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A70610 Essays of Michael, seigneur de Montaigne in three books : with marginal notes and quotations and an account of the author's life : with a short character of the author and translator, by a person of honour / made English by Charles Cotton ...; Essais. English Montaigne, Michel de, 1533-1592.; Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of, 1633-1695.; Cotton, Charles, 1630-1687. 1700 (1700) Wing M2481; ESTC R17025 313,571 634

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our late War of Milan where there hapned so many takings and re-takings of Towns the people impatient of so many various changes of Fortune took such a resolution to die that I have heard my Father say he there saw a List taken of five and twenty masters of Families that made themselves away in one weeks time An accident somewhat resembling that of the Zanthians who being besieg'd by Brutus precipitated themselves Men Women and Children into such a furious appetite of dying that nothing can be done to evade death they did not put in practice to avoid life insomuch that Brutus had much ado to save but a very small number Every opinion is of force enough to make it self to be espoused at the expence of life The first Article of that valiant Oath that Greece took and observ●d in the Median War was that every one should sooner exchange life for death than their own Laws for those of Persia What a World of people do we see in the Wars betwixt the Turks and the Greeks rather embrace a cruel death than to uncircumcise themselves to admit of Baptism An example of which no sort of Religion is incapable The Kings of Castile having Banish●d the Iews out of their Dominions Iohn King of Portugal in consideration of eight Crowns a Head sold them a retirement into his for a certain limited time upon condition that the time prefixt coming to expire they should be gone and he to furnish them with Shipping to transport them into Africk The limited day came which once laps'd they were given to understand that such as were afterwards found in the Kingdom should re●a●n Slaves Vessels were very slenderly provided and those who embark'd in them were rudely and villainously used by the Seamen who besides other indignities kept them cruising upon the Sea one while forwards and another backwards till they had spent all their provisions and were constrain'd to buy of them at so dear rates and so long withal that they set them not on Shoar till they were all stript to their very Shirts The news of this inhumane usage being brought to those who remained behind the greater part of them resolved upon Slavery and some made a shew of changing Religion Emanuel the successor of Iohn being come to the Crown first set them at liberty and afterwards altering his mind order'd them to depart his Country assigning three Ports for their Passage Hoping says the Bishop Osorius no contemtible Latin Historian of these later times that the favour of the liberty he had given them having f●il'd of converting them to Christianity yet the difficulty of committing themselves to the mercy of the Mariners and of abandoning a Country they were now habituated to and were grown very rich in to go and expose themselves in strange and unknown Regions would certainly do it But finding himself deceiv'd in his expectation and that they were all resolv'd upon the Voyage he cut off two of the three Ports he had promised them to the end that the length and incommodity of the passage might reduce some or that he might have opportunity by crouding them all into one place the more conveniently to execute what he had designed which was to force all the Children under fourteen years of Age from the Arms of their Fathers and Mothers to transport them from their sight and conversation into a place where they might be instructed and broug●● up in our Religion He says that this produc'd a most horrid Spectacle The natural affection betwixt the Parents and their Children and moreover their Zeal to their ancien● Belief contending against this violent De●ree Fathers and Mothers were commonly seen making themselves away and by a yet much more Rigorous Example precipitating out of Love and Compassion their young Children into Wells and Pits to avoid the Severity of this Law As to the remainder of then the time that had been prefix●d being expird for want of means to transport them they again return'd into Slavery Some also turn'd Christians upon whose Faith as also that of their Posterity even to this Day which is a Hundred Years since few Portuguese can yet re●ie or believe them to be real Converts though Custom and length of time are much more powerful Counsellors in such Changes than all other Constraints whatever In the Town of Castlenau-Darry Fifty Hereticks Albeg ●is at one time suffer'd themselves to be Burnt alive in one Fire rather than they would renounce their Opinions Quoties n●● modo ductores nostri dicit Cicero sed universi ●tiam exercitus ad non dubiam mortem concurrerut How oft have not only our Leaders but whole Armies run to a certain and apparent Death I have seen an intimate Friend of mine run headlong upon Death with a real affection and that was rooted in his heart by divers plausible Arguments which he would never permit me to dispossess him off upon the first Honourable occasion that offer'd it self to him to precipitate himself into it without any manner of visible reason with an obstinate and ardent desire of Dying We have several Examples of our own times of those even so much as to little Children who for fear of a Whipping or some such little thing have dispatch'd themselves And what shall we not fear says one of the Ancients to that purpose if we dread that which Cowardise it self has chosen for its refuge Should I here produce a tedious Catalogue of those of all Sexes and Conditions and of all sorts even in the most happy Ages who have either with great Constancy look'd Death in the Face or voluntarily sought it and sought it not only to avoid the Evils of this Life but some purely to avoid the Satiety of Living and others for the hope of a better Condition elsewhere I should never have done Nay the number is so infinite that in truth I should have a better Bargain on 't to reckon up those who have fear'd it This one therefore shall serve for all Pyrrho the Philosopher being one Day in a Boat in a very great Tempest shew'd to those he saw the most affrighted about him and encourag'd them by the Example of a Hog that was there nothing at all concern'd at the Storm Shall we then dare to say that this advantage of Reason of which we so much Boast and upon the account of which we think our selves Masters and Emperours over the rest of the Creatures was given us for a Torment To what end serves the Knowledge of things if it renders us more Unmanly If we lose the Tranquility and Repose we should enjoy without it And if it put us into a worse Condition than Pyrrho's Hog Shall we employ the Understanding that was conferr'd upon us for our greatest Good to our own Ruine Setting our selves against the design of Nature and the universal Order of things which intend that every one should make use of the Faculties Members and Means he has to his own best
the Crown where for the Regulation of Community in Goods and Estates observ'd in the Country certain Sovereign Magistrates have committed to them the universal Charge and over-seeing of the Agriculture and Distribution of the Fruits according to the Necessity of every one Where they lament the Death of Children and Feast at the Decease of old Men Where they lie ten or twelve in a Bed Men and their Wives together Where Women whose Husbands come to violent Ends may marry again and others not Where the servile Condition of Women is look'd upon with such Contempt that they kill all the native Females and buy Wives of their Neighbours to supply their Use Where Husbands may repudiate their Wives without shewing any Cause but Wives cannot part from their Husbands for what cause soever Where Husbands may sell their Wives in case of sterility Where they boyl the Bodies of their dead and afterwards pound them to a pulp which they mix with their Wine and drink it Where the most coveted Sepulture is to be eaten with Dogs and elsewhere by Birds Where they believe the Souls of the happy live in all manner of Liberty in delightful Fields furnish'd with all sorts of Delicacies and that it is those Souls repeating the words we utter which we call Echo Where they fight in the Water and shoot their Arrows with the most mortal aim swimming Where for a sign of Subjection they lift up their Shoulders and hang down their Heads and put off their shooes when they enter the King's Palace Where the Eunuchs who take charge of the Religious Women have moreover their Lips and Noses cut away and disguis'd that they may not be lov'd and the Priests put out their own Eyes to be better acquainted with their Daemons and the better to receive and retain their Oracles Where every one creates to himself a Deity of what he likes best according to his own Fancy the Hunter a Lyon or a Fox the Fisher some certain Fish and Idols of every Humane Action or Passion in which place the Sun the Moon and the Earth are the principal Deities and the form of taking an Oath is to touch the Earth looking up to Heaven and there both Flesh and Fish is eaten raw Where the greatest Oath they take is to swear by the Name of some dead Person of Reputation laying their hand upon his Tomb Where the New-years Gift the King sends every Year to the Princes his Subjects is Fire which being brought all the old Fire is put out and the neighbouring People are bound to fetch of the new every one for themselves upon pain of Treason Where when the King to betake himself wholly to Devotion retires from his Administration which often falls out his next Successor is oblig'd to do the same by which means the Right of the Kingdom devolves to the third in Succession Where they vary the Form of Government according to the seeming necessity of Affairs Depose the King when they think good substituting ancient men to govern in his stead and sometimes transferring it into the hands of the Common-People Where Men and Women are both Circumcis'd and also Baptiz'd Where the Souldier who in one or several Engagements has been so fortunate as to present seven of the Enemies Heads to the King is made noble where they live in that rare and singular Opinion of the Mortality of the Soul Where the Women are deliver'd without Pain or Fear Where the Women wear Copper Fetters upon both their Legs and if a Louse bite them are bound in Magnanimity to bite them again and dare not marry till first they have made their King a Tender of their Virginity if he please to accept it Where the ordinary way of Salutation is by putting a Finger down to the Earth and then pointing it up towards Heaven Where Men carry Burthens upon their Heads and Women on their Shoulders the Women pissing standing and the Men cowring down Where they send their Blood in token of Friendship and cense the men they would honour like Gods Where not only to the fourth but in any other remote Degree Kindred are not permitted to marry Where the Children are four Years at Nurse and sometimes twelve in which Place also it is accounted mortal to give the Child suck the first day after it is born Where the Correction of the male Children is peculiarly design ' d to the Fathers and to the Mothers of the Females the Punishment being to hang them by the Heels in the Smoak Where they eat all sorts of Herbs without other Scruple than of the Illness of the Smell Where all things are open the finest Houses and that are furnish'd with the richest Furniture without Doors Windows Trunks or Chests to lock a Thief being there punish'd double to what they are in other Places Where they crack Lice with their Teeth like Monkeys and abhorr to see them kill'd with ones Nails Where in all their Lives they neither cut their Hair nor pare their Nails and in another Place pare those of the Right hand only letting the Left grow for Ornament and Bravery Where they suffer the Hair on the right side to grow as long as it will and shave the other and in the neighb●ring Provinces some let their Hair grow long before and some behind shaving close the rest Where Parents let out their Children and Husbands their Wives to their Guests to hire Where a man may get his own Mother with Child and Fathers make use of their own Daughters or their Sons without Scandal or Offence Where at their solemn Feasts they interchangeably lend their Children to one another without any consideration of Nearness of Blood In one Place Men feed upon Humane Flesh in another 't is reputed a charitable Office for a Man to kill his Father at a certain Age and elsewhere the Fathers dispose of their Children whilst yet in their Mothers Wombs some to be preserv'd and carefully brought up and others they proscribe either to be thrown off or made away Elsewhere the old Husbands lend their Wives to Young-men and in another place they are in common without offence in one place particularly the Women take it for a mark of Honour to have as many gay fring'd Tassels at the bottom of their Garment as they have lain with several men Moreover has not Custom made a Republick of Women separately by themselves Has it not put Arms into their Hands made them to raise Armies and fight Battels and does she not by her own Precept instruct the most ignorant Vulgar and make them perfect in things which all the Philosophy in the World could never beat into the Heads of the wisest men For we know entire Nations Where Death was not only despis'd but entertain'd with the greatest Triumph where Children of seven years old offer'd themselves to be whip'd to death without changing their Countenance where Riches were in such Contempt that the poorest and most wretched Citizen would
both and all the forms of setting out a Table demonstrated in Copper Plates Now in the Press and will be suddenly publish'd Miscellanies viz. Advice to a Daughter The Character of a Trimmer The Anatomy of an Equivalent A Letter to a Dissenter Cautions for choice of Members to serve in Parliament A Rough Draught of a New Model at Sea All written by the late Noble Marquis of Hallifax The Royal Politician represented in an hundred Emblems written in Spanish by Don Diego Saavedra Knight of the Order of St. Jago Plenipotentiary Ambassador To the Cantons of Switzerland At the Imperial Diet at Ratisbon At the famous Treaty of Munster And of the Supreme Counsel of State for both the Indies Translated from the Original by Sir Ja. Astry Books Printed for RICHARD WELLINGTON at the Dolphin and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard The History of Polybius the Megalopolitan containing an Account of the Affairs of the whole World but chiefly of the Roman People In three Vol. Translated by Sir Henry Sheers and Mr. Dryden Familiar Letters written by John late Earl of Rochester to the Honourable Henry Savile Esq c. with Several Letters by his Grace the Duke of Buckingham and several Love-letters by the Ingenious Mr. Thomas Otway in Two Vol. price 5. Shillings Sir Thomas Pope-Blunt's Essays upon several Important Subjects Price 3 Shillings Mons Tauvry's Treatise of Medicaments in Two Vol. Printed at Paris 1699. Faithfully Translated into English by one of the College Physicians Price 5. Shillings FINIS A Compleat INDEX Of the most Remarkable Matters contained in this First Book A ABundance distastiful and disappointing 451 Acquaintance 301 Actions of former Ages 361 Actions that Men should not cover to perform 413 Actions Vertuous now unknown 360 Affectation unbecoming a Courtier 266 Affection of a Father towards his Children 212 Age and its last effects 551 Age fit for managing an Estate 553 Age dispensing the Knights from the fatigues of the War Ibid. Age of Adult Ibid. Age capable of great Actions 554 Agesilaus's Battel against the Boeotians 466 Albigeois burnt alive 408 Alcibiades's Constitution 257 Alexander the Son of Jupiter 446 Alexander's Cruelty 6 Alexander blam'd by Philip his Father for singing at a Feast 394 Alexander's deep Sleep 461 Alexander's Horse 489 Alexander's Sweat 531 Ambassadours may sometimes conceal from their Master what they think fit ●80 Ambassadours of Samos 2●● Ambassadours Employment not confin'd 81 Ambition Enemy to Society 37● Ambition of Cicero and Pliny 39● Ambition unworthy 390 Answer of the Duke of Florence his Fool. 355 Antigonus the Son of the Sun 446 Appetites of several Sorts 5●● Appetites of Men irresolute 525 Arcesilaus Gold and Silver Vessels 383 Aretine despised by Montaigne 521 Arms of Value inflame the Soldiers Courage 479 Arms of Value increase the Enemys resolution with 〈◊〉 hope of a Rich Spoil 4●● Army expecting an Enemy 484 Armies of the Turks support themselves cheap 497 Arses wipt with a Spunge 5●● Art of Physick despis'd 179 Atlantis Island 31● B BArbarians who are those that are to be call'd to that Name 3●● Barbarians's Country their Buildings Beds c. 3●5 Barbarians's Love towards their Wives and 〈◊〉 towards their Enemies 3●6 Barbarians believing the Immortality of the Soul 327 Barbarians Priests and Prophets 〈◊〉 Barbarians Weapons 32● Barbarians Obstinacy in their Battels Ibid. Barbarians noble War 331 Barbarian Kings power 338 Barbarians Love Song 337 Barbarians Language Ibid. B●rbarity against Men's Lives 329 Bargaining hated by Mountaigne 425 Battle lost by Antonius 280 Battle of Botidaea obtain'd by the Greeks 361 Battle of Auroy 366 Battle of Dreux remarkable for several Accidents 465 Battle of St. Quentio 477 Battle fought on foot by Cavalry 491 Battle at Sea gain'd against the Turks 341 Baths used by the Ancients before Dinner 504 B●wdy-houses of several sorts 152 Beyard Captain of greas Courage 21 Beauty sought after by Women to the contempt of Rain 419 Beds made use of to lie on at Meals 504 Beggars in Shirt in the depth of Winter 355 Behaviour 353 Believe 276 Betis's Silence and Obstinacy 7 Bodies perfumed 504 Bodies when young ought to be bent 256 Bo●tians's voluntary servitude 236 Book employment painful 386 Borromaeus's austere way of Living 423 B●ws carrying long Arrows 495 〈◊〉 handling a Halbert with the wriggling of his Neck 148. ●●●vity agreeable to Men of Vnderstanding 236 ●●●thers Name 287 Brotherly Love neglected Ibid. Brutes subject to the force of Imagination 137 Bucanan 269 Buffoons jesting an the very moment of Death 404 Buffoons to make Sport at Meals 506 Burial much recommended 25 C CAesar and Pompey good Horsemen 489 Caesar's Horse Ibid. Calisthenes how he lost the favour of Alexander 256 Cannibals mar●y many Wives 336 Canon shot unavoidable 67 Canopy of State allow'd but in Palaces and Taverns 527 Care and foresight of the future 15 Cato the younger his Death 362 Cato a true Pattern of humane Vertue 363 Cato's Praise 364 Cato's sound Sleep 362 Cato's Parsimony 522 Cato his Age when he Kill'd himself 551 Ceremony used at the Interview of Princes 71 Ceremony of the Lacedaemonians at the Interment of their Kings 17 Chabrias lost the Fruits of a Victory to take care of the Dead bodies of his Friends 26 Change to be Fear'd 460 Chastity valued in Marriage 151 Chastity a true Vertue 161 Chearfulness Sign of Wisdom 244 Chess Idle and Childish Game 513 Children Whipt to Death 418 Children in France Pretty 251 Children spoil'd with Delicacy 254 Children ought not to be Suddenly awak'd from their Sleep 270 Chivalry amongst the Lacedaemonians 259 Chrysippus ' s Writings 215 Cicero's Eloquence 262 Cicero's affected Eloquence 397 Cloaths unknown to many Nations 354 Collation betwixt Meals 506 College of Guienne where Montaigne was sent at Six Years of Age. 271 Company of ill Men dangerous 373 Commotions how are to be appeas'd 186 Composers of Cento's 217 Compositions that Smell of Oil and Lamp 56 Confidence gains the Heart 185 Confidence of another Man's Vertue 432 Conspiracy against Augustus 175 Constancy of some Old Men Women and Children 315 Constancy in Affliction 377 Constitutions of several Sorts 255 Contempt of Riches 432 Continency of the Capuchins 359 Continency in Marriage 31● Conversation 237 Conversing with Men. 230 Copulation of a Husband with his Wife already with Child forbidden 310 Correction of the Male Children design'd to the Fathers and to the Mothers that of the Females 155 Covetousness from whence proceeds 424 Counsel of Livia to Augustus concerning Cinna's Conspiracy 176 Counsels depend upon Fortune 487 Courage Reputation and Glory as magnificent in a Closet as a Camp 184 Courtesie and Manners 71 Cowardice how to be punish'd in a Soldier 74 Cowardice punish'd by Shame and Disgrace 75 Cowardice of Seigneur Franget how punish'd 7● Creatures esteem'd by their proper Qualities 440 Cruelty's horrid Examples 315 Cruelty of the Portugueses 329 Cruelty of Dionysius the Tyrant 5 Cruelty of Nero towards his Mother 369 Cuckoldry