known and profest not only to provide that the Ignorant and Erroneous People may be well instructed in the True Religion but also to prohibit and suppress the publick Profession and Practice of Idolatry Heresie Blasphemy and such-like as being so repugnant and prejudicial to the True Religion which he is obliged to promote and maintain But to give a Toleration of these and of all Religions whatsoever is so far from suppressing it that 't is not only an Allowance of it but a kind of setting it up Secondly It may be further proved Unlawful from the Command of God on the Magistracy of the Old Testament to suppress all false Prophets Teachers and Idolaters Deut. 13. 2 6 10. Thirdly From the Example of all good Kings and Magistrates that did so and are approved for so doing And Lastly From the great injury and hurt that the Cause of True Religion and the Church of God is like to receive by such a Toleration by giving occasion to Satan by false Teachers to infest the Church with the Seeds of False Doctrines and to corrupt the pure Worship of God with Idolatry and Superstition which the Christian Magistrate as a Watchman over the Church should labour to prevent This in short might serve sufficiently to demonstrate the unreasonableness and great impiety of such a Toleration but because a general Toleration under the specious pretence of Liberty of Conscience hath been and is a matter so vehemently argued for by many I shall a little enquire into the nature and ground of this Liberty of Conscience pleaded for by which I presume most understand nothing else but an Exemption from the Obligation of all humane Laws in the matters of Religion therefore I shall in the first place examine those Grounds upon which such a Liberty of Conscience seems to be claimed and pleaded for which being found rotten and unsound such a Toleration will then further appear unlawful to be given by the Christian Magistrate And then Secondly I shall further examin what that lawful Liberty is in the matters of Religion which of Divine Right ought to be allowed by the Magistrate to every Christian First Concerning such a Liberty of Conscience as is opposed to all human Laws in matters of Religion I shall enquire into these things First What Obligation of humane Laws there is upon the Conscience in the things of Religion Secondly Whether an Erroneous Conscience do exempt from the Obligation of Just Laws Thirdly Whether the consideration of an Erroneous Conscience under the infliction of a Penalty on such a Person to be Unjust Of these very briefly First As to the Obligation of humane Laws upon the Conscience we acknowledge that 't is only the Law of God that doth immediately bind the Conscience because the Conscience is only subject to God and under his Authority alone the Magistrate hath only power over the Body and outward practice but yet nevertheless the Conscience is bound by the Law of God to obey all lawful and just Commands of the Magistrate Now those Laws of the Magistrate about Religion that are but the Inforcement of God's own Commands and Institutions have a double Obligation upon the Conscience both by Vertue of the immediate Divine Authority appointing them as also from the Command of God requiring Obedience to humane Authority chiefly in such things Secondly Neither doth an Erroneous Conscience exempt from the Obligation of Just Laws for tho' every man have a Judgment of private discretion in and about what he ought to do in Religion yet if he judge erroneously of what is justly required by Laws to be done his Judgment and erroneous Conscience therein doth not exempt him from the Obligation of those Commands for tho' 't is true that he sins in acting against an erroneous Conscience yet he ought to lay it down and then to act and if it be a necessary Duty he sins if he do not Thirdly Neither will the infliction of a Penalty be unjust that is laid on a Person for doing or omitting that which he is led to by an erroneous Conscience This is the grand mistake about Liberty of Conscience that because every man hath a liberty to judge for himself what he ought to do in Religion that therefore if he judge erroneously yet he ought to be tolerated in so doing No he ought to lay down his erroneous Conscience or else as he sins so he justly suffers from Authority in following the Dictates of it But that he sins in following an erroneous Conscience I think no one of sense will deny for if it be lawful for a man to act in Religion according to the Dictates of his own Conscience when 't is erroneous then 't is lawful for him to commit Idolatry speak Blasphemy c. if his Conscience lead him to it Therefore if the Plea of an erroneous Conscience will not free a Man from the Guilt of those Sins that he is led into by it then certainly it will not exempt a Man from the Just Obligation of Punishment from the Magistrate for those Sins who is the Avenger of God against all evil Doers And the Magistrate doth offer no Violence to Conscience by either requiring Obedience or exacting the Penalties for Disobedience to Just and Righteous Commands for if Mens erroneous Consciences will not suffer them to Obey 't is no force upon Conscience for the outward Man to bear the Penalty But besides If such a Liberty of Conscience be due to every man as shall exempt him from the Obligation of all humane Laws in the matters of Religion it will then follow that the Magistrate hath no Authority in the matters of Religion and so it will null the chiefest part of his Office for where there is no Obligation to Obedience there can be no Authority to Command those being Correlatives and cannot be one without the other But to conclude this particular If it be so as we have proved that the Conscience be bound by such humane Laws the matter of which is the Inforcement of God's own Commands and Institutions and that if an erroneous Conscience doth not exempt a Man from the Obligation of such Laws nor render the Penalty inflicted for breaking of them to be Unjust then certainly there is no such Liberty of Conscience as an Exemption from all humane Laws about Religion due to any Christian and therefore ought not to be granted by the Christian Magistrate Secondly I proceed now to the second thing proposed to wit What that lawful Liberty is in the matters of Religion which of Divine Right ought to be Allowed by the Magistrate for tho' we have asserted and proved the Duty and Power of the Magistrate to make Laws for the promotion and maintenance of True Religion yet we may not think that the Magistrate can by Laws intrench upon any of the Rights Liberties and Priviledges which of Divine Right do belong to the Christian Religion which he is obliged to maintain every Christian
Thirdly and lastly The Special End of Magistracy is for the good of the Church and that because Magistracy is not a meer natural and humane Policy but an Ordinance of God still remaining such now under the Gospel Rom. 13. 1. Now 't is certain that all the Ordinances and Institutions of God both Moral and Evangelical do now in special belong to the gospel-Gospel-Church for whatever Advantages any of the Heathen World do receive at any time by any of Gods Ordinances and Institutions as particularly by this of Magistracy 't is but for the sake of the Church as the Dogs eat of the Childrens Crumbs For 't is to be noted That as the Scriptures themselves so also all the Precepts Promises Rights Priviledges Ordinances granted and confirmed thereby or contained therein belongs primarily and especially to the Church of God. So that Magistracy then being an Ordinance of God and having its Foundation in the Law and Word of God it must follow that the End of Magistracy is especially for the sake and good of the Church and not only for the World. As for that lawful Magistracy that may be found in Heathen Nations or without the Visible Church the Power is truly said to be from God because the Office of Magistracy is founded on his Law and Ordinance but the Execution of this Power hath been and is in most Nations wickedly abused and perverted from the proper and special Ends of it appointed of God to serve the Ambition Tyranny and Lusts of men the ground and occasion of which proceeds from the same common Original with all other Immoralities in the life of man to wit the defection of mankind from God and the depravity of the Humane Nature by Sin. But as 't is therefore no wonder that the Ends of Magistracy are perverted especially in those Nations that have forsaken God and fallen to Idolatry so 't is no Argument that Magistracy is only for the world as some suppose and not especially for the good of the Church Thus we find that to this end was Magistracy appointed by God under the Old Testament but while the Church of God in the first Ages of the world was but in small Families sometime only in one Family their Civil Government cannot so properly be called Political belonging to a State or Common-wealth as Oeconomical or the government of a Family Yet we find that then the care of Religion did belong to the Lord or Governour of the Family And indeed all lawful Government whatsoever being from GOD doth carry in it an Obligation to the Care of Religion for those under their power Thus God saith of Abraham Gen. 18. 19. I know him that he will command his Children and his Houshold after him and they shall keep the way of the Lord. But when the Visible Church of God to wit the Israelites was multiplied into a Body of People and set at liberty from the Yoke of Aegyptian Bondage and so capable of being formed into a political Body or Common-wealth God himself instituted an ordinary state of Magistracy to continue in all their gates Deut. 16. 18. besides extraordinary Magistrates from time to time as Moses Joshua c. and to the Supream Magistrates especially was committed the Care of the right Administration of Religion and the Worship of God as well as of Civil Justice between men by which Examples God himself teacheth us not only the necessity and obligation of having a Magistracy over a Body of People but also the office and duty whereunto it ought to be applied And tho' under the Gospel all the Kings and Governours of the World were in the first Ages of the Christian Church and have been for the most part ever since Enemies to the Church yet it doth not therefore follow that because they have thus perverted their power that it ought not to have been applied for the Churches good under the Gospel for we find that 't is prophesied of Kings and promised also to the Gospel-Church that Kings shall be her nursing-Fathers and Queens her nursing-Mothers Isa 49. 23. And this prediction and promise hath in it the force and obligation of a Command upon all Kings and Magistrates in the World not only to believe in Christ but to become nursing-Fathers to the Church which Expression cannot imply less in it than to imploy their Power and Care as Magistrates to promote succour and defend the Church Hence Kings are exhorted to kiss the Son Ps 2. 12. which is a token of Homage and Subjection to Christ who is now King of kings and Lord of lords Rev. 19. 16. And all Power in Heaven and Earth is given unto him Mat. 28. 18. And therefore some would have all Magistratical Power to be derived from Christ as he is Mediator of the Church Moreover if we consider how much good pious and godly Magistrates may do to the Church it will from thence further appear That Magistracy under the Gospel is for the good of the Church as by promoting its Interest preserving its Priviledges and Ordinances suppressing Heresies purging out Corruptions opposing its Enemies c. Now we argue thus that If God hath made the Christ an Magistrate by his power and place in the World capable of doing so much good for the Church 't is certain then that he is morally obliged to do it for that every person in his Place and Calling is for the sake of the Church to seek its Good. Psal 122. 9. Because of the house of the Lord our God I will seek thy Good. Fourthly The last Argument to prove that 't is the Duty of Magistrates under the Gospel to promote and preserve True Religion is drawn both from Scripture-precept and precedent As for Scripture-Precept we find that by the Low of God Sins against Religion and Divine Worship which respect the first Table commands were to be severely punished by the Magistrate Thus the Blasphemer was to be put to death Lev. 24. 16. The false Prophetor Teacher that would draw off any from the true Worship of God or him or her that committed Idolatry were to be put to death Deut. 13. 9 17. and the City that fell to Idolatry was to be smitten with the edge of the Sword Deut. 13. 15. Now the Magistrate bearing the Sword of Justice and being the Avenger of God against evil doers 't is to be understood that by his Authority and Direction this was to be done And for Scripture-Precedent we find that those that were godly Kings and Magistrates under the Old Testament purged the Church from Idolatry when corrupted and restored the true Worship of God caused both Priests and People to keep the Law of the Lord. Thus good Hezekiah suppresseth Idolatry and setteth up the true Worship of God 2 Kings 18. 4. Josias did the like and slew all the Priests of the high places 2 King. 23. 20. Jehu destroyed all the Worshippers of Baal 2 King. 10. 25. And King Asa with the
then the Duty of Magistrates even when they were Enemies to Christ both to believe in him and to imploy their Power for the Advancement of God's True Religion and VVorship for this they were morally oblig'd to do from the nature of their Office. And therefore Christ's imploying the Gospel-ministers in a Ministerial way doth not dissolve those Obligations that lie upon tho Magistrate by the moral Law of God to take care for the Advancement and Security of True Religion for seeing the Office of Magistracy is contiuned under the Gospel we need no New Testament-Precepts to inforce his Duty in this respect which is incumbent on him not immediately by any Gospel-precept but by a previous Obligation antecedent to the Gospel-Ministry which is moral and perpetual inherent in his very Office and Dignity that having Authority from God and being in his Stead in the world should imploy his power best for God's service and glory And as the Magistrate is not disoblig'd to promote and preserve True Religion under the Gospel from the office of the Gospel-Ministry imployed to that end neither is it disagreeable with the Gospel Dispensation that he should do so more than formerly under the Law for the difference between the Law and the Gospel doth not lie in any of the moral Obligations of Religion but chiefly in the Positive and Typical and Ceremonial part which is now fulfilled by the Coming of Christ and so done away but the moral part is still the same as under the Old Testament and those few positive Doctrines and Institutions that are peculiar to the Gospel are all included in the moral Law for the First-Table Commandments do comprehend all the Doctrines and Ordinances of the Gospel and require belief of them and obedience to them and indeed the moral Law doth comprehend the whole Duty of man for it requireth Belief in whatsoever God shall reveal and Obedience to whatsoever He shall command Now I argue thus That if the whole Law of God be the Foundation and Rule of Laws and Magistracy as we noted before then certainly the Magistrate is Keeper of both Tabâ—es of the Law or else he is Keeper of neither Hence it will then follow that all the Gospel Institutions thus included in the First-Table-Commands are under the care of the Magistracy as well as those Duties that respect the Second-Table-Commands Thus 't is very clear That the Magistrate under the Gospel is bound by the Law of God to imploy his power and care for true Religion and the VVorship of God. And if so then he ought no doubt to make Laws for the promotion and support of it for that the power and office of Magistracy is exerted by Laws to which Laws 't is necessary that there be a Sanction of Penalties upon the Breach of them for if the Magistrate have only a mandative and preceptive power in the matters of Religion and not power to inflict Penalties for the Violation of Laws he may be said to bear the Sword in vain in that respect And 't is necessary to Laws that they be backed with Penalties not only to further obedience but also to maintain the honour of the Law and the authority of the Magistrate But as to the Magistrates forcing persons to believe in Christ this he cannot do because Faith is an Act of the Understanding and the VVill but where the Faith of Christ is not generally professed he may both require the Attendance of the Person on the publick preaching of the Word and also prohibit and suppress all publick profession and practice of Idolatry and false Religion But this is not the Case in such Governments where all have taken up the profession of Christ and his true Religion at least in the speculative and doctrinal part of it and have vowed by Baptism to adhere to that Religion both in profession and practice Also where some have taken on them the Ministerial Function in the Church and thereby have obliged themselves to the Duties of the same In these cases doubtless the Christian Magistrate may according to the example of good Kings under the Old Testament require and cause by good Laws both Ministers and People to do their respective Duties in Religion and impose penalties for defections or neglects agreeable to the merit of the fault and for grievous Offences against Religion as Idolatry Heresie Blasphemy c. when they are certain and apparent may doubtless inflict corporal punishments after the example of God's own Laws And that the infliction of corporal punishments for great Offences against Religion is not disagreeable with the Gospel Dispensation appears plainly by the Examples of St. Peter Act. 5. 10. who using an extraordinary Authority above that of the Ministry did wonderfully put Ananias and Saphira to death for Sacril dge and Lying and Paul strook Elymas the Sorcerer with Blindness for opposing the Gospel Act. 13. 11. which miraculous waies of punishments were accommodated to that present state of the Church in the want of Christian Magistrates to succour and desend it who were then so far from maintaining the Interest of the Church that they were the greatest Enemies to it and Persecuters of it But yet nevertheless those Examples prove that corporal punishments for great Offences against Religion are consistent with the Gospel Dispensation Thus I hope I have sufficiently proved the power and duty of the Magistrate under the Gospel to promote and maintain by Laws the True Religion and so pass on to the Second Question QUEST II. Whether it be lawful for the Christian Magistrate to give a general Toleration of all Religions or what Liberty in Religion he ought to allow Answ TO this I answer in the Negative That he may not give a general Toleration of all Religions Put what hath been laid down aâ—d proved in Answer to the former Question may indeed serve for an Answer likewise in part both to this and the following Questions which will be easily and plainly answered in the Negative upon supposition of the Truth of the former Hypothesis namely That 't is the Duty of the Magistrate to promote and maintain the True Religion From thence it will follow that he may neither give a general Toleration of all Religions nor the Subjects Consent to such a Toleration or to the repealing the Laws that establish and preserve the True Religion That he may not give a general Toleration of all Religions I urge therefore First From the Inconsistency of giving such a Toleration with his Duty to promote and maintain the True Religion for thence it will follow that he ought not willingly at least to tolerate any but the True Religion and that he ought also to endeavour by all expedient and lawful means to suppress and exterminate all Idolatry False Religion And tho' as we noted before the Magistrate cannot force any without the Visible Church to believe in Christ yet no doubt 't is his Duty where the True Religion is not generally
in the Enjoyment of Or That any humane Power hath such an exorbitant and unlimited Authority of imposing Rights and Ceremonies on the Church as they think good which Principle hath been the ground of so many Corruptions imposed in the Church of Rome and indeed upon which Principle may be brought upon the Christian Religion by the restraint of Liberty in indifferent things and the Imposition of Ceremonies a greater Yoke and Burthen than was imposed by God's own Law. But we may not think that God hath now freed the Christian Religion under the Gospel from the Bondage of his own Ceremonies and yet left them under a humane Power to impose what they think good But we desire that what is said on this Subject by way of Argumentation may not be interpreted a prescribing to Authority or limiting their Power and therefore we humbly conceive that the Magistrate hath Power in the matters of Religion to impose nothing but that which is lawful certain and necessary Hence then he may not injoyn in Religion things that are Either 1. Sinful 2. Doubtful 3. Meerly Indifferent First Not things Sinful This I think will be acknowledged by all That no humane Power can lawfully require to be done that which is in it self sinful And if any such Laws are made they must necessarily be void in themselves as to any Obligation to Obedience having not the proper matter of Laws which must alwaies be some useful Good. Secondly Not things Doubtful and Uncertain in Religion and such things we call Doubtful and Uncertain that really in themselves and in the Judgment of many learned and good Men have no apparent Foundation in the Word of God for the Magistrate can make Laws in the matters of Religion only of such things as Christ hath commanded and to do them decently and orderly because there is but one Legislator and Law-giver in and over the Church Christ Jesus Jam. 4. 18. And humane Authority hath no proper Dictatory or Legislative Power but only a Ministratory and Directive one in the things of Religion therefore whatever the Magistrate commands in Religion must be the observation of the Laws of Christ in the Church and not his own Laws for the state of the Church is not like a Civil Body that humane Laws are the constitutive form of it but the Church and all its Laws Priviledges and Liberties are all sounded on the Word of God. Thus as under the Law all that Power which the Magistrate then had about Religion was directed and limitted by the Word of God those things which God had instituted and appointed in his Worship to be done he was to take care for the due observation of it but was not to add thereto nor diminish from it Deut. 12. 32. So under the Gospel all the Power of Magistrates in the matters of Religion is in such things as are plainly prescribed in the Word of God or by evident consequence deducible from it and what is not so may be called a thing Doubtful and Uncertain at the best and therefore should not be inforced by Laws Thirdly Nor in things meerly Indifferent By things indâ—fferent I mean things not necessary nor required by any Divine Law. Now there is a two-fold necessity of things the one Natural and Intrinfical the other Circumstantial or Accidental only and of Indifferent things I call that so that is Intrinsical and in its own nature Indifferent yet such indifferent things by reason of circumstances about necessary things or by Accident may become either inexpedient and also scandalous and so unlawful or they may become expedient and so circumstantially necessary Now that in Religion that intrinsically and in its own nature is necessary or else is necessary by reason of Circumstance or Accident is the only proper matter of Laws what is not such I call a thing meerly Indifferent Now such things should not be put into Laws that are either 1. Meerly Indifferent 2. Much less when such indifferent things be-become inexpedient and 3. Least of all when they become scandalous First Such things about Religion that are in their own nature indifferent and have no Circumstantial necessity attending it that requires a Restraint is that wherein Christians ought to have their liberty and not to be restrained by Laws because if Authority can restrain Christian Liberty further than in things necessary barely upon their own Authority and Will they may upon the same Foundation take off all liberty in things indifferent But this they cannot do justly without wrong because liberty in things indifferent is a Branch of that Christian Liberty we have by the Gospel and is an Appendix to the very Essence of the Christian Religion Gal. 5. 1. 1 Cor. 10. 23. Now as the Magistrate cannot justly deprive any Man of any of his Civil Rights and Properties without just reason and cause much less may he deprive us of any of our religious Rights and Priviledges without a just and necessary cause and liberty in things indifferent being one of these Rights we ought therefore to be preserved in the enjoyment of it and not to be brought under a rest raint therein saith the Apostle 1 Cor. 6. 12. All things are lawful for me but I will not be brought under the power of any thing by all things he means things indifferent and lawful only and not necessary yet would not be brought under the power of any of these Which proves that no Christian should be brought by Laws under a power either of doing or not doing things in their own nature and use only indifferent and lawful And the Scripture in divers places asserts the liberty of Christians in things indifferent 1 Cor. 10. 23. Rom. 14. 3 5. And we see also that our Saviour vindicated his Disciples in using their liberty in the forbearance of a thing in its own nature indifferent tho' injoined by Authority Mat. 15. which proves also that Authority as it may not impose things meerly indifferent so cannot make them necessary when imposed And indeed if it had been lawful to restrain Christians of their liberty in things indifferent how easie had it bâ—en for the Apostle Paul to have silenc'd all Disputes about the observation of Meats and Days and suchlike indifferent things by determinining the practice of Christians in those things on one side or other by some Law or Canon and by directing the Church in after-times in the like cases to make Laws in order to heal and take off such Differences but because he did not but on the contrary doth so frequently assert the liberty of every Christian in things indifferent to use with prudence and charity it follows therefore that such Laws should not be made which violate and infringe Christian lâ—berty Secondly But much less may indifferent things be imposed when they become inexpedient which they do in Religion when they are unprofitable and tend not to Edisication Thus the Apostle 1 Cor. 10. 23. All things are lawful