and_o aznar_n son_n of_o eudo_fw-la duke_n of_o aquitain_n have_v take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o moor_n take_v upon_o himself_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a garsias_n the_o title_n of_o earl_n of_o arragon_n lewis_n also_o son_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a take_v barcelona_n constitute_v a_o governor_n there_o who_o name_n be_v bernard_n a_o frenchman_n from_o who_o descend_v the_o earl_n of_o barcelona_n about_o the_o time_n also_o of_o the_o abovementioned_a king_n there_o be_v several_a earl_n or_o governor_n of_o old_a castille_n who_o acknowledge_v the_o foresay_a king_n for_o their_o sovereign_n these_o earl_n be_v once_o suspect_v by_o king_n ordonius_n he_o call_v they_o together_o who_o appear_v be_v all_o kill_v by_o his_o order_n wherefore_o the_o old_a castilian_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o his_o son_n favila_n ii_o a_o cruel_a tyrant_n withdraw_a themselves_o from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon_n choose_v two_o governor_n under_o the_o name_n of_o judge_n who_o be_v to_o administer_v all_o civil_a and_o military_a affair_n but_o this_o form_n of_o government_n do_v not_o last_v long_o among_o they_o §_o 4._o iu._n after_o favila_n alphonso_n the_o ivth_o obtain_v the_o kingdom_n under_o who_o reign_n ferdinand_n gonsalvo_n earl_n of_o castille_n perform_v great_a thing_n both_o against_o the_o moor_n and_o sanctius_n abareus_n and_o his_o son_n garsias_n king_n of_o navarre_n who_o he_o vanquish_v but_o alfonso_n himself_o be_v unfit_a to_o govern_v the_o kingdom_n surrender_v it_o to_o his_o brother_n ramirus_n ii_o who_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a ferdinand_n 931._o beat_v the_o moor_n in_o several_a place_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 950_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n ordonius_n iii_n a_o valiant_a prince_n but_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o brother_n sanctius_n crassus_n sanctius_n he_o be_v banish_v by_o ordonius_n surnamed_n the_o wicked_a 955._o but_o soon_o restore_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o moor_n it_o be_v say_v that_o by_o certain_a article_n make_v betwixt_o sanctius_n and_o ferdinand_n earl_n of_o castille_n 965._o it_o be_v agree_v that_o castille_n after_o that_o time_n shall_v not_o be_v oblige_v to_o acknowledge_v any_o dependence_n on_o the_o king_n of_o leon._n iii_o he_o be_v succeed_v by_o ramirus_n who_o 967._o in_o his_o minority_n be_v under_o woman_n tuition_n and_o when_o grow_v up_o prove_v very_o useless_a to_o the_o public_a for_o under_o his_o reign_n partly_o by_o civil_a commotion_n partly_o by_o the_o inroad_n make_v by_o the_o moor_n the_o kingdom_n be_v considerable_o weaken_v and_o in_o great_a danger_n of_o lose_v more_o several_a place_n be_v take_v from_o the_o christian_n ii_o under_o veremund_n ii_o also_o the_o moor_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o those_o part_n 982._o take_v and_o plunder_v beside_o a_o great_a many_o other_o the_o city_n of_o leon_n to_o which_o misfortune_n the_o civil_a commotion_n do_v great_o contribute_v but_o at_o last_o veremund_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o garsias_n earl_n of_o castille_n force_v the_o moor_n out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n alfonso_n v._o v._n under_o who_o reign_n there_o be_v great_a intestine_a commotion_n in_o castille_n 999._o whereby_o the_o moor_n be_v encourage_v to_o attack_v it_o with_o such_o vigour_n that_o they_o overthrow_v garsias_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n who_o son_n sanctius_n revenge_v himself_o afterward_o upon_o the_o moor_n after_o this_o great_a dissension_n be_v arisen_a among_o the_o moor_n their_o empire_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a part_n each_o governor_n of_o its_o province_n assume_v the_o name_n of_o king_n alfonso_n succeed_v his_o son_n veremund_n iii_o iii_n under_o who_o reign_n there_o happen_v a_o great_a revolution_n in_o spain_n for_o garsias_n earl_n of_o castille_n 1025._o be_v upon_o the_o point_n of_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n sister_n at_o leon_n be_v there_o barbarous_o murder_v by_o some_o of_o his_o vassal_n castille_n therefore_o fall_v to_o sanctius_n king_n of_o navarre_n who_o have_v marry_v the_o sister_n of_o garsias_n he_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o castille_n this_o sanctius_n surnamed_n major_n also_o wage_v war_n against_o veremund_n kingdom_n who_o have_v no_o child_n take_v from_o he_o by_o force_n of_o arm_n a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whereupon_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v whereby_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o sanctius_n shall_v keep_v what_o he_o have_v take_v before_o but_o that_o his_o son_n ferdinand_n shall_v marry_v sanctia_n the_o sister_n of_o veremund_n she_o be_v heiress_n to_o her_o brother_n and_o to_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon._n in_o this_o manner_n be_v leon_n navarre_n and_o castille_n ii_o unite_v in_o one_o house_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n that_o sanctius_n major_n be_v in_o the_o field_n against_o the_o moor_n major_n a_o great_a misfortune_n happen_v at_o home_o he_o have_v particular_o recommend_v to_o the_o care_n of_o his_o queen_n a_o very_a fine_a horse_n which_o garsias_n her_o elder_a son_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o have_v and_o will_v have_v obtain_v it_o from_o the_o mother_n if_o the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n have_v not_o oppose_v it_o tell_v they_o that_o his_o father_n will_v be_v great_o displease_v at_o it_o this_o denial_n wrought_v so_o upon_o the_o son_n that_o he_o accuse_v his_o mother_n of_o commit_v adultery_n with_o the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n the_o matter_n be_v examine_v the_o king_n be_v natural_a son_n ramirus_n proffer_v to_o justify_v the_o innocency_n of_o the_o queen_n in_o a_o duel_n with_o garsias_n and_o the_o king_n be_v uncertain_a what_o to_o do_v a_o priest_n do_v at_o last_o enforce_v the_o confession_n of_o the_o calumny_n cast_v upon_o the_o queen_n from_o garsias_n whereupon_o garsias_n be_v declare_v incapable_a of_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o castille_n which_o do_v belong_v to_o he_o by_o his_o mother_n side_n and_o ramirus_n obtain_v the_o succession_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o arragon_n as_o a_o recompense_n of_o his_o fidelity_n this_o sanctius_n major_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1035._o §_o 5._o thus_o all_o the_o province_n of_o spain_n spain_n which_o be_v possess_v by_o the_o christian_n be_v join_v in_o one_o house_n it_o seem_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o root_v out_o the_o moor_n divide_v among_o themselves_o and_o to_o restore_v spain_n to_o its_o former_a state_n if_o the_o same_o have_v remain_v under_o one_o head_n but_o the_o division_n make_v by_o sanctius_n major_a occasion_v most_o bloody_a and_o pernicious_a war_n this_o beforementioned_a sanctius_n have_v four_o son_n to_o the_o elder_a garsias_n he_o leave_v navarre_n and_o biscay_n to_o ferdinand_n castille_n to_o gonsalvo_n suprarbe_n and_o ripagorsa_n and_o to_o ramirus_n his_o natural_a son_n arragon_n give_v to_o each_o of_o they_o the_o title_n of_o king_n these_o be_v all_o ambitious_a to_o be_v equal_a in_o power_n and_o greatness_n to_o their_o father_n and_o think_v their_o bound_n too_o narrow_a fall_v quick_o together_o by_o the_o ear_n for_o while_o garsias_n be_v go_v in_o pilgrimage_n to_o rome_n ramirus_n endeavour_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o navarre_n but_o the_o other_o return_v home_o chase_v he_o out_o of_o arragon_n there_o arise_v also_o a_o war_n betwixt_o ferdinand_n of_o castille_n and_o his_o brother-in-law_n veremund_n king_n of_o leon_n wherein_o the_o latter_a be_v slay_v in_o battle_n ferdinand_n become_v master_n of_o leon_n which_o do_v by_o right_o of_o succession_n belong_v to_o he_o 1038._o he_o also_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n a_o great_a part_n of_o portugal_n after_o the_o death_n of_o gonsalvo_n the_o three_o son_n of_o sanctius_n major_n ramirus_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o his_o territory_n and_o endeavour_v also_o to_o recover_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n arragon_n from_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n 1045._o not_o long_o after_o ferdinand_n of_o castille_n and_o garsias_n of_o navarre_n wage_v war_n together_o about_o a_o certain_a tract_n of_o ground_n 1053._o wherein_o garsias_n be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n by_o his_o death_n ramirus_n get_v a_o opportunity_n of_o recover_v arragon_n ferdinand_n surnamed_n the_o great_a die_v in_o the_o year_n 1065_o divide_v the_o empire_n to_o the_o great_a detriment_n of_o spain_n among_o his_o three_o son_n the_o elder_a sanctius_n have_v castille_n alfonso_n leon_n garsias_n gallicia_n and_o a_o part_n of_o portugal_n with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n iii_o sanctius_n wage_v war_n with_o ramirus_n of_o arragon_n 1067._o who_o he_o slay_v in_o a_o battle_n but_o be_v beat_v back_o again_o by_o sanctius_n son_n of_o ramirus_n and_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n afterwards_o have_v drive_v alfonso_n out_o of_o his_o territory_n and_o take_v garsias_n prisoner_n he_o take_v
the_o queen_n afterward_o have_v another_o bastard_n beget_v by_o another_o person_n to_o remove_v this_o shame_n and_o to_o exclude_v joan_n from_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o noble_n of_o spain_n enter_v into_o a_o association_n and_o put_v the_o image_n of_o henry_n upon_o a_o scaffold_n they_o there_o formal_o accuse_v he_o and_o afterward_o have_v take_v off_o his_o ornament_n throw_v it_o from_o the_o scaffold_n at_o the_o same_o time_n proclaim_v alfonso_n brother_n of_o henry_n their_o king_n from_o hence_o arise_v most_o pernicious_a intestine_a war_n which_o end_v in_o bloody_a battle_n during_o these_o trouble_n alfonso_n die_v about_o the_o same_o time_n 1468._o ferdinand_n son_n of_o john_n ii_o king_n of_o arragon_n who_o his_o father_n have_v declare_v king_n of_o sicily_n propse_v a_o marriage_n with_o isabel_n henry_n sister_n to_o who_o the_o rebellious_a castilian_n have_v offer_v the_o crown_n and_o force_v henry_n to_o confirm_v the_o right_n of_o isabel_n to_o the_o crown_n whereupon_o the_o nuptial_n be_v celebrate_v 1469._o but_o private_o yet_o will_v henry_n by_o make_v this_o concession_n void_a have_v afterward_o set_v up_o again_o the_o title_n of_o joan_n who_o he_o have_v promise_v in_o marriage_n to_o charles_n duke_n of_o aquitain_n brother_n to_o lewis_n xi_o king_n of_o france_n but_o he_o die_v sudden_o henry_n at_o last_o be_v reconcile_v to_o ferdinand_n and_o isabel_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1472._o §_o 9_o unite_v from_o this_o match_n of_o ferdinand_n who_o the_o castilian_n call_v the_o v._o or_o the_o catholic_n with_o isabel_n spring_v the_o great_a fortune_n and_o power_n of_o spain_n it_o under_o his_o reign_n arrive_v to_o that_o pitch_n of_o greatness_n which_o ever_o since_o have_v make_v it_o both_o the_o terror_n and_o the_o envy_n of_o europe_n this_o ferdinand_n also_o meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o state_n of_o castille_n have_v limit_v his_o power_n within_o too_o narrow_a bound_n and_o joan_n the_o late_a king_n henry_n suppose_a daughter_n have_v contract_v a_o match_n with_o alfonso_n king_n of_o portugal_n who_o enter_v castille_n with_o a_o puissant_a army_n cause_v she_o to_o be_v proclaim_v queen_n but_o the_o portuguese_n be_v sound_o beat_v the_o whole_a design_n vanish_v and_o joan_n retire_v into_o a_o monastery_n the_o civil_a commotion_n be_v total_o suppress_v the_o next_o care_n of_o ferdinand_n be_v to_o regulate_v such_o disorder_n as_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o government_n in_o the_o former_a reign_n wherefore_o he_o cause_v that_o law-book_n to_o be_v compile_v which_o from_o the_o city_n of_o toro_n where_o it_o first_o be_v publish_v be_v call_v leges_fw-la tauri_n in_o the_o year_n also_o 1478_o the_o famous_a spanish_a inquisition_n be_v first_o institute_v by_o he_o against_o the_o moor_n and_o jew_n inquisition_n who_o have_v once_o profess_v themselves_o christian_n do_v afterward_o return_v to_o their_o idolatry_n and_o superstitious_a worship_n this_o court_n of_o inquisition_n be_v esteem_v a_o inhuman_a and_o execrable_a tribunal_n among_o other_o nation_n and_o carry_v the_o great_a injustice_n with_o it_o in_o order_v the_o child_n to_o bear_v the_o gild_n of_o their_o parent_n nor_o permit_v any_o body_n to_o know_v his_o accuser_n to_o clear_v himself_o against_o they_o but_o the_o spaniard_n ascribe_v to_o this_o inquisition_n the_o benefit_n which_o they_o enjoy_v of_o one_o religion_n the_o variety_n of_o which_o have_v bring_v great_a inconvenience_n upon_o other_o state_n it_o be_v true_a by_o those_o mean_n you_o may_v make_v hypocrite_n not_o sincere_a christian_n after_o he_o have_v order_v his_o affair_n at_o home_n 1497._o and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n of_o arragon_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o moor_n of_o granada_n 1481._o which_o last_v ten_o year_n wherein_o the_o spaniard_n be_v rout_v near_o mallaga_n 1483._o but_o quick_o revenge_v themselves_o upon_o their_o enemy_n take_v from_o they_o one_o place_n after_o another_o till_o they_o at_o last_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o granada_n with_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 12000_o horse_n take_v and_o have_v force_v the_o king_n boabdile_n to_o a_o surrender_n they_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n 1492._o after_o it_o have_v stand_v there_o for_o above_o 700_o year_n and_o to_o prevent_v the_o possibility_n of_o their_o ever_o increase_a again_o in_o spain_n he_o banish_v 170000_o family_n of_o jew_n and_o moor_n out_o of_o spain_n by_o which_o mean_n the_o kingdom_n nevertheless_o be_v despoil_v of_o vast_a riches_n and_o of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o inhabitant_n after_o this_o he_o take_v from_o they_o mazalquivir_fw-fr oran_n pennon_n de_fw-fr velez_n and_o mellilla_n situate_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n ferdinand_n also_o make_v use_n of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o teach_v his_o noble_n who_o be_v grow_v overpowerfull_a their_o due_a respect_n and_o obedience_n to_o the_o king_n and_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o sovereign_a disposal_n of_o all_o the_o spanish_a order_n of_o knighthood_n which_o be_v grow_v to_o that_o excess_n of_o riches_n and_o power_n in_o spain_n that_o they_o be_v formidable_a to_o its_o king_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n christopher_n columbus_n 1494._o a_o genovese_n discover_v america_n after_o his_o offer_n have_v be_v refuse_v by_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n and_o england_n discover_v and_o after_o he_o have_v be_v seven_o year_n solicit_v at_o the_o court_n of_o castille_n for_o a_o supply_n to_o undertake_v the_o voyage_n at_o last_o 17000_o ducat_n be_v employ_v in_o equip_v three_o vessel_n out_o of_o which_o stock_n such_o prodigious_a conquest_n and_o riches_n have_v accrue_v to_o spain_n that_o ever_o since_o it_o have_v aim_v at_o the_o universal_a monarchy_n of_o europe_n how_o easy_o the_o spaniard_n do_v conquer_v these_o vast_a country_n and_o with_o what_o barbarity_n they_o use_v the_o inhabitant_n be_v too_o long_o to_o be_v relate_v here_o not_o long_o after_o a_o war_n be_v kindle_a betwixt_o spain_n and_o france_n which_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o unspeakable_a misery_n in_o europe_n after_o these_o two_o warlike_a nation_n be_v free_v from_o that_o evil_n which_o have_v hitherto_o divert_v they_o from_o meddle_v with_o foreign_a affair_n the_o french_a have_v rid_v themselves_o from_o the_o english_a and_o the_o spaniard_n from_o the_o moor_n for_o when_o charles_n viii_o spain_n king_n of_o france_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n ferdinand_n do_v not_o judge_v it_o for_o his_o interest_n to_o let_v the_o french_a by_o conquer_a this_o kingdom_n to_o become_v master_n of_o italy_n especial_o since_o by_o marry_v his_o daughter_n he_o be_v in_o alliance_n with_o england_n portugal_n and_o the_o netherlands_o and_o beside_o the_o then_o king_n of_o naples_n descend_v from_o the_o house_n of_o arragon_n and_o though_o france_n late_o enter_v with_o he_o into_o a_o confederacy_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o french_a give_v up_o roussilion_n to_o spain_n hope_v thereby_o to_o bring_v over_o ferdinand_n to_o their_o party_n nevertheless_o when_o he_o perceive_v that_o by_o all_o his_o intercession_n he_o can_v not_o dissuade_v he_o from_o undertake_v of_o this_o expedition_n he_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o pope_n emperor_n venice_n and_o milan_n against_o france_n he_o also_o send_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o neapolitan_n gonsalvus_n ferdinand_n de_fw-fr câ—rdua_n afterward_o surname_v the_o grand_a captain_n under_o who_o conduct_n the_o french_a be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o neapolitan_a territory_n whilst_o he_o himself_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o languedock_n in_o the_o year_n 1500_o the_o moor_n live_v in_o the_o mountain_n near_o granada_n rebel_v and_o be_v not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n appease_v afterward_o a_o agreement_n be_v make_v betwixt_o ferdinand_n and_o lewis_n xii_o king_n of_o france_n concern_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n under_o pretence_n to_o make_v war_n from_o thence_o against_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v soon_o conquer_v by_o their_o joint_a power_n they_o divide_v it_o according_a to_o their_o agreement_n but_o because_o each_o of_o they_o will_v have_v have_v this_o delicious_a morsel_n for_o himself_o they_o fall_v at_o variance_n concern_v the_o limit_n and_o some_o other_o matter_n which_o intervene_v betwixt_o two_o nation_n that_o have_v a_o animosity_n against_o one_o another_o wherefore_o they_o come_v quick_o to_o blow_n and_o gonsalvus_n rout_v the_o french_a near_o ceriniola_n take_v the_o city_n of_o naples_n beat_v they_o again_o near_o the_o river_n liris_n or_o garigliano_n and_o take_v cajeta_n drive_v the_o french_a a_o second_o time_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n but_o gonsalvus_n be_v not_o reward_v by_o ferdinand_n according_a to_o his_o desert_n
as_o a_o instruction_n to_o young_a man_n viz._n that_o this_o interest_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o a_o imaginary_a and_o real_a interest_n by_o the_o first_o i_o understand_v when_o a_o prince_n judge_v the_o welfare_n of_o his_o state_n to_o consist_v in_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v be_v perform_v without_o disquiet_v and_o be_v injurious_a to_o a_o great_a many_o other_o state_n and_o which_o these_o be_v oblige_v to_o oppose_v with_o all_o their_o power_n as_o for_o example_n the_o monarchy_n of_o europe_n or_o the_o universal_a monopoly_n this_o be_v the_o fuel_n with_o which_o the_o whole_a world_n may_v be_v put_v into_o a_o flame_n num_fw-la si_fw-la vos_fw-la omnibus_fw-la imperare_fw-la vultis_fw-la sequitur_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la servitutem_fw-la accipiant_fw-la if_o you_o will_v be_v the_o only_a master_n of_o the_o world_n do_v it_o thence_o follow_v that_o all_o other_o shall_v lay_v their_o neck_n under_o your_o yoke_n the_o real_a interest_n may_v be_v subdivide_v into_o a_o perpetual_a and_o temporary_a the_o former_a depend_v chief_o on_o the_o situation_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o country_n and_o the_o natural_a inclination_n of_o the_o people_n the_o latter_a on_o the_o condition_n strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n for_o as_o those_o vary_v the_o interest_n must_v also_o vary_v whence_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o whereas_o we_o be_v for_o our_o own_o security_n sometime_o oblige_v to_o assist_v a_o neighbour_a nation_n which_o be_v likely_a to_o be_v oppress_v by_o a_o more_o potent_a enemy_n we_o at_o another_o time_n be_v force_v to_o oppose_v the_o design_n of_o those_o we_o before_o assist_v when_o we_o find_v they_o have_v recover_v themselves_o to_o that_o degree_n as_o that_o they_o may_v prove_v formidable_a and_o troublesome_a to_o we_o but_o see_v this_o interest_n be_v so_o manifest_a to_o those_o who_o be_v verse_v in_o state-affair_n that_o they_o can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o one_o may_v ask_v how_o it_o often_o time_n happen_v that_o great_a error_n be_v commit_v in_o this_o kind_n against_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o state_n to_o this_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o those_o who_o have_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n be_v oftentimes_o not_o sufficient_o instruct_v concern_v the_o interest_n both_o of_o their_o own_o state_n as_o also_o that_o of_o their_o neighbour_n and_o yet_o be_v fond_a of_o their_o own_o sentiment_n will_v not_o follow_v the_o advice_n of_o understanding_n and_o faithful_a minister_n sometime_o they_o be_v misguide_v by_o their_o passion_n or_o by_o time-serving_a minister_n and_o favourite_n but_o where_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o minister_n of_o state_n it_o may_v happen_v that_o these_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o discern_v it_o or_o else_o be_v lead_v away_o by_o a_o private_a interest_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o that_o of_o the_o state_n or_o else_o be_v divide_v into_o faction_n they_o be_v more_o concern_v to_o ruin_v their_o rival_n than_o to_o follow_v the_o dictate_v of_o reason_n therefore_o some_o of_o the_o most_o exquisite_a part_n of_o modern_a history_n consist_v in_o this_o that_o one_o know_v the_o person_n who_o be_v the_o sovereign_n or_o the_o minister_n which_o rule_v a_o state_n their_o capacity_n inclination_n caprice_n private_a interest_n manner_n of_o proceed_v and_o the_o like_a since_o unpon_o this_o depend_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n the_o good_a and_o ill_a management_n of_o a_o state_n for_o it_o frequent_o happen_v that_o a_o state_n which_o in_o itself_o consider_v be_v but_o weak_a be_v make_v to_o become_v very_o considerable_a by_o the_o good_a conduct_n and_o valour_n of_o its_o governor_n whereas_o a_o powerful_a state_n by_o the_o ill_a management_n of_o those_o that_o sit_v at_o the_o helm_n oftentimes_o suffer_v considerable_o but_o as_o the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o matter_n appertain_v proper_o to_o those_o who_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o management_n of_o foreign_a affair_n so_o it_o be_v mutable_a consider_v how_o often_o the_o scene_n be_v change_v at_o court_n wherefore_o it_o be_v better_a learn_v from_o experience_n and_o the_o conversation_n of_o man_n well_o verse_v in_o these_o matter_n than_o from_o any_o book_n whatsoever_o and_o this_o be_v what_o i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o touch_v upon_o in_o a_o few_o word_n in_o this_o preface_n the_o table_n a._n ancient_a state_n of_o mankind_n p._n 1_o the_o assyrian_a empire_n 3_o alexander_n the_o great_a 9_o america_n discover_v 44_o peace_n make_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n 244_o a_o association_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o the_o netherlands_o 259_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr alva_n be_v send_v into_o the_o netherlands_o 261_o he_o cause_v the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n and_o hoorn_v to_o be_v behead_v 261_o don_n john_n de_fw-fr austria_n make_v governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o 264_o the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n constitute_v sovereign_a over_o the_o netherlands_o 266_o archduke_n albert_n governor_n of_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o 269_o avignon_n why_o once_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o pope_n 410_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n most_o zealous_a for_o popery_n 424_o albert_n duke_n of_o meclenburgh_n king_n of_o sweden_n 475_o b._n the_o duke_n of_o braganza_n proclaim_v king_n of_o portugal_n under_o the_o name_n of_o john_n iu._n 65_o 92_o brasil_n first_o discover_v in_o america_n 90_o 〈◊〉_d near_o crecy_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a 191_o 118_o battle_n near_o poitiers_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a p._n 192_o 119_o the_o battle_n of_o st._n quintin_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a 140_o the_o battle_n of_o agincourt_n 198_o brittainy_a unite_v with_o france_n 204_o battle_n of_o pavia_n betwixt_o charles_n v._o emperor_n of_o germany_n and_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n 212_o marshal_v de_fw-fr biron_n conspiracy_n against_o henry_n iv._o king_n of_o france_n 233_o briel_n take_v by_o the_o banish_a netherlander_n 262_o battle_n near_o nieuport_n betwixt_o the_o spaniard_n and_o dutch_n 270_o the_o bohemian_a tumult_n under_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n i._n 301_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n offer_v to_o frederic_n elector_n palatine_n 301_o boteslaus_n chrobry_n the_o first_o king_n of_o poland_n 335_o the_o battle_n fight_v near_o warsaw_n in_o poland_n 351_o boris_n goudenaw_n czar_n of_o muscovy_n 362_o of_o make_v bishop_n 383_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n in_o germany_n 520_o battle_n fight_v near_o lutzen_n in_o germany_n 524_o battle_n of_o norelingen_n in_o germany_n 527_o a_o second_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n 530_o battle_n fight_v in_o the_o island_n of_o fuhnen_a 534_o c._o carthage_n 12_o constantinople_n the_o imperial_a seat_n of_o the_o eastern_a emperor_n 26_o castille_n make_v a_o kingdom_n 33_o castille_n and_o arragon_n unite_v under_o ferdinand_n and_o isabel_n 42_o charles_n v._n 46_o his_o war_n with_o france_n 47_o charles_n v._o take_v rome_n 48_o charles_n v._o wage_n war_n against_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n 52_o charles_n abdication_n 53_o his_o death_n 53_o catalonia_n rebel_n against_o spain_n 63_o charles_n ii_o king_n of_o spain_n 66_o the_o canary_n island_n 73_o the_o corfew_n ball_n 106_o calais_n take_v by_o edward_n iii_o king_n of_o england_n 119_o charles_n i._n king_n of_o england_n 148_o his_o war_n with_o france_n 149_o his_o war_n with_o spain_n 148_o commotion_n in_o england_n and_o the_o true_a cause_n thereof_o 149_o the_o conduct_n of_o king_n charles_n i._n 151_o he_o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n 158_o he_o be_v sentence_v to_o death_n and_o execute_v 159_o charles_n ii_o son_n of_o king_n charles_n i._o rout_v near_o worcester_n 160_o cromwell_n make_v protector_n of_o england_n 161_o charles_n ii_o restauration_n to_o the_o kingdom_n 162_o his_o war_n with_o holland_n 163_o charles_n surname_v the_o great_a king_n of_o france_n 179_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n of_o the_o roman_n 179_o the_o carlinian_n family_n extinguish_v in_o france_n 182_o charles_n vi_o king_n of_o france_n 195_o charles_n vii_o king_n of_o france_n 199_o charles_n viii_o king_n of_o france_n 204_o conquer_v naples_n 205_o loses_n naples_n 206_o charles_n ix_o king_n of_o france_n 221_o the_o first_o second_o three_o four_o and_o five_o huguenot_n war_n under_o his_o reign_n 221_o 222_o 223_o 224_o charles_n the_o great_a 282_o charles_n iu_o emperor_n of_o germany_n cause_v the_o golden_a bull_n to_o be_v compile_v 295_o charles_n v._o emperor_n of_o germany_n 297_o he_o resign_v the_o empire_n 299_o christian_n i_o the_o first_o king_n of_o denmark_n out_o of_o the_o owen_n burgh_n family_n 322_o christian_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 323_o he_o be_v drive_v thence_o and_o afterward_o out_o of_o his_o own_o kingdom_n 324_o christian_n iu_o king_n of_o denmark_n his_o defeat_n near_o kings-luttern_a 325_o the_o siege_n of_o copenhagen_n 326_o christian_a
possession_n of_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o his_o brother_n but_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o camora_n which_o city_n he_o endeavour_v to_o take_v from_o his_o sister_n then_o alfonso_n his_o brother_n vi._n who_o have_v hitherto_o dwell_v with_o the_o moorish_a king_n of_o toledo_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o castille_n and_o leon._n 1073._o and_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o toledo_n which_o be_v in_o those_o day_n esteem_v impregnable_a 1085._o but_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n have_v receive_v fresh_a reinforcement_n out_o of_o africa_n get_v new_a courage_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o christian_n defeat_v they_o in_o two_o battle_n till_o alfonso_n get_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o they_o oblige_v the_o moorish_a king_n of_o corduba_n to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n nevertheless_o he_o be_v afterward_o again_o overthrow_v in_o a_o battle_n fight_v with_o the_o moor_n where_o he_o lose_v his_o only_a son_n sanctius_n who_o death_n he_o revenge_v soon_o after_o upon_o they_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1109._o vrraca_n his_o daughter_n be_v heiress_n to_o the_o kingdom_n she_o be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o arragon_n vii_o which_o marriage_n under_o pretence_n of_o too_o near_o a_o consanguinity_n and_o adultery_n commit_v by_o the_o queen_n be_v afterward_o dissolve_v again_o viii_o but_o because_o alfonso_n will_v nevertheless_o keep_v castille_n as_o the_o dowry_n of_o the_o queen_n it_o cause_v great_a intestine_a war_n and_o division_n for_o alfonso_n viii_o son_n of_o vrraca_n by_o raymond_n of_o burgundy_n her_o first_o husband_n who_o be_v come_v out_o of_o france_n to_o assist_v her_o father_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n that_o alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v busy_v in_o take_v beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o saragossa_n from_o the_o moor_n 1118._o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o arragon_n and_o castille_n 1122._o afterward_o alfonso_n of_o castille_n make_v war_n against_o the_o moor_n with_o great_a success_n take_v from_o they_o divers_a place_n of_o note_n but_o alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n 1134._o fight_v with_o the_o moor_n and_o leave_v no_o child_n behind_o he_o those_o of_o navarre_n choose_v for_o their_o king_n garsias_n who_o be_v of_o the_o race_n of_o their_o former_a king_n but_o the_o arragonian_n confer_v the_o crown_n upon_o ramirus_n brother_n to_o the_o decease_a king_n who_o have_v be_v a_o monk_n alfonso_n of_o castille_n in_o opposition_n to_o both_o pretend_v to_o have_v a_o right_n to_o these_o kingdom_n conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o cause_v himself_o with_o consent_n of_o pope_n innocent_a ii_o who_o be_v suppose_v to_o do_v it_o in_o spite_n to_o the_o german_a emperor_n to_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n of_o spain_n but_o this_o difference_n be_v also_o at_o last_o compose_v it_o be_v agree_v that_o ramirus_n shall_v give_v his_o only_a daughter_n together_o with_o the_o kingdom_n to_o raymond_n earl_n of_o barcelona_n by_o which_o mean_v catalonia_n and_o arragon_n be_v unite_v 1137._o then_o alfonso_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n attack_v again_o the_o moor_n take_v from_o they_o the_o city_n of_o almeria_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v a_o great_a seaport_n and_o harbour_n for_o privateer_n raymond_n take_v from_o the_o moor_n tortosa_n lerida_n and_o other_o strong_a hold_v alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1157._o §_o 6._o iu._n the_o same_o alfonso_n though_o spain_n have_v suffer_v sufficient_o by_o its_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o government_n leave_v to_o his_o son_n sanctius_n castille_n to_o ferdinand_n leon_n and_o gallicia_n sanctius_n who_o do_v nothing_o that_o be_v remarkable_a except_o that_o he_o beat_v twice_o those_o of_o navarre_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1158_o ix_o leave_v his_o son_n alfonso_n ix_o a_o child_n of_o four_o year_n of_o age._n during_o the_o time_n of_o his_o minority_n there_o be_v great_a disturbance_n in_o castille_n occasion_v partly_o by_o the_o division_n among_o the_o nobility_n partly_o by_o the_o war_n with_o ferdinando_n of_o leon_n and_o sanctius_n of_o navarre_n who_o take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o castilian_n but_o come_v to_o his_o ripe_a year_n he_o do_v extricate_v himself_o though_o not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n out_o of_o those_o trouble_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n who_o always_o keep_v the_o spanish_a king_n in_o exercise_n he_o suffer_v extreme_o so_o that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o they_o because_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o leon_n at_o the_o same_o time_n fall_v upon_o he_o at_o last_o there_o be_v a_o confederacy_n make_v betwixt_o these_o king_n with_o a_o certain_a agreement_n how_o such_o place_n shall_v be_v dispose_v of_o as_o shall_v be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n in_o the_o year_n 1210_o a_o most_o memorable_a expedition_n be_v undertake_v against_o the_o moor_n where_o present_v themselves_o a_o great_a many_o foreigner_n who_o come_v to_o signalise_v themselves_o but_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v soon_o tire_v out_o return_v home_o at_o that_o time_n be_v fight_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o lasa_n where_o 200000_o moor_n be_v slay_v they_o lose_v all_o their_o strength_n in_o this_o battle_n sanctius_n king_n of_o navarre_n break_v first_o through_o a_o chain_n which_o surround_v the_o moorish_a army_n he_o afterward_o bear_v a_o chain_n with_o a_o emerald_n in_o his_o shield_n in_o this_o war_n be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o calatrava_n the_o king_n of_o leon_n take_v alcantara_n alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1214_o leave_v behind_o he_o his_o son_n henry_n henry_n who_o minority_n occasion_v great_a disturbance_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o year_n 1217._o he_o have_v two_o sister_n the_o elder_a blanch_n be_v marry_v to_o lewis_n viii_o son_n of_o philip_n augustus_n king_n of_o france_n the_o second_o berengaria_n be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o leon._n the_o crown_n by_o right_a of_o succession_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o elder_a and_o her_o heir_n but_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n the_o state_n bear_v to_o stranger_n they_o confer_v the_o kingdom_n upon_o ferdinand_n sanctus_n surnamed_n the_o holy_a son_n of_o berengaria_n who_o with_o all_o speed_n imaginable_a possess_v himself_o of_o it_o before_o he_o can_v be_v prevent_v by_o his_o father_n surmount_v all_o the_o difficulty_n which_o be_v raise_v against_o he_o partly_o by_o his_o father_n partly_o by_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n it_o be_v relate_v by_o some_o that_o blanch_n be_v not_o the_o elder_a sister_n but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o castilian_a nobleman_n do_v dispute_v the_o right_n of_o berengaria_n to_o the_o crown_n because_o the_o pope_n have_v declare_v her_o marriage_n with_o alfonso_n void_a and_o their_o child_n illegitimate_a as_o be_v too_o near_o in_o blood_n 1230._o by_o the_o death_n of_o alfonso_n leon_n and_o castille_n be_v reunite_v under_o ferdinand_n at_o what_o time_n the_o moor_n suffer_v extreme_o in_o their_o affair_n 1230._o king_n james_n of_o arragon_n take_v from_o they_o majorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1232._o minorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1234._o yvica_n in_o the_o year_n 1238._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o valencia_n ferdinand_n take_v from_o they_o beside_o other_o place_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o merida_n and_o badajoz_n in_o the_o year_n 1236_o 1240._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o corduba_n murcia_n surrender_v itself_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o year_n 1243_o 1248._o jaen_n sevile_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o andalusia_n but_o whilst_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n to_o carry_v the_o war_n into_o africa_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1252._o §_o 7._o x._o the_o history_n of_o the_o next_o follow_v year_n be_v full_a of_o trouble_n and_o division_n alfonso_n it_o be_v true_a be_v famous_a in_o foreign_a country_n for_o his_o wisdom_n and_o great_a skill_n in_o astronomy_n so_o that_o it_o be_v report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o use_v to_o say_v that_o if_o god_n will_v have_v advise_v with_o he_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n the_o world_n shall_v have_v be_v make_v more_o uniform_a yet_o he_o be_v unfortunate_a at_o home_n and_o hate_v by_o his_o subject_n the_o first_o occasion_n of_o which_o be_v that_o he_o be_v desirous_a to_o fill_v his_o treasury_n which_o be_v exhaust_v he_o cause_v the_o current_a coin_n to_o be_v diminish_v which_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n and_o whilst_o to_o prevent_v this_o he_o set_v certain_a rate_n on_o all_o commodity_n 1256._o which_o occasion_v a_o general_a scarcity_n of_o all_o thing_n the_o
to_o have_v one_o of_o his_o favourite_n get_v she_o with_o child_n thereby_o to_o secure_v the_o crown_n to_o his_o family_n there_o be_v beside_o this_o so_o strong_a a_o jealousy_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o his_o brother_n don_n pedro_n that_o the_o latter_a think_v his_o life_n to_o be_v in_o danger_n if_o he_o do_v not_o prevent_v the_o design_n of_o his_o brother_n and_o his_o favourite_n he_o therefore_o bring_v the_o nobility_n and_o people_n over_o to_o his_o party_n force_v alfonsus_n to_o surrender_v to_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o kingdom_n reserve_v for_o his_o maintenance_n only_o the_o yearly_a revenue_n of_o 270000_o liver_n as_o also_o the_o palace_n of_o braganza_n with_o all_o its_o appurtenance_n pedro._n don_n pedro_n will_v not_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o title_n of_o king_n but_o choose_v rather_o to_o be_v call_v regent_n of_o portugal_n in_o the_o name_n of_o his_o brother_n alfonsus_n he_o be_v incapable_a of_o administer_a the_o government_n he_o marry_v also_o upon_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o portuguese_n and_o with_o the_o dispensation_n of_o the_o pope_n his_o brother_n wife_n and_o because_o alfonsus_n shall_v not_o be_v in_o a_o capacity_n of_o raise_v any_o disturbance_n he_o be_v under_o a_o good_a guard_n conduct_v into_o the_o island_n of_o terâ—â—ra_n but_o don_n pedro_n have_v hitherto_o administer_v the_o government_n in_o peace_n and_o to_o the_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n §_o 8._o portuguese_n and_o to_o say_v something_o concern_v the_o genius_n of_o the_o portuguese_n and_o the_o strength_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n the_o portuguese_n be_v not_o inferior_a to_o the_o spaniard_n in_o pride_n and_o haughtiness_n but_o be_v not_o esteem_v so_o prudent_a and_o cautious_a as_o these_o but_o be_v over-secure_a in_o prosperity_n and_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n rash_a and_o foolhardy_a where_o they_o get_v the_o upperhand_n they_o be_v very_o rigorous_a and_o cruel_a they_o be_v mighty_o addict_v to_o be_v covetous_a and_o love_v usury_n and_o have_v search_v after_o money_n in_o all_o corner_n of_o the_o world_n some_o also_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v very_o malicious_a which_o they_o say_v be_v the_o remnant_n of_o the_o jewish_a blood_n which_o be_v intermingle_v with_o that_o of_o the_o portuguese_n nation_n this_o country_n consider_v its_o bigness_n be_v very_o populous_a as_o be_v evident_a by_o the_o number_n of_o portuguese_n which_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o brasile_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n and_o in_o the_o east_n indies_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o raise_v a_o numerous_a land_n army_n without_o foreign_a help_n or_o to_o man_n out_o a_o mighty_a fleet_n of_o man_n of_o war_n but_o they_o have_v enough_o to_o do_v to_o garrison_n their_o frontier_n place_n well_o and_o to_o keep_v convoy_n for_o their_o merchant_n ship_n §_o 9_o portugal_n concern_v the_o country_n which_o belong_v nowadays_o to_o portugal_n the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n by_o itself_o consider_v be_v neither_o very_a large_a nor_o very_o fruitful_a the_o inhabitant_n live_v most_o upon_o such_o corn_n as_o be_v import_v yet_o be_v the_o country_n full_a of_o city_n and_o town_n and_o have_v a_o great_a many_o commodious_a seaport_n the_o commodity_n of_o the_o growth_n of_o portugal_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v salt_n of_o which_o a_o great_a quantity_n be_v from_o setubal_n or_o st._n hubes_n transport_v into_o the_o northern_a country_n as_o also_o oil_n some_o wine_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit._n the_o other_o commodity_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o thence_o they_o first_o have_v from_o those_o province_n that_o belong_v to_o they_o the_o silver_n i_o call_v guacaldane_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 178_o quentoe_n of_o silver_n each_o quent_n be_v reckon_v to_o amount_v to_o 2673_o ducat_n 8_o real_n and_o 26_o marvedoe_n among_o those_o country_n that_o now_o belong_v to_o portugal_n the_o chief_a be_v brasile_a brasile_n be_v a_o long_a tract_n of_o land_n in_o america_n extend_v all_o along_o the_o sea_n side_n but_o very_o narrow_a and_o famous_a for_o the_o wholsomness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o its_o fertility_n here_o abundance_n of_o sugar_n be_v make_v from_o whence_o arise_v the_o main_a revenue_n of_o the_o country_n the_o portuguese_n make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o in_o preserve_v those_o excellent_a fruit_n as_o grow_v both_o in_o portugal_n and_o brasile_n brasile_v also_o afford_v ginger_n cotton_n wool_n indigo_n and_o wood_n for_o the_o dyer_n but_o because_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n be_v natural_o lazy_a who_o can_v by_o any_o way_n be_v force_v to_o hard_a labour_n the_o portuguese_n buy_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n and_o especial_o in_o congo_n and_o angola_n negro_n who_o they_o use_v for_o slave_n buy_v and_o sell_v they_o in_o brasile_a as_o we_o do_v ox_n they_o be_v employ_v in_o all_o sort_n of_o hardship_n and_o drudgery_n africa_n the_o trade_n of_o the_o portuguese_n on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o africa_n be_v not_o now_o of_o any_o great_a consequence_n since_o the_o hollander_n have_v interfere_v with_o they_o and_o those_o place_n which_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o africa_n only_o serve_v to_o enrich_v their_o governor_n what_o the_o hollander_n have_v leave_v they_o in_o the_o east_n indies_n be_v of_o no_o small_a consequence_n to_o they_o indies_n for_o goa_n be_v a_o very_a large_a city_n where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a trade_n among_o people_n of_o all_o nation_n but_o the_o wise_a fort_n do_v not_o approve_v of_o the_o portuguese_n government_n in_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o portuguese_n there_o be_v give_v to_o voluptuousness_n and_o neglect_v military_a affair_n be_v so_o presumptuous_a as_o to_o imagine_v that_o nevertheless_o with_o their_o haughty_a carriage_n they_o can_v outbrave_v other_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o hollander_n find_v it_o so_o easy_a to_o drive_v this_o nation_n out_o of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o indies_n which_o be_v grow_v hateful_a to_o they_o all_o yet_o the_o portuguese_n enjoy_v one_o privilege_n which_o the_o dutch_a have_v not_o that_o they_o be_v allow_v a_o free_a trade_n with_o china_n where_o they_o have_v the_o city_n of_o macao_n in_o a_o island_n not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o continent_n and_o they_o have_v understand_v so_o to_o misrepresent_v the_o hollander_n with_o the_o chinese_n that_o they_o hitherto_o as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v they_o have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o obtain_v a_o free_a commerce_n with_o china_n it._n former_o the_o portuguese_n have_v a_o great_a interest_n in_o japan_n which_o be_v chief_o procure_v by_o mean_n of_o the_o jesuit_n who_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o convert_v the_o japonese_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o above_o 400000_o of_o they_o be_v baptize_v not_o without_o hope_n that_o all_o the_o rest_n will_v at_o last_o have_v follow_v their_o example_n but_o about_o thirty_o year_n ago_o the_o dutch_a by_o their_o practice_n and_o artifices_fw-la render_v the_o portuguese_n suspect_v to_o the_o emperor_n of_o japan_n have_v intercept_v a_o letter_n from_o the_o jesuit_n to_o the_o pope_n wherein_o they_o promise_v to_o bring_v ere_o long_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o japan_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o roman_a see_n the_o hollander_n interpret_v this_o letter_n in_o such_o a_o sense_n as_o if_o the_o jesuit_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o new_a convert_v do_v intend_v to_o dethrone_v the_o emperor_n tell_v he_o that_o the_o pope_n pretend_v to_o a_o authority_n of_o dispose_n of_o kingdom_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o that_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n who_o be_v then_o master_n of_o portugal_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n with_o he_o the_o jealous_a japoneses_n be_v easy_o persuade_v hereof_o when_o they_o consider_v with_o what_o respect_n and_o kindness_n the_o jesuit_n be_v treat_v by_o the_o new_a christian_n those_o be_v also_o very_o ready_a to_o accept_v of_o what_o these_o good_a nature_a people_n offer_v they_o and_o the_o governor_n be_v sensible_a and_o complain_v that_o their_o usual_a present_n from_o the_o subject_n decrease_v daily_o since_o the_o new_a convert_v give_v so_o much_o to_o their_o priest_n the_o hollander_n also_o show_v the_o emperor_n of_o japan_n in_o a_o map_n how_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n do_v extend_v on_o one_o side_n as_o far_o as_o manilla_fw-la on_o the_o other_o side_n as_o far_o as_o macao_n so_o that_o by_o subdue_a of_o japan_n he_o will_v have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o unite_n his_o conquest_n this_o occasion_v a_o most_o horrible_a persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n the_o japonese_n endeavour_v by_o incredible_a torment_n to_o overcome_v the_o constancy_n of_o a_o nation_n which_o be_v natural_o one_o of_o the_o
constitution_n yet_o most_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o not_o this_o pharamont_n but_o his_o son_n clodion_n clodion_fw-la surname_v long-hair_n invade_v gaul_n who_o after_o he_o have_v be_v several_a time_n repulse_v by_o aetius_n the_o roman_a general_n at_o last_o take_v artois_n cambray_n tournay_n and_o some_o other_o place_n as_o far_o as_o the_o river_n somme_n make_v amiens_n his_o place_n of_o residence_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 447_o merovaeus_fw-la but_o his_o successor_n and_o kinsman_n merovaeus_fw-la in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o roman_a general_n aetius_n and_o theodorick_n the_o king_n of_o the_o west_n goth_n have_v beat_v attila_n the_o king_n of_o the_o hans_n out_o of_o france_n extend_v his_o dominion_n as_o far_o as_o mentz_n on_o one_o side_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n conquer_v picardy_n normandy_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o france_n the_o roman_n themselves_o contribute_v to_o this_o loss_n for_o that_o not_o only_o in_o the_o battle_n fight_v against_o attila_n they_o have_v lose_v a_o great_a many_o of_o their_o best_a force_n but_o aetius_n also_o be_v fall_v into_o disgrace_n with_o the_o emperor_n valentinian_n be_v by_o he_o murder_v which_o aetius_n may_v be_v just_o say_v to_o have_v be_v the_o last_o great_a captain_n the_o roman_n have_v there_o be_v after_o his_o death_n no_o body_n leave_v who_o can_v resist_v merovaeus_fw-la from_o this_o king_n spring_v the_o first_o race_n of_o the_o french_a king_n which_o be_v call_v the_o merovigian_a family_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 458._o childerick_n his_o son_n childerick_n for_o his_o lasciviousness_n be_v banish_v in_o who_o stead_n one_o aegidius_n of_o the_o ancient_a race_n of_o the_o gaul_n be_v set_v up_o for_o king_n but_o childerick_n through_o the_o faithfulness_n of_o his_o friend_n guyeman_n be_v after_o a_o exile_n of_o eight_o year_n recall_v out_o of_o thuringia_n whither_o he_o flee_v and_o restore_v to_o his_o throne_n who_o drive_v back_o the_o britain_n and_o saxon_n that_o make_v at_o that_o time_n great_a havoc_n in_o france_n he_o also_o conquer_v that_o part_n which_o be_v now_o call_v lorraine_n and_o take_v beauvais_n paris_n and_o some_o other_o place_n near_o the_o river_n of_o the_o oise_n and_o the_o seyne_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 481._o i._n his_o son_n clovis_n or_o lewis_n have_v kill_v syagrius_n the_o son_n of_o aegidius_n establish_v the_o french_a monarchy_n and_o add_v great_a territory_n to_o the_o kingdom_n this_o king_n fall_v in_o love_n with_o clotildis_n of_o the_o royal_a race_n of_o burgundy_n who_o promise_v to_o marry_v he_o if_o he_o will_v turn_v christian_n which_o however_o he_o afterward_o delay_v to_o perform_v till_o the_o alemans_n who_o will_v have_v get_v a_o foot_n in_o france_n enter_v that_o kingdom_n who_o he_o meet_v with_o his_o army_n near_o zulick_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v where_o when_o he_o see_v the_o french_a begin_v to_o fall_v in_o disorder_n he_o vow_v that_o if_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n he_o will_v be_v baptize_v which_o vow_n 496._o after_o the_o victory_n he_o perform_v be_v baptize_v at_o reims_n by_o st._n reim_n who_o example_n the_o whole_a nation_n of_o the_o french_a follow_v this_o king_n also_o overturn_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o goth_n which_o they_o have_v establish_v in_o languedock_n unite_n that_o country_n with_o his_o kingdom_n he_o also_o conquer_v several_a petty_a principality_n and_o a_o part_n of_o the_o high_a germany_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 511._o §_o 3._o divide_v after_o the_o death_n of_o clovis_n france_n receive_v a_o signal_n blow_n the_o kingdom_n be_v divide_v among_o his_o four_o son_n who_o though_o they_o annex_v the_o kingdom_n of_o burgundy_n to_o it_o yet_o this_o division_n weaken_a this_o kingdom_n and_o administer_v fuel_n to_o the_o follow_v intestine_a dissension_n nay_o this_o impolitic_a divide_v the_o kingdom_n go_v further_o still_o for_o they_o subdivide_v the_o kingdom_n again_o among_o their_o son_n which_o occasion_v most_o horrible_a civil_a commotion_n in_o france_n these_o king_n endeavour_v as_o it_o be_v to_o outdo_v one_o another_o in_o iniquity_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o two_o queen_n brunechildis_n and_o fredegundis_fw-la be_v infamous_a for_o their_o monstrous_a crime_n at_o last_o after_o a_o great_a many_o intestine_a division_n two_o clotarius_fw-la ii_o reunite_v the_o divide_a kingdom_n do_v somewhat_o restore_v its_o ancient_a state_n 614._o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 628._o dagobert_n but_o his_o son_n dagobert_n fall_v into_o the_o same_o madness_n for_o he_o not_o only_o give_v part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o brother_n albert_n but_o also_o divide_v his_o own_o share_n among_o his_o two_o son_n neither_o do_v he_o do_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o public_a during_o his_o reign_n from_o this_o time_n the_o french_a king_n quite_o degenerate_v from_o their_o ancient_a valour_n give_v themselves_o over_o to_o laziness_n and_o debauchery_n wherefore_o the_o grand_a mareschal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v by_o degree_n assume_v the_o power_n and_o administratinon_n of_o public_a affair_n among_o these_o pippin_n be_v famous_a descend_v of_o a_o noble_a family_n in_o austrasia_n who_o have_v the_o administration_n of_o affair_n during_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o eight_o year_n under_o several_a king_n 714._o his_o son_n charles_n martell_n succeed_v his_o father_n in_o his_o power_n and_o office_n which_o he_o rather_o augment_v after_o he_o be_v grow_v famous_a by_o his_o martial_a exploit_n have_v chase_v away_o the_o saracen_n who_o about_o that_o time_n conquer_a spain_n fall_v also_o into_o france_n of_o who_o he_o kill_v a_o vast_a number_n 732._o this_o man_n take_v upoâ—_n himself_o the_o title_n of_o a_o prince_n and_o duke_n of_o france_n so_o that_o nothing_o remain_v with_o the_o king_n but_o the_o bare_a title_n and_o a_o empty_a name_n they_o be_v keep_v in_o the_o country_n and_o once_o a_o year_n carry_v for_o a_o show_n through_o the_o city_n to_o expose_v they_o to_o the_o view_n of_o the_o people_n like_o strange_a creature_n at_o last_o pipin_n the_o young_a son_n of_o this_o charles_n martell_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 741_o have_v bring_v the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n over_o to_o his_o party_n depose_v king_n childerick_n ii_o and_o have_v send_v he_o into_o a_o convent_n king_n get_v himself_o proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n this_o be_v approve_v easy_o enough_o by_o pope_n zachary_n because_o he_o be_v in_o fear_n of_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o longobard_n in_o italy_n crown_n do_v endeavour_n by_o all_o mean_n to_o oblige_v the_o king_n of_o france_n to_o come_v to_o his_o assistance_n and_o thus_o the_o merovignian_a family_n lose_v the_o crown_n of_o france_n 751._o §_o 4._o pipin_n expedition_n to_o convince_v the_o world_n that_o he_o be_v not_o unworthy_a of_o the_o crown_n or_o else_o to_o furnish_v the_o people_n with_o other_o matter_n than_o to_o talk_v of_o the_o depose_n of_o childerick_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o saxon_n who_o he_o vanquish_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n and_o he_o have_v likewise_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o former_a king_n undertake_v several_a expedition_n into_o germany_n with_o great_a success_n and_o subdue_v some_o of_o the_o nation_n border_v upon_o the_o rhine_n not_o long_o after_o a_o opportunity_n present_v itself_o to_o make_v himself_o famous_a in_o italy_n for_o aistulphus_n the_o king_n of_o the_o lombard_n have_v propose_v to_o himself_o the_o conquest_n of_o all_o italy_n after_o he_o have_v chase_v the_o governor_n of_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n which_o be_v then_o call_v exarche_n out_o of_o ravenna_n and_o all_o other_o place_n which_o be_v under_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o be_v ready_a to_o march_v direct_o against_o rome_n the_o pope_n stephen_n iii_o being_n in_o great_a fear_n of_o this_o enemy_n and_o not_o know_v where_o to_o find_v assistance_n crave_v aid_n of_o pipin_n lombard_n who_o he_o at_o last_o persuade_v to_o take_v his_o part_n against_o aistulphus_n in_o this_o war_n pipin_n recover_v from_o aistulphus_n all_o what_o he_o have_v before_o take_v from_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n in_o italy_n the_o revenue_n of_o which_o he_o as_o it_o be_v pretend_v give_v to_o the_o roman_a see_v reserve_v to_o himself_o as_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a the_o sovereignty_n over_o these_o place_n he_o gain_v by_o this_o action_n the_o reputation_n of_o be_v very_o zealous_a and_o by_o bestow_v these_o revenue_n upon_o the_o holy_a chair_n get_v a_o firm_a foot_n in_o italy_n and_o the_o advantage_n of_o sway_v matter_n there_o according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n he_o make_v also_o tassilo_n duke_n of_o baâ—aria_n his_o vassal_n and_o beat_v the_o duke_n of_o aquitain_n this_o pippin_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 768_o leave_v behind_o he_o
hungarian_a war_n do_v now_o and_o then_o keep_v the_o german_n a_o little_a in_o exercise_n and_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1609._o the_o right_a of_o succession_n in_o the_o country_n of_o juliers_n be_v bring_v in_o question_n at_o last_o his_o brother_n mathias_n archduke_n of_o austria_n grow_v impatient_a to_o possess_v his_o brother_n inheritance_n before_o his_o death_n 1612._o to_o he_o rudolphus_n surrender_v hungary_n and_o bohemia_n and_o at_o his_o death_n he_o leave_v he_o his_o other_o country_n and_o the_o imperial_a crown_n §_o 14._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o mathias_n mathias_n the_o ill_a humour_n do_v so_o increase_v by_o degree_n in_o germany_n that_o towards_o his_o latter_a day_n they_o cause_v violent_a convulsion_n the_o origin_n of_o this_o war_n which_o last_v thirty_o year_n be_v this_o in_o the_o religious_a peace_n former_o conclude_v at_o passau_n two_o party_n be_v only_o include_v viz._n the_o roman_a catholic_n and_o those_o who_o adhere_v to_o the_o augsburgh_n confession_n war_n the_o free_a exercise_n of_o religion_n be_v forbid_v to_o all_o other_o but_o some_o of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n among_o who_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o elector_n palatin_n and_o the_o landgrave_n of_o hesse_n cassel_n have_v since_o that_o time_n receive_v the_o reform_a religion_n common_o call_v the_o calvinian_a the_o roman_a catholic_n be_v against_o their_o enjoy_n the_o benefit_n of_o the_o religious_a peace_n these_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n allege_v that_o they_o do_v belong_v as_o well_o as_o the_o rest_n to_o the_o augsburgh_n confession_n and_o that_o the_o whole_a difference_n do_v only_o consist_v in_o some_o few_o passage_n but_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o protestant_n who_o strict_o adhere_v to_o the_o word_n of_o the_o augsburgh_n confession_n be_v not_o for_o receive_v they_o into_o the_o same_o communion_n yet_o it_o be_v their_o opinion_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v prosecute_v for_o the_o difference_n that_o be_v betwixt_o they_o but_o afterward_o these_o controvert_v article_n be_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o priest_n explain_v in_o so_o different_a a_o manner_n that_o the_o name_n of_o a_o calvinist_n become_v as_o odious_a to_o some_o protestant_n as_o that_o of_o a_o roman_n catholic_n the_o roman_a catholic_n take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n caress_v the_o old_a protestant_n especial_o those_o in_o the_o electorate_v of_o saxony_n unto_o who_o they_o represent_v the_o calvinist_n as_o a_o generation_n equal_o destructive_a to_o both_o party_n whereby_o they_o hope_v to_o disjoin_v they_o from_o the_o rest_n and_o after_o they_o have_v destroy_v they_o to_o make_v the_o easy_a work_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o protestant_n these_o therefore_o of_o the_o reform_a religion_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n for_o their_o common_a security_n into_o which_o there_o have_v be_v receive_v a_o great_a many_o other_o protestant_a prince_n it_o be_v call_v the_o evangelical_n union_n union_n in_o opposition_n to_o this_o confederacy_n the_o roman_a catholic_n make_v a_o alliance_n among_o themselves_o which_o they_o call_v the_o catholic_n league_n who_o head_n be_v the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n a_o constant_a rival_n of_o the_o elector_n palatin_n there_o happen_v also_o some_o other_o matter_n which_o have_v exasperate_v both_o party_n viz._n that_o the_o protestant_n have_v reduce_v a_o great_a many_o church_n revenue_n after_o the_o peace_n at_o passau_n that_o the_o city_n of_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n and_o donawerth_n have_v be_v very_o hardly_o deal_v withal_o and_o some_o other_o matter_n which_o be_v manifest_a proof_n of_o the_o animosity_n of_o both_o party_n against_o one_o another_o §_o 15._o tumult_n both_o party_n be_v thus_o exasperate_v and_o prepare_v for_o war_n do_v administer_v fuel_n to_o that_o flame_n which_o quick_o after_o break_v out_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o bohemian_n pretend_v that_o the_o emperor_n mathias_n have_v take_v from_o they_o their_o privilege_n and_o have_v raise_v a_o tumult_n do_v throw_v three_o person_n of_o quality_n who_o speak_v in_o the_o emperor_n behalf_n out_o of_o the_o castle_n window_n 1618._o and_o immediate_o after_o enter_v with_o a_o army_n into_o austria_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n mathias_n die_v i_o who_o nephew_n ferdinand_n who_o also_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o empire_n the_o bohemian_n have_v before_o his_o death_n receive_v for_o their_o king_n but_o now_o under_o pretence_n that_o he_o have_v break_v the_o contract_n make_v betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o estate_n palatin_n have_v renounce_v ferdinand_n and_o offer_v the_o crown_n to_o frederick_n elector_n palatin_n this_o young_a prince_n be_v persuade_v by_o some_o of_o his_o friend_n who_o be_v of_o a_o unsettled_a spirit_n and_o not_o dive_v deep_a enough_o into_o a_o business_n of_o such_o consequence_n to_o accept_v of_o this_o offer_n before_o he_o have_v lay_v a_o foundation_n for_o such_o a_o undertake_n for_o the_o bohemian_n themselves_o be_v fickle_a and_o unfaithful_a bethlem_n gabor_n inconstant_a england_n be_v not_o for_o meddle_v in_o the_o matter_n holland_n be_v very_o backward_o in_o give_v assistance_n the_o union_n which_o they_o chief_o rely_v upon_o be_v a_o body_n with_o a_o great_a many_o head_n without_o vigour_n or_o any_o constant_a resolution_n beside_o this_o france_n do_v endeavour_v to_o dissolve_v this_o league_n as_o be_v not_o willing_a that_o the_o elector_n palatin_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n shall_v grow_v too_o potent_a for_o fear_n that_o in_o time_n they_o may_v afford_v their_o assistance_n to_o the_o hugonot_n who_o destruction_n be_v then_o in_o agitation_n at_o the_o french_a court._n in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o war_n the_o affair_n of_o ferdinand_n look_v with_o a_o ill_a aspect_n because_o bethlem_n gabor_n duke_n of_o transilvania_n fall_v into_o hungary_n in_o hope_n to_o become_v master_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o there_o be_v also_o great_a discontent_n among_o his_o subject_n in_o austria_n but_o he_o have_v recover_v himself_o by_o the_o alliance_n make_v with_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n palatin_n the_o elector_n palatin_n lose_v with_o that_o unfortunate_a battle_n fight_v on_o the_o white_a hill_n near_o prague_n at_o once_o all_o his_o former_a advantage_n for_o ferdinand_n soon_o after_o reduce_v bohemia_n 1620._o moravia_n and_o silesia_n to_o obedience_n spinola_n make_v a_o inroad_n into_o the_o low_a palatinat_n which_o be_v desert_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o league_n the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n get_v the_o upper_a palatinat_n and_o the_o electoral_a dignity_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o have_v be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o reduce_v of_o silesia_n have_v for_o his_o reward_n lusatia_n in_o fief_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o marquis_n of_o durlach_n geâ—maâ—y_n christian_a duke_n of_o brunswick_n the_o earl_n of_o mansfield_n and_o some_o other_o who_o be_v of_o the_o elector_n palatine_n party_n march_v with_o their_o army_n up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n and_o the_o emperor_n under_o pretence_n of_o pursue_v they_o send_v his_o force_n into_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n against_o these_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n arm_v itself_o have_v make_v christian_n iv._o king_n of_o denmark_n general_n of_o that_o circle_n but_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o great_a overthrow_n near_o king_n lutter_n 1626._o from_o tilly_n the_o imperial_a general_n the_o emperor_n overrun_v all_o the_o low_a saxony_n and_o have_v oblige_v king_n christian_n to_o make_v peace_n with_o he_o at_o lubeck_n 1629._o he_o begin_v to_o get_v foot_v near_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o baltic_a lanâ—s_v §_o 16._o the_o emperor_n by_o this_o success_n be_v arrive_v to_o such_o a_o pitch_n of_o greatness_n that_o he_o do_v not_o question_v but_o for_o the_o future_a to_o be_v absolute_a in_o germany_n 1629._o do_v publish_v a_o proclamation_n enjoin_v the_o protestant_n to_o restore_v to_o the_o catholic_n all_v such_o church_n land_n or_o revenue_n as_o be_v take_v from_o they_o since_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o passau_n under_o this_o pretence_n he_o hope_v quick_o to_o subdue_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o protestant_a prince_n not_o queston_a but_o that_o the_o catholic_n estate_n will_v easy_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o his_o pleasure_n the_o protestant_n it_o be_v true_a enter_v into_o a_o defensive_a alliance_n at_o leipsick_a but_o without_o any_o great_a prospect_n of_o success_n aâ—olphus_n if_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweedland_n have_v not_o come_v to_o their_o assistance_n this_o king_n be_v induce_v to_o enter_v germany_n partly_o because_o the_o preservation_n of_o his_o own_o state_n seem_v to_o depend_v on_o the_o emperor_n not_o get_v firm_a footing_n on_o the_o baltic_a partly_o because_o several_a of_o the_o german_a prince_n have_v crave_v his_o assistance_n partly_o also_o because_o the_o emperor_n have_v assist_v the_o
after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la in_o denmark_n during_o the_o space_n of_o seven_o year_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o holsteiner_n have_v bring_v the_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n under_o their_o subjection_n till_o the_o dane_n make_v a_o insurrection_n against_o they_o endeavour_v to_o chase_v they_o out_o of_o denmark_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n call_v waldemar_n the_o son_n of_o christopher_n ii_o who_o have_v be_v educate_v at_o the_o court_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n the_o bavarian_a into_o the_o kingdom_n §_o 4._o iii_o waldemar_n iii_o do_v somewhat_o restore_v the_o decay_a state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v partly_o force_v and_o partly_o buy_v the_o holsteiner_n out_o of_o denmark_n he_o sell_v hisponia_n and_o reval_n to_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n for_o 28000_o mark_n fine_a silver_n which_o sum_n he_o bestow_v most_o upon_o a_o journey_n which_o he_o undertake_v into_o the_o holy_a land_n but_o he_o get_v schonen_fw-mi again_o from_o magnus_n sameck_n the_o then_o king_n of_o sweden_n by_o fair_a promise_n and_o by_o a_o agreement_n make_v betwixt_o he_o and_o albert_n king_n of_o swedeland_n gotland_n be_v also_o surrender_v to_o he_o and_o some_o other_o place_n belong_v at_o that_o time_n to_o sweden_n he_o be_v frequent_o at_o war_n with_o the_o hanse_v town_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1375._o after_o he_o reign_v his_o grandson_n olaus_n vi_o vi._n bear_v of_o his_o daughter_n margaret_n and_o hacquin_n king_n of_o norway_n during_o his_o minority_n the_o mother_n have_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n have_v after_o his_o father_n death_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o norway_n he_o lay_v also_o claim_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n because_o his_o father_n be_v son_n of_o magnus_n sameck_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o he_o die_v young_a in_o his_o stead_n the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n receive_v for_o their_o queen_n margaret_n his_o mother_n and_o she_o have_v declare_v erick_n pomeran_n her_o sister_n daughter_n son_n her_o associate_n in_o the_o government_n enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o albert_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o swede_n be_v in_o general_n dissatisfy_v with_o their_o king_n desert_v he_o acknowledge_v margaret_n for_o their_o queen_n albert_n fight_v a_o battle_n against_o margaret_n but_o be_v defeat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n with_o his_o son_n who_o margaret_n do_v not_o release_v till_o after_o seven_o year_n imprisonment_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v either_o pay_v 60000_o mark_n fine_a silver_n for_o his_o ransom_n or_o else_o resign_v his_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o he_o have_v perform_v the_o last_o margaret_z cause_v eric_n pomeran_n to_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n assemble_v at_o calmar_n 1396._o where_o erick_n have_v be_v declare_v their_o king_n a_o agreement_n be_v make_v among_o they_o that_o these_o three_o kingdom_n for_o the_o future_a shall_v be_v rule_v by_o one_o king_n margaret_n who_o have_v be_v a_o extraordinary_a good_a queen_n to_o denmark_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1412._o after_o who_o death_n erick_n be_v sole_a king_n over_o these_o three_o kingdom_n but_o he_o be_v in_o continual_a broil_n with_o the_o holsteiner_n who_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o hanse_v town_n concern_v the_o duchy_n of_o sleswick_n which_o difference_n be_v at_o last_o compose_v he_o surrender_v to_o his_o cousin_n pomerar_n the_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n the_o island_n of_o rugen_n which_o have_v be_v a_o considerable_a time_n under_o danish_a subjection_n 1438._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o swede_n be_v grow_v very_o discontent_v because_o erick_n do_v not_o govern_v they_o according_a to_o his_o coronation_n oath_n and_o oppress_v they_o by_o his_o foreign_a officer_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o stand_v up_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o liberty_n the_o dane_n also_o see_v that_o he_o be_v very_o careless_a of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o do_v always_o live_v in_o gotland_n do_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o his_o obedience_n allege_v among_o other_o matter_n that_o because_o he_o have_v be_v endeavour_v to_o establish_v his_o cousin_n bogislaus_n duke_n of_o pomerania_n in_o his_o throne_n in_o his_o life_n time_n he_o have_v thereby_o violate_v their_o right_n of_o a_o free_a election_n christopher_n and_o have_v choose_v in_o his_o stead_n christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n 1439._o erick_n sister_n son_n he_o be_v depose_v and_o retire_v into_o pomerania_n where_o he_o end_v his_o life_n christopher_n reign_v till_o the_o year_n 1448._o with_o who_o reign_n the_o dane_n be_v very_o well_o satisfy_v §_o 1_n 5._o after_o his_o death_n the_o dane_n make_v a_o offer_n of_o that_o crown_n to_o adolf_n duke_n of_o sleswick_n and_o earl_n of_o holstein_n but_o he_o be_v very_o ancient_a and_o infirm_a refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o it_o and_o recommend_v to_o they_o christian_a earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n his_o sister_n son_n who_o both_o the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n declare_v their_o king_n and_o in_o this_o family_n these_o two_o crown_n have_v remain_v ever_o since_o by_o a_o continual_a succession_n this_o king_n soon_o after_o begin_v a_o war_n with_o the_o swede_n who_o have_v make_v one_o charles_n cnutson_n their_o king_n because_o they_o will_v have_v drive_v the_o depose_a king_n erick_n out_o of_o gotland_n but_o king_n christian_n come_v to_o his_o assistance_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o that_o island_n beside_o this_o some_o of_o the_o swedish_n nobility_n who_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o charles_n cnutson_n have_v side_v with_o christian_a the_o war_n begin_v to_o be_v carry_v on_o very_o vigorous_o betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n in_o this_o war_n the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n do_v attack_v charles_n with_o such_o success_n that_o he_o oblige_v he_o to_o retire_v into_o prussia_n and_o christian_a be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1458._o but_o the_o swede_n be_v again_o dissatisfy_v with_o christian_a recall_v charles_n cnutson_n when_o the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o and_o notwithstanding_o charles_n cnutson_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1470_o 1463._o and_o christian_a come_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o swedeland_n yet_o can_v he_o not_o maintain_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n his_o force_n have_v be_v defeat_v near_o stockholm_n in_o the_o year_n 1471_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n iii_o give_v to_o he_o in_o fief_n ditmarsen_n as_o also_o to_o the_o country_n of_o holstein_n the_o title_n of_o a_o dukedom_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n margaret_n to_o james_n iii_o king_n of_o scotland_n give_v she_o for_o a_o dowry_n the_o orkney_n island_n and_o hetland_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v dependent_a on_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1481._o in_o who_o stead_n the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n choose_v his_o son_n john_n their_o king_n who_o divide_v the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n with_o his_o brother_n frederick_n this_o king_n john_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v in_o peace_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n john_n do_v at_o last_o enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o sweden_n and_o have_v defeat_v the_o dalekarl_n force_a steenure_n the_o governor_n to_o surrender_v himself_o and_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n and_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1497._o but_o in_o the_o year_n 1501_o he_o be_v miserable_o and_o shameful_o beat_v by_o the_o ditmarsians_n who_o he_o will_v have_v bring_v under_o his_o subjection_n and_o afterward_o steen_n stir_v also_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o sweden_n he_o be_v in_o continual_a broil_n with_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n suant_fw-la stir_n who_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o lubecker_n till_o these_o difference_n be_v at_o last_o compose_v soon_o after_o which_o he_o die_v §_o 1513._o 6._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n two_o who_o draw_v upon_o he_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o dane_n ii_o partly_o because_o he_o entertain_v a_o woman_n of_o mean_a birth_n in_o the_o netherlands_o who_o name_n be_v duivecke_v to_o be_v his_o mistress_n and_o be_v strange_o lead_v by_o the_o nose_n by_o her_o mother_n sigibirta_n a_o crafty_a old_a woman_n partly_o because_o he_o have_v cause_v torber_n ox_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o copenhagen_n to_o be_v as_o it_o be_v think_v unjust_o execute_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n great_a difference_n be_v arisen_a in_o sweden_n betwixt_o steen_n stir_v the_o young_a and_o gustave_n trolle_v the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n the_o first_o have_v destroy_v the_o castle_n of_o steka_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o latter_a king_n christian_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o archbishop_n take_v he_o along_o with_o he_o into_o denmark_n where_o they_o lay_v the_o design_n against_o swedeland_n a_o decree_n therefore_o be_v obtain_v from_o the_o pope_n wherein_o he_o have_v condemn_v the_o swede_n to_o undergo_v great_a penalty_n for_o the_o violence_n offer_v to_o gustave_n trolle_v king_n christian_n to_o
put_v this_o decree_n in_o execution_n send_v his_o force_n into_o sweden_n where_o steen_n stir_v be_v slay_v in_o a_o engagement_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v put_v into_o confusion_n by_o his_o death_n and_o king_n christian_n come_v at_o last_o in_o person_n force_v christina_n the_o widow_n of_o steen_n stir_v to_o surrender_v the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n at_o last_o a_o general_a amnesty_n have_v be_v publish_v first_o swedeâ—_n he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1520._o but_o when_o the_o swede_n think_v themselves_o most_o secure_a he_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o chief_a man_n under_o pretence_n of_o the_o former_a violence_n commit_v upon_o gustavus_n trolle_v to_o be_v execute_v by_o the_o hangman_n and_o commit_v beside_o great_a cruelty_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n gustavus_n erickson_n who_o have_v be_v a_o prisoner_n in_o denmark_n have_v make_v his_o escape_n arrive_v in_o sweden_n and_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o dalekarl_n who_o he_o have_v stir_v up_o entire_o drive_v the_o dane_n out_o of_o sweden_n which_o ever_o since_o have_v maintain_v its_o liberty_n against_o the_o dane_n by_o this_o time_n the_o hatred_n of_o the_o dane_n against_o christian_n be_v mighty_o increase_v and_o the_o jute_n have_v first_o of_o all_o withdraw_v themselves_o from_o their_o obedience_n to_o he_o kingd_v it_o put_v he_o into_o such_o a_o consternation_n that_o he_o retreat_v with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n into_o the_o netherlands_o the_o dane_n choose_v in_o his_o stead_n his_o uncle_n frederick_n duke_n of_o holstein_n for_o their_o king_n christian_n have_v raise_v some_o land-force_n do_v endeavour_v to_o regain_v the_o throne_n but_o they_o be_v disperse_v again_o charles_n v._o also_o his_o brother_n in_o law_n be_v so_o entangle_v in_o the_o war_n with_o france_n that_o he_o can_v not_o send_v he_o sufficient_a succour_n at_o last_o he_o come_v with_o a_o fleet_n into_o norway_n where_o he_o surrender_v himself_o to_o dnut_n gyldenstern_n who_o promise_v he_o security_n but_o king_n frederick_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o keep_v that_o promise_n make_v he_o a_o prisoner_n and_o send_v he_o to_o the_o castle_n of_o sunderburgh_n but_o have_v resign_v his_o title_n to_o the_o kingdom_n 1532._o he_o be_v remove_v to_o the_o castle_n of_o callenburgh_n 1546._o where_o he_o die_v 1559._o §_o 7._o i._n frederick_n i._o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o hanse_v town_n against_o the_o depose_a king_n christian_n and_o force_v the_o city_n of_o copenhagen_n and_o malmoe_n which_o adhere_v to_o christian_a to_o surrender_v themselves_o to_o he_o he_o also_o grant_v great_a privilege_n to_o the_o nobility_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1533_o the_o year_n after_o he_o have_v make_v christian_n ii_o his_o prisoner_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n iii_o iii_o who_o meet_v with_o great_a opposition_n at_o first_o from_o christopher_n earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n and_o the_o lubecker_n who_o pretend_v to_o restore_v the_o imprison_a christian_n to_o the_o throne_n and_o have_v bring_v several_a province_n over_o to_o their_o side_n but_o he_o at_o last_o surmount_v these_o difficulty_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o copenhagen_n and_o because_o the_o bishop_n have_v be_v all_o along_o against_o he_o 1556._o they_o be_v exclude_v from_o the_o general_a agreement_n and_o have_v be_v depose_v in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n establish_v in_o denmark_n and_o norway_n he_o reign_v very_o peaceable_o after_o that_o time_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1558._o §_o 8._o two_o his_o son_n and_o successor_n frederick_n ii_o subdue_v the_o ditmarsians_n then_o he_o enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o erick_n king_n of_o sweden_n 1560._o which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o great_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n for_o the_o space_n of_o nine_o year_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o stetin_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o emperor_n 1570._o and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o poland_n he_o reign_v afterward_o very_o peaceable_o in_o denmark_n till_o the_o year_n 1588._o when_o he_o die_v under_o the_o reign_n also_o of_o his_o son_n christian_n iu._n iu_o the_o kingdom_n be_v in_o great_a tranquillity_n till_o the_o year_n 1611._o when_o he_o attack_v the_o swedish_n king_n charles_n ix_o and_o take_v from_o he_o calmar_n and_o elfsburgh_n 1613._o but_o he_o make_v peace_n with_o gustavus_n adolph_n the_o son_n of_o charles_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o restore_v these_o place_n unto_o he_o in_o consideration_n of_o a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n 1625._o he_o be_v entangle_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n for_o he_o have_v be_v make_v general_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n he_o thereby_o come_v to_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o emperor_n but_o this_o war_n prove_v very_o disadvantageous_a to_o he_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o great_a overthrow_n near_o king_n luttern_n and_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o quit_v germany_n but_o the_o imperialist_n also_o enter_v holstein_n and_o jutland_n itself_o yet_o he_o recover_v all_o again_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o peace_n make_v at_o lubeck_n 1629._o except_o that_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o some_o ecclesiastical_a possession_n in_o germany_n which_o he_o intend_v for_o his_o son_n when_o swedeland_n be_v afterward_o engage_v in_o the_o german_a war_n he_o offer_v his_o mediation_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o emperor_n in_o hope_n thereby_o to_o recover_v his_o loss_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a possession_n and_o to_o prevent_v that_o the_o swede_n may_v not_o get_v a_o firm_a foot_n in_o germany_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o he_o be_v very_o vexatious_a to_o the_o swede_n endeavour_v by_o all_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o stop_v the_o career_n of_o their_o victory_n in_o germany_n and_o to_o spoil_v their_o trade_n at_o home_n till_o at_o last_o the_o swede_n be_v sore_o vex_v that_o their_o ship_n be_v continual_o detain_v and_o confiscate_v in_o the_o sound_n do_v resolve_v to_o put_v a_o end_n to_o these_o inconvenience_n and_o after_o they_o have_v let_v the_o dane_n know_v that_o they_o will_v no_o long_o suffer_v these_o injury_n fall_v with_o a_o army_n into_o holstein_n and_o jutland_n and_o at_o last_o also_o into_o schonen_fw-mi 1643._o in_o this_o war_n the_o dane_n be_v great_a loser_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n but_o by_o the_o extraordinary_a valour_n of_o their_o king_n they_o maintain_v themselves_o 1645._o till_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o bromsebroo_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o swede_n get_v gothland_n osel_n and_o jemperland_n and_o holland_n be_v give_v they_o as_o a_o pledge_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirty_o year_n the_o hollander_n also_o take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n do_v regulate_v the_o toll_n of_o the_o sound_n which_o hitherto_o have_v be_v raise_v at_o pleasure_n have_v be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o they_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1648._o §_o 9_o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n frederick_n iii_o who_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o hollander_n 1657._o attack_v the_o swede_n promise_v himself_o great_a success_n against_o they_o sweden_n at_o that_o time_n when_o he_o suppose_v that_o their_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n have_v quite_o weaken_a his_o strength_n against_o the_o pole_n but_o the_o swedish_n king_n come_v upon_o a_o sudden_a with_o a_o army_n into_o holstein_n and_o jutland_n and_o among_o other_o take_v the_o fortress_n of_o fredericksudde_n by_o storm_n and_o there_o happen_v a_o extraordinary_a hard_a frost_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o year_n 1658._o he_o march_v over_o the_o ice_n first_o into_o funen_n where_o he_o surprise_v the_o danish_a troop_n from_o thence_o take_v his_o way_n over_o largeland_n laland_n and_o falster_n into_o zealand_n this_o prodigious_a success_n oblige_v king_n frederick_n to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o he_o at_o roshild_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o beside_o some_o other_o advantage_n he_o surrender_v to_o the_o swede_n holland_n bleckingen_n schonen_fw-mi bornholm_n bahus_n and_o drontheim_n in_o norway_n but_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n be_v inform_v that_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o hollander_n the_o dane_n have_v resolve_v to_o renew_v the_o war_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o swede_n have_v leave_v the_o country_n or_o shall_v be_v again_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o germany_n or_o poland_n he_o resolve_v to_o be_v beforehand_o with_o they_o and_o return_v into_o the_o isle_n of_o zealand_n take_v cronenburgh_n câ—penhagen_n and_o besiege_a copenhagen_n by_o sea_n and_o land_n in_o the_o
mean_a while_o the_o dutch_a send_v a_o fleet_n to_o relieve_v copenhagen_n against_o who_o the_o swede_n fight_v with_o great_a bravery_n but_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o swede_n do_v in_o vain_a storm_n copenhagen_n 1659._o and_o beside_o this_o lose_v the_o battle_n in_o funen_n bornholm_n revolt_a and_o druntheim_n be_v retake_v and_o though_o the_o dane_n endeavour_v to_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o swede_n hope_v to_o have_v now_o after_o the_o death_n of_o their_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o revenge_v themselves_o for_o their_o former_a loss_n yet_o accord_v to_o a_o project_n conclude_v upon_o by_o france_n england_n and_o holland_n conclude_v a_o peace_n be_v make_v near_o copenhagen_n almost_o upon_o the_o same_o condition_n with_o that_o conclude_v former_o at_o roshild_n except_o that_o bornholm_n and_o druntheim_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dane_n in_o lieu_n of_o which_o some_o land_n be_v assign_v to_o the_o swede_n in_o schonen_fw-mi a_o peace_n be_v thus_o conclude_v hereditary_a the_o king_n at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n be_v declare_v a_o absolute_a sovereign_n and_o the_o crown_n hereditary_n whereby_o the_o great_a privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n be_v abolish_v and_o a_o new_a form_n of_o government_n introduce_v where_o the_o whole_a management_n of_o affair_n depend_v absolute_o on_o the_o king_n pleasure_n this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1670._o v._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n v._n who_o after_o he_o have_v put_v his_o affair_n into_o a_o good_a posture_n enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o the_o emperor_n holland_n and_o their_o confederate_n and_o see_v that_o the_o swede_n have_v be_v worsted_n in_o the_o country_n of_o brandenburg_n he_o hope_v to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o good_a opportunity_n to_o break_v with_o sweden_n 1675._o he_o begin_v therefore_o with_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n who_o not_o foresee_v the_o design_n come_v to_o he_o at_o rensburgh_n who_o he_o force_v to_o quit_v all_o his_o advatange_n which_o he_o have_v obtain_v by_o the_o peace_n of_o roshild_n and_o to_o surrender_v into_o his_o hand_n the_o fortress_n of_o tonningen_n which_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v demolish_v and_o afterward_o take_v wismar_n from_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o enter_v schonen_fw-mi where_o he_o take_v helsingburgh_n swedâ—n_n landscrone_n and_o christianstad_n as_o also_o the_o isle_n of_o gotland_n with_o little_a resistance_n but_o he_o have_v detach_v some_o troop_n to_o invest_v halmstad_v they_o be_v surprise_v by_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o rout_v they_o and_o such_o as_o be_v not_o slay_v be_v all_o make_v prisoner_n not_o long_o after_o the_o whole_a danish_a army_n be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n in_o a_o bloody_a battle_n fight_v near_o lunden_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o king_n christian_n besiege_v malmoe_n but_o have_v miscarry_v in_o a_o storm_n which_o he_o make_v upon_o the_o place_n he_o be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o soon_o after_o receive_v another_o overthrow_n in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o landscrone_n betwixt_o he_o and_o charles_n king_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o dane_n be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o bahus_n and_o to_o surrender_v christianstadt_n which_o reduce_v to_o extremity_n by_o famine_n but_o at_o sea_n they_o have_v better_a success_n peace_n yet_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o peace_n make_v betwixt_o they_o they_o restore_v all_o such_o place_n as_o they_o have_v take_v from_o the_o swede_n §_o 10._o nâ—tion_n it_o be_v evident_a out_o of_o ancient_a history_n that_o this_o nation_n have_v be_v former_o very_o warlike_a but_o in_o our_o age_n the_o dane_n have_v lose_v much_o of_o their_o ancient_a glory_n because_o the_o nobility_n have_v be_v rather_o for_o enjoy_v their_o revenue_n in_o plenty_n and_o quietness_n than_o for_o undergo_a the_o fatigue_n of_o war_n and_o the_o commonalty_n have_v follow_v their_o example_n this_o may_v also_o perhaps_o be_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o they_o have_v seldom_o be_v engage_v in_o any_o war_n but_o with_o sweden_n except_o that_o christian_a iu_o make_v war_n in_o germany_n which_o however_o be_v carry_v on_o chief_o by_o german_a soldier_n which_o can_v not_o be_v of_o any_o long_a continuance_n the_o dane_n often_o want_v opportunity_n to_o keep_v themselves_o in_o exercise_n especial_o since_o they_o have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o make_v use_n of_o the_o german_n who_o they_o list_v for_o money_n and_o the_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n seem_v to_o be_v but_o proportionable_a to_o the_o country_n which_o be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n since_o the_o king_n have_v be_v declare_v sovereign_a all_o mean_n have_v be_v employ_v to_o improve_v the_o military_a force_n of_o the_o nation_n but_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o national_a force_n without_o the_o help_n of_o the_o german_n will_v not_o be_v of_o any_o great_a consequence_n as_o to_o land-service_n neither_o be_v it_o the_o king_n interest_n to_o put_v his_o nobility_n upon_o martial_a exploit_n or_o that_o they_o shall_v grow_v famous_a in_o war_n for_o fear_v they_o shall_v make_v a_o effort_n to_o recover_v their_o former_a privilege_n the_o norwegian_n undergo_v all_o sort_n of_o hardship_n with_o more_o courage_n and_o vigour_n norwegian_n whereunto_o they_o be_v enure_v by_o their_o climate_n and_o air._n but_o the_o dane_n since_o they_o have_v be_v master_n of_o norway_n have_v always_o endeavour_v to_o keep_v under_o this_o nation_n by_o take_v from_o they_o all_o opportunity_n of_o exert_v their_o vigour_n and_o there_o be_v very_o few_o leave_v of_o the_o ancient_a nobility_n in_o norway_n yet_o the_o norwegian_n be_v now_o adays_o very_o good_a seaman_n and_o the_o dutch_a make_v good_a use_n of_o they_o in_o sea-service_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o north-holland_n where_o they_o be_v addict_v to_o fish_v be_v original_o of_o norway_n §_o 11._o soil_n the_o country_n of_o denmark_n be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n yet_o it_o be_v general_o very_o fertile_a and_o fit_a both_o for_o tillage_n and_o pasturage_n for_o a_o great_a number_n of_o ox_n and_o horse_n be_v yearly_o transport_v out_o of_o denmark_n to_o other_o place_n and_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o corn_n be_v send_v out_o of_o denmark_n into_o norway_n and_o island_n the_o sea_n near_o denmark_n be_v pretty_a well_o stock_v with_o fish_n which_o however_o be_v rather_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n than_o for_o exportation_n there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o manufactory_n there_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v not_o fit_v for_o such_o work_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n in_o great_a quantity_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o dane_n be_v oblige_v to_o import_n wine_n salt_n good_a beer_n and_o woollen_a manufacture_n for_o clothes_n they_o have_v begin_v to_o bring_v spice_n themselves_o out_o of_o the_o east-indies_n where_o they_o have_v a_o small_a fort_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o cormandel_n the_o toll_n which_o be_v pay_v by_o foreigner_n in_o the_o sound_n in_o ready_a money_n be_v a_o very_a good_a revenue_n in_o denmark_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o dane_n can_v scarce_o forgive_v the_o swede_n that_o they_o do_v not_o pay_v this_o tributary_n toll_n to_o denmark_n norway_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n a_o very_a raw_a country_n yet_o it_o produce_v several_a commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n viz._n dry_a and_o salt_v fish_n in_o great_a quantity_n timber_n board_n mast_n tar_n pitch_n and_o the_o like_a there_o be_v also_o in_o norway_n silver_n copper_n and_o iron_n mine_n but_o it_o produce_v not_o corn_n sufficient_a in_o quantity_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n nor_o to_o brew_v beer_n beside_o it_o want_v also_o the_o same_o commodity_n which_o be_v want_v in_o denmark_n as_o for_o its_o situation_n it_o be_v very_o commodious_a to_o export_v and_o import_n merchandises_n to_o and_o from_o other_o seacoast_n in_o europe_n island_n be_v stock_v with_o fish_n some_o salt_v flesh_n and_o very_o good_a down_o feather_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v fain_o to_o exchange_v for_o such_o commodity_n as_o be_v beside_o fish_n and_o flesh_n requisite_a for_o the_o sustenence_n and_o convenience_n of_o life_n the_o fenock_n island_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n live_v on_o their_o sheep_n and_o fish_n beside_o that_o denmark_n can_v raise_v a_o considerable_a army_n of_o its_o native_n defect_n this_o be_v also_o a_o great_a weakness_n to_o this_o kingdom_n that_o not_o only_a norway_n and_o denmark_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v keep_v correspondency_n together_o but_o by_o that_o way_n but_o also_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o island_n so_o that_o if_o a_o enemy_n once_o become_v master_n
in_o denmark_n ambassador_n be_v send_v to_o the_o marshal_n and_o the_o other_o senator_n of_o sweden_n that_o be_v then_o at_o calmar_n to_o notify_v the_o arrival_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o to_o treat_v with_o they_o to_o receive_v he_o also_o for_o their_o king_n as_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o maintain_v the_o union_n and_o peace_n betwixt_o those_o kingdom_n the_o marshal_n and_o his_o party_n be_v not_o a_o little_a surprise_v at_o this_o proposition_n but_o perceive_v that_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o arboga_n most_o of_o the_o estate_n be_v incline_v to_o maintain_v the_o union_n and_o receive_v christopher_n for_o their_o king_n they_o also_o agree_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o christopher_n be_v receive_v by_o the_o marshal_n and_o the_o senator_n with_o great_a pomp_n at_o calmar_n from_o whence_o be_v conduct_v to_o stockholm_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o vpsal_n he_o be_v there_o crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o soon_o after_o return_v into_o denmark_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v four_o year_n he_o marry_v dorothee_n the_o daughter_n of_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o king_n erick_n who_o be_v yet_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o gothland_n do_v considerable_a damage_n to_o the_o swedish_n ship_n he_o be_v prevail_v upon_o by_o the_o senate_n to_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o gothland_n whilst_o every_o body_n be_v in_o great_a expectation_n about_o the_o success_n of_o this_o enterprise_n he_o upon_o the_o sudden_a clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o king_n erick_n leave_v he_o in_o the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o gothland_n 1448._o he_o die_v at_o helsinburgh_n in_o his_o journey_n to_o joncope_a whither_o he_o have_v call_v together_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n of_o sweden_n have_v leave_v great_a legacy_n to_o several_a church_n in_o sweden_n but_o the_o dane_n who_o have_v all_o his_o ship_n ammunition_n rich_a furniture_n and_o ready_a money_n in_o their_o hand_n will_v not_o pay_v one_o groat_n of_o it_o after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n christopher_n cnutson_n the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n that_o be_v assemble_v at_o stockholm_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o party_n some_o of_o they_o be_v for_o defer_v the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n till_o such_o time_n as_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o 3_o kingdom_n can_v at_o a_o general_a assembly_n choose_v a_o king_n according_a to_o the_o union_n agree_v upon_o betwixt_o they_o but_o the_o marshal_n and_o his_o party_n which_o be_v the_o strong_a be_v without_o have_v any_o respect_n to_o the_o union_n for_o choose_v immediate_o a_o king_n of_o their_o own_o this_o contest_v last_v for_o several_a day_n and_o that_o with_o such_o heat_n that_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o come_v to_o blow_n till_o at_o last_o the_o marshal_n charles_n cnutson_n party_n prevail_v who_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o dane_n offer_v the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n to_o adolf_n duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o he_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o old_a age_n have_v refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o it_o they_o make_v christian_a earl_n of_o oldenburg_n the_o duke_n sister_n son_n their_o king_n charles_n at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n besiege_a king_n erick_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o wisby_n who_o have_v delude_v the_o swedish_n general_n with_o a_o truce_n do_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n provide_v himself_o with_o all_o necessary_n and_o be_v at_o last_o relieve_v by_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n who_o send_v he_o into_o pomerania_n where_o in_o the_o city_n of_o rugen_n he_o end_v his_o day_n without_o make_v any_o further_a pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o norwegian_n except_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n have_v make_v charles_n also_o their_o king_n which_o occasion_v almost_o a_o continual_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n in_o which_o king_n charles_n be_v pretty_a successful_a at_o first_o but_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o brave_a thord_n bonde_n his_o general_n who_o be_v barbarous_o murder_v king_n christian_a with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o sweden_n and_o several_a other_o of_o the_o swedish_n nobility_n who_o be_v enemy_n to_o king_n charles_n prove_v too_o hard_o for_o he_o for_o the_o archbishop_n have_v surprise_v the_o king_n force_n at_o strengness_n besiege_v he_o in_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n so_o that_o king_n charles_n find_v himself_o reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n resolve_v to_o embark_v with_o all_o his_o treasure_n for_o dantzick_n where_o he_o arrive_v safe_o after_o a_o voyage_n of_o three_o day_n in_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n 1_n no_o soon_o have_v king_n charles_n leave_v the_o kingdom_n 1458._o but_o the_o archbishop_n have_v get_v all_o the_o stronhold_v of_o the_o kingdom_n into_o his_o hand_n send_v to_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n to_o invite_v he_o into_o sweden_n who_o be_v arrive_v with_o a_o considerable_a fleet_n at_o stockholm_n be_v by_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n declare_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o crown_v at_o vpsal_n he_o reign_v at_o first_o with_o a_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o swede_n but_o some_o year_n after_o by_o his_o cruelty_n and_o heavy_a imposition_n lay_v upon_o the_o people_n become_v odious_a to_o they_o for_o he_o not_o only_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o great_a man_n that_o be_v false_o accuse_v of_o hold_v a_o correspondency_n with_o king_n charles_n to_o be_v torture_v to_o death_n but_o also_o exercise_v great_a cruelty_n against_o a_o great_a number_n of_o boor_n that_o be_v rise_v in_o arm_n against_o he_o and_o have_v conceive_v a_o jealousy_n of_o the_o archbishop_n he_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v carry_v prisoner_n to_o copenhagen_n this_o so_o exasperate_v katil_n the_o bishop_n of_o lyncope_a that_o he_o raise_v a_o insurrection_n against_o the_o king_n and_o force_v he_o to_o retire_v into_o denmark_n and_o though_o the_o king_n return_v the_o year_n next_o follow_v with_o a_o considerable_a army_n yet_o be_v defeat_v by_o the_o bishop_n force_n he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n a_o second_o time_n 1464._o and_o the_o bishop_n have_v lay_v siege_n to_o the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n where_o king_n christian_n have_v leave_v a_o garrison_n send_v for_o assistance_n to_o king_n charles_n who_o be_v glad_a of_o this_o opportunity_n come_v with_o some_o force_n which_o he_o have_v gather_v in_o poland_n and_o prussia_n into_o sweden_n where_o he_o be_v no_o soon_o arrive_v but_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n be_v surrender_v to_o he_o and_o he_o again_o receive_v as_o king_n of_o sweden_n but_o this_o joy_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o a_o difference_n be_v arisen_a betwixt_o he_o and_o bishop_n katil_n about_o the_o exchange_v the_o archbishop_n that_o be_v prisoner_n at_o copenhagen_n the_o say_a bishop_n do_v underhand_o agree_v with_o king_n christian_n to_o restore_v he_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v set_v the_o archbishop_n at_o liberty_n according_a to_o this_o agreement_n a_o reconciliation_n be_v make_v betwixt_o k_o christian_n and_o the_o archbishop_n the_o latter_a be_v receive_v very_o splendid_o by_o the_o bishop_n and_o be_v no_o soon_o arrive_v in_o sweden_n but_o have_v raise_v some_o force_n against_o king_n charles_n defeat_v he_o in_o a_o bloody_a battle_n fight_v upon_o the_o ice_n near_o stockholm_n and_o force_v he_o to_o abjure_v his_o right_n and_o pretention_n to_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o king_n resignation_n the_o archbishop_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o the_o stronghold_n of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o any_o opposition_n except_o that_o one_o nils_n stir_v a_o particular_a friend_n of_o k._n charles_n traverse_v sometime_o his_o design_n this_o nils_n stir_v and_o one_o erick_n axelson_n governor_n of_o wibourg_n in_o finland_n have_v at_o last_o make_v a_o party_n against_o he_o play_v their_o game_n so_o well_o that_o erick_n axelson_n axelson_n who_o have_v marry_v king_n charles_n daughter_n be_v declare_v regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1466._o but_o the_o a._n bish_n be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v stockholm_n and_o some_o other_o strong_a hold_v into_o the_o regent_n hand_n nevertheless_o the_o hatred_n betwixt_o the_o two_o exasperate_v faction_n head_v by_o nils_n stir_v and_o erick_n nilson_n of_o which_o party_n be_v also_o the_o archbishop_n continue_v with_o great_a animosity_n erick_n nilson_n and_o his_o party_n under_o pretence_n of_o protect_v the_o archbishop_n against_o the_o power_n of_o king_n charles_n and_o his_o adherent_n endeavour_v the_o restauration_n of_o king_n christian_n but_o nils_n stir_v and_o his_o party_n open_o declare_v that_o they_o will_v either_o have_v king_n charles_n restore_v or_o at_o least_o maintain_v the_o regent_n in_o his_o station_n these_o two_o party_n do_v not_o only_o commit_v great_a insolence_n and_o
assistance_n who_o have_v take_v some_o ship_n load_v with_o ammunition_n belong_v to_o the_o regent_n and_o in_o vain_a endeavour_v to_o relieve_v the_o besiege_a castle_n the_o war_n be_v begin_v on_o both_o side_n for_o the_o archbishop_n have_v be_v force_v to_o surrender_v the_o castle_n and_o his_o office_n pope_n leo_n thereupon_o excommunicate_v the_o regent_n lay_v a_o fine_a of_o 100000_o ducat_n upon_o the_o swede_n and_o enjoin_v the_o execution_n thereof_o to_o king_n christian_n pursuant_n to_o this_o decree_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n fall_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o sweden_n and_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o regent_n and_o his_o force_n in_o west-gothland_n but_o the_o regent_n have_v receive_v a_o wound_n there_o of_o which_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o at_o strengness_n his_o army_n first_o retreat_v and_o be_v deprive_v of_o a_o leader_n afterward_o disperse_v king_n christian_n then_o have_v divide_v his_o army_n send_v one_o part_n into_o west_n and_o east-gothland_n which_o be_v soon_o subdue_v and_o march_v with_o the_o rest_n to_o strengness_n 1520._o the_o archbishop_n take_z hold_v of_o this_o opportunity_n reassume_v his_o archi-episcopal_a dignity_n and_o be_v assist_v by_o two_o other_o bishop_n and_o seven_o of_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v declare_v christian_a king_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o estate_n at_o vpsal_n the_o king_n have_v be_v crown_v by_o the_o archbishop_n trolle_v and_o receive_v the_o city_n of_o stockhâ—lm_n by_o surrender_n into_o his_o hand_n treat_v the_o swede_n at_o 〈◊〉_d with_o abundance_n of_o humanity_n but_o soon_o after_o find_v out_o a_o weapon_n wherewith_o to_o destroy_v his_o adversary_n and_o this_o be_v the_o business_n concern_v the_o degradation_n of_o the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o ruine_n of_o his_o castle_n of_o stecka_n for_o though_o the_o king_n by_o a_o amnestie_n have_v pardon_v all_o past_a offence_n yet_o no_o satisfaction_n have_v be_v give_v to_o the_o pope_n the_o archbishop_n in_o his_o name_n demand_v a_o million_o pound_n of_o silver_n in_o reparation_n of_o the_o damage_n do_v to_o the_o church_n at_o vpsal_n and_o his_o castle_n of_o stecka_n and_o to_o make_v up_o the_o matter_n it_o be_v pretend_v that_o gunpowder_n have_v be_v convey_v into_o the_o king_n palace_n to_o blow_v he_o up_o steen_n sture_n widow_n his_o mother_n in_o law_n fifteen_o other_o beside_o the_o senare_n and_o commonalty_n of_o stockholm_n be_v accuse_v as_o actor_n and_o abettor_n who_o be_v all_o condemn_v as_o heretic_n ninety_o four_o of_o they_o all_o people_n of_o note_n be_v behead_v at_o stockholm_n and_o their_o servant_n hang_v up_o with_o boot_n and_o spur_n the_o decease_a regent_n body_n have_v be_v dig_v up_o be_v expose_v among_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o execute_v person_n and_o the_o quarter_n set_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n his_o widow_n and_o mother_n in_o law_n be_v force_v to_o purchase_v their_o life_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o whole_a estate_n and_o be_v nevertheless_o with_o a_o great_a many_o other_o woman_n of_o quality_n commit_v to_o prison_n in_o finland_n hemon_v gudde_n notwithstanding_o his_o former_a service_n do_v to_o he_o be_v with_o ten_o more_o execute_v by_o the_o king_n command_n the_o abbot_n of_o the_o convent_n at_o nydala_n be_v with_o eleven_o monk_n drown_v by_o his_o order_n and_o two_o gentleman_n son_n one_o of_o nine_o the_o other_o of_o seven_o year_n behead_v at_o joncope_a and_o after_o he_o have_v in_o this_o manner_n murder_v 600_o of_o his_o swedish_n subject_n he_o return_v into_o denmark_n §_o 9_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o that_o king_n christian_n be_v busy_v in_o bring_v the_o swede_n under_o the_o danish_a yoke_n by_o all_o manner_n of_o inhuman_a barbarity_n i._n gustavus_n erichson_n who_o father_n have_v be_v behead_v by_o the_o tyrant_n and_o his_o mother_n throw_v in_o prison_n have_v shelter_v himself_o among_o the_o dalekâ—rls_n who_o be_v make_v sensible_a of_o the_o danger_n which_o threaten_v they_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n have_v make_v gustave_n their_o head_n who_o example_n be_v follow_v by_o the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n they_o soon_o after_o declare_v he_o regent_n of_o that_o kingdom_n except_o the_o archbishop_n and_o his_o party_n that_o remain_v firm_a to_o the_o danish_a interest_n king_n christian_n be_v violent_o exasperate_v at_o gustave_n revenge_v himself_o upon_o his_o mother_n and_o two_o sister_n who_o he_o send_v from_o stokholm_n to_o copenhagen_n where_o they_o perish_v in_o prison_n he_o issue_v also_o out_o a_o order_n that_o no_o quarter_n shall_v be_v give_v to_o any_o swedish_n nobleman_n and_o commit_v great_a barbarity_n wherever_o he_o come_v the_o swede_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o regent_n gustave_n repay_v the_o dane_n with_o the_o same_o coin_n wherever_o they_o meet_v they_o and_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o lubecker_n besiege_v stockholm_n which_o be_v as_o yet_o in_o king_n christian_n possession_n when_o they_o receive_v the_o joyful_a news_n out_o of_o denmark_n that_o the_o jutlander_n have_v renounce_v their_o allegiance_n to_o king_n christian_n 1523._o this_o so_o encourage_v gustave_n and_o his_o party_n that_o they_o do_v not_o only_o drive_v king_n christian_n force_n out_o of_o most_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n retake_v ocland_n and_o borkholm_n but_o also_o recover_v the_o castle_n and_o city_n of_o calmar_n and_o make_v gustave_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o thereupon_o immediate_o summon_v stockholm_n to_o a_o surrender_n and_o the_o garrison_n be_v without_o hope_n of_o relief_n surrender_v the_o city_n and_o castle_n to_o the_o lubecker_n who_o restore_v the_o same_o to_o king_n gustave_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n king_n christian_n be_v retire_v with_o his_o queen_n into_o the_o netherlands_o and_o the_o jutlander_n have_v make_v frederick_n i._o king_n christian_n uncle_n their_o king_n will_v fain_o have_v persuade_v the_o swede_n to_o follow_v their_o example_n but_o these_o be_v not_o ambitious_a of_o continue_v the_o union_n with_o denmark_n have_v refuse_v their_o proffer_n and_o choose_v gustave_n their_o king_n but_o king_n gustave_n find_v the_o treasury_n mighty_o exhaust_v by_o these_o long_a intestine_a war_n he_o not_o only_o tax_v the_o clergy_n to_o pay_v considerable_a sum_n towards_o the_o payment_n of_o his_o soldier_n but_o also_o make_v bold_a with_o the_o superfluous_a ornament_n of_o the_o church_n against_o which_o brask_n the_o bishop_n of_o lincope_a have_v protest_v and_o make_v complaint_n thereof_o to_o johannes_n magnus_n the_o pope_n legate_n peter_z bishop_n of_o westeraas_n endeavour_v to_o raise_v a_o insurrection_n among_o the_o dalekerl_n but_o while_o these_o bishop_n be_v employ_v in_o maintain_v their_o privilege_n the_o protestant_a religion_n have_v begin_v to_o spread_v all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n the_o same_o be_v by_o some_o merchant_n and_o german_a soldier_n first_o introduce_v into_o sweden_n and_o some_o swedish_n student_n that_o have_v study_v at_o wittenbergh_n have_v bring_v along_o with_o they_o into_o their_o native_a country_n both_o the_o doctrine_n and_o write_n of_o luther_n among_o these_o one_o olaus_n petri_n be_v the_o chief_a who_o have_v be_v a_o auditor_n of_o luther_n at_o his_o return_n into_o sweden_n be_v make_v a_o canon_n and_o protonotary_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o strenguess_n this_o man_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o bishop_n have_v bring_v lar_n anderson_n the_o archdeacon_n over_o to_o his_o opinion_n begin_v not_o only_o to_o defend_v luther_n doctrine_n public_o in_o the_o school_n but_o also_o to_o publish_v the_o same_o from_o the_o pulpit_n the_o bishop_n be_v absent_a dr._n nils_n dean_n of_o that_o chapter_n with_o all_o his_o might_n oppose_v this_o new_a doctrine_n which_o be_v come_v to_o the_o king_n ear_n he_o advise_v with_o lar_n anderson_n who_o have_v instruct_v he_o in_o the_o chief_a point_n of_o it_o sweden_n and_o in_o what_o manner_n a_o great_a many_o german_a prince_n have_v take_v away_o the_o superfluous_a riches_n of_o the_o clergy_n begin_v to_o hearken_v to_o his_o opinion_n resolve_v nevertheless_o to_o go_v on_o cautious_o in_o this_o business_n and_o to_o see_v how_o some_o prince_n in_o germany_n shall_v proceed_v in_o this_o affair_n as_o also_o how_o the_o bishop_n in_o sweden_n will_v relish_v this_o doctrine_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n pope_n hadrian_n iv._o have_v send_v his_o legate_n into_o sweden_n to_o endeavour_v the_o extirpation_n of_o this_o heresy_n and_o the_o clergy_n of_o sweden_n grow_v every_o day_n more_o refractory_a refuse_v to_o pay_v the_o tax_n impose_v upon_o they_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o their_o privilege_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n olaus_n petri_n be_v encourage_v by_o the_o king_n be_v not_o silent_a but_o defend_v his_o cause_n both_o by_o dispute_n and_o write_v with_o such_o
have_v be_v give_v to_o they_o since_o the_o year_n 1454._o sweden_n but_o also_o several_a other_o church_n land_n and_o precious_a moveable_n all_o which_o he_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o bishop_n and_o their_o party_n be_v not_o idle_a but_o be_v contrive_v all_o manner_n of_o mischief_n against_o the_o king_n though_o with_o small_a success_n for_o the_o dalekerl_n who_o have_v make_v a_o insurrection_n be_v frighten_v by_o the_o king_n to_o comply_v with_o his_o command_n and_o to_o send_v away_o their_o leader_n the_o supposititious_a sâ—ure_n and_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n unto_o who_o the_o dissatisfied_a party_n have_v proffer_v the_o crown_n do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o accept_v of_o it_o so_o that_o bishop_n brask_n despair_v at_o last_o of_o the_o roman_n catholic_n cause_n under_o pretence_n of_o a_o journey_n retire_v to_o dantzick_n the_o king_n have_v surmount_v all_o these_o difficulty_n think_v convenient_a not_o to_o defer_v any_o long_o his_o coronation_n 1528._o which_o have_v be_v solemnize_v at_o vpsal_n with_o the_o usual_a solemnity_n he_o summon_v the_o rebellious_a dalekerl_n to_o appear_v before_o he_o at_o thuana_n threaten_v they_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n if_o they_o do_v not_o appear_v at_o the_o appoint_a time_n the_o rebel_n be_v thorough_o frighten_v by_o the_o king_n severity_n appear_v without_o arm_n at_o the_o appoint_a place_n where_o he_o cause_v several_a of_o the_o ringleader_n to_o be_v execute_v and_o dismiss_v the_o rest_n after_o have_v promise_v to_o be_v obedient_a for_o the_o future_a in_o helsingland_n he_o appease_v the_o tumultuous_a multitude_n with_o threat_n and_o fine_v their_o leader_n and_o have_v call_v together_o a_o synod_n of_o the_o clergy_n at_o orebro_fw-la where_o the_o king_n chancellor_n be_v precedent_n the_o chief_a point_n of_o the_o popish_a doctrine_n be_v there_o abolish_v and_o in_o their_o stead_n the_o protestant_a religion_n introduce_v where_o it_o be_v also_o order_v that_o a_o protestant_a professor_n of_o divinity_n shall_v be_v constitute_v in_o each_o cathedral_n this_o wrought_v in_o a_o manner_n miracle_n among_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o monk_n sweden_n who_o leave_v their_o monastery_n be_v marry_v and_o become_v minister_n in_o the_o protestant_a church_n but_o the_o bishop_n and_o their_o party_n enter_v into_o a_o association_n with_o some_o of_o the_o dissatisfied_a lord_n in_o west_n gothland_n who_o accuse_v the_o king_n of_o heresy_n and_o other_o crime_n renounce_v their_o allegiance_n to_o he_o these_o be_v head_v by_o thuro_n johanson_n the_o rix_n marshal_n who_o raise_v a_o insurrection_n among_o the_o dalekerl_n and_o endeavour_v also_o to_o stir_v up_o the_o west_n and_o east_n goth_n who_o he_o persuade_v to_o make_v magnus_n brynteson_n a_o man_n in_o great_a authority_n among_o they_o their_o king_n but_o the_o king_n have_v again_o appease_v this_o tumult_n by_o grant_v his_o pardon_n to_o they_o magnus_n the_o bishop_n of_o skara_n and_o thuro_n johnson_n flee_v into_o denmark_n but_o magnus_n bayteson_n nils_n olofson_n and_o thuro_n erickson_n have_v be_v convict_v of_o high_a treason_n at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o strongness_n the_o two_o first_o be_v execute_v and_o the_o three_o pay_v a_o considerable_a fine_a the_o king_n then_o to_o settle_v the_o mind_n of_o his_o subject_n have_v renew_v his_o pardon_n cause_v the_o superfluous_a bell_n to_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o steeple_n the_o same_o be_v grant_v to_o he_o by_o the_o estate_n towards_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o debt_n due_a to_o the_o lubecker_n which_o prove_v a_o new_a subject_n for_o a_o insurrection_n for_o the_o dalekerl_v not_o only_o seize_v upon_o some_o of_o these_o bell_n but_o also_o pretend_v to_o hold_v a_o assembly_n at_o arboga_n to_o consult_v about_o the_o depose_v of_o king_n gustave_n which_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o call_v together_o the_o estate_n at_o vpsal_n whither_o he_o come_v in_o person_n with_o a_o good_a army_n and_o meet_v with_o great_a opposition_n from_o the_o mutinous_a people_n order_v his_o soldier_n to_o fire_n among_o they_o which_o so_o terrify_v they_o that_o upon_o their_o knee_n they_o beg_v his_o pardon_n promise_v to_o be_v more_o obedient_a for_o the_o future_a thing_n be_v thus_o pretty_a well_o settle_v the_o king_n marry_v catharine_n the_o daughter_n of_o magnus_n duke_n of_o saxen_a lavenburgh_n and_o have_v receive_v intelligence_n that_o king_n christian_n be_v land_v in_o norway_n with_o a_o considerable_a force_n he_o send_v some_o troop_n under_o the_o command_n of_o lar_n sigeson_n the_o rix_n marshal_n to_o the_o frontier_n of_o norway_n who_o have_v be_v join_v by_o some_o dane_n force_a king_n christian_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o banus_fw-la 1533._o who_o at_o last_o surrender_v himself_o to_o the_o dane_n be_v by_o frederick_n king_n of_o denmark_n commit_v to_o prison_n where_o he_o die_v after_o twenty_o seven_o year_n imprisonment_n but_o no_o soon_o be_v this_o storm_n over_o but_o the_o lubecker_n raise_v another_o against_o sweden_n for_o they_o have_v demand_v from_o the_o king_n to_o grant_v they_o the_o whole_a trade_n on_o his_o northern_a sea_n coast_n which_o he_o refuse_v to_o consent_v to_o peremptory_o demand_v their_o debt_n and_o have_v join_v with_o a_o great_a many_o refugies_fw-la of_o king_n christian_n party_n and_o make_v john_n earl_n of_o hoya_n who_o have_v marry_v king_a gustave_n sister_n their_o head_n do_v propose_v to_o themselves_o no_o less_o than_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n have_v entice_v some_o citizen_n of_o stockholm_n under_o pretext_n of_o make_v that_o city_n a_o free_a hanse_fw-mi town_n to_o lay_v violent_a hand_n on_o the_o king_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o frederick_n king_n of_o denmark_n when_o that_o kingdom_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a faction_n persuade_v the_o senate_n of_o copenhagen_n and_o malmoe_n to_o enter_v into_o the_o confederacy_n of_o the_o hanse_n to_n be_v thus_o strengthen_v by_o a_o considerable_a party_n within_o that_o kingdom_n they_o have_v great_a success_n against_o the_o dane_n till_o these_o have_v declare_v christian_n iii_o their_o king_n and_o be_v assist_v with_o money_n ship_n and_o force_n by_o king_n gustave_n beat_v the_o lubecker_n near_o heâ—sinburgh_n and_o afterward_o in_o a_o sea-fight_n defeat_v their_o whole_a fleet_n and_o carry_v a_o great_a many_o of_o their_o ship_n into_o denmark_n soon_o after_o king_n gustave_n to_o strengthen_v himself_o the_o better_a at_o home_n marry_v margaret_n the_o daughter_n of_o abraham_n erickson_n governor_n of_o west_n gothland_n which_o alliance_n stand_v afterward_o his_o son_n duke_n john_n in_o great_a stead_n against_o king_n erick_n king_n gustave_n have_v also_o conceive_v a_o jealousy_n against_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o who_o he_o suspect_v to_o be_v for_o make_v pall_v grave_a frederick_n son_n in_o law_n of_o the_o imprison_a king_n christian_n king_n over_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n take_v a_o resolution_n to_o strengthen_v himself_o with_o the_o alliance_n of_o france_n to_o put_v this_o design_n in_o execution_n he_o send_v his_o secretary_n into_o france_n who_o have_v first_o make_v a_o treaty_n of_o commerce_n betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n do_v also_o afterward_o conclude_v a_o defensive_a alliance_n betwixt_o they_o gustave_n have_v thus_o settle_v his_o affair_n call_v a_o diet_n to_o be_v hold_v at_o westeraas_n 1542._o where_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n declare_v the_o succession_n hereditary_a for_o the_o future_a 1544._o constitute_v erick_n gustaveson_n abolish_v who_o be_v then_o but_o eleven_o year_n old_a his_o father_n successor_n at_o the_o same_o diet_n the_o popish_a religion_n be_v quite_o abolish_v and_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n establish_v in_o sweden_n the_o king_n and_o the_o estate_n have_v oblige_v themselves_o by_o a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o maintain_v the_o same_o with_o all_o their_o power_n in_o the_o year_n 1551._o king_n gustave_n after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o queen_n margaret_n marry_v catharine_n the_o daughter_n of_o gustave_n olufson_n and_o rule_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n with_o great_a tranquillity_n except_o that_o the_o russian_n have_v fall_v into_o livonia_n and_o finland_n with_o who_o have_v make_v a_o peace_n and_o be_v now_o grow_v very_o old_a he_o by_o his_o testament_n give_v to_o john_n his_o second_o son_n the_o dukedom_n of_o finland_n to_o the_o three_o son_n magnus_n the_o dukedom_n of_o east_n gothland_n and_o to_o charles_n 1556._o the_o young_a of_o all_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sudermanland_n nericke_n and_o wermeland_n which_o country_n they_o be_v to_o hold_v in_o fief_n from_o the_o crown_n but_o his_o elder_a son_n erick_n who_o be_v â—o_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n have_v be_v persuade_v by_o his_o tutor_n dionysius_n burraeus_n a_o frenchman_n to_o make_v his_o address_n to_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o
of_o which_o he_o die_v in_o a_o few_o day_n after_o at_o ingolstadt_n his_o army_n be_v dismay_v at_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o general_n leave_v their_o advantageous_a post_n and_o the_o swede_n have_v cut_v 1000_o of_o they_o in_o piece_n in_o their_o retreat_n march_v straightway_o into_o the_o country_n of_o bavaria_n where_o they_o take_v possession_n of_o raio_n and_o niewburgh_n upon_o the_o danube_n augsburgh_n surrender_v without_o much_o resistance_n but_o their_o design_n upon_o ingolstadt_n and_o ratisbonne_n miscarry_v be_v repulse_v at_o the_o first_o where_o the_o king_n horse_n be_v shoot_v under_o he_o and_o christopher_z the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n kill_v by_o his_o side_n but_o the_o latter_a the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n have_v secure_v by_o throw_v some_o of_o his_o force_n into_o the_o place_n the_o king_n therefore_o return_v into_o bavaria_n set_v that_o country_n under_o contribution_n and_o the_o city_n of_o municken_n open_v its_o gate_n to_o the_o king_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n general_n wallenstein_n have_v leave_v the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n a_o while_n to_o shift_v for_o himself_o have_v drive_v the_o saxon_n out_o of_o bohemia_n by_o the_o treachery_n of_o their_o general_n arnheim_n who_o be_v a_o utter_a enemy_n of_o king_n gustave_n and_o the_o imperialist_n under_o lieutenant_n general_n pappenheim_n have_v make_v considerable_a progress_v in_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n wallenstein_n also_o have_v take_v a_o resolution_n to_o fall_v with_o all_o his_o force_n upon_o the_o king_n in_o the_o country_n of_o bavaria_n pursuant_n to_o this_o resolution_n the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n have_v leave_v a_o sufficient_a garrison_n at_o ingolstadt_n and_o ratisbonne_n march_v towards_o egen_n to_o join_v wallenstein_n who_o the_o king_n pursue_v in_o hope_n to_o hinder_v their_o conjunction_n but_o come_v too_o late_o he_o encamp_v near_o numbergh_n till_o he_o can_v be_v join_v by_o his_o force_n that_o be_v disperse_v in_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n wallenstein_n then_o make_v a_o show_n as_o if_o he_o will_v turn_v his_o arm_n against_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n thereby_o to_o draw_v the_o king_n out_o of_o his_o advantageous_a post_n near_o that_o city_n but_o the_o king_n remain_v in_o his_o post_n he_o march_v towards_o he_o spread_v his_o cavalry_n all_o round_o about_o which_o occasion_v a_o great_a scarcity_n of_o forage_n in_o the_o king_n camp_n but_o as_o for_o provision_n he_o be_v sufficient_o supply_v withal_o from_o numbergh_n whilst_o the_o king_n be_v reduce_v to_o these_o strait_o he_o receive_v a_o reinforcement_n of_o 15000_o foot_n and_o 10000_o horse_n from_o several_a place_n so_o that_o be_v now_o superior_a in_o number_n he_o attack_v wallenstein_n in_o his_o camp_n who_o be_v strong_o entrench_v repalse_v the_o swede_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o 2000_o men._n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o imperial_a general_n pappenheim_n have_v beat_v the_o hessian_o near_o volckmarsen_n have_v force_v the_o duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o callenbergh_n have_v beat_v general_n baudist_n from_o before_o paterborn_n and_o hoxter_n have_v relieve_v wolffenbuttel_n and_o take_v hildesheim_n from_o whence_o he_o be_v march_v into_o thuringia_n to_o join_v wallenstein_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o saxon_n be_v enter_v silesia_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 16000_o man_n where_o meet_v with_o no_o opposition_n they_o may_v have_v carry_v all_o before_o they_o if_o their_o general_n arnheim_n have_v not_o be_v treacherous_a to_o king_n gustave_n who_o he_o hate_v and_o be_v for_o work_v a_o reconciliation_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n the_o king_n therefore_o not_o to_o lose_v any_o more_o time_n have_v put_v a_o good_a garrison_n into_o numbergh_n resolve_v to_o send_v part_n of_o his_o army_n into_o franconia_n and_o with_o the_o main_a body_n to_o return_v towards_o the_o danube_n into_o bavaria_n where_o he_o have_v take_v several_a place_n on_o the_o river_n of_o lech_n but_o whilst_o he_o be_v carry_v on_o his_o victorious_a arm_n among_o the_o roman_a catholic_n frequent_a messenger_n be_v send_v to_o he_o by_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n crave_v his_o assistance_n against_o wallenstein_n who_o be_v with_o all_o his_o force_n enter_v into_o misnia_n the_o king_n though_o he_o have_v great_a reason_n to_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o the_o elector_n yet_o fear_v he_o may_v be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n if_o he_o do_v not_o come_v to_o his_o assistance_n he_o have_v leave_v some_o force_n in_o bavaria_n and_o suabia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o paltsgrave_n christian_n of_o berckenfeld_n and_o command_v gustave_n horn_n to_o remain_v in_o alsatia_n where_o he_o force_v benfelden_v to_o surrender_v as_o franckenthal_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n force_v to_o surrender_v by_o famine_n himself_n march_v with_o the_o army_n towards_o misnia_n be_v arrive_v at_o navenbuâ—gh_a he_o receive_v information_n that_o the_o enemy_n have_v raise_v the_o siege_n of_o werssenfels_n and_o that_o they_o have_v detach_v pappenheim_n with_o some_o force_n upon_o another_o design_n have_v therefore_o resolve_v not_o to_o stay_v for_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n who_o be_v already_o arrive_v at_o wittenbergh_n be_v to_o have_v join_v he_o but_o to_o fight_v the_o enemy_n before_o he_o can_v be_v rejoin_v by_o pappenheim_n pursuant_n to_o this_o resolution_n he_o march_v to_o the_o great_a plain_n near_o lutzen_n 6._o where_o a_o most_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v betwixt_o they_o in_o which_o the_o swedish_n infantry_n fall_v with_o such_o fury_n upon_o the_o imperial_a foot_n that_o they_o rout_v they_o and_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o their_o cannon_n but_o the_o swedish_n horse_n be_v stop_v by_o a_o broad_a ditch_n that_o be_v cut_v across_o the_o plain_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o float_v of_o wood_n the_o king_n put_v himself_o at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o smaland_n regiment_n of_o horse_n encourage_v the_o rest_n by_o his_o example_n to_o follow_v he_o thus_o furious_o advance_v before_o the_o rest_n and_o be_v only_o accompany_v by_o francis_n albucret_n duke_n of_o saxen_a launenburgh_n and_o two_o groom_n he_o there_o lose_v his_o life_n concern_v his_o death_n there_o be_v different_a opinion_n but_o the_o most_o probable_a be_v that_o he_o be_v shoot_v by_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o lavenburgh_n who_o be_v set_v on_o by_o the_o imperialist_n that_o have_v their_o only_a hope_n in_o the_o king_n death_n the_o swede_n be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v dismay_v at_o the_o king_n death_n kill_v that_o they_o fall_v with_o great_a fury_n again_o upon_o the_o enemy_n who_o they_o rout_v on_o all_o side_n the_o imperialist_n have_v be_v rejoin_v by_o pappenheim_n will_v have_v rally_v again_o but_o pappenheim_n have_v also_o be_v kill_v they_o be_v rout_v a_o second_o time_n leave_v a_o entire_a victory_n to_o the_o swede_n which_o be_v nevertheless_o dear_o purchase_v by_o the_o death_n of_o so_o great_a a_o king_n §_o 15._o christina_n the_o death_n of_o this_o great_a king_n cause_v great_a alteration_n in_o europe_n for_o though_o the_o imperialist_n have_v lose_v the_o battle_n and_o a_o great_a many_o brave_a officer_n 1633._o yet_o be_v they_o in_o no_o small_a hope_n that_o the_o swedish_n affair_n will_v now_o sink_v under_o their_o own_o weight_n and_o therefore_o make_v great_a preparation_n against_o they_o the_o next_o campagne_n the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n be_v by_o his_o death_n divide_v into_o several_a faction_n not_o know_v who_o they_o shall_v choose_v for_o their_o head_n and_o the_o swede_n overwhelm_v with_o trouble_n his_o daughter_n christina_n be_v then_o but_o six_o year_n of_o age._n nevertheless_o have_v settle_v their_o affair_n at_o home_n and_o commit_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o the_o five_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o state_n the_o chief_a management_n of_o the_o affair_n in_o germany_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n oxenstirn_n who_o have_v be_v send_v by_o the_o king_n order_n into_o the_o high_a germany_n receive_v this_o sad_a news_n at_o hanau_n the_o chancellor_n do_v not_o so_o much_o fear_v the_o power_n of_o his_o enemy_n as_o their_o constancy_n and_o unanimous_a resolution_n whereas_o the_o protestant_n be_v divide_v in_o their_o counsel_n and_o opinion_n and_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o follow_v his_o direction_n after_o the_o king_n death_n it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o the_o elector_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n will_v be_v command_v by_o a_o foreign_a nobleman_n nevertheless_o he_o think_v it_o not_o advisable_v by_o leave_v their_o conquest_n to_o ruin_v at_o once_o the_o protestant_n cause_n and_o the_o interest_n of_o sweden_n but_o rather_o to_o endeavour_v by_o a_o brave_a resistance_n to_o obtain_v a_o honourable_a peace_n have_v
provide_v with_o all_o necessary_n be_v lose_v by_o the_o unskilfulness_n and_o cowardice_n of_o the_o governor_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o tunis_n to_o the_o great_a prejudice_n of_o the_o christian_n fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n at_o home_n philip_n have_v a_o war_n with_o the_o marans_n of_o granada_n who_o rebel_a against_o he_o be_v support_v by_o the_o algerines_n and_o can_v not_o be_v subdue_v but_o with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o if_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v quick_a enough_o in_o give_v they_o timely_a assistance_n it_o may_v have_v prove_v very_o dangerous_a to_o spain_n this_o rebellion_n do_v not_o end_v till_o the_o year_n 1570_o after_o it_o have_v continue_v for_o three_o year_n 1592._o there_o be_v also_o some_o commotion_n among_o the_o arragonian_n who_o pretend_v to_o take_v part_n with_o anthony_n perez_n who_o stand_v upon_o his_o privilege_n against_o the_o process_n that_o be_v make_v he_o for_o have_v upon_o the_o king_n order_n murder_v escovedo_n a_o intimate_a friend_n of_o don_n john_n of_o austria_n philip_n by_o this_o intend_a to_o purge_v himself_o of_o the_o infamy_n of_o the_o fact_n and_o at_o once_o to_o revenge_v himself_o upon_o perez_n who_o have_v be_v unfaithful_a to_o he_o in_o some_o love_n intrigue_n aim_v at_o that_o himself_n which_o he_o have_v undertake_v to_o procure_v for_o the_o king_n and_o though_o this_o do_v not_o much_o redound_v to_o the_o honour_n of_o philip_n yet_o by_o this_o he_o take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o retrench_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o arragonian_n in_o the_o year_n 1568_o philip_n cause_v his_o son_n charles_n to_o be_v kill_v under_o pretence_n that_o he_o have_v endeavour_v to_o kill_v his_o father_n and_o not_o long_o after_o the_o queen_n isabel_n also_o charles_n stepmother_n die_v not_o without_o suspicion_n of_o have_v be_v poison_v but_o a_o great_a many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o some_o love_n intrigue_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o death_n which_o be_v the_o more_o probable_a because_o the_o say_v isabel_n be_v intend_v for_o the_o bride_n of_o charles_n have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o father_n in_o spite_n of_o his_o son_n spain_n henry_n king_n of_o portugal_n die_v there_o be_v several_a pretender_n to_o that_o crown_n among_o who_o be_v philip_n 1579._o as_o be_v bear_v of_o isabel_n emanuel_n king_n of_o portugal_n daughter_n who_o maintain_v his_o right_n by_o the_o sword_n and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n conquer_v the_o kingdom_n force_v anthony_n the_o bastard_n who_o have_v cause_v himself_o to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n to_o fly_v into_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o france_n 1595._o where_o he_o die_v a_o exile_n in_o paris_n only_o the_o island_n of_o tercera_n hold_v out_o for_o some_o time_n long_o which_o the_o french_a intend_v to_o relieve_v be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o thus_o philip_n become_v master_n both_o of_o the_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n the_o two_o great_a mine_n of_o riches_n in_o the_o world_n nevertheless_o the_o french_a english_a and_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o ease_v he_o of_o these_o prodigious_a revenue_n for_o philip_n just_a before_o his_o death_n do_v confess_v that_o the_o war_n with_o the_o netherlands_o only_o have_v cost_v he_o 564_o million_o of_o ducat_n and_o true_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o trust_v to_o his_o vast_a riches_n he_o be_v thereby_o prompt_v to_o his_o ambitious_a design_n and_o to_o undertake_v more_o than_o prove_v beneficial_a to_o he_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1598._o §_o 12._o iii_o philip_n the_o iiid_n father_n have_v leave_v he_o the_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n with_o france_n but_o the_o dutch_a war_n grow_v every_o day_n the_o heavy_a upon_o the_o spaniard_n the_o spaniard_n do_v hope_v that_o after_o philip_n ii_o in_o his_o latter_a day_n have_v marry_v his_o daughter_n clara_n eugenia_n to_o albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n giving_z her_z the_o netherlands_o for_o a_o dowry_n the_o dutch_a will_v become_v more_o pliable_a and_o reunite_v themselves_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n in_o the_o netherlands_o as_o have_v now_o a_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o not_o liable_a to_o the_o spanish_a government_n but_o because_o the_o hollander_n do_v by_o no_o mean_n like_o this_o bait_n and_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o ostend_n give_v a_o taste_n to_o the_o spaniard_n both_o of_o their_o strength_n and_o firm_a resolution_n that_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o stand_v it_o out_o with_o they_o the_o spaniard_n resolve_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o especial_o since_o the_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o the_o east_n indies_n where_o they_o make_v great_a progress_n france_n also_o enjoy_v a_o peaceable_a government_n under_o henry_n iu._n and_o increase_a in_o power_n it_o be_v fear_v that_o if_o the_o french_a shall_v fall_v upon_o spain_n with_o fresh_a force_n which_o have_v be_v tire_v out_o by_o this_o tedious_a war_n it_o may_v prove_v fatal_a to_o spain_n they_o be_v also_o in_o hope_n that_o the_o fear_n of_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n cease_v the_o hollander_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n may_v fall_v into_o division_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o that_o peace_n and_o plenty_n may_v abate_v their_o courage_n the_o spaniard_n do_v sufficient_o show_v their_o eagerness_n for_o a_o peace_n with_o holland_n by_o set_v the_o treaty_n on_o foot_n in_o the_o hague_n by_o send_v ambrose_n spinola_n himself_o among_o other_o thither_o as_o ambassador_n and_o by_o grant_v and_o allow_v they_o the_o east_n india_n trade_n whereas_o the_o hollander_n carry_v it_o very_o high_a and_o will_v not_o abate_v a_o ace_n of_o their_o proposal_n holland_n at_o last_o a_o truce_n for_o twelve_o year_n be_v conclude_v with_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v 1609._o philip_z banish_v 900000_o marans_n the_o offspring_n of_o the_o ancient_a moor_n who_o have_v profess_v themselves_o christians_o only_o for_o a_o show_n out_o of_o spain_n because_o they_o intend_v to_o raise_v a_o rebellion_n and_o have_v underhand_o crave_v assistance_n from_o henry_n iv._o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o spaniard_n take_v the_o fortress_n of_o aâ—acâ—e_a situate_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n as_o they_o have_v likewise_o possess_v themselves_o before_o of_o the_o harbour_n of_o final_a 1602._o near_a genova_n in_o the_o year_n 1619._o those_o of_o the_o valtelin_n do_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o grison_n the_o spaniard_n side_v with_o the_o former_a in_o hope_n to_o unite_v they_o with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o milan_n but_o france_n take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n the_o business_n be_v protract_v for_o a_o great_a many_o year_n till_o at_o last_o matter_n be_v restore_v to_o their_o former_a state_n this_o difference_n do_v rouse_v up_o all_o italy_n and_o the_o pope_n himself_o take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n though_o protestant_n assist_v they_o in_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o valtelin_n the_o war_n be_v break_v out_o in_o germany_n the_o spaniard_n send_v ambrose_n spinola_n out_o of_o the_o netherlands_o into_o the_o palatinate_n part_n of_o which_o be_v subdue_v by_o they_o philip_n iii_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1621._o §_o 13._o iu._n his_o son_n philip_n iv._o at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v great_a alteration_n in_o the_o court_n send_v away_o the_o creature_n of_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr lerma_n the_o favourite_n of_o his_o father_n he_o himself_o foresee_v what_o be_v likely_a to_o befall_v he_o do_v timely_o obtain_v a_o cardinal_n cap_n fear_v the_o king_n shall_v aim_v at_o his_o head_n with_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o truce_n with_o holland_n be_v expire_v the_o war_n be_v rekindle_v in_o which_o spinola_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o bergen_n open_fw-mi zoom_n because_o christian_a duke_n of_o brunswick_n and_o general_n mansfeld_n 1622._o have_v before_o rout_v the_o spaniard_n near_o fleury_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o hollander_n pieter_n heyn_n surprise_v the_o spanish_a silver_n fleet_n with_o a_o booty_n of_o 12_o million_o of_o gilder_n 1628._o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o hollander_n do_v settle_v themselves_o in_o brasile_n take_v the_o city_n of_o olinda_n in_o the_o year_n 1629_o the_o spaniard_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n and_o to_o put_v the_o dutch_a hard_a to_o it_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o the_o velaw_n and_o take_v amersfort_n whilst_o the_o hollander_n be_v busy_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o hertogenbusk_n bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n but_o the_o hollander_n take_v wesel_n by_o surprise_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o retreat_v with_o all_o speed_n over_o the_o river_n yssel_n for_o fear_n that_o their_o retreat_n shall_v be_v cut_v off_o by_o the_o dutch._n in_o the_o year_n 1639_o
thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o hatred_n which_o the_o spaniard_n natural_o bear_v against_o the_o french_a and_o such_o be_v the_o spanish_a pride_n that_o though_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o to_o meddle_v with_o those_o trifle_n yet_o they_o do_v not_o think_v much_o to_o be_v a_o poor_a centinel_n in_o some_o fort_n or_o another_o all_o their_o life_n time_n the_o honour_n of_o the_o sword_n and_o hope_n of_o become_v in_o time_n a_o officer_n make_v they_o amends_o for_o what_o hardship_n they_o endure_v their_o pride_n covetousness_n and_o rigorous_a proceed_n make_v they_o hateful_a to_o all_o such_o as_o be_v under_o their_o command_n which_o be_v very_o unfit_a qualification_n for_o the_o maintain_n of_o great_a conquest_n for_o no_o body_n be_v willing_a to_o be_v despise_v by_o foreign_a governor_n spain_n be_v mighty_o exhaust_v of_o man_n and_o therefore_o incapable_a of_o raise_v great_a army_n within_o itself_o be_v very_o unfit_a to_o maintain_v vast_a country_n for_o which_o several_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o the_o woman_n here_o be_v not_o so_o fruitful_a as_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n which_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o spare_a body_n those_o part_n also_o which_o be_v remote_a from_o the_o seashore_n be_v not_o well_o people_v some_o of_o these_o ground_n be_v very_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o mankind_n whore_v also_o be_v public_o allow_v of_o here_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o will_v rather_o make_v shift_n with_o a_o whore_n than_o to_o maintain_v a_o wife_n and_o child_n these_o also_o who_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o holy_a order_n of_o who_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n be_v oblige_v not_o to_o marry_v the_o war_n which_o they_o have_v wage_v against_o so_o many_o nation_n but_o especial_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o have_v devour_v a_o great_a many_o spaniard_n a_o vast_a number_n have_v transplant_v themselves_o into_o america_n be_v glad_a to_o go_v to_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v with_o a_o small_a beginning_n come_v to_o live_v very_o plentiful_o before_o the_o discovery_n be_v make_v of_o america_n ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n have_v at_o once_o before_o the_o city_n of_o granada_n a_o army_n of_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 20000_o horse_n though_o arragon_n do_v not_o concern_v itself_o in_o that_o war_n and_o portugal_n and_o navarre_n be_v at_o that_o time_n not_o unite_v with_o castille_n at_o last_o this_o country_n be_v mighty_o dispeople_v when_o ferdinand_n after_o the_o take_n of_o granada_n and_o philip_n iii_o banish_v a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o jew_n and_o marans_n who_o can_v not_o be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n in_o spain_n these_o settle_v themselves_o in_o africa_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n their_o hatred_n against_o the_o christian_n rob_v their_o ship_n in_o those_o sea_n but_o this_o be_v evident_a enough_o that_o the_o spaniard_n can_v never_o have_v make_v a_o conquest_n of_o those_o vast_a country_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n if_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v not_o fall_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o easy_a way_n §_o 16._o country_n concern_v those_o country_n which_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o this_o nation_n spain_n be_v large_a enough_o in_o extent_n for_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n but_o it_o be_v not_o fertile_a alike_o in_o all_o place_n for_o the_o most_o remote_a part_n from_o the_o seacoast_n be_v many_o of_o they_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n near_o to_o the_o seaside_n it_o be_v very_o fine_a and_o fruitful_a there_o be_v abundance_n of_o sheep_n here_o they_o have_v also_o very_o fine_a horse_n but_o not_o in_o very_o great_a quantity_n have_v scarce_o enough_o for_o their_o own_o use_n this_o kingdom_n be_v very_o well_o situate_a for_o trade_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o ocean_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v almost_o surround_v by_o the_o mediterranean_a where_o they_o have_v most_o excellent_a harbour_n the_o product_n of_o their_o ground_n and_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v especial_o wool_n silk_n wine_n oil_n raisin_n almond_n fig_n citron_n rice_n soap_n iron_n salt_n and_o such_o like_a in_o former_a time_n the_o spanish_a gold-mine_n be_v most_o famous_a but_o nowadays_o neither_o gold_n nor_o silver_n as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v be_v dig_v out_o in_o spain_n some_o will_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v forbid_v under_o severe_a penalty_n to_o keep_v it_o as_o a_o reserve_n in_o case_n of_o a_o great_a extremity_n but_o i_o be_o rather_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o those_o gold-mine_n have_v be_v long_o ago_a quite_o exhaust_v by_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o spaniard_n §_o 17._o indies_n the_o great_a revenue_n of_o spain_n come_v from_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o whence_o gold_n and_o silver_n like_o rivulet_n be_v convey_v into_o spain_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n at_o what_o time_n and_o by_o who_o this_o country_n which_o have_v be_v so_o long_o unknown_a to_o the_o european_n be_v first_o discover_v we_o have_v already_o mention_v though_o there_o be_v that_o pretend_v that_o america_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o by_o one_o madoe_n son_n to_o owen_n gesn_v a_o prince_n in_o wales_n who_o they_o say_v make_v two_o voyage_n thither_o and_o have_v build_v a_o fort_n in_o florida_n or_o virginia_n or_o as_o some_o say_v in_o mexico_n die_v in_o america_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o mexican_n tongue_n abundance_n of_o british_a word_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o and_o that_o the_o spaniard_n at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o america_n do_v find_v the_o remnant_n of_o some_o christian_a custom_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n from_o whence_o some_o infer_v that_o if_o the_o first_o discovery_n of_o a_o country_n give_v a_o good_a title_n of_o propriety_n to_o the_o discoverer_n england_n will_v have_v as_o good_a if_o not_o a_o better_a title_n to_o america_n than_o spain_n but_o this_o we_o will_v leave_v to_o be_v decide_v by_o other_o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a from_o whence_o spain_n can_v claim_v a_o right_n of_o subdue_a that_o country_n by_o force_n of_o arms._n for_o what_o be_v allege_v among_o other_o pretence_n concern_v the_o bull_n of_o alexander_n vi_o wherein_o he_o do_v grant_v those_o country_n to_o spain_n this_o do_v not_o only_o seem_v ridiculous_a to_o we_o but_o also_o to_o those_o barbarian_n themselves_o who_o have_v ridicule_v it_o say_v the_o pope_n must_v be_v a_o strange_a sort_n of_o a_o man_n who_o pretend_v to_o give_v away_o that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o his_o own_o but_o let_v this_o be_v as_o it_o will_v the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o sufficient_a that_o they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o and_o if_o a_o exact_a scrutiny_n shall_v be_v make_v into_o other_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n it_o will_v appear_v that_o the_o title_n to_o most_o conquer_a country_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a but_o some_o of_o the_o most_o conscientious_a spaniard_n do_v not_o justify_v what_o cruelty_n their_o countryman_n commit_v in_o the_o begin_n against_o those_o poor_a people_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v without_o any_o provocation_n give_v a_o great_a many_o hundred_o thousand_o or_o destroy_v they_o by_o force_v they_o to_o undergo_v intolerable_a hardship_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n their_o slave_n though_o afterward_o charles_n v._o be_v inform_v of_o their_o miserable_a condition_n order_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o american_n to_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n but_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o master_n of_o all_o america_n but_o only_o of_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o it_o viz._n the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n and_o mexico_n and_o those_o vast_a island_n of_o hispaniola_n cuba_n and_o porto_n ricco_fw-it jamaica_n have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o english_a these_o part_n of_o america_n be_v nowadays_o inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a sort_n of_o people_n indies_n the_o first_o be_v the_o spaniard_n who_o come_v thither_o out_o of_o europe_n these_o be_v put_v in_o all_o office_n the_o second_o be_v call_v criolien_n who_o be_v bear_v in_o america_n of_o spanish_a parent_n these_o be_v never_o employ_v in_o any_o office_n as_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o spanish_a affair_n and_o too_o much_o addict_v to_o love_v their_o native_a country_n of_o america_n wherefore_o the_o king_n be_v cautious_a in_o give_v they_o any_o command_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o spain_n and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n of_o their_o own_o especial_o because_o these_o crioliens_n bear_v a_o great_a hatred_n against_o the_o european_a spaniard_n for_o
in_o coin_v of_o cruisadoe_n after_o this_o alfonsus_n have_v great_a contest_v with_o ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n and_o isabel_n there_o be_v a_o promise_n of_o marriage_n make_v betwixt_o he_o and_o johanna_n the_o suppose_a daughter_n of_o henry_n iv._o king_n of_o castille_n but_o as_o it_o be_v report_v beget_v in_o adultery_n but_o the_o marriage_n be_v not_o consummate_v she_o be_v alfonsus_n sister_n daughter_n though_o at_o last_o the_o pope_n give_v his_o dispensation_n which_o he_o have_v refuse_v at_o first_o alfonsus_n under_o this_o pretence_n take_v upon_o himself_o the_o title_n and_o arm_n of_o castille_n surprise_v several_a city_n assist_v by_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n of_o castille_n who_o side_v with_o he_o lewis_n xi_o also_o king_n of_o france_n send_v he_o some_o auxiliary_n but_o these_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o enable_v he_o to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n wherefore_o ferdinand_n retake_v all_o the_o place_n from_o the_o portuguese_n rout_v they_o also_o near_o toro_n and_o near_o albuhera_n 1476._o so_o that_o alfonsus_n despair_v of_o obtain_v his_o end_n 1479._o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o ferdinand_n wherein_o he_o renounce_v both_o castille_n and_o the_o bride_n johanna_n she_o be_v promise_v in_o marriage_n to_o john_n son_n of_o ferdinand_n who_o be_v then_o a_o child_n but_o she_o perceive_v that_o this_o be_v only_o do_v to_o elude_v she_o 1479._o go_v into_o a_o nunnery_n portugal_n sustain_v considerable_a loss_n in_o this_o war_n and_o alfonsus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1481_o as_o it_o be_v suppose_v out_o of_o grief_n because_o he_o have_v lose_v the_o hope_n of_o his_o bride_n and_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n john_n ii_o against_o who_o a_o most_o horrid_a conspiracy_n be_v discover_v for_o which_o ferdinand_n duke_n of_o braganza_n and_o james_n duke_n of_o visco_n lose_v their_o life_n the_o latter_a be_v kill_v by_o the_o king_n be_v own_o hand_n this_o king_n john_n be_v the_o first_o who_o find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o sail_v into_o the_o east_n indies_n indies_n have_v not_o only_o order_v a_o exact_a survey_n to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o african_a coast_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o cape_n of_o good_a hope_n but_o also_o send_v some_o by_o land_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n to_o inform_v themselves_o concern_v the_o condition_n of_o those_o country_n he_o build_v also_o the_o castle_n of_o mina_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o guinea_n but_o before_o this_o intend_a voyage_n to_o the_o east_n indies_n can_v be_v begin_v this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1495_o leave_v no_o heir_n behind_o he_o §_o 5._o emanuel_n john_n ii_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o cousin_n emanuel_n son_n of_o ferdinand_n duke_n of_o visco_n grandchild_n of_o king_n edward_n with_o he_o contend_v for_o the_o succession_n the_o emperor_n maximilian_n who_o mother_n eleonora_n be_v a_o daughter_n of_o king_n edward_n but_o the_o portuguese_n declare_v for_o emanuel_n who_o for_o his_o extraordinary_a qualification_n both_o of_o body_n and_o mind_n be_v extreme_o belove_v by_o they_o he_o the_o better_a to_o establish_v himself_o at_o home_n marry_v isabel_n elder_a daughter_n of_o ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n out_o of_o which_o marriage_n a_o young_a prince_n be_v bear_v who_o name_n be_v michael_n who_o if_o he_o have_v live_v will_v have_v be_v heir_n to_o all_o the_o spanish_a kingdom_n portugal_n except_o that_o of_o navarre_n to_o please_v his_o bride_n he_o by_o his_o proclamation_n banish_v all_o the_o jew_n and_o moor_n out_o of_o portugal_n by_o a_o prefix_v time_n under_o penalty_n for_o all_o such_o as_o shall_v stay_v behind_o to_o be_v make_v slave_n for_o ever_o whereupon_o the_o moor_n immediate_o retire_v into_o africa_n but_o from_o the_o jew_n they_o take_v their_o child_n which_o be_v under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o and_o baptize_v they_o against_o their_o will_n and_o as_o for_o the_o old_a one_o they_o be_v so_o plague_v and_o vex_v every_o where_o and_o stop_v or_o hinder_v in_o their_o journey_n that_o most_o to_o be_v rid_v of_o these_o vexation_n and_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o slavery_n be_v baptize_v retain_v nevertheless_o in_o their_o mind_n their_o ancient_a superstition_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n portugal_n arrive_v to_o the_o high_a pitch_n of_o its_o greatness_n indies_n the_o design_n of_o the_o east-india_n voyage_n round_a africa_n which_o be_v project_v by_o the_o former_a king_n be_v now_o accomplish_v by_o vascus_n de_fw-fr gama_n 1497._o who_o first_o arrive_v at_o calicut_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o portuguese_n begin_v to_o draw_v into_o their_o country_n the_o trade_n of_o spice_n they_o be_v oppose_v especial_o by_o the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n because_o former_o these_o commodity_n use_v to_o be_v convey_v through_o egypt_n to_o venice_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n from_o which_o both_o these_o country_n draw_v vast_a profit_n wherefore_o the_o venetian_n stir_v up_o the_o sultan_n there_o send_v he_o great_a store_n of_o metal_n to_o make_v cannon_n of_o and_o shipwright_n to_o build_v ship_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o hope_v to_o drive_v the_o portuguese_n out_o of_o the_o indies_n but_o the_o portuguese_n who_o do_v not_o much_o trust_n the_o barbarian_a king_n of_o the_o indies_n begin_v to_o build_v fort_n and_o strong_a hold_v in_o the_o most_o convenient_a place_n wherein_o they_o meet_v with_o little_a opposition_n partly_o because_o the_o indian_n be_v terrify_v by_o the_o vastness_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o the_o thunder_n of_o the_o cannon_n of_o the_o european_n partly_o because_o they_o be_v not_o aware_a of_o what_o consequence_n they_o may_v prove_v one_o day_n against_o they_o indies_n the_o duke_n of_o albuquerque_n especial_o do_v mighty_o advance_v the_o power_n of_o the_o portuguese_n in_o the_o indies_n who_o take_v the_o city_n of_o ormuz_n malacca_n cochin_n and_o goa_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o be_v the_o place_n of_o residence_n of_o the_o portuguese_n governor_n in_o the_o indies_n and_o thus_o the_o portuguese_n engross_v to_o themselves_o the_o whole_a trade_n and_o commerce_n of_o africa_n and_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o asia_n have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o all_o the_o most_o commodious_a port_n and_o place_n not_o only_o on_o the_o western_a side_n of_o africa_n in_o mauritania_n guinea_n congo_n angola_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o st._n thomas_n and_o some_o other_o but_o also_o on_o the_o east_n side_n in_o manzambique_n melinde_a mombazo_n zafala_n and_o from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o red_a sea_n as_o far_o as_o japan_n from_o whence_o incredible_a riches_n be_v convey_v into_o portugal_n beside_o all_o this_o do_v pieter_n alvanus_n capralis_n or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o americus_n vesputius_n discover_v the_o country_n of_o brasile_n in_o america_n america_n whither_o the_o portuguese_n send_v 1500_o several_a colony_n and_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n emanuel_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1521_o portugal_n increase_v to_o that_o degree_n that_o his_o reign_n be_v call_v the_o golden_a age._n iii_o after_o he_o reign_v his_o son_n john_n iii_o under_o who_o reign_n portugal_n continue_v in_o the_o same_o flourish_a condition_n indies_n this_o king_n send_v francis_n xavier_n and_o some_o other_o jesuit_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n who_o be_v to_o settle_v the_o christian_a religion_n among_o the_o barbarian_n the_o jesuit_n common_o boast_v of_o great_a number_n of_o heathen_n convert_v by_o they_o but_o whether_o they_o deserve_v a_o entire_a credit_n in_o this_o or_o whither_o perhaps_o a_o great_a many_o of_o these_o have_v not_o rather_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o name_n than_o the_o faith_n of_o christian_n those_o be_v best_a able_a to_o judge_v who_o have_v be_v conversant_a in_o those_o place_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1557._o §_o 6._o sebastian_n john_n iii_o have_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o grandson_n sebastian_n a_o child_n of_o three_o year_n of_o age_n who_o tuition_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o cardinal_n henry_n his_o uncle_n because_o his_o grandmother_n be_v not_o willing_a to_o take_v upon_o she_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o government_n through_o the_o over-forwardness_n of_o this_o young_a prince_n portugal_n receive_v such_o a_o blow_n that_o it_o fall_v from_o the_o pinnacle_n of_o its_o greatness_n for_o some_o of_o his_o court_n favourite_n do_v put_v this_o magnanimous_a and_o ambitious_a prince_n upon_o such_o erterprise_n as_o be_v far_o surpass_v both_o his_o age_n and_o power_n and_o be_v in_o no_o way_n suitable_a to_o the_o present_a juncture_n of_o affair_n so_o that_o his_o whole_a mind_n be_v bend_v upon_o warlike_a exploit_n and_o how_o by_o martial_a exercise_n to_o revive_v the_o ancient_a valour_n of_o his_o subject_n which_o by_o peace_n and_o plenty_n have_v be_v more_o addict_v to_o commerce_n be_v of_o
that_o it_o be_v absolute_o against_o the_o interest_n of_o some_o state_n to_o join_v themselves_o against_o france_n for_o as_o affair_n now_o stand_v portugal_n be_v not_o likely_a to_o join_v with_o spain_n sweden_n with_o denmark_n poland_n with_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n against_o france_n neither_o be_v it_o probable_a that_o the_o italian_a prince_n will_v be_v desirous_a to_o assist_v the_o emperor_n and_o spain_n in_o subdue_a of_o france_n except_o we_o must_v suppose_v they_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o promote_v their_o own_o ruin_n neither_o be_v it_o likely_a that_o england_n and_o holland_n will_v agree_v in_o a_o war_n against_o france_n for_o whilst_o one_o of_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o france_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o other_o to_o stand_v neuter_n and_o to_o promote_v its_o own_o trade_n and_o navigation_n it_o be_v also_o not_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n especial_o those_o of_o the_o protestant_a religion_n shall_v be_v willing_a to_o see_v france_n fall_v before_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n since_o both_o their_o power_n and_o religion_n will_v stand_v upon_o slippery_a ground_n if_o not_o support_v by_o a_o foreign_a power_n wherefore_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o difficult_a task_n to_o persuade_v some_o of_o the_o protestant_a prince_n at_o least_o to_o sit_v still_o the_o swiss_n also_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o cooperate_v with_o spain_n and_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n in_o the_o conquest_n of_o france_n and_o therefore_o it_o will_v not_o be_v so_o difficult_a for_o france_n to_o defend_v itself_o against_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o all_o its_o confederate_n not_o to_o mention_v here_o that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n sweden_n and_o poland_n will_v not_o leave_v france_n if_o they_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o assist_v it_o but_o it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o france_n shall_v make_v any_o account_n upon_o a_o alliance_n with_o the_o turk_n except_o in_o the_o great_a extremity_n for_o the_o mahometan_a prince_n have_v learn_v by_o experience_n that_o wherever_o they_o have_v intermedle_v with_o the_o christian_n in_o their_o war_n these_o common_o have_v clap_v up_o a_o peace_n without_o include_v they_o or_o have_v any_o regard_n to_o their_o interest_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n france_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o overturn_v all_o the_o state_n of_o europe_n by_o his_o conquest_n for_o france_n may_v be_v the_o most_o potent_a kingdom_n in_o christendom_n but_o not_o the_o only_a one_o and_o by_o extend_v its_o conquest_n too_o far_o it_o will_v be_v weaken_a within_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n those_o lesser_a state_n border_v upon_o france_n be_v in_o great_a danger_n to_o be_v devour_v by_o so_o flourish_v a_o kingdom_n chap_n vi._n of_o the_o unite_a province_n §_o 1._o province_n that_o country_n which_o be_v common_o call_v the_o netherlands_o or_o the_o low_a germany_n be_v ancient_o comprehend_v partly_o under_o gaul_n partly_o under_o germany_n according_a as_o they_o be_v situate_v either_o on_o this_o or_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a boundary_a of_o these_o two_o vast_a country_n that_o part_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n be_v by_o julius_n caesar_n together_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o gaul_n reduce_v under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n afterward_o the_o batavi_n and_o the_o zealander_n do_v also_o submit_v to_o the_o roman_n yet_o so_o that_o they_o be_v rather_o esteem_v ally_n than_o subject_n and_o when_o in_o the_o five_o century_n after_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n the_o franc_n establish_v a_o new_a kingdom_n in_o france_n these_o province_n be_v also_o at_o first_o unite_v to_o it_o but_o at_o the_o same_o time_n when_o germany_n be_v separate_v from_o france_n most_o of_o they_o fall_v to_o germany_n few_o remain_v with_o france_n the_o governor_n of_o these_o province_n do_v in_o process_n of_o time_n under_o the_o name_n of_o duke_n and_o earl_n make_v themselves_o demi-sovereigns_a as_o do_v also_o other_o prince_n of_o germany_n and_o france_n yet_o so_o that_o it_o be_v a_o general_a maxim_n among_o they_o to_o rule_v the_o people_n with_o mildness_n and_o for_o the_o security_n of_o their_o liberty_n they_o use_v to_o grant_v they_o great_a privilege_n in_o the_o maintain_n of_o which_o this_o nation_n be_v always_o very_o forward_o the_o estate_n also_o which_o consist_v of_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o city_n be_v always_o in_o great_a authority_n and_o will_v not_o easy_o suffer_v that_o any_o new_a imposition_n shall_v be_v lay_v upon_o the_o people_n without_o their_o consent_n province_n these_o province_n according_a to_o the_o common_a computation_n be_v seventeen_o in_o number_n viz._n four_o dukedom_n of_o brabant_n limburgh_n luxemburgh_n and_o gueldres_n seven_o earldom_n of_o flanders_n artois_n hainault_n holland_n zealand_n namur_n and_o zutphen_n five_o lordship_n of_o friesland_n malines_n vtrecht_n overyssel_a and_o groningen_n antwerp_n have_v the_o title_n of_o a_o marquisate_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n these_o province_n be_v ancient_o rule_v each_o by_o its_o prince_n or_o lord_n but_o afterward_o several_a of_o they_o be_v either_o by_o inheritance_n marriage_n or_o contract_v unite_v together_o till_o most_o of_o they_o fall_v to_o the_o share_n of_o the_o house_n of_o burgundy_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n by_o the_o marriage_n of_o maximilian_n i._n who_o have_v marry_v mary_n the_o only_a daughter_n of_o charles_n surname_v the_o hardy_a province_n and_o be_v afterward_o all_o unite_a under_o charles_n v._n who_o govern_v they_o in_o peace_n and_o prosperity_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o he_o have_v once_o take_v a_o resolution_n to_o make_v they_o one_o kingdom_n which_o however_o he_o can_v not_o effect_v their_o law_n and_o privilege_n be_v so_o different_a and_o they_o so_o jealous_a of_o one_o another_o that_o none_o of_o they_o will_v remit_v any_o thing_n of_o their_o pretence_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o rest_n but_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n v._o over_o the_o netherlands_o prove_v so_o very_o fortunate_a because_o he_o bear_v a_o extraordinary_a affection_n to_o they_o and_o they_o to_o he_o v._n for_o charles_n be_v bear_v in_o ghent_n educate_v among_o they_o and_o live_v a_o considerable_a time_n there_o his_o humour_n suit_v very_o well_o with_o they_o he_o converse_v with_o they_o in_o a_o friendly_a manner_n without_o haughtiness_n employ_v the_o netherlander_n frequent_o in_o his_o affair_n whereby_o this_o nation_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n at_o his_o court_n but_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o his_o son_n philip_n ii_o these_o province_n be_v tear_v to_o piece_n by_o intestine_a commotion_n and_o civil_a war_n which_o occasion_v the_o rise_n of_o a_o potent_a commonwealth_n in_o europe_n this_o government_n have_v prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a alteration_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o while_n to_o search_v both_o into_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o commotion_n and_o the_o origin_n of_o this_o new_a government_n §_o 2._o ii_o philip_n ii_o therefore_o be_v not_o a_o little_a to_o be_v blame_v as_o be_v partly_o himself_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o civil_a trouble_n for_o he_o be_v bear_v in_o spain_n and_o educate_v after_o the_o spanish_a fashion_n do_v favour_n only_o the_o spainards_n represent_v in_o all_o his_o behaviour_n a_o perfect_a haughty_a spaniard_n which_o do_v mighty_o alienate_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o netherlander_n especial_o after_o he_o reside_v altogether_o in_o spain_n and_o do_v not_o so_o much_o as_o honour_v the_o netherlands_o with_o his_o presence_n think_v it_o perhaps_o below_o his_o grandeur_n that_o he_o who_o be_v master_n of_o so_o great_a a_o kingdom_n and_o have_v such_o great_a project_n in_o his_o head_n shall_v trouble_v himself_o much_o about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlander_n though_o in_o all_o probability_n these_o may_v have_v be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n by_o his_o presence_n for_o his_o father_n the_o soon_o to_o appease_v a_o tumult_n which_o be_v only_o rise_v in_o the_o city_n of_o ghent_n do_v venture_v to_o take_v his_o journey_n through_o france_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o francis_n orange_n who_o be_v but_o late_o reconcile_v to_o he_o moreover_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n a_o crafty_a thorough-paced_a and_o ambitious_a man_n do_v not_o a_o little_a foment_n these_o division_n for_o when_o philip_n have_v take_v a_o resolution_n to_o go_v into_o spain_n and_o to_o commit_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o netherlands_o to_o a_o governor_n this_o prince_n be_v contrive_v how_o christina_n duchess_n of_o lorraine_n may_v be_v constitute_v regent_n of_o the_o netherlands_o and_o how_o he_o by_o marry_v her_o daughter_n may_v bear_v the_o great_a sway_n in_o the_o government_n but_o he_o miscarry_v in_o both_o
among_o they_o as_o foreigner_n §_o 4._o world_n but_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v not_o only_o much_o clear_a and_o also_o have_v other_o great_a prerogative_n above_o the_o jewish_a which_o consideration_n we_o will_v leave_v to_o the_o divine_n but_o it_o be_v also_o free_v from_o those_o circumstance_n which_o be_v particular_a to_o the_o jewish_a religion_n and_o endow_v with_o all_o qualification_n requisite_a for_o a_o universal_a religion_n wherefore_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o receive_v and_o embrace_v it_o which_o deserve_v particular_o to_o be_v remark_v that_o hereby_o we_o may_v investigate_v and_o penetrate_v to_o the_o very_a bottom_n the_o propriety_n and_o genius_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n for_o here_o be_v no_o particular_a place_n appoint_v by_o god_n almighty_a for_o perform_v in_o public_a the_o divine_a service_n nor_o can_v any_o place_n claim_v a_o prerogative_n before_o another_o so_o that_o no_o nation_n henceforward_o have_v any_o occasion_n to_o make_v exception_n about_o the_o remoteness_n of_o the_o temple_n but_o in_o all_o place_n you_o may_v lift_v up_o holy_a hand_n unto_o he_o no_o temple_n in_o the_o world_n have_v any_o particular_a promise_n appertain_v to_o it_o that_o god_n will_v soon_o hear_v your_o prayer_n in_o that_o than_o in_o another_o no_o nation_n have_v according_a to_o the_o christian_a religion_n a_o precedency_n before_o another_o whereby_o one_o may_v claim_v a_o prerogative_n above_o the_o other_o here_o be_v no_o jew_n no_o greek_a no_o bond_n nor_o freeman_n but_o they_o be_v all_o one_o in_o jesus_n christ_n here_o be_v no_o particular_a family_n or_o tribe_n appoint_v by_o god_n for_o the_o public_a administration_n of_o divine_a service_n as_o it_o be_v among_o the_o jew_n but_o none_o be_v exclude_v here_o provide_v he_o be_v endow_v with_o the_o necessary_a qualification_n there_o be_v no_o article_n in_o the_o christian_a religion_n which_o forbid_v we_o to_o cultivate_v with_o other_o either_o familiarity_n or_o to_o render_v to_o one_o another_o the_o duty_n require_v from_o we_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v pure_o and_o by_o itself_o consider_v government_n quite_o separate_v from_o all_o worldly_a end_n and_o interest_n yet_o be_v her_o doctrine_n not_o in_o the_o least_o repugnant_a to_o or_o alter_v civil_a society_n or_o law_n as_o far_o as_o they_o be_v consonant_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n but_o it_o rather_o though_o that_o be_v not_o her_o main_a intention_n confirm_v the_o same_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o christian_a religion_n which_o be_v destructive_a to_o the_o end_n of_o civil_a society_n or_o which_o hinder_v we_o from_o live_v honest_o quiet_o and_o secure_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o civil_a magistrate_n or_o from_o execute_v in_o every_o respect_n the_o high_a civil_a power_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n true_a reason_n and_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o state_n or_o from_o administer_a all_o office_n and_o perform_v such_o duty_n without_o offend_v against_o the_o rule_n of_o christianity_n as_o be_v requisite_a for_o the_o maintain_v a_o state_n establish_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o christian_a religion_n rather_o promote_v all_o these_o thing_n express_o command_v we_o strict_o to_o observe_v every_o commandment_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o especial_o those_o where_o no_o temporal_a punishment_n can_v be_v convenient_o inflict_v by_o the_o civil_a constitution_n and_o to_o perform_v our_o duty_n with_o all_o faithfulness_n and_o zeal_n as_o far_o as_o the_o same_o be_v consonant_a with_o honesty_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o wherefore_o not_o any_o philosophy_n or_o religion_n whatsoever_o be_v in_o this_o point_n to_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o christian_a religion_n which_o may_v be_v evident_a enough_o to_o all_o who_o will_v make_v a_o true_a comparison_n betwixt_o this_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o every_o body_n be_v therefore_o oblige_v as_o he_o hope_v to_o answer_v for_o his_o soul_n before_o god_n not_o only_o to_o receive_v the_o christian_a religion_n but_o also_o all_o sovereign_n and_o magistrate_n ought_v for_o the_o abovementioned_a reason_n and_o out_o of_o a_o duty_n belong_v to_o their_o office_n to_o introduce_v and_o maintain_v it_o it_o be_v object_v that_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v not_o so_o visible_a nor_o that_o the_o life_n and_o conversation_n of_o a_o great_a many_o christian_n be_v not_o different_a from_o that_o of_o the_o heathen_n and_o turk_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o this_o fault_n be_v not_o to_o be_v impute_v to_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n but_o to_o the_o inclination_n of_o such_o as_o profess_v the_o name_n of_o christian_n but_o will_v not_o in_o earnest_n apply_v themselves_o to_o alter_v their_o evil_a inclination_n and_o to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o wholesome_a precept_n of_o this_o religion_n §_o 5._o religion_n as_o what_o we_o have_v hitherto_o say_v can_v scarce_o be_v deny_v by_o the_o more_o understand_a sort_n so_o there_o arise_v now_o a_o question_n viz._n whether_o according_a to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n it_o be_v absolute_o requisite_a that_o the_o outward_a direction_n or_o government_n of_o the_o same_o be_v commit_v to_o another_o beside_o he_o who_o have_v the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n in_o a_o state_n or_o which_o be_v much_o the_o same_o whether_o according_a to_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o outward_a government_n of_o it_o be_v lodge_v with_o the_o whole_a body_n or_o one_o of_o the_o clergy_n in_o particular_a independent_a of_o the_o supreme_a magistrate_n or_o whether_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v but_o one_o sovereign_a administrator_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n on_o who_o all_o other_o christian_a state_n ought_v to_o depend_v in_o this_o point_n or_o which_o some_o take_v for_o the_o same_o thing_n whether_o every_o state_n ought_v to_o be_v govern_v according_a to_o its_o own_o constitution_n and_o interest_n or_o whether_o all_o other_o state_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v slave_n to_o one_o and_o to_o promote_v the_o interest_n of_o that_o one_o with_o the_o detriment_n and_o ruin_n of_o their_o own_o religion_n by_o the_o outward_a direction_n or_o government_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n we_o understand_v the_o power_n of_o constitute_v certain_a person_n for_o the_o exercise_v of_o the_o public_a divine_a service_n and_o the_o supreme_a jurisdiction_n over_o their_o person_n the_o supreme_a administration_n and_o direction_n of_o such_o possession_n as_o be_v dedicate_v to_o religious_a service_n the_o power_n of_o make_v law_n for_o the_o outward_a maintenance_n of_o religion_n and_o the_o determine_n of_o such_o difference_n as_o may_v arise_v among_o the_o clergy_n under_o what_o pretext_n soever_o it_o may_v be_v and_o such_o like_a we_o make_v a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o outward_a direction_n of_o religious_a affair_n and_o betwixt_o the_o ministry_n of_o the_o church_n which_o consist_v in_o teach_v preach_v and_o administer_a of_o the_o sacrament_n all_o which_o doubtless_o belong_v only_o unto_o the_o clergy_n this_o question_n also_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o church_n already_o plant_v and_o establish_v not_o of_o a_o church_n that_o be_v to_o be_v plant_v and_o establish_v for_o since_o the_o christian_a religion_n owe_v its_o original_a to_o divine_a revelation_n no_o humane_a power_n can_v pretend_v to_o have_v any_o direction_n in_o the_o same_o before_o this_o doctrine_n be_v thorough_o propose_v and_o teach_v by_o such_o as_o have_v a_o immediate_a authority_n for_o so_o do_v from_o god_n almighty_a for_o when_o our_o saviour_n after_o his_o resurrection_n do_v send_v his_o disciple_n as_o delegate_n and_o apostle_n throughout_o the_o whole_a world_n to_o publish_v and_o introduce_v the_o christian_a religion_n they_o receive_v their_o commission_n for_o preach_v every_o where_o not_o from_o the_o supreme_a civil_a magistrate_n but_o from_o god_n himself_o wherefore_o king_n as_o well_o as_o the_o common_a people_n be_v oblige_v to_o acknowledge_v they_o as_o immediate_a messenger_n of_o god_n and_o obedient_o to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o their_o doctrine_n and_o it_o will_v be_v next_o to_o a_o absurdity_n if_o any_o one_o shall_v pretend_v to_o a_o direction_n in_o such_o matter_n as_o he_o be_v not_o instruct_v in_o before_o from_o whence_o arise_v this_o consequence_n that_o what_o have_v be_v say_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o such_o sovereign_n or_o supreme_a magistrate_n as_o themselves_o profess_v the_o true_a christian_a religion_n but_o not_o of_o those_o who_o be_v infidel_n or_o erroneous_a in_o the_o chief_a article_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n for_o to_o commit_v the_o direction_n of_o religion_n to_o the_o latter_a will_v be_v to_o make_v the_o wolf_n a_o shepherd_n §_o 6._o general_n this_o question_n may_v be_v consider_v in_o
world_n of_o the_o vanity_n of_o worldly_a wisdom_n and_o to_o show_v how_o easy_a it_o be_v for_o he_o to_o effect_v this_o great_a work_n by_o the_o mean_n even_o of_o poor_a fisherman_n beside_o this_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o apostle_n seem_v to_o be_v full_a of_o absurdity_n to_o the_o philosopher_n and_o politician_n the_o same_o be_v found_v upon_o and_o begin_v with_o jesus_n who_o be_v crucify_v for_o it_o appear_v very_o strange_a to_o they_o that_o the_o apostle_n shall_v acknowledge_v he_o for_o the_o son_n of_o god_n and_o their_o saviour_n who_o be_v of_o a_o hate_a and_o despise_a nation_n who_o have_v live_v without_o any_o great_a splendour_n or_o perform_v any_o great_a heroic_a action_n have_v beside_o this_o not_o make_v himself_o famous_a throughout_o the_o world_n by_o long_a study_n or_o preach_v but_o have_v in_o his_o young_a year_n suffer_v a_o most_o infamous_a death_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o jesuit_n when_o they_o teach_v the_o christian_a religion_n among_o the_o refine_a chineses_n do_v not_o begin_v with_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o passion_n of_o christ_n but_o argue_v first_o with_o they_o out_o of_o the_o principle_n of_o natural_a religion_n and_o so_o at_o last_o come_v about_o to_o this_o article_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n but_o whether_o these_o father_n by_o this_o method_n be_v likely_a to_o be_v more_o successful_a than_o the_o apostle_n i_o will_v not_o determine_v here_o convert_v it_o may_v also_o be_v allege_v that_o god_n be_v please_v to_o deliver_v the_o common_a people_n among_o the_o heathen_n before_o great_a man_n out_o of_o their_o misery_n and_o darkness_n because_o the_o first_o be_v seduce_v by_o the_o latter_a and_o uphold_v in_o their_o superstition_n for_o these_o though_o they_o be_v sensible_a of_o the_o vanity_n of_o the_o pagan_a religion_n yet_o do_v not_o do_v their_o utmost_a endeavour_n to_o search_v after_o a_o better_o wherefore_o god_n almighty_a by_o first_o draw_v away_o the_o common_a people_n from_o paganism_n do_v undermine_v the_o whole_a structure_n which_o be_v force_v to_o fall_v of_o itself_o since_o the_o simplicity_n and_o credulity_n of_o the_o common_a people_n be_v the_o foundation_n stone_n of_o the_o pagan_a religion_n §_o 9_o church_n the_o christian_a doctrine_n therefore_o have_v be_v most_o of_o all_o at_o first_o spread_v abroad_o among_o the_o common_a people_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o it_o be_v grievous_o oppress_v and_o persecute_v afterward_o by_o the_o roman_a emperor_n for_o in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n it_o have_v its_o first_o beginning_n and_o chief_a increase_n one_o of_o the_o main_a occasion_n of_o these_o persecution_n be_v their_o ignorance_n of_o the_o true_a nature_n of_o this_o new_a religion_n or_o what_o be_v the_o main_a end_n of_o it_o since_o they_o see_v the_o number_n of_o the_o christian_n daily_o increase_v who_o all_o despise_a the_o pagan_a religion_n the_o emperor_n thought_n it_o below_o their_o high_a station_n to_o make_v a_o due_a enquiry_n into_o the_o foundation_n of_o this_o doctrine_n and_o there_o be_v very_o few_o among_o the_o first_o christian_n that_o be_v fit_o qualify_v to_o represent_v their_o doctrine_n in_o due_a form_n to_o people_n of_o quality_n christian_n these_o therefore_o use_v to_o be_v lead_v away_o by_o the_o false_a suggestion_n of_o the_o enemy_n of_o the_o christian_n who_o insinuate_v to_o they_o that_o the_o christian_n in_o their_o nocturnal_a assembly_n do_v practice_v all_o sort_n of_o debauchery_n much_o after_o the_o manner_n as_o former_o use_v to_o be_v practise_v at_o the_o festival_n of_o bacchus_n or_o else_o that_o they_o be_v then_o plot_v against_o the_o state_n there_o be_v also_o not_o a_o few_o among_o the_o roman_n it_o who_o be_v averse_a to_o any_o innovation_n whatsoever_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o since_o the_o roman_a empire_n have_v stand_v in_o a_o flourish_a condition_n several_a age_n pass_v under_o the_o ancient_a religion_n the_o same_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v abrogate_a especial_o they_o do_v think_v it_o in_o no_o way_n become_v the_o common_a people_n to_o pretend_v to_o a_o innovation_n and_o to_o more_o wisdom_n than_o their_o sovereign_n the_o christian_n also_o have_v among_o themselves_o a_o certain_a form_n of_o ecclesiastical_a government_n this_o render_v they_o suspect_v to_o the_o roman_n who_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o such_o that_o be_v for_o set_v up_o a_o faction_n against_o the_o state_n and_o erect_v a_o new_a society_n in_o it_o and_o so_o to_o divide_v the_o empire_n and_o at_o last_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o it_o some_o also_o there_o be_v who_o perceive_v that_o the_o more_o the_o number_n of_o the_o christian_n increase_v the_o less_o frequent_v be_v the_o temple_n of_o the_o heathen_n and_o that_o the_o roman_a empire_n begin_v to_o decline_v and_o receive_v great_a shock_n they_o persuade_v themselves_o that_o these_o misfortune_n befall_v they_o because_o those_o god_n through_o who_o assistance_n the_o roman_a empire_n arrive_v to_o the_o pinnacle_n of_o its_o grandeur_n be_v now_o despise_v among_o they_o and_o therefore_o look_v upon_o the_o christian_n as_o a_o atheistical_a generation_n endeavour_v to_o over-turn_a the_o very_a foundation_n of_o religion_n and_o because_o the_o christian_n refuse_v to_o adore_v the_o idol_n notwithstanding_o the_o emperor_n command_n and_o suffer_v the_o most_o prodigious_a torture_n and_o death_n with_o constancy_n and_o even_a joy_n they_o be_v treat_v like_o a_o perverse_a and_o obstinate_a sort_n of_o people_n by_o the_o roman_n who_o increase_v their_o cruelty_n to_o maintain_v their_o authority_n against_o they_o but_o no_o sufficient_a reason_n can_v be_v allege_v for_o the_o justification_n of_o these_o persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v consider_v no_o otherwise_o than_o unlawful_a tyranny_n and_o pernicious_a abuse_n of_o the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n for_o their_o subject_n have_v receive_v this_o religion_n according_a to_o the_o express_a command_n of_o god_n which_o can_v nor_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v oppose_v by_o the_o civil_a power_n the_o magistrate_n as_o well_o as_o the_o subject_n be_v oblige_v to_o receive_v it_o except_o they_o will_v gross_o sin_v against_o god_n almighty_a neither_o can_v their_o ignorance_n serve_v they_o for_o a_o excuse_n since_o this_o be_v a_o new_a doctrine_n it_o be_v their_o duty_n to_o take_v due_a information_n concern_v the_o same_o before_o they_o have_v send_v the_o innocent_a christian_n to_o execution_n only_o because_o they_o refuâ—ed_v to_o obey_v the_o command_n of_o their_o sovereign_n which_o ought_v not_o to_o oblige_v they_o to_o obedience_n in_o this_o point_n for_o no_o body_n ought_v to_o give_v sentence_n of_o death_n against_o any_o one_o before_o he_o be_v due_o inform_v concern_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o crime_n he_o be_v accuse_v of_o §_o government_n 10._o and_o because_o the_o sovereign_n do_v at_o first_o not_o concern_v themselves_o for_o the_o welfare_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n the_o christian_n therefore_o do_v without_o their_o assistance_n constitute_v a_o ministry_n and_o the_o outward_a church_n government_n among_o themselves_o which_o be_v maintain_v among_o they_o as_o well_o as_o it_o can_v for_o this_o be_v common_a to_o all_o society_n which_o be_v institute_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o supreme_a magistrate_n that_o the_o member_n thereof_o be_v force_v to_o agree_v among_o themselves_o which_o way_n to_o order_v their_o affair_n best_o and_o to_o constitute_v certain_a rule_n and_o governor_n for_o the_o management_n of_o the_o society_n else_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o policy_n found_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o outward_a government_n of_o religion_n belong_v to_o the_o sovereign_n but_o because_o the_o magistrate_n will_v not_o perform_v their_o duty_n at_o that_o time_n the_o christian_n be_v oblige_v to_o constitute_v minister_n of_o their_o own_o accord_n who_o receive_v their_o maintenance_n from_o the_o charity_n of_o good_a christian_n and_o if_o any_o error_n do_v arise_v or_o other_o matter_n happen_v of_o such_o consequence_n that_o the_o same_o can_v not_o be_v decide_v by_o one_o assembly_n several_a of_o these_o assembly_n use_v to_o consult_v among_o themselves_o concern_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n or_o leave_v the_o determination_n to_o a_o assembly_n of_o such_o miinister_n as_o be_v next_o at_o hand_n though_o it_o be_v certain_o else_o not_o to_o be_v allow_v in_o a_o state_n that_o private_a person_n shall_v constitute_v a_o society_n among_o themselves_o consist_v especial_o of_o a_o considerable_a number_n yet_o the_o assembly_n and_o synod_n of_o the_o ancient_a christian_n be_v not_o therefore_o to_o be_v deem_v unlawful_a meeting_n since_o their_o only_a aim_n be_v the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n which_o be_v command_v they_o by_o god_n ought_v not_o
direction_n and_o presidentship_n of_o such_o assembly_n council_n whatever_o matter_n be_v to_o be_v debate_v there_o do_v at_o least_o belong_v to_o the_o prince_n if_o their_o decree_n shall_v pass_v afterward_o for_o and_o have_v the_o power_n of_o a_o law_n or_o a_o definitive_a sentence_n in_o the_o state_n indeed_o the_o supreme_a magistrate_n no_o more_o than_o the_o clergy_n can_v pretend_v to_o a_o right_a of_o introduce_v new_a article_n of_o faith_n or_o of_o explain_v the_o scripture_n according_a to_o their_o own_o pleasure_n nevertheless_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o a_o christian_a be_v contain_v in_o the_o whole_a scripture_n which_o god_n have_v command_v to_o be_v publish_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o mankind_n and_o not_o to_o be_v commit_v like_o sibylline_a oracle_n to_o the_o custody_n of_o certain_a priest_n and_o since_o other_o as_o well_o as_o the_o clergy_n have_v the_o opportunity_n to_o comprehend_v the_o sense_n of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n it_o seem_v not_o at_o all_o contrary_a to_o reason_n that_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n shall_v have_v at_o least_o the_o supreme_a direction_n of_o these_o assembly_n where_o matter_n concern_v the_o different_a interpretation_n of_o the_o scripture_n be_v to_o be_v debate_v from_o hence_o also_o this_o benefit_n will_v accrue_v to_o the_o public_a that_o thereby_o the_o extravagant_a heat_n and_o immoderate_a passion_n which_o be_v common_o obvious_a in_o these_o dispute_n may_v be_v moderate_v matter_n may_v be_v debate_v with_o prudence_n and_o not_o stretch_v too_o high_a out_o of_o a_o fondness_n of_o contradict_v nor_o that_o any_o one_o by_o malicious_a interpretation_n of_o his_o word_n and_o opinion_n may_v fall_v under_o slander_n and_o censure_n or_o the_o excommunication_n be_v thunder_v out_o without_o necessity_n against_o the_o innocent_a and_o because_o the_o first_o christian_n emperor_n do_v either_o neglect_v this_o their_o right_n or_o have_v no_o opportunity_n of_o exercise_v it_o this_o occasion_v great_a confusion_n in_o some_o council_n councilâ—_n from_o hence_o also_o the_o pope_n take_v a_o opportunity_n after_o he_o have_v set_v himself_o above_o the_o western_a bishop_n and_o council_n themselves_o to_o take_v upon_o he_o a_o authority_n to_o decide_v controversy_n even_o concern_v article_n of_o faith_n to_o introduce_v such_o canon_n or_o ecclesiastical_a law_n in_o the_o church_n as_o he_o think_v most_o proper_a for_o his_o interest_n and_o state_n and_o by_o pretend_v to_o the_o high_a jurisdiction_n to_o exempt_v the_o church_n from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n for_o when_o once_o this_o opinion_n be_v establish_v that_o all_o these_o matter_n do_v belong_v of_o right_a to_o the_o clergy_n only_o without_o have_v any_o respect_n to_o the_o civil_a power_n the_o pope_n do_v pretend_v to_o the_o same_o by_o the_o same_o right_n by_o which_o he_o have_v set_v himself_o above_o the_o clergy_n and_o the_o whole_a church_n §_o jurisdiction_n 12._o beside_o this_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n among_o the_o ancient_a christian_n that_o they_o very_o seldom_o plead_v their_o cause_n according_a to_o the_o admonition_n of_o s._n paul_n before_o the_o pagan_a judge_n but_o in_o case_n of_o difference_n among_o themselves_o they_o use_v to_o refer_v the_o same_o to_o the_o decision_n of_o a_o bishop_n that_o by_o their_o contest_v they_o may_v not_o give_v any_o occasion_n of_o scandal_n to_o the_o heathen_n since_o it_o may_v seem_v unbecoming_a that_o those_o who_o make_v profession_n of_o despise_v worldly_a riches_n shall_v quarrel_v among_o themselves_o about_o the_o same_o this_o custom_n as_o it_o be_v very_o useful_a and_o praiseworthy_a at_o that_o time_n so_o because_o it_o be_v not_o abrogate_a but_o rather_o confirm_v afterward_o by_o the_o christian_a emperor_n though_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v then_o govern_v by_o christian_a judge_n the_o bishop_n afterward_o pretend_v to_o a_o formal_a jurisdiction_n which_o do_v not_o only_o derogate_v from_o the_o authority_n of_o temporal_a judge_n but_o also_o the_o bishop_n be_v thereby_o divert_v from_o perform_v such_o duty_n as_o proper_o belong_v to_o their_o office_n there_o be_v also_o another_o custom_n among_o the_o first_o christian_n that_o if_o a_o scruple_n arise_v concern_v nearness_n of_o blood_n in_o marriage_n marriage_n they_o use_v to_o take_v the_o opinion_n of_o the_o priest_n in_o this_o case_n and_o if_o any_o difference_n do_v arise_v betwixt_o marry_a people_n it_o use_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o arbitration_n of_o the_o priest_n who_o at_o the_o time_n also_o when_o the_o nuptial_n be_v celebrate_v use_v to_o give_v they_o their_o benediction_n and_o pray_v with_o they_o this_o if_o in_o itself_o consider_v very_o good_a beginning_n furnish_v a_o occasion_n of_o great_a abuse_n afterward_o the_o pope_n have_v from_o hence_o take_v a_o pretext_n to_o subject_v all_o matrimonial_a affair_n concern_v divorce_n nullity_n of_o marriage_n succession_n inheritance_n and_o the_o like_a of_o the_o great_a consequence_n under_o his_o jurisdiction_n who_o to_o render_v his_o pretension_n the_o more_o plausible_a do_v make_v marriage_n a_o sacrament_n beside_o this_o excommunication_n the_o first_o christian_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o recommend_v their_o religion_n to_o the_o heathen_n by_o a_o holy_a and_o innocent_a life_n especial_o since_o some_o sort_n of_o vice_n be_v not_o punishable_a according_a to_o the_o pagan_a law_n wherefore_o in_o the_o primitive_a church_n if_o any_o one_o have_v give_v a_o public_a scandal_n by_o his_o vicious_a life_n a_o certain_a church_n penance_n be_v lay_v upon_o he_o which_o at_o the_o utmost_a do_v amount_v to_o this_o that_o he_o be_v exclude_v from_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o christian_n which_o custom_n as_o it_o be_v not_o unreasonable_a so_o it_o may_v be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o a_o christian_a state_n provide_v the_o civil_a magistrate_n have_v the_o supreme_a direction_n and_o take_v care_n that_o such_o a_o censure_n be_v not_o abuse_v out_o of_o obstinacy_n or_o private_a end_n and_o passion_n especial_o since_o these_o censure_n have_v have_v such_o a_o influence_n upon_o civil_a society_n that_o in_o the_o eight_o age_n no_o body_n will_v converse_v with_o any_o one_o that_o be_v excommunicate_v and_o this_o power_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o absolute_a disposal_n of_o any_o one_o except_o to_o the_o sovereign_n if_o you_o will_v not_o divide_v the_o sovereignty_n but_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o pope_n have_v afterward_o abuse_v this_o censure_n and_o extend_v it_o even_o to_o the_o excommunication_n of_o emperor_n king_n and_o whole_a commonwealth_n and_o by_o forbid_v the_o public_a exercise_n of_o divine_a service_n absolve_v the_o subject_n from_o their_o allegiance_n and_o bestow_v their_o kingdom_n upon_o other_o have_v force_v they_o to_o a_o compliance_n against_o their_o own_o interest_n be_v sufficient_o know_v out_o of_o history_n yet_o in_o the_o eastern_a empire_n these_o abuse_n do_v not_o grow_v up_o to_o the_o same_o height_n for_o the_o emperor_n at_o constantinople_n do_v at_o least_o so_o far_o maintain_v their_o authority_n against_o the_o clergy_n that_o they_o dare_v not_o pretend_v to_o domineer_v over_o they_o beside_o that_o the_o eastern_a bishop_n want_v a_o opportunity_n to_o set_v themselves_o one_o above_o the_o other_o because_o the_o bishop_n at_o constantinople_n have_v no_o other_o prerogative_n allow_v he_o but_o precedency_n of_o rank_n above_o the_o other_o without_o his_o diocese_n but_o not_o any_o jurisdiction_n §_o pope_n 14._o but_o in_o the_o western_a part_n the_o church_n afterward_o take_v quite_o another_o face_n since_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v project_v a_o peculiar_a sort_n of_o a_o monarchy_n which_o by_o degree_n he_o bring_v to_o perfection_n and_o have_v not_o have_v its_o parallel_n ever_o since_o the_o memory_n of_o mankind_n it_o be_v found_v upon_o quite_o other_o principle_n and_o uphold_v by_o very_o different_a mean_n from_o other_o state_n the_o more_o influence_n this_o monarchy_n have_v have_v for_o several_a hundred_o year_n together_o upon_o the_o state_n and_o affair_n of_o europe_n and_o have_v be_v maintain_v with_o great_a zeal_n by_o one_o and_o oppose_v by_o the_o other_o party_n the_o more_o it_o will_v be_v worth_a our_o while_n to_o dive_v into_o the_o first_o origin_n and_o constitution_n of_o it_o and_o to_o allege_v some_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o last_o age_n this_o monarchy_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o totter_a condition_n but_o have_v recollect_v its_o vigour_n in_o we_o from_o whence_o a_o wise_a man_n also_o may_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v what_o success_n may_v be_v hope_v for_o from_o the_o project_n of_o those_o who_o be_v for_o reconcile_a the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o protestant_n and_o papist_n wherefore_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o towards_o the_o increase_n of_o this_o monarchy_n so_o pernicious_a to_o the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n
they_o to_o all_o sort_n of_o people_n who_o he_o install_v before_o they_o have_v take_v holy_a order_n iu._n and_o when_o the_o emperor_n resolve_v to_o maintain_v his_o ancient_a right_n and_o title_n he_o excommunicate_v he_o and_o stir_v up_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o germany_n against_o he_o who_o make_v he_o so_o much_o work_v that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o resign_v his_o right_n of_o constitute_v of_o bishop_n the_o pope_n under_o this_o pretext_n do_v not_o only_o intend_v to_o exempt_v the_o bishop_n from_o the_o emperor_n jurisdiction_n but_o the_o main_a point_n be_v to_o make_v himself_o sovereign_a over_o italy_n and_o to_o make_v all_o the_o other_o prince_n submit_v to_o the_o pope_n authority_n and_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o this_o design_n may_v have_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n consider_v that_o europe_n be_v at_o that_o time_n divide_v into_o so_o many_o principality_n and_o most_o of_o these_o prince_n be_v not_o very_o potent_a may_v either_o out_o of_o a_o devotion_n or_o to_o avoid_v fall_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o more_o potent_a prince_n submit_v themselves_o under_o the_o pope_n protection_n and_o pay_v he_o tribute_n it_o be_v therefore_o not_o improbable_a that_o if_o three_o or_o four_o pope_n have_v succeed_v one_o another_o instruct_v with_o sufficient_a capacity_n to_o cover_v their_o design_n with_o the_o cloak_n of_o holiness_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o uphold_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o people_n against_o the_o oppression_n of_o their_o prince_n the_o pope_n may_v have_v make_v themselves_o absolute_a sovereign_n both_o in_o temporal_a and_o spiritual_a affair_n neither_o do_v the_o pope_n only_o pretend_v to_o free_v himself_o from_o the_o emperor_n jurisdiction_n over_o he_o emperor_n but_o also_o endeavour_v to_o make_v he_o his_o subject_n for_o he_o pretend_v to_o be_v his_o judge_n he_o summon_v he_o before_o he_o to_o make_v answer_n to_o the_o complaint_n of_o his_o subject_n excommunicate_v he_o and_o declare_v he_o to_o have_v forfeit_v his_o right_n and_o title_n to_o the_o empire_n and_o though_o his_o son_n the_o emperor_n henry_n v._o do_v endeavour_v to_o recover_v what_o be_v forcible_o take_v away_o from_o his_o father_n and_o make_v pope_n paschal_n a_o prisoner_n who_o he_o force_v to_o restore_v to_o he_o the_o right_a of_o constitute_v of_o bishop_n yet_o be_v the_o whole_a clergy_n in_o europe_n so_o dissatisfy_v hereat_o and_o raise_v such_o commotion_n 1122._o that_o at_o last_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o resign_v the_o same_o again_o into_o the_o pope_n hand_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n there_o be_v great_a dispute_n concern_v this_o point_n in_o england_n bishop_n which_o be_v compose_v in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o king_n shall_v not_o pretend_v to_o the_o power_n of_o invest_n of_o bishop_n but_o that_o these_o shall_v do_v homage_n to_o he_o 1107._o the_o last_o of_o which_o the_o pope_n be_v very_o unwilling_a to_o grant_v who_o will_v fain_o have_v have_v the_o bishop_n to_o be_v quite_o independent_a of_o the_o king_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o he_o express_o forbid_v the_o bishop_n in_o france_n to_o follow_v this_o example_n but_o king_n lewis_n vi_o and_o his_o successor_n do_v maintain_v their_o right_n with_o so_o high_a a_o hand_n that_o the_o pope_n be_v never_o able_a to_o establish_v their_o pretend_a right_n in_o france_n neither_o do_v the_o pope_n think_v it_o advisable_v to_o fall_v out_o at_o once_o with_o the_o emperor_n and_o france_n but_o that_o it_o will_v be_v more_o secure_a to_o have_v one_o at_o hand_n to_o uphold_v they_o against_o the_o other_o especial_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o so_o much_o for_o weaken_v of_o france_n because_o they_o be_v not_o so_o near_o concern_v with_o that_o kingdom_n as_o for_o humble_v the_o emperor_n that_o be_v potent_a in_o italy_n and_o pretend_v to_o the_o sovereignty_n over_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n neither_o be_v germany_n so_o entire_o unite_v as_o france_n and_o most_o prince_n of_o europe_n be_v then_o very_o jealous_a of_o the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v very_o willing_a to_o join_v with_o the_o pope_n against_o the_o emperor_n under_o pretence_n of_o uphold_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n and_o papal_a chair_n it_o be_v true_a the_o two_o emperor_n frederick_n i._n and_o ii_o do_v afterward_o endeavour_v to_o restore_v the_o ancient_a imperial_a right_n but_o be_v not_o able_a to_o attain_v their_o aim_n especial_o since_o italy_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o two_o faction_n of_o the_o guelf_n and_o gibelline_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v for_o the_o pope_n the_o latter_a for_o the_o emperor_n which_o cause_v such_o a_o confusion_n in_o italy_n that_o the_o emperor_n can_v never_o afterward_o reduce_v italy_n to_o a_o entire_a obedience_n and_o because_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n ii_o the_o whole_a empire_n be_v during_o that_o long_a vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n put_v into_o great_a confusion_n and_o disorder_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n find_v so_o much_o work_v in_o germany_n that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o look_v after_o italy_n whereby_o the_o pope_n have_v sufficient_a leisure_n give_v he_o to_o make_v himself_o sovereign_a both_o as_o to_o his_o own_o person_n and_o over_o the_o possession_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n §_o 22._o they_o but_o the_o pope_n not_o be_v contend_v to_o have_v attain_v this_o degree_n of_o grandeur_n quick_o set_v on_o foot_n another_o doctrine_n which_o be_v of_o far_o great_a consequence_n viz._n that_o the_o pope_n have_v a_o indirect_a power_n over_o prince_n that_o it_o belong_v to_o he_o in_o his_o own_o right_a to_o take_v care_n how_o they_o govern_v and_o manage_v their_o affair_n for_o though_o they_o do_v not_o express_o pretend_v in_o gross_a term_n that_o prince_n do_v depend_v on_o they_o in_o civil_a affair_n yet_o they_o believe_v that_o the_o supreme_a ecclesiastical_a power_n do_v entitle_v they_o to_o a_o authority_n to_o judge_v concern_v the_o action_n of_o prince_n whether_o the_o same_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a to_o admonish_v they_o to_o correct_v they_o and_o to_o command_v what_o be_v fit_v and_o to_o forbid_v what_o be_v unfitting_a to_o be_v do_v if_o therefore_o prince_n wage_v war_n against_o one_o another_o the_o pope_n pretend_v to_o have_v a_o authority_n to_o command_v a_o truce_n to_o be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o to_o bring_v their_o difference_n before_o he_o and_o refer_v they_o to_o his_o decision_n not_o without_o threaten_n that_o he_o will_v not_o only_o excommunicate_v they_o in_o their_o person_n but_o also_o forbid_v the_o exercise_n of_o divine_a service_n and_o administration_n of_o the_o sacrament_n throughout_o their_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o also_o do_v believe_v it_o belong_v to_o their_o office_n to_o obviate_v all_o public_a scandal_n to_o defend_v such_o as_o be_v oppress_v and_o to_o see_v justice_n do_v to_o all_o the_o world_n it_o be_v from_o this_o pretention_n that_o they_o receive_v the_o complaint_n of_o all_o such_o as_o pretend_v to_o be_v oppress_v nay_o they_o go_v further_o for_o they_o sometime_o take_v information_n concern_v the_o injury_n do_v by_o prince_n to_o their_o subject_n and_o concern_v some_o imposition_n lay_v upon_o the_o people_n whereby_o the_o people_n think_v themselves_o aggrieve_v which_o they_o forbid_v to_o be_v levy_v upon_o they_o under_o the_o penalty_n of_o excommunication_n sometime_o they_o use_v to_o declare_v the_o possession_n of_o such_o as_o be_v excommunicate_v forfeit_v expose_v their_o person_n to_o danger_n and_o release_n the_o subject_n from_o their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n under_o pretence_n that_o the_o government_n of_o a_o christian_a people_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v trust_v to_o the_o management_n of_o such_o as_o have_v rebel_v against_o the_o church_n this_o have_v be_v attempt_v against_o a_o great_a many_o crown_a head_n and_o put_v in_o execution_n against_o some_o of_o they_o this_o abominable_a pretention_n as_o they_o persuade_v the_o ignorant_a be_v found_v upon_o their_o fictitious_a decretal_n upon_o which_o they_o have_v build_v their_o canon-law_n power_n which_o grant_v to_o the_o pope_n a_o unlimited_a power_n over_o christian_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o may_v as_o the_o common_a father_n send_v out_o his_o command_n to_o all_o believer_n and_o admonish_v they_o concern_v all_o such_o matter_n as_o belong_v to_o religion_n and_o their_o salvation_n and_o in_o case_n of_o disobedience_n lay_v punishment_n upon_o they_o for_o that_o the_o predecessor_n of_o gregory_n vii_o do_v not_o make_v use_n of_o this_o power_n they_o say_v be_v because_o the_o precede_a emperor_n either_o keep_v themselves_o within_o their_o bound_n or_o else_o the_o pope_n live_v a_o ungodly_a life_n to_o give_v specious_a colour_n to_o these_o pretension_n