserve things that were worthy to be had in memory Hunting and Fishing the Phenecians first found out Warrens and Parks were made first by Fulvius Hirpinus and now they are every where in use I am sure too much in England to the so great damage of Pastures that might Feed other Cattle more benificial to the Common-wealth I IRON and BRAS as Strabo writes a certain People named Thelchines first wrought on The Smiths Forge some think the Calybians found and some suppose they were the Cyclops Vulcans Smugs which first used the Smiths craft Diodorus is of opinion that the Iclei Dactyli and Vulcan were the first inventers of Iron and of all Mettalls that are wrought with the Fire Sothering of Iron Glancus found But as I take it that all these before named sound the use of such things in their own Countries For t is not to be questioned but that the use of all such Mettalls was perceived in the beginning of the World by Tubal-cain which was Son to Lamech expert and exercised in the Smiths craft Clement referreth the tempering of Iron to Delas The institution of the Anointing of Kings and Priests was to signify that they were especially favoured of God and like as Oyl lyeth aloft in the Water or other Liquor so the Office of a Priest and Dignity of a Prince surmounts all other degrees of Ministers both in the active and also contemplative life When Moses had builded the Tabernacle he was commanded to make a confection of holy Oyntment wherewith both the work and vessels of Priests and also of Kings which were called to that Office or Dignity ought to be Anointed so that it came to pass that the Anointing was the very token and difference whereby Kings were known amongst the Hebrews as the Emperours in Rome were known by their Purple Robes Aaron and his Sons were the first Anointed Priests and Samuel Anointed Saul first King over Israel and so consequently it grew into a custome that Priests and Kings were Anointed L THe Law is a constant and perpetual good thing without which no House no Citty no Countrey no Estates of Men no Natural Creature nor the World it self can consist firm and stable For it obeyeth God and all other things Aire Water Land and Men are in obedience to it Chrysippus calleth it a knowledge of all Divine and Humane Affairs commanding equity and expulsing wickedness and wrong There are of Laws three kinds one Natural that is not only appropriated to man but also it concerneth all other living things either in the Earth Sea or Aire as we perceive in all kinds of living Creatures naturally a certain familiarity of Male and Female procreation of Kind and a proclinity to nourish the same the which proceedeth from a Natural Law engrafted in them Nature her self that is God was the Author of this The second is Named the Law which all men use generally throughout the World as to shew a man the way to communicate to men the commodity of the Elements Water and Aire to this kind appertaineth the Law of Armes and it is called in Latine Ius Gentium-Civil Law is of every Country or Citty as of the Romans Lacedemonians Athenians c. This consisteth in decrees of Princes Statutes and Proclamations The chief and principal Laws were promulgate by God confirmed after the most pure and perfect manner stable constant and subject to no transmutation After the example of these Man hath invented Laws to defend and preserve good men and to punish and keep wicked Persons in good Order Such Laws Ceres made first as Diodonus writes but others suppose it to be Rhadamantus and afterwards others in divers Countreys devised and ordained Laws as in Athens Draco and Solon in Aegypt Mercury in Creet Minos in Lacedemonia curgus in Tyre Tharandus in Argos Phoroneus in Rome Romulus in Iltaly Pythagoras or after the mind of Dionisius the Arcadians that were under Evander as their Soveraign Lord and chief Captain Notwithstanding the very true Author of Laws is God which as hath been said first planted in us the Law of Nature and when it was corrupted by Adam and his posterity he gave the Written Law by Moses to reduce us again to our first state and true instinct of Nature which was before all other as Eusebius declaireth Lotts the casting of them Numerius Suffusius devised first at Preneste Looking-Glasses of Silver were invented by Praxiteles in the time of Pompey the Great there were also invented Looking-Glasses of Steel Lead Christal-Glass which one Sydon is reported to have been the first inventer of Glass was found out in Phenicia being ingendered in the River which is called Belus and it happened on this occasion A Merchants Ship being fraighted with Salt-peter came to that place and as they were prepairing their Meat on the Sands they could not find Stones to bear up their Vessels so that they were fain to lay great pieces of Nitre under them which being set on Fire and mingling with the Sand there appeared great flakes of melted Glass Lamps and Hanging Lights began of the Candles that Moses set up to burn in the Tabernacle Laws of Mourning of Obit's Funeral Exequies that are performed over dead Bodyes were the institution of Polugius although Isidore ascribeth the Original of it to the Apostles and he himself did augment the Rites that we use at this time Ambrose supposeth that Mourning proceeded from the Custom of the Hebrews which Lamented Jacob Forty days and Moses the space of Thirty days for that time was but counted sufficient for the Wife to weep in It was also the custom of the antient Romans to mourn For Numa Pompilius assigned Oblations to the Infernal Gods for the dead and did inhibite that a Child under the age of three years should be bewailed and that the elder sort should be mourned no more months then he had lived if any were married within that space again it was counted for a great reproach Wherefore Numa ordained that such as left of Mourning before the day limited should offer a Cow that was great with calf for expiation If that Rite were used now adayes and namely in England we should have small store of Veals there be so many that Marry within the space of time prescribed Plutarch writeth that the Women in their Mourning laid aside all Purple Gold and Sumptuous or rich Apparral and were cloathed

them with Reeds Boughs or Fen-sedges Thus in process of time they came to the Art of Building which as Diodorus saith is ascribed to Pallas But we are rather to believe that either Cain or Jubal the Son of Lamech found out this Art Bells came first from the Hebrews where the High Priest or Bishop had in the skirts of his uppermost Vestments little Bells to Ring when he was in the Holy place within the Vaile Banquets and delicate Dishes were begun in Jonia and after that Gluttonous custome was taken up in other Countreys though that there were Laws made in Lacedemonia by Lycurgus and in Rome by Faunius for the abolishing of such excessive Feasting But I could wish there were some good Law prescribed for good Hospitality For I believe there was never so little as is in these times Baths of which those that were hot were used first privately of all men according to their degree and ability for the preservation of their Health but in process of time they builded common Baths and Hot-houses for to Sweat in and the Noble did Bath and Wash with the Common and at last men and women were permitted most Laciviously to Bath together Most notable Baths were they that Agrippa Nero Titus Vespasian with other Emporours made as Julius Capitolinus writeth they were great and most gorgeously dressed with several places of Pleasure to maintain excessive Riot for all sorts of people Bondage or Slavery I find that it began amongst the Hebrews and had its Original proceeding of Canaan the Son of Cham who because he had Laughed his Father Noah to scorn as he lay dissolately when he was Drunk was punished in his Son Canaan with Bondage and Thraldome The order of Manumission in old time was in this manner The Lord or Master took the Bondman by the head or some other part of his Body saying I will this Fellow be-free and so dismissed him Pliny was of opinion that Bondage began in Lacedemonia Barthers to shave and round were instituted by the Abantos because their Enemies in War should have no occasion to pluck them by the Hair P. Ticinius Mena brought them into Rome the 354th year after the Building of the City before they were unshaven C COIN of what Mettle soever it was made as appears by Josephus is very ancient and Cain the Son of Adam was very covetous in gathering together Money Herodotus affirmeth that the Lydians first Coined Silver and Gold to buy and sell with For before the Seige of Troy as Homer sings men used to change one Commodity for another Yet in the time of Abraham there was Money currant for he bougt the Cave to Bury his Wife Sarah of the Hittite Ephron for 40 Shekels of Silver which was before the Seige of Troy many years The Carpenters Art as Pliny writeth was first invented by Daedalus with these following Tools the Saw the Axe and Plumline whereby the evenness of the squares are tryed the Augore or Wimble the Square the Line the Shaving-Plain the Pricker or Punch were devised by Theodore a Samian Ovid writeth that Talus Daedalus Sisters Son invented the Compass and Fashioned the Saw in imitation of the Back-bone of a Fish but Daedalus envying that a Boy being his Apprentice should excell his Master cast him down out of a Tower as Ovid writes and slew him Pythagoras a Samian devised another manner of Rule then this that we commonly use fit for all manner of Buildings as Victrnuius declaireth in his 9th Book of Archetecture Though in my judgment the invention of this Art ought rather to be referred either to the Hebrews which used such Arts before Daedalus time and more especially in the curious Building of the Tabernacle or else to the Tyrians who were reputed in this mistery to have excelled the Hebrews For which cause Solomon wrote to the King of Tyre for Work-men to Build the Temple The Common-wealths administration was after three several ways as Plato divideth it Monarchy where one Ruleth Aristocracy where the most eminent Persons Govern Democracy or Popular State where the common People have a stroke in Ruling of the Publick-weale Principality or Regal Government was first begun by the Aegyptians who could not long subsist without a King or head Ruler There Reigned first as Herodotus writes Menes and their manner was to choose him amongst the Priests of their Religion and if it Fortuned that any stranger obtained the Relme by conquest he was compelled to be consecrated a Priest and so was the Election Legitimate when he was King and Priest The Diadem which was the token of the Honour Royal had its first institution from Libes Bacchus The Athenians ordained the state of a Common-wealth that was Governed by the whole Commons as Pliny writes although they also had Kings whereof Decrops Diphyes which Reigned in Moses time was the first For as Justine writes every City and Nation had at the first a King for their chief Governour which attained to that dignity by no Ambition or Favour but by his singular desert As concerning the institution of the Common-wealth where the Commons bear the sway I suppose it began amongst the Hebrews who were Ruled by a popular State many years before that Athens was Built Councils the custome of assembling of them to take deliberation of things doubtful or of serious Affairs are of great Antiquity as well amongst the Hebrews as other Nations They either called for Humane or Divine Affairs for the latter by such a manner of Council Matthias surrogated and substituted in the Stead of Judas into the number of the Apostles And by Council holden at Jerusalem the Apostiles discharged the Gentiles of Moses Law Cornelius was the first that called together any Council and that was in Rome of 600 Bishops and as many Priests with a great multitude of Deacons Charms or the manner of the driving Evil Spirits out of Persons that were possessed with them King Solomon taught as Josephus witnesseth and he saw it done by Eleazar in his time before Vespation the then Emperour writ the manner of Healing them Consuls in Rome took their beginning from the Banishment of Tarquinius for the horrid Crime and notorious Rape of Lucretia committed by his Son Junius Brutus and Lucius Targuinius Collatinus were the two first that had the Name and Title of Consuls of the consultation and the provision that they made for the Common-wealth They rul'd the Empire conducted Armies and by these Officers because they were annual the year was counted The Chattering of Birds was first observed by Caras The Divinations by looking on their Feeding was devised by Theresius a Theban and Pythagoras understood the mistery of their flights Chrystal is a stone that is congealed of pure Waters not with cold but by a power of Divine heat whereby it doth retain its hardness and never giveth again or melteth but receiveth divers colours this is the opinion of Diodorus But Pliny supposeth that it

proceedeth from the Ice extreamly frozen who first found it out is unknown Crowns or Garlands Moses made many of them and he was many years before Bacchus of whom Pliny writes that he did invent and wear the first Garland made of Ivy on his Head and afterwards it grew to be a custome that when they Sacrificed to any of their Gods they were to be Crowned with a Garland so was the oblation also At the first the manner was in all Plays and Sacrifices to make Garlands of Boughs of Trees And after they were garnished with variety of flowers among the Siconians by Pausias and Gliceria his Lemman not long after Winter Garlands that he called Aegyptian which were made of Wood or Ivory died with many colours began to be worne And in process of time they made Crowns of Brazen plates guilt or covered with Silver called for their thinness Garlands Lastly Craesus the rich did first set forth in his Game shews or Crowns with Silver or Golden Leaves and consequently there were invented several sorts of Crowns as the Triumphant Crown that the Emperour or grand Commander ware in his Triumph this was first made of Olive and afterwards of Gold The Murall and Wall Crown that was given to him that first scaled the Walls The Camp Crown that was the reward of him that first adventured Valiantly into the Camp of his Enimies The Navall or Sea Crown that was set on his Head that first Boarded his Enimies Ship And all these were of Gold The Obsidional Crown that was worn of him that delivered a City Beseiged it was composed of Grass There was also a Civill Crown which was a Sovereignty which a Citizen gave to him that had valiantly preserved him from his Enemies this was made of Oken Branches And this manner of Crown the Athenians did first devise and gave it to Pericles There were moreover Crowns of Pearls French Crowns and Garlands composed of the Ears of Corn which as Pliny writeth were first in use amongst the Romans Garlands made of Cinnamon Woven and Embossed with Gold Vespasian did first consecrate in the Capitoll in the Temple of Peace In some space of time the excess of Crowns grew to be such that the Grecians in their Banquets Crowned both their Heads and their Cups also whereof the Jonians were Authors Pliny writes that with one of these sorts of Crowns Cleopatria empoisoned Antonie And Artaxerxes is also said to have used Crowns of Garlands in his Feasts Citties the occasion of Building of them is thus reported For when men as is said before had gathered themselves into several Cottages they lived in distinct Houses which made them begin to think of gathering wealth for the support of their Families But seeing themselves daily robed and spoil'd by those that were stronger they were forced to joyn themselves together in a Company and to dwell within a certain compass of ground which they either Walled or Trenched about Afterwards it is said that Cecrops built Athens and by his own name called it Cecrepia Phoroneus built Argos though the Aegyptians affirm that Diopspolis was long before Trason first made Walls and Towers But Josephus says that Cain was the first that built a City and called it Enochia after the name of his Son Enoch and after the dayes of Noah by the advice of Nimrod there were certain men that built a very high Tower which was called Babel Tents were invented by Jabal the Son of Lamech Among the Phenicians they were found out by Seculus Houses of Clay were first invented by Doxins the Son of Gellius who took his example from the Swallows Nests Brick building was invented by Eurialus and Hyperbolus brethren at Athens though others attribute it to Resta the Daughter of Saturn Tile and Slate were the invention of Synarus of Agriopa in the Isle of Cyprus Quarries were invented by Cadmus in Thebes But the invention of such Arts is more fitly thought to be referred to Cain or the posterity of Seth who made two pillars one of Brick the other of Stone Notwithstanding 't is not denyed but those aforesaid Persons began their inventions in the Countries where they lived Marble was used in building by the Nobility of Rome for to shew the costly magnificence so that Scaurus being a publick Officer in Rome caused 360 Marble Pillars to be carried for the making of one Stage whereon an Enterlude was to be plaid Lucius Crassus was the first that had Pillars of Marble Lepidus made the Gates of his House of Numidian Marble In Graving Marble Dipoenus Scilus was the first that flourished before the Reign of King Cyrus in Persia D DICTATOR or great Master in Rome Largius was Created the first which Office was of the highest in Authority and as Dionisius believeth it was taken out of the Greeks amongst whom Elymnetae had the same power that the Dictator had in Rome T. Livius referred the Original of them to the Albanes and the Carthaginians had also their Dictators This Magistrate was never used saving in great dangers of the Common-wealth and it continued but six Months during that power all other Magistrates were Abrogated except the Tribunate or the Frovostship of the Commons The Consuls duty was to name and proclaim him and that no time but in the Night The Decemviri or the Rule of ten men endured amongst the Romans but for three years by reason of the outragious Lust of Appius Claudius against the Maid Virginea they were deposed and Consuls whom we have formerly mentioned supplyed their room in the 310 year of the City in their place instead of Consuls were chosen Marshals or Provosts of Armies whom they named Tribunus Aulus Sempronius Attacinus L Attilius Longus and T. Cecilius Siculus Democracie began in Rome when the Authority of the Commons became daily more Seditious and confedracies encreased in such a manner that C. Cunues so brought it about and ordered it that the Commonality Married with the Nobility and the Tribunes by their earnest instance and suit caused that the high Officers were permitted to them of the common sort At the year 355 of the building of the Citty P. Licinus Caluus was made Tribune of the Armie the 389th year L. Sextus Lateranus attained the Consulship the 399th year Cains Marcus Lateranus was created Dictator From this manner of Government it was by Sylla and Marius brought to one Ruler or Prince again thus hath Rome had all kinds of Administration of the Common-wealth Divination is reckoned to be of two sorts the one Natural the other Artificial Natural is that which is occasioned by a natural commotion or stirring of the mind which happens sometimes to men when they are asleep sometimes by a kind of fury or rapture of the mind as it was with the Sybils of the same nature were the oracles of Appollo and Jupiter Hammon Artificial those which proceed from conjectures old considerations and observance of the entrails of Beasts flying of Birds

Marcus Tuditanus being Consuls set forth the first Enterlude or Fable a year before Ennius was Born Before those days it was so despicaple that if one had professed himself to be a Poet he was imagined to be as bad as a Murtherer The Author of Meter was Almighty God who proportioned the World with a certain order as it were a Meter For there is none as Pythagoras taught that can possibly doubt but that there is in things Heavenly Earthly a kind of Harmony unless it were govern'd with a formal concord and described number how could it so long continue all other instruments that we poscess are all fashioned by a manner of Measure Diodorus assigneth the invention of Meter which the Poets by a Spiritual influence used in their Works to Jupiter to the Almighty God Of Meters there are divers kinds that have their Name either of the thing that is described therein as Heroical Meter is so called of the Wars of Noble men that are conteined in it wherein also Appollo gave his Oracles therefore Pliny saith we have that Meter of Pythius Oracle or of the inventour as Aesclepiadicall or of the quantity of Jambicks because it consisteth of a short and long which Archilocus first invented of the number of Feet as Hexameter and Pentameter which is also called Elegaical The Shepards Song Daphus the Son of Mercury was first expert in others in process of time made a further progress in this Art Prose as Pliny expresses was first writ by Phiresides a Syrian in the time of King Cyrus For t is not to be questioned but that he that write Histories write also Pross first and Pheresides was long after Moses which was 688 years after Joatham King of the Jews In whose time the Olympiads began and this Pheresides as Eusebius writes was but in the first Olympiad Pope Jone she was after the time of Charles the Great in the year from the Birth of Christ 154. She Governed the Apostolical Seat two years some months and dayes she held this for a Maxime Nascitur indigne per quem non nascitur alter Indigne vinit per quem non vinit et alter The Purple Colour was found as Pollux writeth upon this occasion Herades being in Love with a Beautiful Lady named Tyro as he walked by a Sea Cliffe his Grey-hound chanced to find a Shee l called a Purple and when he had crackt it with his strong Teeth the orient colour of the Blood remained on his Snout which flesh pleasant colour the Lady espying threatned Hercules that she would never admit him to injoy her untell he brought her a Cloath dyed with that precious colour Hercules willing to accomplish his Ladies desire got the Purple Fish and carried the Blood to his Soveraign Lady And after this manner the Purple colour first began amongst the Tyrians The Emperours of Rome were the first that wore the Purple Robes which have since been so honoured by Princes so as it is now accounted for the Royal colour Pardons were first proclaimed by St. Gregory This seed Sown by him grew to a ripe Harvest in the time of Boniface the Ninth who Reaped much Money for that Chaffe Parishes after that the Priesthood was ordained both least the care should be overgreat and also that every man might know what his charge was and how far his Office extended Dionisius in the year of our Lord 267 devised both in Rome and other places Churches Church-Yards and Parishes to Curats and Diocesses to Bishops and commanded that every one should be contented with his prescript bounds Phylosophy which Tully calleth the studdy of Wisdome the searcher of Virtue and expulser of Vice according to divers opinions was brought first out of Barbary into Greece by Persia the Magi for so they called their Wise men that excelled in Knowledge in Asia the Chaldees in India the Gymsophists so called because they went Naked of which Faction one Budas was chief In France the Druider in Phenice Ochus in Thrace Xamolxis and Orpheus in Libia Atlas The Aegyptians affirm that Vulcanus the Son of Nylus found the first principles of Phylosophy Lacertus Writes that Phylosophy began in Greece that Maseas and Linus were the first Learned men but Eusebius will have it that Phylosophy like all other Sciences sprung amongst the Hebrews and from them the Greek Phylosophers which were a Thousand years after Moses which derived their Knowledge from them Phylosophy the Name of it was not used amongst them till the time of Pythagoras for he called himself a Phylosopher and the studdy of Wisdome Phylosophy whereas formerly it was named Wisdome and they that professed it had the Title of Wise men There are three parts of it one called Natural another Moral and the faculty of disputing called Logick The Natural is of the World and the contents thereof which Arthelaus brought out of Jonia into Athens Moral reformeth the Life and Manners of men this part Socrates traduced from Heavenly things to the use of Life to discern good and bad Logick inventeth reason on both parts it was first said to have been found out by Zeno Eliates others devide Phylosophy into Five parts Natural Supernatural Moral Mathematical and Logick The Potters Craft that worketh things in Clay and Earth Chotibus an Athenian is said first to have invented as Pliny Writes in his seventh Book but in his Thirty-fifth Book he ascribeth the Original of it to Dibutades at Corinth whom he saith by the help of his Daughter invented this Art who after she understood that her Lover was to depart into a strange Nation for the tender Love that she bore to him she drew his Image on a Wall after the form of his shaddow by Candle-light which her Father filled and Fashioned with Clay and made it into a figure and resemblance of his Body and dryed it with the fire and set it in the common Hot-house where the Maids and Women kept their Baths and there it remained till Mummius destroyed Corinth Demeratus Father to Tarquinius Priscus King of the Romans first brought it into Italy Lisistratus a Serenian invented the making of Moulds and found the way to work Images in them The Potters Wheel or Frame as Ephorus writes Anacharsis a Phylosopher of the Countrey of Scythia invented The chief Work-men in this Art were said to have been Demopholus and Gorgosus Prayer was from the Beginning Abel prayed Noah Abraham Isaack and Jacob with other Patriarcks fought God by prayer in all their doubtful affaires and gave thanks for the good atchieving of them Moses and Aaron with others as Anna the Wife of Helcanah gave us an example of Prayer But Christ is the first that shewed us any special form of prayer as appeareth in the Gospel of St. Matthew There were devised by one Petrus Heremita of the City of Amiens Beads to say the Ladys Psalters on in the year of our Lord 1090. The same Peter the Hermit was the occasion that Pope

builded the first Temple to the worship of Jupiter Feretrius To Almighty God Solomon the King of the Hebrews builded the first Temple 3102 years after the Creation of Adam in Jerusalem Amongst other Temples that of Ephesus built in a noble City so called was very famous It was in the Countrey of Jonia it was built in the 32d year of the Reign of King David by Androchus the Son of Codrus King of Athens The Amazons and most part of Asia did contribute to the Erection of it in honour of Diana the like whereof was not in all the World and therefore it was accounted amongst the seven wonders of the World it was building 215 years It was placed in a Miry ground for the better avoiding of Earth-quakes There were 127 Pillars in it made of their Kings one by one which were in height 60 Foot whereof 36 were caried with most admirable workmanship The length of the whole Church was 425 Foot and the breadth 220. All that took this Church for Sanctuary had great immunities and priviledges there were also so many Gifts and Monuments given to this Church from all Natians and Cityes that none in all the World might be compared to it for Wealth St. Paul Preached at Epesus three years and Converted many to the Faith St. John also the Evangelist dyed in this City But this sumptious building was destroyed and set on fire in the Reign of Galienus the Emperour by one Erostratus who having performed many noble Exploits in War and otherwise when that he perceived himself to have been deprived both of reward and fame to leave a continual remembrance of his Name for one flagitious and horrible Act did with great fires and monsterous flames consume this faire Church and reduced it to Ashes thinking thereby as hath been said to have been remembred to perpetuity but he was mistaken for there were general Edicts and Proclamations made that no man should presume upon Pain of Death so much as to put his Name in any Writing or Chronicle to the intent that he might have been Buried with an everlasting Oblivion Triumphs the first of them was entered by Dionysius when he was replenished with the spoils of many Countreys afterwards they were received of sundry Nations as the Captains of Carthage upon their great successes Triumphed Romulus after he had conquered Acron King of Ciniveus was Crowned with Lawrell and carried in a Charriot with four Horses entered into the City of Rome Triumphantly and dedicated his prey and spoyls to Jupiter as Dionysius writes Although Eutropius saith that Tarquinius Priscus first Triumphed after his conquest of the Sabines Camillus was led in a solemn Triumph with white Horses in a Gilded Charriot his Browes incircled with a Garland of Gold all the Captains following the Charriot with Chains and Fetters about their Necks and the Senate going before into the Capitoll of Jupiters Temple where they offered a white Bull and then returned It was Lawful for none to Triumph but such as were Dictator Consul or Pretor Although Cneus Pompeius as Cicero writes Triumphed though he was but of the Order of Knights Truce which was called a covenant of Peace for a Season was instituted by Lycaon it was made sometimes for years as the Romans made a Truce with the Veientes for Forty years with the Cerites for a hundred sometimes a Truce was made for hours as Caius Pontius a Samnite required of the Dictator of Rome a Truce for six hours Leagues of Peeace Theseus is said to have ordained in Greece Diodorus assigns them to Mercury but the truth is they were in frequent use long before that time in Assyria and Aegypt and namely amongst the Hebrews for Jacob made a League with Laban and Moses offered conditions of Peace to the Princes of the Countries by whom he passed and after him Joshua confirmed a Bond of Peace with the Gibeonites The ceremonies and manner of the making and confirmation of the Leagues of sundry Nations were diversifyed according to their several customes Tragedies and Commedies had their beginning of the oblations as Diodorus writes which in old time men devoutly offered for their fruits to Bacchus For as the Altars were kindled with fire and the Goat laid on it the Quire in honour of Bacchus sung this Meter called a Tragedy it was named so either because a Goat which in Greek is called Tragos was the reward appointed for him that was Author of the Song or because a Goat is so noysome and hurtful to the Vines whereof Bacchus was the first inventer which Sacrificed to Liber or of the Grounds or Dregs which in Greek is called Tryx with which the Stage-Players used to Paint their Faces before that Aeschylus devised Visards But the first inventer of them after the mind of Horace was Thespis-Quintilian saith that Aescylus set forth the first publick Tragedies though he acknowledges that Sophocles and Euripidus did adorn and furnish them more gallantly In Rome Livius Andronicus made the first Tragedy wherein Accius Paccunius and Seneca excelled The Comedies began at what time the Athenians being not yet assembled into the City the Youth of that Contrey used to Sing solemn Verses at Feasts abroad in the Villages and High-wayes for to get Money They were so named of the Greek word Comos for a Banqueting or Come a Street and Ode a Song yet it is uncertain amongst the Grecians who invented them first In this kind of Writing Aristophanus Eupolis and Cratinus were the most eminent in a Tragedy Noble Persons as Emperours Kings Princes Dukes Lords c. are brought in with a high Style In a Comedy Amorous dalliances Love affaires Diversitie several Tunes Cheats c. are most concerned V VERMILION or Red-Lead was first found in Ephesus by Gallus an Athenian This colour was in Rome esteemed for Holy insomuch that on their Feastival dayes they Painted the Face of Jupiters Image with it and the Bodies of them that Triumphed Uows the custome of making of them was borrowed from the Hebrews which used to make Vows to God and divers other Countreys of the Gentles more blindly used to make such Vows to their false Gods Uoyces which were used to be given in great consultations Judgments and Elections were first ordained by Palamedes W WRITING after the manner of the Aegyptians was instead of Letters by Herogliphicks to make use of the Images of Beasts Birds c declaring their minds by the shapes and figures of them As by the Bee they signified a King Ruling his Commons and Subjects with great moderation and gentleness by the Goshauk they meant a speedy performance of their affaires and so for other things Watches and Wardings were first appointed by Palamedes Watch-words were first used in the Battell of Troy at the same time when Simon found out Beacons and Fires Wine which proceeds from the Vine Diodorus writes that Dionysius did first perceive the nature of it and taught the Grecians to Plant it and to