objected against this that this confines the Church to the company of the Elect who are the mystical Body of Christ that according to this Notion there can be no visible Church upon Earth for no man can tell who belongs to the mystical Body of Christ which is made up only of true and sincere Christians and no man can see who they are without seeing their hearts Now this is a mighty prejudice against any Notion if it destroys the visibility of the Church which is so plainly taught in Scripture and does for ought we know unchurch the greatest Member of visible Church-Members if the Church consist only of those who were elected from all eternity and are in time called by the Grace of God to a state of real Holiness and Sanctification and made the living Members of Christ's Body I cannot possibly see how there can be a visible Church on Earth for this internal Grace which makes a Church-Member is invisible and therefore Church-Members are invisible too and then I fear the Church it self must be invisible if all the Members of it are invisible for invisible Members cannot make a visible Society and to say that the Field in which the Corn and the Tares grow together is visible will not make the Church visible unless this visible Field as visible be the Church and then the Tares as well as the Corn must be Church-Members for to see where the Corn grows if we cannot see the Corn does not make the Corn visible and if the Corn only be the Church invisible Corn cannot make a visible Church Which has made me often wonder that some learned Protestants and that of late too have so much insisted on this Notion which gives manifest advantage to their Adversaries and serves no end that I know of but what may better be served without it But the Union of the Church to Christ which I have now explained is a visible Union for we are united to Christ by the Gospel-Covenant and the Covenant is visible the Sacraments of the Covenant Baptism and the Lords Supper are visible the profession of Faith and obedience to Christ made by these visible Sacraments is visible also and therefore the Church which is united to Christ by a visible Covenant visible Sacraments and a visible Profession is visible also But you 'll say can wicked men then be Members of Christ's mystical Body yes no doubt but they may in this World if they can be in Covenant with him We are united by Covenant and those who are thus united are Members of his Body and Christ has but one Body which is his Church and mystical Spouse And what absurdity is there in saying that men may be in Covenant with Christ and not perform the conditions of the Covenant nor obtain the rewards of it This no man will deny but that bad men who live in visible Communion with the Church who are baptized in the name of Christ and feast at his Table are visibly in coveâ—ant with him for if the Sacraments of the Covenant do not prove that we are in covenant no man can tell whether he be in covenant or not Now all that are in covenant with Christ are his Body and unless we can find two Covenants and two Bodies for Christ we must grant that good and bad men in this World are in the same Covenant and Members of the same Body Our Saviour tells us that there are some branches in him which bear no fruit but they are in him for all that though they shall be taken away and separated from him 15 John 2. St. Paul disswades the Corinthians from Fornication by this Argument that they are the Members of Christ Know ye not that your bodies are the members of Christ shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a harlot God forbid 1 Cor. 6. 15. Which supposes that such a thing may be done that the Members of Christ may be made Members of a Harlot and that supposes that very bad men may be Members of Christ's Body But are not all the Members of Christ mystically united to him and can there be such a mystical Union between Christ and bad men I answer if by mystical Union be meant being united in the same Life and Spirit it is plain that bad men are not thus mystically united to Christ for they are not living but dead Members of his Body they are branches that are in the Vine but bear no fruit and yet may be Members of his mystical Body which is so called not upon account of any mystical Union which some men â—alk of of but no man could ever explain but for mystical reasons as I have already shewed you Now if those mystical reasons for which the Church is called the Body of Christ include wicked Professors and concealed Hypocrites as well as truly good Men then I hope bad Men may be said to be the Members of Christ's Mystical Body without such a Mystical Union to him Now I observed before the Mystical Reason why the Church is called the Body of Christ Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone is because he purchas'd the Church with his own Blood the Church is formed out of his broken Body as Eve was formed out of the Body of Adam And therefore if bad Men who are in Covenant with Christ are the purchase of his Blood and have a Covenant-right to the expiation of it and all the benefits procured by it then they are the Members of his Mystical Body Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone. And methinks no man should deny that those who are in Covenant with Christ should have a Covenant right to the Expiation of his Death and all the Blessings purchas'd by his Blood for otherwise we cannot tell what it is to be in Covenant if it confer no right to the Priviledges of it and yet no man has a right to the Purchase of Christ's Blood but those who are his Body and therefore if bad men may have such a Covenant-right as certainly they have if they be in Covenant then they are by Covenant united to his Mystical Body If you object that by this reason all Mankind are Christ's mystical Body for He died for all Men and therefore they are all the Purchase of his Blood and consequently they are his Mystical Body which is formed out of his broken Body I answer it is true indeed that in some sense Christ died for all because none are excluded from the Benefits of his Death who unite themselves to his Body by Faith and Baptism but yet he died for none so as to give them an immediate Right and Title to the Purchase of his Blood for his Purchase is confined to his Church which is his Body He is the Saviour of the Body He loved his Church and gave himself for it And therefore his Church only is his Mystical Body Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone and
the Sufferings of his Natural Body extend no farther than his Mystical Body and therefore Christ is said to have reconciled both Jew and Gentile to God in one body by the cross 2. Ephes. 16. That is he has reconciled all both Jews and Gentiles who by Faith and Baptism are united in his one Mystical Body to God by his Sufferings on the Cross. So that we are not the Body of Christ and cannot be said to be the purchase of his Blood till we are united to him by Covenant This we may learn from that Analogy there is between the Law and the Gospel The legal Sacrifices especially that great Sacrifice on the Day of Expiation were typically of the Sacrifice of Christ and the Carnal Israel was a Type of the Spiritual Israel or of the Christian Church now as the Virtue and Expiation of Legal Sacrifices was applicable only to the Carnal Israel so the Expiation of Christ's Death extends only to the Spiritual Israel the Christian Church which is Christ's Mystical Body which one thing if well considered would answer all the Difficulties and silence those fierce Disputes about Universal Redemption However this shews what difference there is between bad Christians and the world of Infidels the first are visibly in Covenant with Christ and are the Purchase of his Blood and have a Covenant-right to the redemption of it and therefore are Members of his Mystical Body for none else have any right to his Sacrifice the other have no interest in him nor relation to him And if we will not allow of this I desire to know who those Children of the Kingdom are that at the last day shall be shut out But is not our Mystical Union to Christ then an Union of Spirits a participation of his Nature and Life having his Spirit dwelling in us being led by the Spirit and walking in the Spirit I answer this is our Spiritual Union to Christ this is to live in him to be quicken'd by him but it is not our Mystical Union as that signifies such an Union as makes us Members of his Mystical Body for that in a strict proper sence is only a Covenant-relation every Member of Christ's Mystical Body ought to partake of his Life and Spirit or else they are onely dead and rotten Members which shall be cut off and shall never inherit Eternal Life but such dead Members are Members still till they are cut off either by Church Censures in this World or by the Sentence of Christ in the next This Participation of the Life and Spirit of Christ is not our Mystical Union to Christ but the effect of it We cannot receive the influences of Life and Grace from Christ till we are united to him and made the Members of his Body for his Spirit onely quickens and animates his own Body and we are united to his Body by Covenant and by the Sacraments of it which convey this Divine Life and Spirit to us and therefore Baptism is our Regeneration or New Birth the beginnings of a New Life because it incorporates us into Christ's Mystical Body which puts us under the influences and communications of his Life and Spirit as when a branch is engrafted into a stock it receives nourishment and life from it So that these divine and supernatural influences are consequent upon our Union to Christ and tho' all who are united to Christ have these influences of Grace as the root naturally communicates its sap and juices to all its branches yet all do not improve it do not digest it into principles of life and action do not bring forth fruits worthy of it like dead and withered branches who cannot receive the sap and nourishment which ascends from the root and would quicken them were not its entrance stopt and hindred but notwithstanding this they are members and branches still though dead and fruitless There is no account indeed had of them Christ knows them not and does not reckon them as his and therefore the Description and Characters of the Church in Scripture are such as belong onely to living Members to those who are renewed and sanctified and quicken'd by the Divine Spirit but yet they do belong to Christ's Mystical Body tho' they are in it onely as a dead Branch is in the Vine But how can the Church on Earth and the Church in Heaven be one Church and one Body if the Church on Earth has such corrupt and rotten Members in it for the Church in Heaven has none but living and holy Members I answer the same Covenant makes them the same Church and the same Body of Christ and that there are bad Men in the Church on Earth and none but Saints in Heaven does not prove that they are two Churches but that they are in two very different states Of right none but sincere believers and truly pious men ought to be Members of the Church on Earth as well as in Heaven but the government of the Church the receiving in and casting out of the Church being intrusted with Men who cannot see the Heart or who are not careful in the Exercise of Discipline to preserve the Purity of the Church secret Hypocrites may be received into the Church and those who are openly Prophane may not be cast out of it but in the other World Christ makes the distinction and separates the Chaff from the Wheat and therefore the Church in Heaven can consist only of good Men because bad Men can find no admission there And besides this it is agreeable enough to the state of the Church on Earth and indeed cannot well be otherwise that good and bad Men should be intermixt in it because it is a state of Tryal and Discipline of Growth and Improvement Tho' bad Men as that signifies Hypocrites and Unbelievers if they were known ought not to be received into the Church yet if they be by the Influences of Grace and the Instructions of the Word and the Prayers of the Church and the Examples and Conversations of good Men and the prudent Exercise of Discipline they may be reclaimed to Vertue and become living Members of Christ's Body those who were dead before may recover a New Life by being engratted into this Heavenly Vine nay indeed tho' all men are not equally wicked yet no Man has this Divine Life but onely from Christ and the communications of his Grace which he cannot receive from Christ till he be united to him and therefore the Apostles required no other qualification for Baptism but onely Faith the very worst of Men who believed in Christ and profess'd obedience to him were received into the Church by Baptism and put under the Influences of Grace without expecting till they had first reformed their Lives which besides the Authority of the Apostles seems to me much more agreeable to the Gospel-Dispensation than that Discipline which was afterwards used in the Church when they did not immediately baptize those who profess'd to believe in Christ
it as evident that there never can be more than one Church in the World for those Nominal Churches which have not the same Lord the same Faith the same Baptism are no Churches and all that have are but one Which makes it a ridiculous Triumph of the Church of Rome as if we Protestants did not believe one Catholick Church or could not tell where to find it when we profess to believe but One Church and that all true Churches are Members of this One Church For it is plain from this account that though all the Churches in the World were united in one Ecclesiastical Body yet this external visible Union is not the thing which makes them the one Body of Christ They are one Body by being all united to one mystical Head the Lord Jesus Christ not by an external and visible Union to each other this external Union is a Duty which all Christians and Christian Churches are bound to observe as far as possibly they can but all true Christians and Christian Churches are the One Body of Christ whether they be thus visibly united or not But for the better understanding this matter we must consider I. The true Notion of the Catholick Church on Earth II. What the Nature and Unity of a particular Church is and how every particular Church is a part of that Universal Catholick Church which is the Body of Christ. III. What that Unity and Communion is which all distinct particular Churches ought to maintain with each other and whence this Obligation results I. The true Notion of the Catholick Church on Earth Now it is evident from what I have already discoursed that the true Notion of a Church is the caetus Fidelium or the company of the Faithful of those who profess the true Faith of Christ and are united to him by Baptism There can be no other Notion of the Universal Church in Heaven and Earth but the whole company and family of the Faithful who are united to Christ by covenant and are his mystical Body in the sense above explained And if the Universal Church in Heaven and Earth be the whole company of the Faithful the Catholick Church on Earth must be the whole number of the Faithful on Earth for we must still retain the same Notion of a Church where the whole consists of universal parts for there every part has the same nature with the whole I know indeed of late the Clergy have in a great measure monopolized the Name of the Church whereas in propriety of Speech they do not belong to the definition of a Church They are Members of the Church as they are themselves of the number of the Faithful and they are the Governours of the Church as they have received Authority from Christ the Supream Lord and Bishop of the Church but they are no more the Church than the King is his Kingdom or the Shepherd his Flock and therefore St. Paul expresly distinguishes the Church from the Apostles and Ministers of it 1 Cor. 12. 28. God hath set some in the Church first Apostles secondarily Prophets thirdly Teachers after that Miracles then Gifts of Healing Helps Governments diversities of Tongues These are placed in the Church for the instruction edification and good government of it and therefore are of a distinct consideration from the Church in which they are placed Thus 4 Eph. 11 12. He gave some Apostles and some Prophets and some Evangelists and some Pastors and Teachers for the perfecting of the Saints for the work of the Ministry for the edifying of the Body of Christ that is the Church of Christ which is therefore distinguished from the Pastors and Teachers of it Thus in directing his Epistles to several Churches he gives us the definition of a Church 1 Cor. 1. 2. Vnto the Church of God which is at Corinth to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus called to be Saints with all that in every place call upon the Name of Jesus Christ our Lord both theirs and ours that is the whole company of the Faithful 1 Ephes. 1. Paul an Apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God to the Saints which are at Ephesus and to the Faithful in Christ Jesus Which is the true definition of a Church 1 Col. 2. To the Saints and faithful Brethren in Christ which are at Coloss. And 1 Phil. 1. he expresly distinguishes the Saints or Church as that signifies the company of the Faithful from the Bishops and Deacons To all the Saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi with the Bishops and Deacons The Learned Launoy has produced various Texts of Scripture for this definition of the Church that it is the company of the Faithful and has proved by the Testimony of the Fathers in all Ages even down to the Council of Trent it self that this was the received Notion of the Church till it was altered by Canisius and Bellarmine Canisius puts Christ's Vicar into the definition that the Church is the visible collection of all baptized Believers under one Head Christ in Heaven and his Vicar on Earth which makes the Church a Monarchy Bellarmine defines the Church to be a company of men united together by the profession of the same Christian Faith and the Communion of the same Sacraments under the government of lawful Pastors but chiefly of the Bishop of Rome as the one Vicar of Christ on Erath which makes the Church a kind of mixed and tempered Monarchy the government of Bishops and the Pope as Supream Vicar whereas before these men neither Pastors nor Bishops much less the Pope of Rome were ever put into the general definition of a Church for as for St. Cyprian's definition I shall account for it hereafter And indeed it stands to reason that they should not for Pastors and Bishops are set over the Church are Overseers of the Flock to instruct and govern it and therefore must be distinguished from the Church which they govern The Church is the mystical Body of Christ which is in subjection to Christ the Head but the Bishops and Pastors of the Church considered as such represent the Head and not the Body for they receive their Power and Authority from Christ and act in his place and stead as he tells them after his Resurrection As my Father hath sent me so send I you 20 John 21. And He that receiveth you receiveth me and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me 10 Matth. 40. and 13. John 20. And therefore as Christ the Head is distinguish'd from his Body so are those also who act under the Head and represent and exercise his Authority in the Church as private Believers they are the Members of the Church as Church-Governours they are the Vicars of Christ. Now from hence I shall observe some few things the use of which we shall afterwards better understand As 1. That Bishops and Pastors are not the Church but the Governours of the Church and therefore the Promises
made to the Church do not belong to the Bishops of the Church as that the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it which certainly proves that the Church shall never totally fail but does not prove that the Bishops or any Bishop of the Church shall be Infallible For the Bishops are not the Church there are distinct Promises to the Church and to the Pastors and Ministers of it and they ought to be kept distinct which will put an end to a great many Controversies between us and the Church of Rome Thus if St. Paul in his Epistle to Timothy 1 Tim. 3. 15. calls the Church the Pillar and Ground of Truth whatever that signifies it belongs to the Church or to the company of the Faithful not meerly to the Pastors and Bishops of it and therefore the Infallibility of the Pope or General Council can never be proved from it though the Pillar and Ground of Truth should signifie Infallibility Thus whatever Authority Popes or General Councils may challenge in matters of Faith yet if they decree any thing contrary to the common Faith of Christians their Decrees are not the Faith of the Church but the Faith of Popes and General Councils who are not the Church though they are the Governours of it and yet under this venerable Name of the Catholick Church every packt Conventicle challenges an indisputable Authority to its Decrees 2. Nay as Bishops are not the Catholick Church so neither are they the Representatives of the Catholick Church much less is any one Bishop the whole Catholick Church virtual The Office of a Bishop is not to represent but to govern the Church and therefore Bishops are not the Churches Representatives by Institution no more than the King is the Representative of his Kingdom How then do they come to be the Churches Representatives Did all the Christians in the World who are the Catholick Church ever intrust them with this Power Did they ever resign up their Faith into the hands of their Bishops This never was done and yet no man has a Representative but by his own consent and if it could be done Bishops then must sit in Council not only as Bishops but as Lay Representatives if two such different capacities are not inconsistent and yet Bishops have challenged this Authority only as Bishops and excluded the Laity nay Presbyters themselves from any Votes and therefore such Councils of Bishops who acted only as Bishops could not be the Representatives of the Catholick Church In matters of Discipline and Government Bishops act not as Representatives but Governours of the Church by that Authority which they have received not from the People but from Christ and their Decrees and Constitutions about such matters have a sacred and venerable Authority when they do not contradict any divine Laws and Institutions But Bishops have no Authority over the Faith of the Church nay the Church herself has no Authority to alter the Faith and therefore can give no such Authority to her Bishops however if she could she never did and therefore no Council of Bishops can be the Church-representative in defining Articles of Faith. As Bishops are the Supreme Pastors and Teachers of the Church they may declare what the Faith is and agree what Doctrines shall be taught in their Churches and consent to censure and excommunicate those who will not profess to believe as they do but if they make any Decrees contrary to the common Faith of Christians no Christian is bound to believe them nor is ever the worse for their Anathema's and Excommunications and it is a ridiculous thing for them to call this the Faith of the Catholick Church which is only the Decrees and Definitions of some Bishops in it who are far enough from being the Catholick Church And this I think sufficiently proves that the most general Council that ever was may err and yet the Catholick Church not err for Bishops are not the Catholick Church nor so much as the Representatives of it and therefore could it be proved that the Catholick Church could not err this would not prove the Infallibility of a General Council which is not the Church for the Faith may still be preserved pure and uncorrupt among private Christians even when General Councils err 3ly I observe farther that the whole Catholick Church on Earth is not one organized Body for it is only the whole company of the faithful and no Ecclesiastical Ministers or Pastors belong to the definition of it and yet unless some Oecumenical Pastor be essential to the Notion and Definition of the Catholick Church it cannot be one organized Body The Catholick Church indeed is organized by parts that is the whole Company of the Faithful are distributed into particular Bodies under the government of particular Bishops which makes a particular Church and is essential to the definition of it of which more presently but the Catholick Church itself is the whole Company of the Faithful who are united in one Body to Christ only who is the only Head of his Church Now hence it evidently follows 1. That no organized Church can be the Catholick Church nor the Bishop of it an Oecumenical Pastor because the Catholick Church is not organiz'd but every organized Church is a particular Church Which shews how vain the Pretences of the Church of Rome are to be the Catholick Church and of the Pope of Rome to be the Universal Bishop 2. It as evidently follows that there neither is nor can be any visible Tribunal of the Catholick Church which shall be the Center of Catholick Communion and have Authority over all particular Churches in Matters of Faith and Worship and Government For the Catholick Church being no organized Body it has no Authority and can have no Tribunal 1. It has no Authority For the whole Company of the Faithful which is the true Notion of the Catholick Church are the Mystical Body of Christ and in subjection to him as a Wife is subject to her Husband The Catholick Church is made up of particular and individual Christians who are all immediately united to Christ their Head and are made one in him and though Bishops as the Ministers of Christ have received Authority from him to govern the Church which they exercise in particular Churches over which they are placed yet as Members of the Catholick Church they are not considered as Bishops but as private Christians for it is not their Authority in the Church but their Union to Christ which makes them Members of his Body and thus they are united to Christ no otherwise then all other private Christians are Now if the Chatholick Church be only a company of private and particular Christians united immediately to Christ and made one Body in him the Catholick Church has no more Authority than particular Christians have which is none at all The Catholick Church is united to Christ by a belief of his Gospel obedience to his Laws and a participation of his
and made One Body in him and considered as the Catholick Church are not the One Body of Christ nor can be under any other notion So that had the Catholick Church any Authority it could be exercised only by the whole multitude of Christians for nothing else is the Catholick Church and this is as impossible as it is for the whole multitude of Christians to meet together in one place But cannot the Catholick Church meet and act by its Representatives as Kingdoms and Common-wealths do I answer I have already proved that all the Bishops of the Church much less any one Bishop cannot represent the Catholick Church for as Bishops they are not the Church but the Governours of it under Christ and no man ever yet thought of any other Representatives for the Church and it is evident de facto that there are no other Representatives for the whole multitude of Christians never did make choice of any such Representatives and no man can be represented but by his own consent and if there could be any such Representatives made by the unanimous Vote of all the Christians in the World which I think is morally impossible yet then the highest and most soveraign Authority in the Church would be derived from the People which I suppose the Church of Rome will not very well like Nay indeed it is absolutely impossible that the Catholick Church should be represented for the Catholick Church is the whole multitude of Christians considered as the whole company or multitude now a multitude as a multitude can never be represented by any thing but itself there can be no formal nor virtual multitude but the whole entire number The Catholick Church signifies all Christians and if you leave out any of the number it is not all and therefore is not the Catholick Church Now if the Catholick Church have any Authority it must have it as it is the Catholick Church that is as it is the whole company of Christians for particular Christians have no such Authority as all men grant and therefore that which destroys the Catholick Church must destroy its Authority too and any thing less than all makes it cease to be Catholick and therefore the Catholick Church cannot be represented by a few of the whole number because a few are not all and therefore not the Catholick Church It is a different case indeed when every particular man has an original right and share in the Power and the whole power is not formally seated in the whole Body for then it may by common consent be contracted into one or more hands by particular mens giving up their share in the Government as some fancy that civil Societies were first formed but where the power is formally seated in the whole and not in particular Members as the Authority of the Catholick Church must be if it be the Authority of the Church considered as Catholick there it is evident the Authority must continue in the whole and can by no consent be put into a few hands and then it is impossible that the Catholick Church can have any Representatives nor consequently any visible Tribunal And yet that Dispute between the Church of Rome and some Protestant Divines which is managed with so much warmth and zeal about the perpetual visibility of the Church issues in this controversie about a visible Tribunal of the Catholick Church for nothing else will do the Protestant Cause any hurt or the Popish Cause any good We do say and we may safely say that there always has been and ever will be a Visible Church for while there are any men who visibly profess Christianity there will be a visible Church And what then what then Why then you must hear the Church then you must submit to the Authority of the Church then you must believe as the Church believes and receive your Faith from the Decrees and Definitions of the Church But pray why so Has every visible Church this Authority No but the Catholick Church has Suppose that but how shall I speak with the Catholick Church which is dispersed over all the World and is nothing else but the whole number of Christians all the World over Now it seems impossible for me to speak with all the Christians in the World and to know what their Belief is in all matters of controversie and though the Catholick Church is visible and part of it is to be seen in England and part in Holland and part in France c. yet no man can see it all together nor speak with all the Christians in the World together and therefore tho' the Catholick Church be visible it cannot determine any one controversie unless there be some visible Catholick Tribunal from which we must receive the Faith of the whole Church This the Papists assert and make the Church of Rome to be that visible Catholick Church or visible Tribunal of the Catholick Church to which all Christians are bound to submit Now besides what I have already proved that the Catholick Church neither has nor can have any such visible Tribunal suppose such a thing might be yet this Dispute about the visibility of the Church is nothing to the purpose for though the Church be visible it does not hence follow that the Catholick Church has such a visible Tribunal to which all Christians must submit and if the visibility of the Church does not prove one Supream Catholick Tribunal what do the Papists get by the Churches visibility or what do the Protestants lose by it The Church of Rome is a visible Church and so is the Church of England and if meer visibility give this Authority to a Church the Church of England has as good Authority as the Church of Rome because it is as visible a Church 4. In the next place I observe that the essential Unity of the Catholick Church is not an external and visible Union of an organized Body because the Catholick Church it self is not an organized Body There is and can be but one Catholick Church because the whole company of Christians is this Catholick Church but then the essential Unity of the Catholick Church does not consist in an external and visible Union of all Christians which is the Unity of civil Societies of Kingdoms and Common-wealths and other inferiour Corporations which are united under one visible Government which knits and tyes them together as Nerves and Sinews do the Members of the natural Body but though there be an external and visible Union in and between particular Churches of which more presently yet the Unity of the Catholick Church consists only in the Union of all Christians to Christ which makes them his one mystical Body This is a very material point in opposition to the Pretensions of the Bishop of Rome who will needs be the Supream and Oecumenical Pastor and Head of Unity to the Catholick Church and though the Christian World never owned him so as has been abundantly proved by
not explain how the whole Church is but One must be false because the Unity of the Church properly belongs to the whole and not to a part Now as this Unity respects the whole Church it is impossible there should be any other Head of Unity but Christ any other medium of Unity but the Gospel-Covenant nor any other kind of Unity but the Unity of one Spiritual Body Communion or Society that we are all united by the Gospel-Covenant in One Body to Christ the one and Onely Head of the Universal Church 1. The Unity of the Church must consist in its Union to some one Head. This is acknowledged by all Christians and therefore I need not prove it and it is as evident that none can be the Head of the Universal Church but only Christ and that for this plain reason because it is Union to Christ alone which makes the Christian Church The Church is the Church of Christ and therefore he alone is the Head of his own Church This the Romanists themselves grant that Christ alone is the Head of his Church and that the Bishop of Rome is only a vicarious Head Christ's Vicar on Earth But when we speak of the Unity of the Universal Church part of which is translated to Heaven and part still militant on Earth it must be united in Christ alone for as he needs no Vicar in Heaven where he himself is immediately present so there can be no Vicar on Earth as a common Head of Unity for the Church on Earth and in Heaven and therefore the Unity of the whole Church cannot consist in its Union to such a vicarious Head as I observed before and then there can be no other Head of Unity but only Christ. 2. It is as evident also that the only Medium or Bond of this Union between Christ and the Church is the Gospel-Covenant for that is the Foundation of our relation to Christ He is our Head and Husband our Lord and Saviour we his Subjects Disciples Spouse and Body by Covenant And therefore the Sacraments of the New Covenant Baptism and the Lord's Supper are the Federal Rites of our Union to Christ Baptism is our Regeneration or New Birth whereby we are incorporated into his Body in the Lord's Supper we spiritually eat his Flesh and drink his Blood which signifies and effects as intimate an Union to him as there is of our Bodies and the Food we eat and this proves that there can be no other Head of Unity but only Christ because the Gospel Covenant unites us to none else which I take to be St. Paul's meaning when he reproves the Corinthian Schism 1 Cor. 1. 12 13. Now this I say that every one of you saith I am of Paul and I of Apollos and I of Cephas and I of Christ. Is Christ divided was Paul crucified for you or were ye baptized in the name of Paul That is that there is no other Head to whom we can be united but only Christ who purchased the Gospel-Covenant by his Death and into whose Name we are baptized His alone we are to whom we are united by Baptism we are in Covenant with none else and therefore belong to him alone if they might have owned any other Head besides him who died for them and into whose Name they were baptized if Christ had made Peter the vicarious Head of Unity as the Romanists pretend St. Paul's Argument against these Sidings and Factions that one said he was of Paul another of Apollos a third of Cephas or Peter had not been good for at least those who were united to Peter were in the right but St. Paul knew no other Head of Unity but only Christ because the Gospel-Covenant which is the only Medium and Bond of Union unites us to no other Head and therefore those who said they were of Peter or belonged to him as their Head and Center of Unity which is the case of the Church of Rome at this day were as great Schismaticks as those who said they were of Paul. Now this Covenant extends to the whole Church and therefore unites the whole Church to Christ. For those who are translated into Heaven are still united to Christ by the same Covenant with the Church on Earth There are several Duties indeed of this Covenant which the Saints in Heaven are exempted from because their state and condition there is above them Their Faith and Hope is turned into Sight and Enjoyment their Spiritual Warfare is accomplished for there is no Devil nor Flesh nor World to tempt them the Mystical Supper of our Lord is celebrated by them not in external Symbols and Figures but in a more divine manner in the immediate presence of the Lamb but thô the Duties of the Covenant change with their state and condition of life yet the Covenant is the same still by this Covenant it is that they are in Heaven and still expect the completion of their happiness in the Resurrection of their Bodies immortal and glorious and by the same Covenant it is that we hope when our Warfare is accomplished also to get to Heaven and to rise together with them at the sound of the last Trumpet And therefore the whole Church in Heaven and Earth is One by being united to the same Head by the same Covenant 3. The Unity then of the Universal Church can consist in nothing but this that the whole Church both in Heaven and Earth is united in One Body to Christ. For since there is no other Head of Unity for the Church but Christ the formal reason of this Unity must consist in the Union of the whole Church to Christ which makes the Universal Church the One Body of Christ and this is the Unity of the Church For I think it is no less than a demonstration that the Unity of the Universal Church which is part in Heaven and part on Earth cannot be the Unity of an organized Body which must consist in a regular Subordination of different Ranks and Degrees of men as the Church on Earth does For the Church on Earth and in Heaven which is the One Church of Christ is no such one common governed Society and therefore the Unity of the Church cannot consist in the Unity of one External Government But how then is the whole Church but one Body Truly I know no other way but that they are all united to Christ in the same Covenant and all who are thus united to him Christ accounts his One Body Thus Christ as bearing his Church is compared to a Vine all whose Branches we know are united only in the Stock or Root 15 John 1. and to an Olive-Tree 11 Rom. 17. and to a Sheepfold which consists of single and individual Sheep which are one Fold only because they are under one Shepherd 10 John 16. It is true indeed the Church is called also the Body and the Spouse of Christ but as that relates to the Universal Church it does not
signifie an organical Body though that the Church on Earth is also by Christ's own institution of which more hereafter but it is so called for mystical reasons which I shall briefly explain to you 1. Now I first observe that the Relation between Man and Wife is but an Emblem and Figure of that Union which is between Christ and his Church Hence the Apostle exhorts Husbands to love their Wives even as Christ loved his Church and tells us of Marriage It is a great mystery but I speak concerning Christ and his Church 5 Ephes. 25. 32. 2. That to be the Body and the Spouse of Christ signifies the same thing Hence the Apostle argues That men ought to love their Wives as their own bodies 28 v. For no man ever hated his own flesh but nourisheth and cherisheth it even as the Lord the Church 29. For we are members of his body of his flesh and of his bones 30. So that the Wife is the Body the very Flesh of the Husband and so is the Church of Christ. 3. To understand this matter why the Church is called the Body and Spouse of Christ we must enquire why the Wife is called the Body of the Man Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone and the reason of that is because the Woman was formed out of the Man. God at first formed Man with an entire humane Body of the Dust of the Earth and out of Man while he slept he formed the Woman who though a distinct separate Person yet was part of the Man Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone And this was a natural Marriage for two were by nature one Flesh and this was the natural and fundamental reason of the Matrimonial Union For this cause shall a man leave his Father and Mother and cleave to his Wife and they two shall be one Flesh. For though other Women are not made as Eve was no more than other Men are made as Adam was yet the Woman being originally of the Man the reason holds as to the whole kind and in subsequent Marriages a legal Ceremony and Contract does what a natural Formation did at first that is unites two into one Flesh. Thus the blessed Jesus out of great pity and compassion to fallen man intending to marry us unto himself and thereby to recover us out of a state of sin and misery first marries our Nature to himself by an hypostatical Union as Man was created first and then the Woman formed out of him Christ took a humane Body of the substance of a pure Virgin which signifies that it was an Espousable Nature which he took and was a Pledge and Earnest and Medium of our Marriage to him For though we cannot be married immediately to the Divinity yet to a God Incarnate we may For Marriage requires that Husband and Wife be of the same nature But this is not enough that the Husband and Wife partake of the same Nature but the Woman must be formed out of the Man which makes her Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone. And thus accordingly the Church is formed out of the Body of Christ and is in a mystical sense his very Flesh and Bones as St. Paul speaks We are members of his body of his flesh and of his bones For the Sufferings of Christ in the flesh gave life and being to the Church he purchast to himself a Church by his own Bloud that is he formed to himself a Church out of his broken Body as Adam's Body was broken and a Rib taken out of him to form the Woman And therefore as the Woman was made of the same Flesh with Adam so the Sufferings of Christ in his humane nature purchased a Church not of Angels but of Men of the same nature with himself as the Apostle observes 2 Heb. 16 For verily he took not on him the nature of Angels but he took on him the Seed of Abraham and therefore is not the Saviour of Angels but of men is not married to the Angelical but to the humane nature And to make the Analogie still more compleat as the Woman was formed out of Adam's side so was the Church out of Christ's side for when he was pierced with the Souldiers Spear there came out of his side both Water and Bloud 19 John 34. and the Evangelist sets a peculiar remark upon it He that saw it bare record and we know that his record is true and he knoweth that he saith true that ye might believe 35 v. and this is especially observed and great weight laid on it 1 John 5. 6. This is he that came by water and bloud even Jesus Christ not by water only but by water and bloud This some think signifies no more but that it was a demonstration that he was truly dead in that his heart was wounded where there is a Capsula called the Pericardium which contains water which being pierced water came out together with bloud but the water and bloud came out distinct though from the same wound which was never known before and cannot be done again by the greatest Artist and though this might be a reason why St. John might take notice of it in his Gospel where he gave an account of his death yet it does not seem a sufficient reason why he should lay such weight on it in his Epistles This is he who came by water and bloud not by water only but by water and bloud and therefore I doubt not but the ancient Fathers were in the right who tell us that the two Sacraments of the new Covenant flowed out of his side which are the formation of this spiritual Spouse his Church the birth and the nourishment of it Baptism and the Lords Supper which came from his wounded body and have both of them a peculiar respect to his Death and Passion Thus we see the Church is called Christ's Body and Spouse for mystical reasons because it is formed out of his broken Body his Death and Sufferings giving life and being to the Church and therefore it is but one Body because all those who are redeemed by his Bloud and united to him by Covenant which is a kind of Marriage-Vow and Contract are his Body and Spouse And therefore the Sacraments of the new Covenant Baptism and the Lords Supper do no otherwise unite us to each other than they unite us all to Christ which makes us all one Body or as the Apostle speaks with respect to the Lords Supper For we being many are one bread and one body for we are all partakers of that one bread We all partake of the same Body of Christ which is therefore called the Communion of his Body and Bloud and therefore we all are but one Body so that it is a vain thing to inquire after any other Principle of Unity for the whole Church but the Union of all Christians to Christ who are one Body by their Union to one Head. But it may be
learned men especially by the Learned Dr. Isaac Barrow in his Treatise of the Popes Supremacy which is a sufficient confutation of such a Claim yet it will be of great use to shew from the Nature of the Catholick Church and the essential Unity of it that it cannot be so and there are several considerations which will make this very evident 1. That there is no other Head for the whole Catholick Church on Earth to be united to but only Christ for the Catholick Church is the whole company of Christians and to whom can the whole company of Christians be united but only to Christ For the whole Clergy as well as Laiety are included in the Notion of the Catholick Church in the whole company of Christians and therefore unless you can find out a Bishop who is not of the number of Christians and such an one would be a very monstrous Head for the Christian Church he cannot be the Head because he is a Member of the Catholick Church and must himself with the rest of Christians be united to the Head Which I think is a demonstration that no Bishop can be the Head of the Catholick Church because it is a contradiction to be the Head and a Member of the same Body A Bishop is the Pastor and Governour of a particular Church and a Member of the Universal Church but to be the Head of the Universal Church of which he himself is a Member is a contradiction 2. Nor can the essential Unity of the Church consist in our Union to any other Head but Christ because it is our Union to Christ alone which makes the Church and that which makes the Church must make it one for what does not belong to the essence of a thing cannot be the principle of an essential Unity It is the Church of Christ because it is united to him and to him only by Faith and the Christian Sacraments and therefore it is the One Church of Christ because the whole Church is united to him and to him only as it must be if no other Union can make a Church and where there is but one Head of Union there can be but One Body No other Union can make a Church and therefore no other Union can be essential to the Unity of the Church 3. And therefore though our Saviour had appointed an Universal Pastor as the Bishop of Rome pretends to be yet he could not have been the Head of Unity to the Catholick Church he had in that case been the Supream Governour whom all Christians had been bound to obey nay more than that he had been the Center of Church-Communion to all Christians which is the external and visible Unity of the Church when all Christians live in the same Communion like one Houshold and Family But there is a vast difference between the essential Unity of the Church and the external Exercise of it in a visible Communion among Christians between being one and living in Unity Union to Christ alone makes the Church one but the exercise of this Unity in a visible Communion is a Duty which results from our Unity and must be expressed in such ways as Christ has prescribed of which more anone and had Christ appointed an Universal Pastor communion with and subjection to this Universal Pastor had been necessary to the external Unity of Church-communion but yet had not been that which makes the Church One which is one before and without it the not distinguishing of which has occasioned great mistakes in this matter as will appear in the process of this Discourse 4. I observe farther that there is a wide difference between being a Supream Pastor and a Vicarious Head of the Church a Title which is given to the Bishop of Rome not without great injury to Christ our Head. Christ had he pleased might have appointed a Supream Pastor for the Government of his Church but as he is Head of the Church he cannot have a Vicar or Vicarious Head for though a Head signifies a Supream Governour too in Scripture phrase yet Christ is not meerly a Head of Government but of Union and though a governing Head may have a Vicar or Lieutenant yet a Head of Union cannot no more than a natural Head can for the Union between Christ and his Church is as immediate as between the Head and the Members between the Husband and the Wife which will admit of no intermediate Vicars The Church is called the Body and Spouse of Christ as I have already observed for mystical reasons because it is formed out of his broken and crucified Body as Eve was out of the Body of Adam upon which account we are said to be Flesh of his Flesh and Bone of his Bone that is the Church is redeemed and purchased by the Bloud of Christ and thus he is the Head of that Body which he himself has bought at the price of his Bloud We are united to Christ by Faith in him by being baptized in his Name by feeding on the Sacrament of his Body and Bloud the effect of this Union is that we receive from him the pardon of our sins and the influences of his Grace and Spirit Thus Christ is our Head and thus none but Christ can be the Head not so much as the Vicarious Head of the Church as I think I need not prove We are redeemed by no other but Christ and therefore the Church is his mystical Body only we are united to no other by Faith and Sacraments our Union to no other person can entitle us to the pardon of sin and the grace of the holy Spirit and therefore Christ alone is the Head of Union to his Church it is a Church and it is one Church not by its Union to the Supream Pastor on Earth if there were such an one but by its Union to Christ for the Unity of the Church consist in its Union to its Head and it is evident that the Church can have no other Head but Christ and therefore can have no other principle or center of Unity Now from hence it plainly follows that no Christian can separate from the Catholick Church in this sense of it as it signifies the whole company and family of Christians which is the true Notion of the Catholick Church while he continues a Christian for that is a contradiction to be a Christian and not to belong to the whole number of Christians that is to be a Christian and to be no Christian for if he be a Christian he belongs to the number of Christians and then he is a Member of the Catholick Church and consequently not a Separatist from it Nothing can separate us from the Catholick Church but what forfeits our Christianity either a final Apostacy or such Heresies as are equivalent to Apostacy Which shews how vainly the Church of Rome charges us with Schism and Separation from the Catholick Church because we disown the Authority of the Pope their pretended Head of
the Church and reject a corrupt Communion though we are Christians still and we hope of a much purer Communion than they are Schism and Separation is a breach of the external and visible Communion of the Church not of the essential Unity of it the Church is one Church still whatever Breaches and Schisms there are in its external Communion for the Unity of the Catholick Church consists in the Union of the whole to Christ which makes them one Body in him not in the external Communion of the several parts of it to each other And therefore it is not a Separation from one another but only a Separation from Christ which is a Separation from the Catholick Church But what the true Notion of Schism is I shall discourse more at large hereafter 5. I observe further that the Indefectibility of the Catholick Church does not depend upon the Indefectibility of any organized Churches for the Catholick Church does not consist of organized Churches as organized but is made up of particular Christians and therefore while the whole Race of Christians does not fail in the World the Catholick Church cannot fail There is no Promise that I know of to any particular Church that it shall not fail and all organized Churches are particular Several of them have totally failed others have been very greatly corrupted both in Faith and Manners and Worship but had these Failures and Corruptions been much greater and more general than ever they have been yet while there are a number of good Christians preserved in the World though not united in one visible Body the Catholick Church does not fail for since the Catholick Church is not an organized Church nor made up of organized Churches as such though all the particular organized Churches in the World were so corrupt as not to deserve the Name of True Churches if there be a number of good Christians preserved among them though unknown and concealed as it was in the time of Elias the Catholick Church is safe amidst all the corruptions of particular Churches I am abundantly satisfied that there always has been since the first planting of Christianity in the World and I believe always will be to the end of the World a true visible Church but yet I do not think the Indefectibility of the Church necessarily requires a perpetual Visibility that the Church must needs be owned to fail if there should be no visible organized Church with whom we could hold communion This indeed would mightily eclipse but not extinguish the Church for it is certain the Catholick Church subsists in single and individual Christians who may lie concealed from publick not notice and therefore it is not sufficient to prove that the Church has failed though there were no visible Society of Christians but what were corrupted with damnable Practices and Errors It is very true were there no visible Society of Christians no Administration of Baptism by which Men are made Members of the Christian Church and this State should continue so long till the whole Race of baptized Christians were lost in the World there would be too much reason then to say that the Church had failed too for I cannot see how the Church can subsist without a number of baptized Christians but this never was the state of the Church and I believe never will be for Antichrist himself sits in the Temple of God which supposes that even in his reign there is a visible Society of Christians Now how corrupt and degenerate soever the External state of the visible Church may be while there is a Society of baptized Christians though so corrupt in their External Policy and Government Faith and Worship that it may admit or a dispute whether they are a true Christian Church or not yet tho' the visible state of the Church may be Antichristian there may be an invisible number of Christians among them who may preserve themselves from the Corruptions Superstitions Heresies and Idolatries of the visible Church and in these men the Catholick Church is preserved from a to al failure Indeed this is the only difference between Protestant Divines in this Matter they all agree that the Catholick Church shall not fail because Christ has promised it shall not fail that the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it but some doubt whether there shall be always a true visible organized Church in the World. They agree that there shall be always a visible Society of Christians in the World who shall profess the whole Christian Faith and administer the true Christian Sacraments but they differ whether such a Church may be called a true Christian Church if together with the true Christian Faith and Sacraments they set up an Antichristian Hierarchy and impose an Antichristian Faith and Worship Those who affirm that such a Church is a true Christian Church do consequently teach that the true Church shall be always visible tho it may be corrupt even to the degree of Antichristianism those who affirm that such a corrupt Church is not a true Church do also consequently affirm that the true Church may be sometimes invisible and consist only of such private Christians as preserve themselves from those corruptions which unchurch the visible Church I may have occasion to consider this more hereafter all that I observe at present is that this does not alter the case as to the indefectibility of the Church for while there is a visible Society professing the Christian Faith and administring the Christian Sacraments the Catholick Church may subsist in an invisible and unorganized number of Christians who profess the true Faith without such corrupt and Antichristian Mixtures Were the Catholick Church an organical Body then indeed it must be always visible and the Church would fail if ever it became invisible but if the Catholick Church be an unorganized Body of Christians who are united only in Christ it is possible that it may be unknown and invisible as great numbers of private Christians may be and yet the Church not fail Now this shews the weakness and fallacy of several Arguments used by the Church of Rome As 1. That the perpetual visibility of the Roman Church proves it to be that indefectible Church of which our Saviour promised that the Gates of Hell should not prevail against it A Promise which all men grant our Saviour made to the Catholick Church not to any particular Church that is to the whole company of Christians that there should never want a succession of true Believers in the World not to any particular organized Church or Body of Christians such as the Church of Rome is And therefore the indefectibility of the Church cannot prove that it shall be always visible and then the uninterrupted visibility of any Church cannot prove that it is indefectible for if the indefectible Church may be sometimes invisible then that visible Church may not be always indefectible when the indefectible Church is invisible to be