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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57390	The merchants map of commerce wherein the universal manner and matter relating to trade and merchandize are fully treated of, the standard and current coins of most princes and republicks observ'd, the real and imaginary coins of accounts and exchanges express'd, the natural products and artificial commodities and manufactures for transportation declar'd, the weights and measures of all eminent cities and towns of traffick in the universe, collected one into another, and all reduc'd to the meridian of commerce practis'd in the famous city of London / by Lewis Roberts, merchant.	Roberts, Lewes, 1596-1640.; Mun, Thomas, 1571-1641. England's benefit and advantage by foreign-trade.; Marius, John. Advice concerning bills of exchange.	1700 (1700)	Wing R1601_PARTIAL; Wing M608_PARTIAL; ESTC R1436	687,097	516

special Factor resident in Mosambique trading for his account keeping correspondence with other his Factors and sending Merchandize from one place to another for by this means the Kings of Portugal the first Navigators into these parts so far honoured Merchandizing that they held it no disparagement to raise thus some estate the better to perform and accomplish these long and chargeable Navigations and hence it grew that they bringing these Indian Commodities into Europe for their own account did by Commissioners contract with private Merchants for the same in Lisbon and other places Regal Contracts which hence from this Authority were termed Regal Contracts The other Commodities of this Countrey besides Gold in Sand and Ingots are Ambergreese Ebony-wood Ivory Elephants-teeth and many slaves both men and women which hence are carried principally to India as being reputed the strongest Moors in all the East Countreys and are put throughout India to the hardest labour and loathsomest drudgery Coins Measures and Weights in Mosambique and the Coast In order here according to my intended method for the Explanation of the Trade of this place and Countrey I should lay down the Coins current here and their valuation their Measures of length and their Weights used in Merchandizing but because that by the Collection I have made and the Observation that I have noted the Portugals at their first Conquest here brought with them their own Species and Coins as also their own Weights and Measures as a testimony of their Regality and Sovereignty and that the particulars thereof shall be more at large shewed in its due place when I come to handle the Trade of Lisbon from whence the same had its original I shall to avoid needless repetition desire the Reader to be reserred thereunto and so leaving this large Coast with this slender Survey I shall proceed to what doth rest behind of Africa which is better known unto us and wherewith our Nation is more familiarly acquainted CHAP. XXIX Of AEGYPT and the Provinces thereof Aegypt and the Trade thereof AEGYPT on the East is bounded with the Red-Sea on the West with Cyrene on the North with the Mediterranean Sea and on the South with Habasia Nilus This Countrey is watered by the fruitful River Nilus which for the more benefit of the spreading Plains divides it self into seven Channels and begins about the fifteenth of June to rise and swell above his banks and for forty days doth so continue and within forty days again collecteth it self into its own limits all the Towns here are seated on the tops of Hills which during this flood appear to strangers like Islands Intercourse and Commerce being all this time preserved by Boats Skiffs and Lighters instead of Camels and Horses this River is in length 3000 miles and when it is found not to swell it portendeth some fatal accident either to Countrey or Srvereign Alexandria In this Countrey are found these famous Towns for Traffick Alexandria built by Alexander the Great the most eminent Sea Port of all Aegypt and whither before the discovery of the Indies was the Scale of those Commodities which since we find to come thence and then most frequented by the Venetians who had almost the sole Trade of the Commodities of India and Aegypt in their own hands and from them dispersed and transported through Europe and who to this day yet keep a Consul there for the Protection of their Merchants Damiata The next is Damiata seated at the entrance of one of the Channels of Nilus the Command whereof cost much blood in the days of those Wars in the Holy-Land by the Western Christians Suesa The next is Sues a Haven of consequence standing at the North end of the Red-Sea wherein the Great Turk keeps a Station for his Gallies commonly built in Cairo and afterward carried thither by Camels to command his Dominions in those parts Rossetta The next is Rosseta seated on the principal Channel of Nilus and in a triangle from the two above-named Cities of Alexandria and Cairo serving for a Scale for both Cairo The last and most principal is Cairo the chief of this Countrey containing 18000. Streets and each Street being every night locked up and barred which makes the City impregnable of which more hereafter The Trade of Aegypt in times past setled in Alexandria I find some Authors to have left for a remembrance behind them a touch of the Trade of this Countrey in times past practised by the commodiousness of the Red-Seas which entreth into the heart of this Countrey and because that Galuano relateth the beginning continuance and period of this Trade I will briefly follow his words P●ol Philadelphus then 277 years before the Incarnation was the first that gave beginning and set afoot this Navigation bringing the Spices Drugs and Commodities of Arabia and India through the Red-Sea into Aegypt to the Port of Alexandria where the Venetians as then the only famous Merchants of Christendom brought up the same and were the first that this way dispersed it through Europe Africa and Asia Casir in the Red-Sea Casir being then the principal Haven Town in the Red-Sea whence their Voyage to India was set forth and begun and where the same afterward was ended Coptus and from thence by Land these Commodities were conveyed to Coptus a Town now altogether inhabited by Jacobite Christians and so thence down the River Nile to Alexandria in the Mediterranean Sea by which Traffick this City became so rich and eminent that the Custom-house there yielded to Ptol. Aalates 7½ millions of Gold and afterward when the Romans came to be Lords of Aegypt they found it to yield them fifteen millions These last augmented this Trade and sent into India every year by the testimony of Pliny an hundred and twenty Sail of Ships whose Lading was outward bound worth 120000 Crowns and it produced in profit at the return homeward for every Crown a hundred But when the Vandals Lombards Goths and Moors had rent asunder the Roman Empire all Commerce in these parts between these Nations began to cease but when the inconvenience and discommodity thereof was sensibly discerned and perceived it was begun again and set afoot anew by other Princes that coveted this rich Trade And removed to Caffa in the Euxine Sea conveying the Indian Commodities afterward with great difficulty partly by Land and partly by Water to Capha in the Black-Sea as then belonging to the Genoese but this by reason of the long way and dangerous passage being found too tedious and prejudicial Then to Trabesond Sarmachand c. Trade which is ever found to have a secret Genius and hidden course of it self was removed for these and other causes to Trabesond which was then conceived the fittest Mart-Town then Sarmachand in Zagethai had it where the Indian Persian and Turkish Merchants met to barter their Commodities the Turks thence conveying the same

amply priviledged and should enjoy a part of the gains for themselves and yet bring the greatest crop of their labours into his coffers hereupon it was first let out for five years the Farmers and Contracters binding themselves to send such a stock to India in ready money as would extend for 30 thousand Quintals of Pepper yearly conceived to be in those days as much as all Europe could annually vend in that Commodity but then the King was bound to send his Ships to India to lade the same in number five Ships of sufficient burthen yearly the Farmers bearing the adventure both of their moneys outward and of the said Pepper homeward lading it in India into the said Ships at their own costs and charges all which brought into Portugal they were to deliver to the King at the price of 12 Ducats per Quintal and what was either cast away lost or taken was to be born by the Farmers the King paying for no more than what was thus fairly laid on land into his store-house at Lisbon neither yet paid he ready money for the same but paid them with their own money when the Pepper was sold so that the King without disbursement or hazard had and hath a certain great gain without the loss of a penny in consideration whereof the Farmers have many great and strong Immunities and Priviledges as first that no man upon pain of death of what estate or condition soever he be may any ways deal or Trade in Pepper but themselves which is still strictly observed Secondly that they may not upon any occasion or necessity whatsoever diminish or lessen the said ordinary stock of money nor the King his said stint of shipping neither hinder not lett them in any sort concerning the lading thereof which is also strictly looked into for though the Pepper were for the King 's own Person or proper account yet must the Farmer 's Pepper be first laden Thirdly that the Viceroy and all other the Officers and Captains in India shall give them all assistance help and favour with safe keeping guarding and watching the same with all other needful offices as shall be by them required for the safety and benefit of the said Pepper The Ships of Pepper depart from Cochin about the months of December and January Fourthly that for the lading and providing thereof the said Farmers may send their Factors into India with their servants and assistants of what Nation soever they be English French and Spaniards only excepted and that unto every place to see the same laden and dispatched away and in later times it is observed that they have also farmed of the King the Ships and their fraightment with large conditions to build them and make the provision of all necessaries for them and all at their own adventures and if the Ship come safe home they give the King in lieu of licence a certain sum of money for every Ship and annually do furnish these five Ships at their own charges but for such Souldiers as are appointed to go in them they are bound to fail for the King and at his charge and have but only their meat and drink at the Farmers charges the Officers and Sailers being placed therein by the King's Admirality which the Farmers may not once deny or refuse so that the King adventureth nothing neither in Pepper nor in Ships but only if the Ships be cast away he loseth the Money that he should have and otherwise gain by the Farm of every Ship if it had returned safe and the profit of the Pepper that should have been delivered him at a certain price which is the cause now that the King doth not send out his Fleets to meet and wast them from the Flemish Islands as for long time he was accustomed to do and the King is found so nearly to look to this Farm that he will not abate the Farmers a penny how great soever their losses happen otherwise to be And thus much shall serve for Goa and the Trade of Portugal in India now in the next place I will come to the Coast of Chormandel CHAP. XCIII Of Musulipatan and the Trade thereof with the Coast of Chormandel Musulipatan and the Trade of the Coast Chormandel THE Coast of Chormandel beginnneth from the Cape Negapatan to the Town of Musulipatan between which said places is found a place called St. Thomas where the Apostle Thomas is said to have preached salvation to these Nations and whose Tomb is had still in great reverence to this day among the Native Christians of this Countrey besides which is found the Towns of Petipoli and Armagon where the English of late have setled Factories that have dependency on the Factory of Musulipatan under which therefore I will include the Trade of this Coast Musulipatan by reason of the commodious situation is the most eminent place of Trade of this Coast where the English have to that purpose planted a Factory both for providing and lading hence the Commodities of this Countrey this place is seated on the same Coast or rather Istmus as Goa is with the Cities before-mentioned which are seated to the Eastward as the Coast of Malabar is to the Westward the pleasantness of the adjoyning River running down from Bisnagar the Metropolis of this Countrey and the goodness of the Haven with the wholesomness of the Soil and the temperancy of the Air adds much to the excellency of it in matter of Trade and concurrency of Merchants to which if we add the industry of the Inhabitants and the fruitfulness of the Countrey bearing many Commodities naturally it is not to be reckoned as the least or the worst part of Trading in India Commodities of the Coast of Chormandel From this place and Coast then is found a great Trade to be driven into Bengala Pegu Siam Malacca and to India and the principal Commodities that this City is noted to be famous for are those excellent fine Cotton Linnens made here in in great abundance and of all colours and interwoven with divers sorts of Loom-works and Flowers very fine and cunningly wrought and therefore much worn in India and better esteemed there than Silk as indeed being both found finer and richer and used by the greatest women in those parts for their clothing wherein is found interlaced oftentimes threds of Silver and Gold and divers others rare fabricks of Cotton c. Coins current in Musilapatan and Coast of Chormandel The current usual Coins in Musulipatan Armagon Petiboli St. Thomas and all alongst the Coast is the Pagode of Gold and the Mahomody and Fanan of Silver and are thus valued A Pagode is worth 15 Fanans or in English 8 s. sterling A Fanan is 9 Cashees or as some call them Cupans about 6¾ d. sterling A Mamody is 32 Pices or as in some places they are called Docres A Rial of ● Spanish is here 5 Mamodies or 9 Fanans or 5 s. And 10 Rials ● is

Notes for these Towns 133 l. suttle so that the Pound of Valona makes suttle in Venice 16 Ounces and the Pound suttle there makes in Valona but 9 Ounces Measures of Valona The Measure of length here in use is the Pico common in name throughout all the Gr●… Seignior's Dominions the 100 Braces Silk measure of Venice making in Valona 105 to 105 Pico which is in London Yards English And the 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice makes here 112 Picos and having done with Avalona I proceed in the next place to Survey the Trade of Larta CHAP. CCXLIV Of Larta and the Trade thereof Larta and the Trade thereof LArta is a pretty commodious Town for Traffick seated on a Gulph which bears the name of the Town having two points of Land fortified that commands the entrance into the said Gulph out of the Mediterranean Sea and is seated also on this Shore between the Islands of Corfu and Santa Maura it is as the rest of the Cities aforegoing subject to the Grand Seignior and doth afford for Merchandise to be Exported great store of Sheep-skins and Cordovants Raw-Silk by us known by the name of Morea Silk Powder of Berry for Dyers Cottons Wax Honey Portagos in great abundance being the Row of the Mullet in great quantity caught in this Gulph of Larta Weights in Larta The weight here in use is the Pound 100 l. whereof doth make the Quintar and is found to produce in London 88 l. in 89 l. The measure of length is the Pico agreeing with the Pico before-mentioned used in Valona And now I come to Lepanto the next Town of consequence CHAP. CCXLV Of Lepanto and the Trade thereof Lepanto and the Trade thereof LEpanto is seated in the entrance of the Gulf of Lepanto made famous to Posterity by the Sea Victory obtained by the Christians over the Turks and the overthrow of their Fleet here in 1571 it is here opposite to the City of Petras which is seated on the right side of the entrance in this Gulph as Lepanto is on the left It is subject to the Grand Turk whose Coins are here Current as I shall have occasion to speak more at large when I handle the Trade of Constantinople the Metropolis of all his Dominions This place affordeth for Merchandise which is hence exported into other parts Silk-raw called by us Morea-Silk Powder of Grain or Berry for Diers Honey Wax Cottons Currants Cheese Wines Grain O●… Galls Aniseeds and some other Commodities Weights of Lepanto In Lepanto is used two several weights the one called the gross weight agreeing with the gross weight of Venice which in England is about 107 l. the other agrees with the weight of Petras by which is sold Silk Grain Wax and some other Commodities and by the gross-weight is sold Woolls Cottons Honey Cheese and all manducable Commodities but the Currants here are usually sold by the Bag or Sack at so many Aspers a Sack or Bag the which Bag ought to weigh 140 l. Petrasin the which 140 l. is of Venice suttle 182 l. which is Averdupois 120 l. or 121 l. incirca where it is to be noted That 200 l. Petrasin makes 260 l. suttle Venice which is 174 l. English and is the Staro of Currants in Venice Again note That the 100 l. Patrasin or the 100 l. in Lepanto of Petras weight is about 86 l. Averdupois which is 130 l. suttle in Venice and 83 l. gross and the Pound Petrasin makes gross Venice 10 Ounces by observation The 100 l. suttle of Venetia yields here Petrasin 77 l. The 100 l. gross of Venetia yields here Petrasin 121½ Measure of Lepanto The Measure is here found to be the Pico agreeing with the Pico of Larta and Valona aforementioned Before I pass out of this Gulph it will not be improper that I view the bottom thereof where Caranto a small Village now supplies the place of that ancient and famous Corinth a City commodious for the command of a brave Trade as enjoying two famous Ports into two different Seas seated formerly on the Isthmus enjoying a double Harbour one of each side thereof the one whereof regarding Asia and the other beholding Italy and by the commodiousness of which situation the City in a short time came to a great largeness Acro-Corinth was but little distance thence on the top of an adjoyning Mountain upon which Mountain was seated the famous Temple of Venus near which was that notable Fountain discovered by the impression of the Foot of Pegasus as the Ancients did feign The ancient Corinth This Corinth was destroyed and ruined by L. Mummius because the Inhabitants had irreverently and unworthily handled the Ambassadours of the Romans 952 years after the first building thereof by Allettus the Son of Hypottes Misene In this Continent if the memory thereof may not here be improper was the City of Misene the dwelling of Agamemnon where the Temple of Juno stood so much famoused both for the Antiquity and Devotion thereof near which the Lake of Lerna where Hercules slew the Lernian seven-headed-hidra Argos Here was also Argos built by that all ever-seeing Argos so much celebrated by ancient Poets Epidaurus Likewise Epidaurus renowned for the Temple of Esculepius filled with the Tables of those that had been healed by him the Sick who entred into the Temple to be cured were to sleep there a night and imagined that Esculapius healed them during that their repose and sleep Sparta Here is also Lacedemon by some called Sparta now Misithie formerly great and powerful girt not with Walls but with the Virtue of the Inhabitants not renowned for the magnificency of Publick Works but the Discipline Instruction and the manner of their living Arcadian Plains Here was also those pleasant Arcadian Plains Olympians and the places where the Olympian Games were solemnized with divers other memorable Antiquities which the injury of time hath eaten out and consumed wherefore here I omit them and return again to my purpose and prosecute my method CHAP. CCXLVI Of Salonica and the Trade thereof Salonica and the Trade thereof OF Modon Coron and Petras the three prime Cities of Morea I have already handled now there rest a word of the Trade of this ancient and famous City of Salonica anciently called Thessalonica to the Inhabitants whereof S. Paul writ one of his Epistles It is yet a rich and large City and the Residence of the Sangiac of Macedonia under the Grand Seignior The present Inhabitants are Greeks Turks and principally Jews who are here found to be very rich and eminent Merchants 80 Synagogues of them being accounted to be in this Town employing themselves in several Arts and Merchandising It is seated in the bottom of a Gulph called by the Cities name and by the demur that happened in the English Trade to Turky some years past these Jews and Inhabitants and some Moors banished out of Spain

20 Mitigals of Gold is 3 Ounces English A Checquin Sultain or Hungar is 18 Killats or Charats Rotolos 3½ and 20 Drams in Aleppo is a Batman in Constantinople four hundred Drams making an Oak consisting of four Yusdromes or Pounds ten Ounces to the Yusdrome and ten Drams to the Ounce and hereby I have estimated near forty eight Drams to sixteen Ounces Averdupois Where note That here as in Aleppo several Commodities are sold by a several Oak as there by several Rotolo as the Oak of Saffron is here 120 Drems and no more and so in others Weights of Constantinople with other Countries Now having considered this weight in it self let us consider it as it is found to agree with other Cities of Trade which may best be done upon the 100 Loderos as the known Beam here the Oak and Batman and Rotolo being feigned and compounded thereof 100 Loders in Constantinople make in In Sergamo 160 l. In Cronia 163 l. London 120 l. and found by often trial but to be 117 and 118 l. Aleppo 242 ℥ Ditto Silk Rot. 252 ℥ Tripoli Suria 294 ℥ Tripoli Barbaria 140 l. Baruti 236 ℥ Alex. Zera 56   Alex. Forfori 125 l. Rhodes 22 ℞ Acria 196   Babylonia 168¾   Balsora 48⅓   Millan and Verona and Mantua 163 l. Lucca 157 l. Genoa 160 l. Florence 151 l. Venice suttle 176 l. Venice gross 112 l. Cairo 123 Rot. Cyprus 25½ Rot. Corfu 112 l. Larta and Cattaro 132 l. Rhagusa and Spallato 146 l. Messina gross 62 Rot. Sicilia suttle 69 Rot. Naples and Puglia 60 Rot. Ancona 148 l. Rome and Balonia 146½ l. Measures of Constantinople The measures of length in Constantinople used in Trade are three and are called Picos the first is the Cloth Pico four whereof hath been observed to make three Yards English and is about 26½ Inches and if heedfully noted twenty seven Inches very near The second is the Grogram or Chamlet Pico containing 24 Inches and observed to make 24 Pico 16 Yards English The third is the Linen Pico which is only the former doubled and note That in the meas●ring here of all Commodities of length here is no allowance made nor given in courtesie as the Inch is Overplus in England but the said Picos are found to be made of flat Iron and to more allowance given than the thickness of the Pico at the end which commonly exceeds not the thickness of an English Shilling Corn measure Corn's sold by a measure Concave called the Killow and weigheth about 20 Oaks and it hath been observed that 8⅔ of a Killow is a London Quarter and doth make a Salmo in Legern and 5 Killows in Zant make 6 Bushels English Wine and Oil. Wine and Oil and almost all liquid Commodities is sold by a Meter which makes 8 Oaks and is accounted ⅔ of a Gallon English Note That in Constantinople all Fuel to burn Fruit Fish Flesh and for the most part all Commodities are sold by weight and very few by the Concave measures which is a good benefit to the Provident Observe That Scio doth agree with these Measures and Weights and so also should Smyrna by the Observations of Merchants some years past but some difference is now found peradventure crept in by the abuse of the Weighers and the falshood of Beams and this difference is found more gross upon Cottons and Galls than upon any other Commodity which may proceed both from the foulness of the first and the greenness of the latter which I refer to the reformation of the more judicious Customs of Constantinople The Customs paid in Constantinople are divers as the Italians and other Franks and Jews pay upon all Commodities both Outward and Inward 5 per cent The Turks themselves are free from all Customs The English and Dutch pay 3 per cent Inward and as much Outward upon all Commodities and this is paid in Species and not in Money except that the Merchants do compound as oftentimes they do with the Customer that an indifferent rate be made upon the Commodities and upon that rate is 3 per cent taken accordingly Miseteria Note That over and above this Custom paid by agreement and Capitulation of Forein Princes for their Subjects there is paid upon all ponderous Commodities a Duty of 1½ per cent and upon all measurable Commodities is paid 1 per cent and these Customs are called Miseteries and ever paid between the Buyer and the Seller the Turk if happening to be either is ever exempted which Duty both by the Buyer and Seller is paid to the Brokers who repay it to the Farmer thereof and both ⅕ for the Collector and is a Rent setled for the maintenance of an Hospital founded by Sultan Achmet as hoping by this new Custom levied upon Strangers and thus disposed of to charitable uses to gain Heaven at the charges of Christians Gallattae Opposite to the City of Constantinople is the City Gallatta formerly Cornubisantum and in times past belonging to the Genoese who in the declining state of the Grecian Empire were Possessors of this City and many other in this Empire both of great Trade and Consequence which are now in the possession of the Grand Seignior between which a River now runneth wherein all shipping find both a safe and convenient Harbour and in which all the Wester● Christians either English French Dutch or Venetian Merchants have their common Refidency intermixt with Grecians Jews Armenians and some few Turks where also is placed a Custom-house opposite to another on Constantinople side Emine both commonly farmed by one and the self same Emine or Farmer who is the Receiver of the Grand Seigniors Customs which are found commonly payable the one half in Aspers of 80 Aspers to a Dollar and the other half in Sultanies of Gold or otherwise as the Farmer and Merchant can agree for and compound the same The Government of the English in Constantinople I have shewed before how that the Company of English Merchants incorporated by the name of the Society of the Levant Company in England do elect and nominate an able and skilful well qualified man in Merchants affairs who with his Majesty's consent and approbation resideth here as Legier Embassador to protect both the said Companies Factors and their Estates here in matter of Trade whose charges and salary is paid and defrayed wholly by the said Levant Company and for the honour of the English Nation and as necessary to his Port and the said Companies Traffick through the Grand Seigniors Dominions they are found also to maintain at present and to pay Salary to 6 Consuls in six several places of this Empire and to wait upon these and their Factors they give pay to 40 Janizaries 20 Druggermen or ●…terpreters 6 Secretaries 3 Ministers besides sundry other needful Officers Mr. Alderman Garaway at present being Governor and Mr. William Cockaine Deputy to whom I owe this

according to the manner of each that would depart hence discharging 101 Dollers 6 Aspers to the Custom-houses of Constantinople and Galatta and to the Captain of these Castles and here 124 Dollers 54 Aspers more I and my Ship are cleared and discharged hence and being freed and my Sails flown I begin to descry the Arches and there survey what Islands of note and consequence I find in those Seas leaving behind me the main Continent of Europe and having thus performed my Land-Travel and fully discovered and laid open the Traffick and Commerce thereof I am called upon in the next place to survey the Trade of the principal Islands comprehended under this part of the World Europe CHAP. CCXLVIII Of the Trade of the Isles seated in the Egean Ionian Mediterranean and Adriatick Seas Tenedos THE first Island falling in view coming out of the Hellespont is the Isle of Tenedos opposite to Troy which hath a pretty Town in it and inriched with excellent Wines Samothracia The next is Samothracia in the Egean Sea affording at Samia a good Harbour for Ships ●…d nought else of consequence Lemnos Lemnos is the next in the said Seas Terra Sigillata affording that Soveraign Mineral against Infection called ●era Sigillata the earth thereof is made into little Pellets and sealed with the Turks Cha●…ter and so dispersed over all Christendom for an excellent Antidote Scio. Scio or Chios is the next of note affording that excellent Gum called Mastick which in 〈◊〉 and August the Inhabitants do force out of Trees by making of deep Incisions into the ●…k thereof with sharp Instruments out of which the juyce dropping is afterward hardned like ●…to a bright Gum and in September following gathered Mastick which Mastick is farmed of the 〈◊〉 Signior as his peculiar Commodity and therefore ever maintained at a constant ●…ce and hence dispersed throughout the World CHAP. CCXLIX Of Scio and the Trade thereof Scio and the Trade thereof I Have already declared in the Trade of Smyrna how that of late days the principal Seat of Traffick was in this Island in the Town of Scio where a Consul for the English and other Nations did reside but finding the Port of Smyrna seated on the Continent more proper for lading of Cottons and Cotton-Yarn and other gross Goods the principal Commodities of this Seat they removed their habitation thither and with them is that Trade that was here also removed yet in that was found a place where great concourse of Merchants was found we own it a touch of its Weight and Measures c. Accounts in Scio. Accounts were and are kept in Dollars of 80 Aspers and of Aspers as in Constantinople The Moneys are the same in general mentioned in Constantinople save that Commerce doth oftentimes make them be here two or three per Cent. better esteemed Weights of Scio. The Weights here are derived from the Dram of Turkey that I mentioned in Constantinople 100 Drams make a Rotolo which is 19⅔ Ounces Venice suttle 400 Drams make an Oak too Rotolos make a Quintar accounted incirca 118 l. English and should hold as in Sinyrna 120 l. but daily experience findeth the contrary both here and in Smyrna not making above 118 l. suttle Averdupois Measures in Scio. Their Measures are here two the Linen Pico quarter 26 Inches and the Cloth Pico usual in Constantinople of 27 inches for other passages vide further Constantinople and Smyrna Lesbos I will now proceed to the rest of those Islands in these Seas which at first Lesbos in which Mitylena is noted for the principal Town where was born Sappho the inventress of the Saphick Verse Pittacus one of the Sages of Greece Arion the Dolphin Harper and which have samoused this Island to posterity Negroponte Negroponte is the next where the Sea ebbeth and floweth seven times a day which because Aristotle could not unriddle he here drowned himself the chief is Colchis Caristis and others Seiros Salamais Here is also Seiros Salamis the 12 Sporades Delos also Delos where Oracles were given to the Petitioners and the 35 Islands of Cyclades which afford nothing note worthy Semos also S●… the habitation of that fortunate infortunate Policrates Coos and Coos the birth place of Apelles and Hippocrates Pathmos then Pathmos where St. John wrote his Revelations being confined hither by Domitian which are now of small account save only in their number and so I come in the next place to Rhodes CHAP. CCL Of Rhodes and the Trade thereof Rhodes and the Trade thereof THE Fame of this Island and City is sufficiently known through Europe and the Yalour of the ancient Knights the Masters thereof sufficiently testified in the desence thereof it now in matter of Traffick by reason of the commodious Harbour and Sit●ution daily increaseth and many Merchants Christians are found to frequent the place by day but must by night get Lodgings in the Suburbs so fearful are the Turks of the loss or surpri●… of this place which cost them so much Blood in the gaining Commodities of Rhodes This City is a Mart for most of the Commodities of the Arches as of Corn Wines Oyls Raisins Wax Honey Cordivants some Cotton-woolls and Yarn and Stuffs made thereof as Dimities Vermillion and also some Damasks and other Stuffs of Silk c. Accounts in Rhodes Their Accounts are kept in Aspers only amounting by increase after the manner of the Great Turks Treasures to hundred and thousand and so to Loads or Cargo which is 10000 Aspers Coins current in Rhodes Their Moneys is the same as throughout Turkey all other Coins being rather esteemed here as a Commodity than a Coin for they rise and fall according to Contract so that in all Bargains here the price of Money by the Buyer as well as the Price of the Commodity by the Seller must be agreed upon Weights in Rhodes Their Weight is a Rotolo the Quintar is 100 Rotolos which Rotolos 100 do make in England 536 l. and by consequence the Rotolo is Averdupois 5 l. 6 Ounces incirca and hath made in Venice 800 l. suttle and 506 l. gross by observation and in Genoua hath made 762 l. suttle in Florence 701 l. in Rome 676 l. in Rhagusa 666 l. Measures in Rhodes Their Measure is a Cane which is about 84 Inches English Other notes have not come t● my Hands therefore from hence I will sail to Candia anciently Creet CHAP. CCLI Of Candia and the Trade thereof Candia and the Trade thereof THis Island is situated in the mouth of the Egean Seas Commodities of Candia and is very fruitful in these Commodities which it affordeth for Merchants first Muskadels whereof there is above 2000 〈◊〉 yearly Exported then in Sugars refin'd and hence called Candid in Gums Honey Wax 〈◊〉 Dates Olives Apples Oranges Lemons Raisins but desicient in

Servant must have advice whether the parcel be accepted or not to govern himself accordingly and doubtless will be glad to hear the parcels he remitteth are accepted and be troubled at the contrary wherefore although the Monies are remitted me for mine own Account yet because the Bill of Exchange doth concern other men as well as my self therefore I ought to have respect unto them also and to follow the usual course of Exchange which is to endeavour to procure acceptation of Bills of Exchange as well as payment and indeed in the very Letter of Advice which is sent by the Deliverer of the Mony be he Servant Factor or Principal to the party to whom the Bills are made payable it is usually expressed in these or the like words Sir here inclosed I do send you four Bills of Exchange for 500 l. viz. 20 Nov. 100 l. per Arthur A. at do uso on Roger G. Ditto 100 l. per Joos D. at do uso 10 days on Gregory N. Ditto 150 l. per Arent B. at 1½ uso on William M. 22 Do 150 l. per Jac. C. at do uso on Frederick V. whereof please to get acceptance and payment at the times when fall due giving advice Now certainly all Merchants are bound to follow Order and consequently to endeavour the acceptance of all Bills of Exchange in the like kind sent unto them or else they break the order of the party which sends the Bills Whether the Accepter is freed by protesting A Bill of Exchange which is accepted and at the time not punctually paid there are other some that think if they should cause a Protest to be made on such a Bill for non-payment that they by protesting should free the party who hath accepted the Bill of Exchange and that they do reserve their right only against the Drawer of the Bill to recover upon him by virtue of the Protest To this I say It is true by protesting the Drawer is liable to make satisfaction but the party which accepted the Bill is so far thereby I mean by protesting for want of present payment from being freed as that he is thereby made more liable or at least liable to pay more than he was before the Protest was made for then he was only liable for the just sum mentioned in the Bill but now after Protest is made for non payment he is liable also to pay all costs dammages and interests c. which the party protesting doth by his Protest expresly declare he doth intend to recover of the Acceptor in usual manner and indeed a Protest for non-payment ought usually to precede an action at Law For by the Protest is proved default of payment of the Mony at the time limited in the Bill and so the Acceptor becomes liable to an Action of the Case and so soon as ever Protest hath been made for non-payment the party accepting may be arrested thereupon which before he could not so legally have been Times of Payment and in what Species EVery Country hath its usance or accustomed time for payment of Monies by Bill of Exchange from one place to another As for instance from London to Antwerp Amsterdam Middleborough Rotterdam Lisle Rouen and Paris usance is one month after the date of the Bill and so likewise from those parts to London usance is one month after date double usance is two months c. and between Hamborough and London Monies are usually delivered at two months and in the Bills of Exchange for Hamborough they do usually express double usance when they intend only two months From Venice and other parts of Italy to Amsterdam c. and from thence to Italy usance is two months from Venice c. to London usance is three months and at Lions and some other places they do usually make their Monies pavable at certain Marts or Fairs and here in England at so many days sight each place observing its accustomed manner and in some places likewise they contract for what sort of Mony to pay either currant Mony in bank or out of bank which is sometime 1 1½ or 2 or more per Cent. difference This is very expedient to be known to the end that he which doth deliver his Mony by Exchange for any place may not be deceived in his expectation as well concerning the time as for the quality of the Mony which is to be paid in Exchange for the Mony which he delivereth Danger in making Bills payable to the Bearer NEver make your Bills of Exchange payable to such an one naming his name or to the bearer hereof which is very dangerous but always make your Bills payable to such an one or his order or his Assigns or the like For a Bill which shall be made payable to Robert W. or the bearer hereof may chance to miscarry or come to a wrong mans hands and he may go and receive the Mony upon such a Bill and the party to whom of right it ought to be paid never the wiser I mean not know of it and he that paid it will produce the Bill it self for his warrant to pay it to whomsoever should bring it so you may chance to be defeated of your Monies and it may be your Friend on whom you drew the Bill be suspected by you to have had a hand in the business though it may be he never had any such thought but paid it really to the party that brought the Bill not knowing him nor ever enquiring where he dwelt or what he was and if you will needs have your Friend bear some blame for paying the Monies in that manner you must bear the greater blame and thank your self for giving such an order for he hath performed your order and so you can have nothing against him unless you can prove a fraud in him but to prevent all such suspicion always make your Bills payable to a certain man by name The Names and Times of Old and New Stile though both agreeing yet how distinguished THE computation or stile of the year of our Lord amongst Christians doth differ in several Countries and Nations both in name and time First in name There is the Julian or English Account which amongst Merchants is called stilo veteri or old stile and there is the Gregorian or Roman Account which amongst the Merchants is called stilo novo or new stile The old stile is used with us in England and at Hamburg Strasburg and other parts of Germany the new stile is used in the Netherlands France Spain and most parts of Christendom Then for matter of time We in England begin our year the 25 day of March they in the Netherlands and other places where they write new stile except at Venice and some parts of Italy begin their year the first day of January Or as Dr. Vilvain saith Christians in general do reckon from Christ's Nativity currant January 1. but the Church of England with Pisa and Siena in Italy from his