endeavours Pliny says that Cadmus Milesius first writ Histories amongst the Grecians which contain the Actions of Cyrus King of Persia Albeit Josephus supposeth it to be probable that Histories were begun by the old writers of the Hebrews as in the time of Moses who wrote the Lives of many of the most ancient Hebrews and the Creation of the World or else to the Priests of Aegypt and Babylon For the Aegyptians and Babylonians have been reputed of a long continuance the most diligent writers in so much that their Priests were appointed for that purpose to preserve things that were worthy to be had in memory Hunting and Fishing the Phenecians first found out Warrens and Parks were made first by Fulvius Hirpinus and now they are every where in use I am sure too much in England to the so great damage of Pastures that might Feed other Cattle more benificial to the Common-wealth I IRON and BRAS as Strabo writes a certain People named Thelchines first wrought on The Smiths Forge some think the Calybians found and some suppose they were the Cyclops Vulcans Smugs which first used the Smiths craft Diodorus is of opinion that the Iclei Dactyli and Vulcan were the first inventers of Iron and of all Mettalls that are wrought with the Fire Sothering of Iron Glancus found But as I take it that all these before named sound the use of such things in their own Countries For t is not to be questioned but that the use of all such Mettalls was perceived in the beginning of the World by Tubal-cain which was Son to Lamech expert and exercised in the Smiths craft Clement referreth the tempering of Iron to Delas The institution of the Anointing of Kings and Priests was to signify that they were especially favoured of God and like as Oyl lyeth aloft in the Water or other Liquor so the Office of a Priest and Dignity of a Prince surmounts all other degrees of Ministers both in the active and also contemplative life When Moses had builded the Tabernacle he was commanded to make a confection of holy Oyntment wherewith both the work and vessels of Priests and also of Kings which were called to that Office or Dignity ought to be Anointed so that it came to pass that the Anointing was the very token and difference whereby Kings were known amongst the Hebrews as the Emperours in Rome were known by their Purple Robes Aaron and his Sons were the first Anointed Priests and Samuel Anointed Saul first King over Israel and so consequently it grew into a custome that Priests and Kings were Anointed L THe Law is a constant and perpetual good thing without which no House no Citty no Countrey no Estates of Men no Natural Creature nor the World it self can consist firm and stable For it obeyeth God and all other things Aire Water Land and Men are in obedience to it Chrysippus calleth it a knowledge of all Divine and Humane Affairs commanding equity and expulsing wickedness and wrong There are of Laws three kinds one Natural that is not only appropriated to man but also it concerneth all other living things either in the Earth Sea or Aire as we perceive in all kinds of living Creatures naturally a certain familiarity of Male and Female procreation of Kind and a proclinity to nourish the same the which proceedeth from a Natural Law engrafted in them Nature her self that is God was the Author of this The second is Named the Law which all men use generally throughout the World as to shew a man the way to communicate to men the commodity of the Elements Water and Aire to this kind appertaineth the Law of Armes and it is called in Latine Ius Gentium-Civil Law is of every Country or Citty as of the Romans Lacedemonians Athenians c. This consisteth in decrees of Princes Statutes and Proclamations The chief and principal Laws were promulgate by God confirmed after the most pure and perfect manner stable constant and subject to no transmutation After the example of these Man hath invented Laws to defend and preserve good men and to punish and keep wicked Persons in good Order Such Laws Ceres made first as Diodonus writes but others suppose it to be Rhadamantus and afterwards others in divers Countreys devised and ordained Laws as in Athens Draco and Solon in Aegypt Mercury in Creet Minos in Lacedemonia curgus in Tyre Tharandus in Argos Phoroneus in Rome Romulus in Iltaly Pythagoras or after the mind of Dionisius the Arcadians that were under Evander as their Soveraign Lord and chief Captain Notwithstanding the very true Author of Laws is God which as hath been said first planted in us the Law of Nature and when it was corrupted by Adam and his posterity he gave the Written Law by Moses to reduce us again to our first state and true instinct of Nature which was before all other as Eusebius declaireth Lotts the casting of them Numerius Suffusius devised first at Preneste Looking-Glasses of Silver were invented by Praxiteles in the time of Pompey the Great there were also invented Looking-Glasses of Steel Lead Christal-Glass which one Sydon is reported to have been the first inventer of Glass was found out in Phenicia being ingendered in the River which is called Belus and it happened on this occasion A Merchants Ship being fraighted with Salt-peter came to that place and as they were prepairing their Meat on the Sands they could not find Stones to bear up their Vessels so that they were fain to lay great pieces of Nitre under them which being set on Fire and mingling with the Sand there appeared great flakes of melted Glass Lamps and Hanging Lights began of the Candles that Moses set up to burn in the Tabernacle Laws of Mourning of Obit's Funeral Exequies that are performed over dead Bodyes were the institution of Polugius although Isidore ascribeth the Original of it to the Apostles and he himself did augment the Rites that we use at this time Ambrose supposeth that Mourning proceeded from the Custom of the Hebrews which Lamented Jacob Forty days and Moses the space of Thirty days for that time was but counted sufficient for the Wife to weep in It was also the custom of the antient Romans to mourn For Numa Pompilius assigned Oblations to the Infernal Gods for the dead and did inhibite that a Child under the age of three years should be bewailed and that the elder sort should be mourned no more months then he had lived if any were married within that space again it was counted for a great reproach Wherefore Numa ordained that such as left of Mourning before the day limited should offer a Cow that was great with calf for expiation If that Rite were used now adayes and namely in England we should have small store of Veals there be so many that Marry within the space of time prescribed Plutarch writeth that the Women in their Mourning laid aside all Purple Gold and Sumptuous or rich Apparral and were cloathed
them with Reeds Boughs or Fen-sedges Thus in process of time they came to the Art of Building which as Diodorus saith is ascribed to Pallas But we are rather to believe that either Cain or Jubal the Son of Lamech found out this Art Bells came first from the Hebrews where the High Priest or Bishop had in the skirts of his uppermost Vestments little Bells to Ring when he was in the Holy place within the Vaile Banquets and delicate Dishes were begun in Jonia and after that Gluttonous custome was taken up in other Countreys though that there were Laws made in Lacedemonia by Lycurgus and in Rome by Faunius for the abolishing of such excessive Feasting But I could wish there were some good Law prescribed for good Hospitality For I believe there was never so little as is in these times Baths of which those that were hot were used first privately of all men according to their degree and ability for the preservation of their Health but in process of time they builded common Baths and Hot-houses for to Sweat in and the Noble did Bath and Wash with the Common and at last men and women were permitted most Laciviously to Bath together Most notable Baths were they that Agrippa Nero Titus Vespasian with other Emporours made as Julius Capitolinus writeth they were great and most gorgeously dressed with several places of Pleasure to maintain excessive Riot for all sorts of people Bondage or Slavery I find that it began amongst the Hebrews and had its Original proceeding of Canaan the Son of Cham who because he had Laughed his Father Noah to scorn as he lay dissolately when he was Drunk was punished in his Son Canaan with Bondage and Thraldome The order of Manumission in old time was in this manner The Lord or Master took the Bondman by the head or some other part of his Body saying I will this Fellow be-free and so dismissed him Pliny was of opinion that Bondage began in Lacedemonia Barthers to shave and round were instituted by the Abantos because their Enemies in War should have no occasion to pluck them by the Hair P. Ticinius Mena brought them into Rome the 354th year after the Building of the City before they were unshaven C COIN of what Mettle soever it was made as appears by Josephus is very ancient and Cain the Son of Adam was very covetous in gathering together Money Herodotus affirmeth that the Lydians first Coined Silver and Gold to buy and sell with For before the Seige of Troy as Homer sings men used to change one Commodity for another Yet in the time of Abraham there was Money currant for he bougt the Cave to Bury his Wife Sarah of the Hittite Ephron for 40 Shekels of Silver which was before the Seige of Troy many years The Carpenters Art as Pliny writeth was first invented by Daedalus with these following Tools the Saw the Axe and Plumline whereby the evenness of the squares are tryed the Augore or Wimble the Square the Line the Shaving-Plain the Pricker or Punch were devised by Theodore a Samian Ovid writeth that Talus Daedalus Sisters Son invented the Compass and Fashioned the Saw in imitation of the Back-bone of a Fish but Daedalus envying that a Boy being his Apprentice should excell his Master cast him down out of a Tower as Ovid writes and slew him Pythagoras a Samian devised another manner of Rule then this that we commonly use fit for all manner of Buildings as Victrnuius declaireth in his 9th Book of Archetecture Though in my judgment the invention of this Art ought rather to be referred either to the Hebrews which used such Arts before Daedalus time and more especially in the curious Building of the Tabernacle or else to the Tyrians who were reputed in this mistery to have excelled the Hebrews For which cause Solomon wrote to the King of Tyre for Work-men to Build the Temple The Common-wealths administration was after three several ways as Plato divideth it Monarchy where one Ruleth Aristocracy where the most eminent Persons Govern Democracy or Popular State where the common People have a stroke in Ruling of the Publick-weale Principality or Regal Government was first begun by the Aegyptians who could not long subsist without a King or head Ruler There Reigned first as Herodotus writes Menes and their manner was to choose him amongst the Priests of their Religion and if it Fortuned that any stranger obtained the Relme by conquest he was compelled to be consecrated a Priest and so was the Election Legitimate when he was King and Priest The Diadem which was the token of the Honour Royal had its first institution from Libes Bacchus The Athenians ordained the state of a Common-wealth that was Governed by the whole Commons as Pliny writes although they also had Kings whereof Decrops Diphyes which Reigned in Moses time was the first For as Justine writes every City and Nation had at the first a King for their chief Governour which attained to that dignity by no Ambition or Favour but by his singular desert As concerning the institution of the Common-wealth where the Commons bear the sway I suppose it began amongst the Hebrews who were Ruled by a popular State many years before that Athens was Built Councils the custome of assembling of them to take deliberation of things doubtful or of serious Affairs are of great Antiquity as well amongst the Hebrews as other Nations They either called for Humane or Divine Affairs for the latter by such a manner of Council Matthias surrogated and substituted in the Stead of Judas into the number of the Apostles And by Council holden at Jerusalem the Apostiles discharged the Gentiles of Moses Law Cornelius was the first that called together any Council and that was in Rome of 600 Bishops and as many Priests with a great multitude of Deacons Charms or the manner of the driving Evil Spirits out of Persons that were possessed with them King Solomon taught as Josephus witnesseth and he saw it done by Eleazar in his time before Vespation the then Emperour writ the manner of Healing them Consuls in Rome took their beginning from the Banishment of Tarquinius for the horrid Crime and notorious Rape of Lucretia committed by his Son Junius Brutus and Lucius Targuinius Collatinus were the two first that had the Name and Title of Consuls of the consultation and the provision that they made for the Common-wealth They rul'd the Empire conducted Armies and by these Officers because they were annual the year was counted The Chattering of Birds was first observed by Caras The Divinations by looking on their Feeding was devised by Theresius a Theban and Pythagoras understood the mistery of their flights Chrystal is a stone that is congealed of pure Waters not with cold but by a power of Divine heat whereby it doth retain its hardness and never giveth again or melteth but receiveth divers colours this is the opinion of Diodorus But Pliny supposeth that it
concerning the Martyrdoms of the Twelve Apostles we shall relate as followeth James the Son of Zebedee called Major for that he was chosen to be an Apostle was sent to convert Spaine from whence by reason of the Obstinacy of the People he returned shortly to Preach in Judea where through the Malice of a Jewish Bishop called Abiathar he was accused and Beheaded by the consent of Herod Agrippa His Body was conveyed by his Disciples first to Jerusalem and from thence to Spaine where it remaineth in Compostella a Famous Pilgrimage James the Son of Alpheus called Minor for that he was last chosen he was Bishop of Jerusalem and that for the space of Thirty years and then as he was Preaching in the Temple he was thrown down by the Pharises and by them stoned to death he was Buried by the Temple Simon by our Saviour called Peter through the indignation of Nero because he was too hard for and had overcome Simon Magus Sorcerie was Crucified with his Head downward Saul after his conversion called Paul who after that he had endured and escaped many dangers and torments as being Whipt with Rods put in the Stocks by Philipus Stoned in Lystra delivered to wild Beasts in Ephesus Bound and Beaten in Jerusalem at last he came to Rome where by the commandement of Nero he was Beheaded for that he was a Roman Born the same day that St. Peter was crucified Philip after he had Preached throughout the whole Coutrey of Scythia and converted a great part thereof in the space of twenty years was at last in the City of Hierapolis when he had there extirped the Herisie of the Hebaeonites fastned to the Cross and put to a cruel death Bartholomew went to Preach in India and afterwards came to Albania a City of Armenia the greater where he converted the King of that City and destroyed the Idols Wherefore by the Commandment of Astiages Brother to King Polimeus whom he had converted he was Flead alive His Body was afterwards brought to Italy and is as some say at Rome Andrew Simon Peters Brother went first to Preach in Achaia and afterwards in Scythia but Lastly he was taken at Patras a City of Achaia by Egeas Pro-consul of that Province Who because that he had Converted his Wife Maximilla cast him in prison where he was most Tyrannically beaten stretched out and bound upon a slope Cross to augment his Torment and so he dyed Thomas Preached the Gospel to the Parthians Medes Persians Hyrcanians Bragmans and converted a great part of India He was by the Infidels thrown into a burning Furnace and is said to have come out unhurt Finally because he prayed to God to destroy the Idol of the Sun which the Infidels would have compelled him to Worship he was by them thrust through with Spears and Swords Matthew after he had Preached much in Judea he went into Aetheopia and there converted the greatest part of the Countrey As he had newly ended his Prayers and was lifting up his hands to Heaven by the Alter by the Appointment of the King of that Countrey certain Villains came behind him and run him through with their Swords Judas called Thaddeus after the Ascention of our Lord was sent by Thomas to heal Albagar King of Edissa Afterwards he Preached in Pontus and Mesopotamia and converted many cruel and barbarous People Lastly he came to Persia where for confounding of their Idols he was suddenly run upon and murdered by the Pagan Bishops of that Countrey He was buried at Netre a City of Armenia Simon called Chananeus Brother to Thaddeus and James the less after he had Preached in Aegypt returned to Jerusalem Whereof by the consent of the Apostles he was made Bishop after the death of his Brother James As touching his Martyrdome some say that he suffered with his Brother Judas Thaddeus in Persia others that he was through the envy of the Hereticks accused before the Consul Atticus and therefore Crucified as his Master was Mathyas after the Ascension of our Blessed Lord and Saviour was chosen by the Apostles to supply the room of Judas he was born at Bethlem and was descended of the Tribe of Juda. He Preached for the most part in Judea where at last he was falsly accused of his enemies for Perjury and was therefore condemned to be stoned to death by two men after which torment one cut him with a Hatchet which finished his Martyrdome The Four Monarchies of the World were in successive order as followeth the First was of the Assirians by Ninus about the year of the World 2220. augmented by the Queen Semiramis and afterwards it endured the Term of 1300 years it was translated by Arbactus to the Medes and there having endured 350 years it was left by Astyages and exterpated by Cyrus The Second Monarchy was of the Persians the year of the World 3425 which after it had endured 191 years was lost by Daryus and extirpated by Alexander the Great The Third Monarchy was of the Grecians founded by Alexander the Great in the year of the World 3634 and before Christ 320 years after whose death it was divided amongst the Prefects which in his life time he had appointed in divers Countries by which division Selenius King of Assyria Ptolomeus King of Aegypt Antigonus King of Asia Cassander of Macedonia and Greece all which Countries were after subduâ—â—… by the Romans The Fourth Monarchy or Empire was of the Romans founded by Julius Caesar in the year of the World 3914 after the building of Rome 706 years and before Christ 47 years This Monarchy flourished about the space of 470 years till that after the death of Theodosius the Great it was divided by his two Sons into two Empires Arcadius was Emperour of Constantinople which Empire endured though afterwards much diminished by the Invasions of Barbarous Nations untill the year of our Lord 1453 and then was quite lost by Constantine and conquered by Mahomet the second Emperour of the Turks Honorious was Emperour of Rome which Empire shortly after in the year of our Lord five hundred seventy-five and about the ninth Month of the Reign of Augustus was utterly ruinated by Othacar King of the Gothes And long after in the year of our Lord 801 it was restored by Charles the great and by him united to the Crown of France and by his successors Translated into Germony 〈◊〉 here it yet remaineth as a shaddow only or representation of the Majesty of the Ancient Roman Empire Measures and Wrights were found out by Sidonius as Entropius writes The same time that Procus Reigned in Albany Ahaz in Judah and Jeroboam in Hierusalem Some write that Mercury devised them in Greece Pliny ascribeth it to Phidon of Argos Gellius to Palamades Strabo to one Phidon of Elis in Arcadie Diogenes saith that Pythagoras taught the Greeks Weights and Measures but Josephus affirms that Cain first found them out Men Deified were such as from whom had been attained any
special or singular commodity or favour to the furtherance or advantage of the common Livelyhoods of others such were Builders of Citties or Ladyes excelling for their Chastity such as were puissiant in Armes were more especially honour'd for Gods as the Aegyptians had Isiis the Assyrians Neptune the Latines Faunus the Romans Quirine the Athens Pallas the Delphians Appollo the Grecians Jupiter the Assyrians Belus and many Countreys had divers other Gods and some which is a shame to speak Worshipped Brute Beasts and took them for Gods by reason whereof the Greeians had the opinion that the Gods had their beginning of men And thus when men withdrew their phantasies from Images to the Spirits invisible they were perswaded that there were many Gods and of no lesser number than mortall men not to Discourse further of the Opinions of the Phylosophers which were various and dangerous to be mentioned I shall only set down what Plato saith that there is but one God he writes that this World was Created by him and that he was called God because he is so merciful and bestoweth his Blessings so freely on men from whom they receive all things good and profitable God himself being the principal Fountain of all Goodness Men were first called Christians when Philip Converted and Baptised the Samaritans and a certain Evunuch of Candaces Queen of Aethiopia this Evunuch Converted the Queen with her Family and a great part of that Countrey to the Faith of Christ Afterwards in Antioch the Faithfull named themselves Christians Myrrh which is an humour congealed and constipated together with heat is brought out of the Eastern parts and chiefly out of Carmania Pompeius in his Triumph over the Pyrat's or Robbers of the Sea brought it first into Rome N NE-CROMANCY is said to be such a kind of Magick as is for the raising up of the Dead as in Lucan one raised from Death told the Adventures of the Battell of Pharsalia Pyromancy is one part of it which predicted things by the Fire and Lightning as Tenaquilla the Wife of Tarquinius Priscus prophesied that Servius Tullius should be King of Rome because he saw the Fire environ his Head The finding of this Pliny referreth to Amphiaraus Hieromancy that is a kind of prophecieing by the Aire as by flying feeding singing of Birds and strange Tempests of Wind and Haile Hydromancy was a prophecying by Water as Varro Write ththat a Child did see in the Water the Image of Mercury and in 150 Verses told all the success of War against Methridates King of Pontus Geomancy was a Divination by opening of the Earth Chiromancy is a conjectureing by beholding the lines and Wrinkles of the hand commonly called Palusistry The Sages or Wise Men of Persia which in their Language were named Magi being strangely addicted to the honouring of their false Gods were so extreamly foolish that they professed openly that they could not only by the observation of the Stars know things to come but also by the already mentioned pretended Arts that they could bring to pass what they would which illusions and false perswasions of theirs it becommeth all true Christians for to eschew and abhorre Naval Fights Minos made the first for Honour and Profit Merchandise being instituted to furnish Men with necessaries by way of Exchange but after Money was coined it was made use of more for private Wealth The Naval or Sea Crown which was of Gold was first set on his head which boarded his enemies Ship Nets were first said to have been invented by Arachne of Lydia she taught the way of Knitting them to take Beasts Birds Fish and Fowl she also Invented Flax and Linnen as Pliny writes Noah made the first Altar Abraham Isaac and Jacob did make their Offerings rather from their devotion then from any Priestly Authority Notaries were appointed in Rome by Julius the first of that name their Office was then to write the lives of Godly Martyrs and Confessors to Register them for a perpetual example of constant and vertuous living Though I am of Opinion that it was the Invention and deâ—ice of Clement who Ordained seaven Notaries to Inroll the notable Deeds of the Martyrs And Antherius afterwards did more firmly rectifie them But this now amongst other Offices is perverted to other worldly affaires Nuns or the custome of Consecrating of Virgins to make Vows of Chastity was instituted by Pius the first who also ordained that none should be made before they were Twenty five years old and that they might be Consecrated at no time but in the Epiphany or Twelfth-day Easter Even and on the Feasts of the Apostles unless it were when any professed were in point of dying And Sotherus caused that a Decree was made that no such prosessed should touch Cope or put Incence into the Censors the year of our Lord God 175. It seemeth to have taken it's Original from the Apostles which is proved by St. Paul's words where he saith let no Widdow be chosen before she be Threescore years of age with divers of the like sayings O THE Oath called Jones Stone Which the Antients swore by and Held so Sacred was after this manner he that swore was to hold in one hand a stone and then to pronounce these Words If Knowingly I deceive Jupiter cast me from my Gods from my Countrey and from all happyness as I cast away this Stone The Orders of Chivalry most whereof continue at this day amongst Princes are as followeth The First and antientest of these Orders of Chivalry or Knighthood is the Order of the Garter Instituted in the year of our Lord 1348 in Burdeaux chief City of the Dukedome Guyne in France by Edward the Third King of England and then possessor of the Dukedome which order he consecrated and dedicated to St. George though the motive of the institution thereof proceeded from the Loss of a Garter which he supposed to have been the Countess of Salsburies And it happened in this manner As one day he was entertaining her with pleasant Discourse a Garter chanced to unloose and fall down at the Kings indeavouring to take it up the Noble-men were supprised with a suddain Laughter At which the Countess Blushed to perceive her self rendered so Rediculous and withall being displeased at some more than seemingly Familiarity that had passed she said sharply to the King and the rest Honi soit qui maly pense which in English is Evil to him that Evil thinketh The King to pacific the Countesses displeasure said that before it were long those Noble-men which had made a Jest and Laughing at the Garter sallen down should esteem themselves much honoured to wear it for a mark of Chivalry and thereupon ordained the said Order and consecrated it to St. George and made thereof Twenty-six Knights and ordained that they should wear their Cloakes of Violet-colour Velvet their Hoods of Red Velvet and under the left Knee a Blew Garter Buckled with Gold Garnished with precious Stones and about
Marcus Tuditanus being Consuls set forth the first Enterlude or Fable a year before Ennius was Born Before those days it was so despicaple that if one had professed himself to be a Poet he was imagined to be as bad as a Murtherer The Author of Meter was Almighty God who proportioned the World with a certain order as it were a Meter For there is none as Pythagoras taught that can possibly doubt but that there is in things Heavenly Earthly a kind of Harmony unless it were govern'd with a formal concord and described number how could it so long continue all other instruments that we poscess are all fashioned by a manner of Measure Diodorus assigneth the invention of Meter which the Poets by a Spiritual influence used in their Works to Jupiter to the Almighty God Of Meters there are divers kinds that have their Name either of the thing that is described therein as Heroical Meter is so called of the Wars of Noble men that are conteined in it wherein also Appollo gave his Oracles therefore Pliny saith we have that Meter of Pythius Oracle or of the inventour as Aesclepiadicall or of the quantity of Jambicks because it consisteth of a short and long which Archilocus first invented of the number of Feet as Hexameter and Pentameter which is also called Elegaical The Shepards Song Daphus the Son of Mercury was first expert in others in process of time made a further progress in this Art Prose as Pliny expresses was first writ by Phiresides a Syrian in the time of King Cyrus For t is not to be questioned but that he that write Histories write also Pross first and Pheresides was long after Moses which was 688 years after Joatham King of the Jews In whose time the Olympiads began and this Pheresides as Eusebius writes was but in the first Olympiad Pope Jone she was after the time of Charles the Great in the year from the Birth of Christ 154. She Governed the Apostolical Seat two years some months and dayes she held this for a Maxime Nascitur indigne per quem non nascitur alter Indigne vinit per quem non vinit et alter The Purple Colour was found as Pollux writeth upon this occasion Herades being in Love with a Beautiful Lady named Tyro as he walked by a Sea Cliffe his Grey-hound chanced to find a Shee l called a Purple and when he had crackt it with his strong Teeth the orient colour of the Blood remained on his Snout which flesh pleasant colour the Lady espying threatned Hercules that she would never admit him to injoy her untell he brought her a Cloath dyed with that precious colour Hercules willing to accomplish his Ladies desire got the Purple Fish and carried the Blood to his Soveraign Lady And after this manner the Purple colour first began amongst the Tyrians The Emperours of Rome were the first that wore the Purple Robes which have since been so honoured by Princes so as it is now accounted for the Royal colour Pardons were first proclaimed by St. Gregory This seed Sown by him grew to a ripe Harvest in the time of Boniface the Ninth who Reaped much Money for that Chaffe Parishes after that the Priesthood was ordained both least the care should be overgreat and also that every man might know what his charge was and how far his Office extended Dionisius in the year of our Lord 267 devised both in Rome and other places Churches Church-Yards and Parishes to Curats and Diocesses to Bishops and commanded that every one should be contented with his prescript bounds Phylosophy which Tully calleth the studdy of Wisdome the searcher of Virtue and expulser of Vice according to divers opinions was brought first out of Barbary into Greece by Persia the Magi for so they called their Wise men that excelled in Knowledge in Asia the Chaldees in India the Gymsophists so called because they went Naked of which Faction one Budas was chief In France the Druider in Phenice Ochus in Thrace Xamolxis and Orpheus in Libia Atlas The Aegyptians affirm that Vulcanus the Son of Nylus found the first principles of Phylosophy Lacertus Writes that Phylosophy began in Greece that Maseas and Linus were the first Learned men but Eusebius will have it that Phylosophy like all other Sciences sprung amongst the Hebrews and from them the Greek Phylosophers which were a Thousand years after Moses which derived their Knowledge from them Phylosophy the Name of it was not used amongst them till the time of Pythagoras for he called himself a Phylosopher and the studdy of Wisdome Phylosophy whereas formerly it was named Wisdome and they that professed it had the Title of Wise men There are three parts of it one called Natural another Moral and the faculty of disputing called Logick The Natural is of the World and the contents thereof which Arthelaus brought out of Jonia into Athens Moral reformeth the Life and Manners of men this part Socrates traduced from Heavenly things to the use of Life to discern good and bad Logick inventeth reason on both parts it was first said to have been found out by Zeno Eliates others devide Phylosophy into Five parts Natural Supernatural Moral Mathematical and Logick The Potters Craft that worketh things in Clay and Earth Chotibus an Athenian is said first to have invented as Pliny Writes in his seventh Book but in his Thirty-fifth Book he ascribeth the Original of it to Dibutades at Corinth whom he saith by the help of his Daughter invented this Art who after she understood that her Lover was to depart into a strange Nation for the tender Love that she bore to him she drew his Image on a Wall after the form of his shaddow by Candle-light which her Father filled and Fashioned with Clay and made it into a figure and resemblance of his Body and dryed it with the fire and set it in the common Hot-house where the Maids and Women kept their Baths and there it remained till Mummius destroyed Corinth Demeratus Father to Tarquinius Priscus King of the Romans first brought it into Italy Lisistratus a Serenian invented the making of Moulds and found the way to work Images in them The Potters Wheel or Frame as Ephorus writes Anacharsis a Phylosopher of the Countrey of Scythia invented The chief Work-men in this Art were said to have been Demopholus and Gorgosus Prayer was from the Beginning Abel prayed Noah Abraham Isaack and Jacob with other Patriarcks fought God by prayer in all their doubtful affaires and gave thanks for the good atchieving of them Moses and Aaron with others as Anna the Wife of Helcanah gave us an example of Prayer But Christ is the first that shewed us any special form of prayer as appeareth in the Gospel of St. Matthew There were devised by one Petrus Heremita of the City of Amiens Beads to say the Ladys Psalters on in the year of our Lord 1090. The same Peter the Hermit was the occasion that Pope
Urbane stirred up the Christians to make a Voyage into Asia at which time Jerusalem was recovered Prreaching or the first Sermon was by Moses when he had received the Ten Commandments he then assembled the people together and acquainted them with the will of God St. John the Baptist preached in the Wilderness of Jury and so did our Saviour himself and gave Authority to the Apostles and Disciples by special Commandment to do the same Prisons Fetters Stocks Gines Staves with the like Instruments to punish Malefactors Ancus Martius as Livy saith did first appoint them to keep men in Fear and good Order R RHETORICK Diodorus saith was invented by Mercury But Aristotle affirms that Epedocles was the first Author of the Oratorial Art We may be sure that not long after men were Formed they received from God the use of Speech wherein when they perceived some words to be profitable and some to be hurtful in uttering of them they appointed and compiled an Art of Speech or communication called Rhetorick Rome was the Seat of Eloquence where it was never forbidden but in process of time as it was found to be profitable honest was had in such high estimation and so many partly for their defence Glory and Ambition employed their studies in it with such earnest endeavours that very many of the Commonalty were promoted into the degree of Senatours and atchieved much honour by it Cornx and Thisias being Sicilians gave the first precepts in Writing of this Science and their Counthey-man Leontinus Gorgias succeeded them Demosthenes was the principal amongst the Grecians amongst the Romans M. Tullius Cicero who had no fellow Now as touching the effect and property of it there are in it as Cicero writes five parts first to invent Matter to speak then for him that is to deliver his speech formally to order his devices next to polish it and furnish it with Elegant terms and choise words and to have his speech and oration in perfect memory and last of all to utter and express it with a comely gesture and posture in such a manner as to delight with the convenient and pleasant treatableness of it which should as it were teach and plainly declare the things and move the passions and affections of the Auditors and Judges either to pitty or favour or if the cause permit or time require to excite them either to mirth or to a grave severity as the occasion shall require In terms of this faculty we make this difference we call him that defendeth matters and pleadeth causes an orator A Rhetorition is he that teacheth and professeth to be a School master in that Art A Declamater he that is employed in feigned causes either for his own exercise or to instruct others therein Reliques were first instituted by Cletus and Anacletus Bishops of Rome who seriously went about to reverence those Martyrs whose innocent Blood was spent for Gods cause To this purpose they appointed a place where the Martyrs should severally have their Sepulchers apart from the Lay People and by decree he was denounced accursed and sacreligious that by word or deed hindred mens devotions from visiting the Tombs of the Apostles Upon this institution Calistus the first Builded a Church beyond Tyber a Church in honour of our Lady and Constantine the Emperour edified to St. Peter St. Paul and St. Lawrence Temples This matter was by Gregory the Saint set forward to encrease Devotion for he appointed the Lettanies of Saints with Ora pro nobis to be sung with Masses on Solemn dayes in the chief Temples of the City promising them that repaired thither at such Solemn Feasts Remission of their Sins by his Pardon Ringing of Bells were first ordained by Sabinianus that the people might be assembled together to hear Divine Service at certain hours of the day and John the 22d decreed that Bells should be tolled every day three times Morning or Evening that every one should say three times the Ave-Maria Royal Ornaments of the Romans were Fardels of Rods the Axe the Garland of Gold the Chaire of Ivory the Kyrtil or Cope Charriots Trapped Horses Mantles of State Embroidered Gowns with all other Royal Apparel the Tuscanes were very early in their choice of rich Habits whom Tarquinius Priscus subdued Rome hath been taken Eight times First by the Gaules under the conduct of Captain Brennus the year of the Foundation of the City 365 and the year of the World 4835 and the year before Christ 364. This Brennus is by the Brittaine and English Chronicles reported to have been a Brittain and Brother to Belinus King of Brittain but neither the Chronicles of Rome nor of Gaule do express any such matter Rome was the Second time taken by Alaricke King of the Gothes after he had held his Seige before it for the space of two years Which befell the year of the Foundation of the City 1164 the year of our Lord 412 and the 25 year of the Emperour Honorius It is written in the Chronicles of Constantinople and in other Histories that as Alarick being a Christian Marched with his Host towards Rome a certain Monke of a Holy Life came to him who having Audience admonished and councelled him to break off that evil purpose and to remember that he was a Christian and that for Gods sake he would moderate his Wrath and that he would not take pleasure in the shedding of Christian Blood since that Rome had not in the least respect offended him unto whom Alricke answered thou must understand Man of God that it proceedeth not of mine own will that I goe against Rome but contrarily I le assure thee that every day there commeth unto me a Man which constraineth and importuneth me thereunto saying unto me hasten thee go against Rome destroy it utterly and make it desolate At which words the Religious Man being astonished durst not reply and so the King persued his enterprise Rome was Thirdly taken by Genserick King of the Vandals the year of the Foundation of the City 1208 the year of Christ 456 who Sacked and Burnt it in many places this was in the Emperour Marcians time Rome was Fourthly taken by Totila King of the Goths who because he could not obtain peace of the Emperour Justinian commanded the Citizins to avoid the City and afterwards burnt and sacked all the whole City defaced the Walls and the Capitol and rendred it almost desolate insomuch that it could never since be repaired according to the first Form although a while after Bellisarius Peopled and repaired a Great part thereof And recalling the old Inhabitants very much Fortifyed and Strengthened the Walls This desolation happened the year after the Foundation of the City 1300 after Christ 548 in the 21st year of the Emperer Justinian Rome was the Fifth time taken by the same Totila King of the Goths after that Belisarius had repeopled and repaired it It was the Sixth time taken by the Moores and Sarazens followers of Mahomet
Coined it was made use of more for mens private Wealth then for any common profit and for that cause Cicero calls it a Servile Craft Although Plutarch writes that Thales Solon Hippocrates and Plato were occupied and employed in this Art The Carthaginians as Pliny expresses in his seventh Book were very early in it but Diodorus will have Mercury to be the first that was cunning in it Pliny in his tenth Book saith that Liber otherwise called Dionysius invented the Trade of Merchandise And therefore it may be imagined that the Carthaginians Learned the Trade of Merchandise of Dionysius But the Hebrews as Josephus affirms used Buying and Selling in the time of Noah and Joseph was Sold to Merchants and carried into Aegypt Saluting with Kisses this custome is very Antient for it was the manner of the Hebrews to kiss strangers at their first meeting as Jacob kissed Rachel before he expressed that he was of her kindred and Laban after he knew him to be his Sisters Son embraced him with his Arms and kissed him The Romans custome was to kiss their kinsfolk but afterwards it was extended to further familiarity and is now too often used Laciviously Although in Rome it was an Ordinance that the women should kiss their kindred 〈◊〉 that if she had drank any 〈…〉 to the Law made 〈…〉 drinking of Wine by 〈…〉 might be discovered and 〈…〉 her intemperance 〈…〉 proceedeth from Worms the Spinning and Weaving of it Pamphila the Daughter of Platis devised in the Isle of Coos The Septemviri or the Seven Electors of the Emperour of Germany and of the Peeres or Paires of France The Election of the Emperours of Germany is in the manner following the Seven Princes Electors called Septemviri meet early about fix of the clock in the Romanco there they Consult untill nine from thence they go in solemn order into St. Bartholomews of them there are three Ecclesiastical and and four Temporal the three Ecclesiastical that is to say the Arch-Bishop of Mentz called the Arch-Chancellor of High Germany being the first next the Arch-Bishop of Collen called the Arch-Chancellor of Italy and then follows the Arch-Bishop of Tryers called the Arch Chancellor of France all in their State befitting so great a Majesty Then the four Temporal that is to say the Marquess of Brandenburg great Chamberlaine of the Empire with a Massy Key of Gould then the Duke of Saxony Lord high Marshall beareth the Sword before the Emperour and is likewise Arch-Sewer in carring the Plate to the Table then the Elector of Bohemia the Taster or else Cup-Bearer to the Emperour for the Triumph These are the only Electors of the Emperour they afterwards descend from their seats and there before the Audience take a Solemn Oath one after another in these following words I doe Swear upon this Evangelist before me that with all my Faith which I owe to God my diligence and care which I owe to the Emperour without former reward or future hope of greater Honour that I will chuse with all my Faith and Truth a Just and fit Man for the Kingdome of Rome as much as in me Lyeth After these and many other ceremonies they proclaim him King of the Romans Heire of Augustus and Emperour of Germany In the Realm of France to be a Peer is the greatest Dignity under the King for that in many things they have allmost equal Authority with Kings for Peer in the French tongue signifyeth equal But because it will be too pro lixe a subject to discourse of all their Prerogatives it shall suffice only to number them and each of their Offices at the Sacring or Coronation of a new King These antient Peers are twelve in number whereof 6 are of the Clergy six are Lay-men the 6 of the Clergy with their offices at the Coronation are the Arch-Bishop Duke of Reins who hath his accustomed charge to anoint and consecrate the King the Bishop Duke of Lacon whose office is to bring the holy Ampoule or divine Water wherewith the King is anointed the Bishop Duke of Langres whose office is to bring the Scepter the hand of Justice the Bishop and Earl of Beanais bringeth the Kings Cloak the Bishop Earl of Chaalous attendeth with the Kings Ring the Bishop Earl of Noyon waites with the Kings Girdle The six Temporal Peers with their Offices at the Coronation are the Duke of Burgundy Dean or chief of the rest whose Office is to carry the Kings Crown the Duke of Guyen carries the 1 st square Banner the Duke of Normandy brings the 2d square Banner the Earl of Tholouse carries the Kings Spurs the Earl of paigne hath the mannagement of the Royal Banner or the Standard of War the Earl of Flanders bringeth the Kings Sword And although the first five temporall Peerdoms are united to the Crown and the sixt be united to another Prince yet at the Kings Coronation there are other Noble men appointed to supply their roome and Offices These are the twelve antient Peers although since their creation others have been made which though they have like Authority to judge in the Court of Parliament yet they want Offices at the Kings Coronatian and bear not that Majesty that the other Peers doe for that they are not of so great Antiquity A Sanctuary as Statius writes was made first by Hercules Nephews in Athens and was called the Temple of Mercy For then it was not lawfull to take any man violently that repaired thither for Assistance and Protection Notwithstanding whatsoever is otherwise expressed by Prophane Authors questionless Moses who was long before Hercules did institute three Franchised Towns whether it was permitted for them to go that had done any Murther unawares or by Chance-Medly Next after him Romulus ordained a Sanctuary in Rome to increase his Citizens and to have the greater number to build and people the City There was a Sanctuary in the Isle Calvaria dedicated to Neptune and another in Aegypt at Campus consecrated to Hercules and another at Osyris and in Syria one hallowed to Appollo There were many others in Christendome King Henry the 8 th amongst his other reformations because of the great crimes and enormities that were commited concerning them thought fit amongst his other devastations to put them down Swearing was first ordained by the Emperour Justinian which was that men should swear by the Sacred Writ the Gospell and now a dayes all that swear lay their hand upon the Book and kiss it saying So help me God c. Because as the Gospell of our Religion and Faith may for no cause be violated so an Oath in no case may be broken T TEMPLES or as they were afterwards called Churches as Diogenes supposeth were caused first to be built by Epimenides in Crete But Victruvius affirmeth that one Ptthius a Carpenter made the first Temple in Prienc in the Honour of Pallas Herodotus saith the Aegyptians Instituted Temples first In Rome Romulus
builded the first Temple to the worship of Jupiter Feretrius To Almighty God Solomon the King of the Hebrews builded the first Temple 3102 years after the Creation of Adam in Jerusalem Amongst other Temples that of Ephesus built in a noble City so called was very famous It was in the Countrey of Jonia it was built in the 32d year of the Reign of King David by Androchus the Son of Codrus King of Athens The Amazons and most part of Asia did contribute to the Erection of it in honour of Diana the like whereof was not in all the World and therefore it was accounted amongst the seven wonders of the World it was building 215 years It was placed in a Miry ground for the better avoiding of Earth-quakes There were 127 Pillars in it made of their Kings one by one which were in height 60 Foot whereof 36 were caried with most admirable workmanship The length of the whole Church was 425 Foot and the breadth 220. All that took this Church for Sanctuary had great immunities and priviledges there were also so many Gifts and Monuments given to this Church from all Natians and Cityes that none in all the World might be compared to it for Wealth St. Paul Preached at Epesus three years and Converted many to the Faith St. John also the Evangelist dyed in this City But this sumptious building was destroyed and set on fire in the Reign of Galienus the Emperour by one Erostratus who having performed many noble Exploits in War and otherwise when that he perceived himself to have been deprived both of reward and fame to leave a continual remembrance of his Name for one flagitious and horrible Act did with great fires and monsterous flames consume this faire Church and reduced it to Ashes thinking thereby as hath been said to have been remembred to perpetuity but he was mistaken for there were general Edicts and Proclamations made that no man should presume upon Pain of Death so much as to put his Name in any Writing or Chronicle to the intent that he might have been Buried with an everlasting Oblivion Triumphs the first of them was entered by Dionysius when he was replenished with the spoils of many Countreys afterwards they were received of sundry Nations as the Captains of Carthage upon their great successes Triumphed Romulus after he had conquered Acron King of Ciniveus was Crowned with Lawrell and carried in a Charriot with four Horses entered into the City of Rome Triumphantly and dedicated his prey and spoyls to Jupiter as Dionysius writes Although Eutropius saith that Tarquinius Priscus first Triumphed after his conquest of the Sabines Camillus was led in a solemn Triumph with white Horses in a Gilded Charriot his Browes incircled with a Garland of Gold all the Captains following the Charriot with Chains and Fetters about their Necks and the Senate going before into the Capitoll of Jupiters Temple where they offered a white Bull and then returned It was Lawful for none to Triumph but such as were Dictator Consul or Pretor Although Cneus Pompeius as Cicero writes Triumphed though he was but of the Order of Knights Truce which was called a covenant of Peace for a Season was instituted by Lycaon it was made sometimes for years as the Romans made a Truce with the Veientes for Forty years with the Cerites for a hundred sometimes a Truce was made for hours as Caius Pontius a Samnite required of the Dictator of Rome a Truce for six hours Leagues of Peeace Theseus is said to have ordained in Greece Diodorus assigns them to Mercury but the truth is they were in frequent use long before that time in Assyria and Aegypt and namely amongst the Hebrews for Jacob made a League with Laban and Moses offered conditions of Peace to the Princes of the Countries by whom he passed and after him Joshua confirmed a Bond of Peace with the Gibeonites The ceremonies and manner of the making and confirmation of the Leagues of sundry Nations were diversifyed according to their several customes Tragedies and Commedies had their beginning of the oblations as Diodorus writes which in old time men devoutly offered for their fruits to Bacchus For as the Altars were kindled with fire and the Goat laid on it the Quire in honour of Bacchus sung this Meter called a Tragedy it was named so either because a Goat which in Greek is called Tragos was the reward appointed for him that was Author of the Song or because a Goat is so noysome and hurtful to the Vines whereof Bacchus was the first inventer which Sacrificed to Liber or of the Grounds or Dregs which in Greek is called Tryx with which the Stage-Players used to Paint their Faces before that Aeschylus devised Visards But the first inventer of them after the mind of Horace was Thespis-Quintilian saith that Aescylus set forth the first publick Tragedies though he acknowledges that Sophocles and Euripidus did adorn and furnish them more gallantly In Rome Livius Andronicus made the first Tragedy wherein Accius Paccunius and Seneca excelled The Comedies began at what time the Athenians being not yet assembled into the City the Youth of that Contrey used to Sing solemn Verses at Feasts abroad in the Villages and High-wayes for to get Money They were so named of the Greek word Comos for a Banqueting or Come a Street and Ode a Song yet it is uncertain amongst the Grecians who invented them first In this kind of Writing Aristophanus Eupolis and Cratinus were the most eminent in a Tragedy Noble Persons as Emperours Kings Princes Dukes Lords c. are brought in with a high Style In a Comedy Amorous dalliances Love affaires Diversitie several Tunes Cheats c. are most concerned V VERMILION or Red-Lead was first found in Ephesus by Gallus an Athenian This colour was in Rome esteemed for Holy insomuch that on their Feastival dayes they Painted the Face of Jupiters Image with it and the Bodies of them that Triumphed Uows the custome of making of them was borrowed from the Hebrews which used to make Vows to God and divers other Countreys of the Gentles more blindly used to make such Vows to their false Gods Uoyces which were used to be given in great consultations Judgments and Elections were first ordained by Palamedes W WRITING after the manner of the Aegyptians was instead of Letters by Herogliphicks to make use of the Images of Beasts Birds c declaring their minds by the shapes and figures of them As by the Bee they signified a King Ruling his Commons and Subjects with great moderation and gentleness by the Goshauk they meant a speedy performance of their affaires and so for other things Watches and Wardings were first appointed by Palamedes Watch-words were first used in the Battell of Troy at the same time when Simon found out Beacons and Fires Wine which proceeds from the Vine Diodorus writes that Dionysius did first perceive the nature of it and taught the Grecians to Plant it and to