indeed all the Indians are seeing the effects which the Inca had operated on his own Subjects which was the best argument to convince them they immediately submitted to his Government and thus by degrees during the whole course of this Inca's Reign without violence or force of arms in a gentle and peaceable manner he reduced all the People as far as Chuncara which is about twenty Leagues in length with the Inhabitants of the parts adjacent to his Subjection over all which he prevailed so far as to plow and cultivate their Lands to lead a moral Life according to the Rules of the light of nature and that forsaking their Idols and evil customs which they practised they should worship the Sun and observe those Laws and Precepts which by Revelation his Father Manco Cupac had delivered to them all which the Indians readily accepted and embraced being highly satisfied with that benefit and improvement which the Dominion and Rule of Sinchi Roca had brought unto them who after the example of his Father studied all ways and means to endear that People to himself Some Authours report that this King proceeded much beyond the Countrey of Chuncara and extended his Dominions over the Nations of Cancalla Ruruchachi Assillu Asancatu Huancani and others all which he gained with such gentle treatment that he needed not Wars or other Arms than persuasions to invite them using these new plantations as good Gardiners doe their Orchards pruning and digging about their Trees in hopes of plenty and abundance of Fruit. Sinchi Roca having thus lived in peace and quietness for the space of many years and as some will have it for about thirty finding himself at length decaying and aged he declared that now after the labours and cares he had taken to reduce men to the knowledge of his Father the Sun he was now going to take his rest and repose with him His lawfull Son by his legitimate Wife and Sister Mama Cora or as others will have it Mama Ocllo called Lloque Yupanqui he left to succeed him as Heir to all his Dominions Besides this Prince he had other Sons by his Wife and more Children by his Kinswomen who were his Concubines all which we may call legitimate Moreover he had many Bastard Children by Women of other Families all which was allowable according to the rule and saying that it was fit and requisite that the Generation and Family of the Sun should be many and numerous CHAP. VIII Of the Third King Lloque Yupanqui and the signification of his Name LLoque Yupanqui was the third King of Peru called Lloque because he was left-handed and Yupanqui serves to denote his Vertues and generous Actions The word Yupanqui signifies as much as an account or reckoning as we say a Man of Account which is a Cypher or Hieroglyphick in that language for a sum of Vertues as Clemency Piety Gentleness c. all which were qualities inherent in that Person and is as comprehensive as the word Capac which contains the Riches of Fortune and the Wealth of Vertues inherent in the mind which Apellations or rather Titles they gave to none of their chiefest Lords but to the King onely it being esteemed a kind of Sacrilege to attribute such sacred Titles to any other for as the Romans gave the name of Augustus to their Emperours in a particular distinction to all others so it would have been a diminution to their Majesty to have made this peculiar Name common to their Subjects Lloque Yupanqui having taken a survey of his Dominions resolved to extend his Jurisdiction farther than the Possessions of his Fathers and being now the Lord of an Empire which had been established and radicated for the space of seventy years he thought it a more expedite way by force of Arms to reduce that People than by the slow insinuations which arguments and persuasions made upon them To this end having raised an Army of about six or seven thousand men under the conduct of his two Uncles and of his other Kindred whom he made Captains and Commanders over them he took his march towards the Countrey of Orcosuyu leaving that of Llmasuyu which his Father had already conquered the several ways to which divide in the Province of Chuncara he passed through the division of Collasuyu which contains the great Lake of Titicaca The Inca having passed the frontiers of his own Dominions entered the Countrey called Cana and immediately dispatched Messengers to the natural Inhabitants thereof requiring them to leave their bestial Sacrifices and superstitious manners and with all readiness to submit unto the Obedience and Service of him who was descended from the Offspring of the Sun The People of Cana desired time to inform themselves of all the particulars which the Inca commanded them as what were his Laws and what were the Gods which he enjoined them to worship in all which when they had been well instructed they readily confessed that their Religion and Laws were better and more rational than their own and therefore with a general consent they yielded and submitted to them and so went forth to receive their King with Joy and acknowledge themselves his obedient Subjects The Inca leaving Persons with them to instruct them in his Idolatry and to teach them the way of manuring and cultivating their Land he proceeded forward to that Nation which is called Ayviri but these being a sturdy and stubborn sort of People were not to be wrought upon by persuasions and promises or by the example of others but obstinately persisted in a resolution to dye in the defence of their Liberties which was a new difficulty and opposition that the Incas had never as yet encountred Thus both sides preparing for War they came to an ingagement which lasted long there being many killed both on one side and the other and being at length as it were a drawn Battel and the Victory doubtfull both Armies retreated into fast places which they had fortified after their own manner sallying out every day to Skirmishes and single Combats The People of the Inca avoided fighting what they were able desiring rather to overcome them with reasons and persuasions than by force of Arms but the Ayviri interpreting this backwardness of the Inca to be an effect of Cowardise became more obstinate and encouraged to press harder upon him so as almost to enter his Royal Tents but their force was repelled with force and were always repulsed with loss and disadvantage The Inca considering well the shame and dishonour it would be to him to be foiled by this People for that others by their Example might take courage to rebell and resist him he dispatched immediate Orders for new recruits to be sent him but these he designed rather for terrour and ostentation than necessity and in the mean time he straitned the Enemy so that there being a great scarcity of all Provisions amongst them they were compelled at length to make their way by force of
they soon discovered their errour and in a few days surrendred at discretion Huayna Capac ordained and constituted Masters to teach and instruct them in their Idolatrous Worship and in the rules of a Moral life forbidding them to acknowledge any other Idol but the Sun or sacrifice the bloud of Men or eat humane flesh which last was the most grievous of any to them because they were of any thing the most ravenous of that Thus far the Conquest of those Provinces extended on that side which bordered on the Kingdom of Quitu CHAP. VIII Of the three Marriages of Huayna Capac of the Death of his Father and his Sayings TUpac Inca Yupanqui desisting now wholly from Wars attended to the Government of his Empire visiting divers parts of it at different times to the great joy and comfort of his Vassals who were transported with joy as often as they saw the Inca in their Countries It was he who effectually laboured about the Fortress of Cozco his Father having onely begun and laid the foundation of it this Work was many years in building on which twenty thousand Indians were always employed every Nation and Province taking its turn with that rule and order that nothing could be disposed in better and more exact method and discipline Every two years the Inca visited his Kingdom of Chili sending every year thither many fine Garments for cloathing of the Curacas and their Kindred with more common habit for the ordinary people In exchange for which the Caciques sent much Gold and plumes of Feathers and other Commodities of the growth of their Countrey And this continued untill the time that Don Diego de Almagro invaded that Countrey The Prince Huayna Capac having conquered the Kingdom of Quitu and the Provinces of Quillacenca Pastu Otavallu and Caranque and given instructions for the orderly management of the affairs of those Countries he returned to Cozco to render an account to his Father of all the Actions he had performed in his Service being received by him with great triumph and joy for his happy return And then he married a second time with his second Sister called Rava Occlo because by his first Wife and eldest Sister called Pillcu Huaco he had no Children it being necessary that the Succession should be supplied by an Heir legitimate on the side both of the Father and Mother In like manner he married a third time lawfully according to their Laws and Customs with Mama Runtu the Daughter of his Uncle Auqui Amaru Tupac Inca his Father's second Brother Auqui is a title of distinction given always to the second Sons of the King and in a courtesie to all those of the Royal Bloud but not to others of what quality soever Amaru is a Name given to the greatest Serpents of the Antis The like Names of living Creatures of Flowers or Herbs or any thing supereminent or excellent in its degree or quality the Incas would take upon themselves signifying that as those Creatures were famous in their Species so the Incas were in the generation of Mankind The King Inca Tupac with the consent and advice of his Council ordered that those two Women last married to Huayna Capac should be esteemed and judged as lawfull Wives as the first and not for Concubines their Children being made capable to inherit lest a legitimate Heir should fail in the Succession On which consideration the Marriage with his Cousin Germain was esteemed lawfull because she was the next of kin Huayna Capac wanting a third Sister with whom he might match By his Sister Rava Occlo he had a Son sirnamed Huayna Capac a Huascar Inca the signification of which Name of Huascar we will declare in its proper place because his true and proper Name was Inti Curi Huallpa Of his Cousin Germain who was his third Wife he had Manco Inca who succeeded him in his Kingdom that is in Name onely for the Inheritance was then in reality fallen into the hands of Strangers as we shall see in its due place Some years of peace and tranquillity being passed during the Reign of Tupac Yupanqui he began at length to feel himself crazy and declining towards his end wherefore he assembled the Prince Huayna Capac and all his other Sons and Daughters together to the number of two hundred and more To whom after the custome of former Kings and by way of his last Will and Testament he recommended the practice of Peace and Justice for the good and benefit of their Subjects which would render them Illustrious and make them to appear true Children of the Sun. In particular and especial manner he encharged to his Eldest Son the care of conquering the Barbarous Nations with intent that he might reform their manners and reduce them to the true Religion of the Sun and teach them to live in Societies and with Political Government and that in all things he should imitate the examples of his Ancestors Lastly he encharged him to revenge that perfidious treachery of which the people of Puerto Viejo and the parts adjacent and especially those of Huancavillcas had been guilty in killing those Captains and Instructors which at their request he had sent amongst them lest the impunity and remisness in punishment of that ingratitude should be of ill example to other Subjects and that after having chastised this offence he should endeavour to reform their bestial way of living by teaching them to Manure and Sow their Fields and cover their Bodies And farther he encharged them to live in love and amity together for that he was going to rest and repose himself with his Father the Sun. Thus the Great Inca Tupac Yupanqui died leaving to his Subjects a perpetual memory of his Piety Clemency and many other benefits bestowed on his Empire In consideration of which his people besides his Titles and Appellations of Honour common to other Kings gave him the supereminent denomination of Tupac Yaya which signifies the glorious and resplendent Father Besides the Prince who was his Son and Heir he left five Sons which he had by his Sister Mama Occlo his second Son was called Auqui Amaru Tupac Inca after the name of his Father the third was Quehuar Tupac the fourth Hualpa Tupac Inca Yupanqui which was my Great-Grandfather by the Mothers side the fifth was Titu Inca Rimachi and the sixth was Auqui Mayta His Body was afterwards so well embalmed that when I saw it in the year 1559 it seemed to be alive Blas Valera speaking of this Inca hath these words which I have translated out of Latin. Topac Yupanqui delivered this Philosophical discourse by way of Argument Many say that the Sun lives and that he is the Maker of all things now it is necessary that the thing which is the cause of the Being of another should be assistent and operate in the production thereof now we know that many things receive their Beings during the absence of the Sun and therefore he
this Story he recounts the cruel treatment and hard usage of poor Huascar during the time of his imprisonment together with the dolefull complaints he uttered which we shall rehearse in their due place This Coya Cuxi Varcay which he says was the Wife of Xayre Topa was called Cuss Huarque of whom we shall discourse hereafter The Field where this Battel was fought was called Quipaypan by corruption though properly it had the Name of Quepaypa which signifies a Trumpet as if from thence the Triumph of Atahualpa was trumpeted and sent its sound into all parts of the Empire I remember that when I was a Boy I went three or four times into those Fields with other Boys who were my School-fellows where we enjoyed the recreation of Hawking with some Hawks which the Indian Faulconers managed for us In this manner as we have related was all the Bloud-Royal and Family of the Incas extinguished and extirpated in the space of two years and a half and though they might in a much shorter time have exhausted the veins of Royal Bloud yet to prolong their pleasure in Cruelty they reserved some on which their appetites might feed and still be delighted in new exercises of torment The Indians say that the Field where the great effusion of this Bloud was made was called Yahuarpampa or the Field of Bloud and that it rather took its denomination from the Bloud of the Incas than from that of the Chancas for though the quantity of the Bloud of the Chancas was greater yet the quality of the Incas made theirs much more estimable and the death of Women and Children being of tender sex and age rendered the many Murthers more tragical and execrable CHAP. XXXVIII How some of the Bloud-Royal escaped the Cruelty of Atahualpa SOme notwithstanding all this escaped out of the City some came not within their power and others by the connivance of the people of Atahualpa who being satiated with this slaughter and touched with some remorse to see that bloud so plentifully shed which they once adored for Divine connived at the escape which some of them made out of the circle in which they were encompassed and not onely so but some gave them opportunity to change their Apparel which was the badge and distinction of an Inca for disguises after the Habit of common Indians For as we have said before the Incas were distinguished by their Garments but those whom they permitted to make an escape were Infants and Children under the Age of ten or eleven years amongst which my Mother was one together with her Brother Don Francisco Hualipa Tupac Inca Yupanqui with whom I was acquainted and who since my abode in Spain hath wrote me several Letters besides which I knew very few who escaped from this miserable Outrage from whom I received the Relation of all that I report concerning this execrable slaughter I knew also two Auquis who were Princes being Sons of Huayna Capac the one called Paullu who was one of those who escaped as we have mentioned the other was called Titu and being a Child then was afterwards baptized whose Christian Name we have formerly signified Paullu left a Son which descended from Spanish Bloud whose Name was Don Carlos Inca he was my School-fellow and afterwards Married with a Noble Lady born in that Countrey and from Spanish Parents by whom he had Don Melchior Carlos Inca who in the last year which was 1602 came into Spain to see that Court but chiefly by the advice of some friends who persuaded him that he should receive great rewards for the Services which his Grandfather had performed towards the Conquest and Settlement of Peru and afterwards for the resistence he made against those Usurpers and Tyrants of whom we shall speak in our History of the Empire but a more especial respect was due to him for being the Great Nephew of Huayna Capac and descended by the Male line so that he is the Head and chief Family of those few which remain of the Bloud-Royal He now at present resides at Valladolid in expectation of rewards which though they may be great and considerable yet can scarce be such as may equal his merit I know not whether Titu had any Issue but I remember two Nustas or Princesses which were the lawfull Daughters of Huayna Capac one of which was called Beatriz Coya and was afterwards Married to Martin de Mustincia a Noble Person who was Accountant of the Revenue of the Emperour Charles the Fifth in Peru they had three Sons which were called the Bustincias and another called John Sierra de Leguizano who was a fellow Student with me at School the other Nusta was called Donna Leonor Coya the first time she Married was with a Spaniard called John Balsa with whom I was not acquainted being then young they had a Son of the same Name who went also to School with me But her second Marriage was with Francis de Villacastin who was one of the first Conquerours of Peru as also of Panama and other Countries There is a Story which goes of him worthy to be noted which I found in the History of Francis Lopez de Gomara which is That this Villacastin was the first that planted Colonies in Pedrarias Nombre de Dios and Panama that he opened a passage and made a Road from one Town to another with great pains and charge through Rocks and Mountains in which were infinite numbers of Lions and Tygers and Bears and such multitudes of Monkies of all sorts and sizes that being disturbed they would make such a hideous noise as was sufficient to make Travellers deaf and would climb up Trees with great Stones to let them fall on the heads of such as came within their reach Thus far are the Words of Gomara But I have seen some Marginal Notes in a Book wrote by one of the Conquerours of Peru in which is this passage That a Monky threw a stone at a person armed with a Cross-bow named Villacastin and beat out two of his Teeth he was afterwards one of the Conquerours of Peru and Lord of a great Countrey called Ayaviri but being taken Prisoner he dyed in Cozco he was one who took part with Piçarro in Xaquixaguana where one that owed him a displeasure gave him a cut over the face after he yielded to quarter He was an honest Man and did good to all though he dyed poor after he was despoiled of his Indians and of his Estate This Villacastin killed the Monky with his Cross-bow he chancing to shoot at the same time that the Monky threvv his stone Thus far are the Remarks of the Conquerour the vvhich I can in part confirm because I knevv the person and savv that he vvanted tvvo Teeth in the upper rovv of his Mouth and it vvas the common report in Peru that they vvere beaten out by a Monky I have thought fit to insert this Story as I do others of like nature for the truth of
Barks of Trees and Skins of Beasts ... In short they were altogether savage making use of their Women as they accidentally met understanding no property or single enjoyment of them And now I pray observe me with due attention for I would not be troubled to make repetition of what I have said Our Father the Sun for this is the language of the Incas which is a title of Reverence and Respect which they always adjoin so often as they name the Sun for they avail themselves much of the Honour of being descended from him and his Name is so pretious that it is blasphemy for any and by Law he is to be stoned who dares to take this Name into his mouth who is not an Inca or descended from that Lineage Our Father the Sun said the Inca beholding Men such as before related took compassion of them and sent a Son and a Daughter of his own from Heaven to Earth to instruct our people in the knowledge of Our Father the Sun that so they might worship and adore him and esteem him for their God giving them Laws and Precepts whereunto they might conform their Lives like Men of Reason and Civility that they might live in Houses and Society learn to sow the Land cultivate Trees and Plants feed their Flocks and enjoy them and other Fruits of the Earth as rational Men and not as brute Beasts With these Orders and Instructions Our Father the Sun placed his two Children in the Lake Titicaca which is about eighty Leagues from hence giving them liberty to go and travell which way they pleased and that in what place soever they staid to eat or sleep they should strike a little wedge of Gold into the ground which he had given them being about half a yard long and two fingers thick and where with one stroke this wedge should sink into the Earth there should be the place of their Habitation and the Court unto which all People should resort Lastly he ordered them that when they should have reduced People to these Rules and Obedience that then they should conserve and maintain them with Reason Justice Piety Clemency and Gentleness performing all the good Offices of a pious Father towards those Children which he loves with tenderness and that in imitation of him and by his example who doeth good to all the World affording them light to perform their business and the actions of Life warming them when they are cold making their pastures and their seeds to grow their trees to fructifie and their flocks to increase watering their Lands with dew from above and in its season bestowing chearfull and favourable weather and to manifest his care of all things said I every day take a turn round the World to see and discover the necessities and wants of all things that so as the true Fomenter and Parent of them I may apply my self to their succour and redress Thus after my example and as my Children sent upon the Earth I would have you to imitate me and to instill such Doctrine into this People as may convert them from Beasts unto Men and from henceforth I constitute and ordain you Lords and Princes over this People that by your Instructions Reason and Government they may be conserved Thus Our Father the Sun having declared his pleasure to these his two Children he dispatched them from him and they taking their journey from Titicaca Northward at every place where they came to repose they tryed with their wedge to strike it in the ground but it took no place nor would it enter at length they came to a poor Inn or place to rest in about seven or eight Leagues Southward from this City which to this day is called Pacarec Tampu which is as much as to say the Shining or Enlightned Dormitory This is one of those Colonies which this Prince planted the Inhabitants whereof boast of this Name and Title which our Inca bestowed upon it from whence he and his Queen descended to the Valley of Cozco which was then onely a wild and barren Mountain CHAP. VIII The Foundation of the Imperial City of Cozco THE first stop proceeded the Inca which they made in this Valley was in the Desart called Huanacauti which is to the southward of this City and there they again struck their wedge of Gold into the Earth which received it with great facility and which sucked it in with so much ease that they saw it no more Then said the Inca to his Sister and Wife in this Valley Our Father the Sun hath commanded that we should stay and make our abode and in so doing we shall perform his Pleasure in pursuance whereof it is necessary that we now separate each from the other and take different ways that so we may assemble and draw the People to us in such manner as we may be able to preach and propagate the doctrine amongst them which he hath committed to us Accordingly our first Governours proceeded by divers ways from the Desart of Huanacauti to convocate the People which being the first place of which we had knowledge that they had hallowed by their Feet and from whence they went to doe good unto Men we have deservedly as is manifest erected a Temple wherein to adore and worship our Father the Sun and remember this good and benefit he hath done unto the World. Our Inca the Prince took his way northward and the Princess to the Southward and to all the Men and Women which they met in the wild thickets and uncultivated places they declared to them that their Father the Sun had sent them to be Teachers and Benefactours to those â—â—habitants and to draw them from that rude and savage Life and to another method of living more agreeable to Reason and Humane Society and in farther pursuance of the Commands of their Father the Sun they came to gather them from those Mountains and rude places to more convenient Habitations where they might live in Humane Society and to assign them such food as was appropriated to Men and not to Beasts These and such like matters these Princes declared to those savages whom they found in Desarts and Mountains who beholding these two persons cloathed and adorned with such Habit as Our Father the Sun had vested them in and observing that their Ears were bored through for wearing Jewels and more large and open than usual that they might hear and receive the Complaints of the oppressed in which we also are like them who are of their Offspring and Family and that by the gentleness of their words and grace of their Countenance they manifested themselves to be Children of the Sun and such as were employed to assemble People into societies and political ways of living and to administer such sorts of food as were wholsome and appropriated to Humane Sustenance they were struck with such admiration of their figure and Persons and allured with the promises they made them that they gave
entire credence to their words adored them as Children of the Sun and obeyed them as their Princes And these poor wretches relating these matters one to the other the fame thereof so encreased that great numbers both of Men and Women flocked together being willing to follow to what place soever they should guide them Thus great multitudes of People being assembled together the Princes gave order that Provision should be made of such fruits as the Earth produced for their sustenance lest being scattered abroad to gain their food the main body should be divided and the numbers diminished others in the mean time were employed in building houses of which the Prince gave them a model and form In this manner our Imperial City began to be peopled being divided into two parts one of which was called Hanan Cozco which is as much as the Upper Cozco and the other Hurin Cozco which is the Lower Cozco those which were assembled under the King were of the Upper Town and those under the Queen were of the Lower Not that this difference was made out of any respect to Superiority for that they were to be Brothers and Children of the same Father and Mother and in the same equality of Fortune but onely it served to distinguish the followers of the King from those of the Queen and to remain for an everlasting Memorial of their first Beginning and Original with this difference onely that the Upper Cozco should be as the Elder and the Lower as the younger Children And this is the reason that in all our Empire this diversity of lineage hath remained being ever since distinguished into Hanan Ayllu and Hurin Ayllu which is the upper and the lower Lineage and Hanan Suyu and Hurin Suyu which is the upper and the lower Tribe The City being thus Peopled Our Inca taught his Subjects those Labours which appertained unto the Men as to plough and sow the Land with divers sorts of Seeds which were usefull and for food to which end he instructed them how to make Ploughs and Harrows and other Instruments fit and necessary for that purpose he shewed them also the way of cutting chanels for the Water which now runs through this Valley of Cozco and to make Shoes for their Feet On the other side the Queen instructed the Women in good Huswifery as how to spin and weave Cotton and wool and to make garments for their Husbands their Children and themselves with other Offices appertaining to the House In sum nothing was omitted conducing to humane Wellfare which the King did not teach his Men and the Queen her Women making them both their Scholars and their Subjects CHAP. IX The Actions of the first Indian King called Manco Capac THese Indians being in this manner reduced looked on themselves much bettered in condition and with singular acknowledgments of the benefits received and with great joy and satisfaction travelled through the Rocks and Thickets to communicate the happy news of those Children of the Sun who for the common good of all appeared on the Earth recounting the great good and benefits they had received from them and to gain belief amongst them they shewed them their new Habit and Cloathing and Diet and that they lived in Houses and in political Society This relation induced this wild People to see those wonders of which being fully satisfied by their own Eyes they ranged themselves amongst the rest to learn and obey and thus one calling and inviting the other the fame spread far and near and the people increased in such manner that in the first six or seven years the Inca had composed an Army fit for War and having taught them how to make Bows and Arrows and Lances and such Weapons as we use to this day they were not onely capable to defend but also to offend an Enemy and to compell those by force whose bestial nature detained from Humane Association And that I may not be tedious in the relation of what this Our first Inca acted you must know that he reduced all Eastward as far as the River called Paucartampu and eighty Leagues Westward to the great River called Apurimac and to the Southward nine Leagues to Quequesana To these several quarters Our Inca sent out particular Colonies to the largest a hundred Families and to the lesser according to their capacity These are the beginnings of this our City and of this our rich and famous Empire which your Father and his Adherents have despoiled us of These were our first Incas and Kings in the first ages of the World from whom the succeeding Princes and we our selves are descended but how many years it may be since our Father the Sun sent his Offspring amongst us I am not able precisely to declare because my Memory may fail me in it but I imagine they may be about 400 Years This our Inca was named Manco Capac and his Queen Coya Mama of Huaco who were as I have said Brethren of the Sun and Moon And thus having at large satisfied the request you made to me in relation of which that I might not incline you to sadness I abstained from venting tears at my Eyes which notwithstanding drop with bloud on my Heart caused by that inward grief I feel to see our Incas and their Empire ruined and destroyed This large Relation of the Original of our Kings I received from that Inca which was my Mothers Brother from whom I requested it and which I have caused faithfully to be translated out of the Indian into the Spanish Tongue which though it be not written with such Majesty of words as the Inca spake it nor with that significancy of termes as that Language bears nor so large and particular to avoid tediousness as it was delivered to me howsoever it may serve to give sufficient light to the nature and knowledge of this our History Many other things of like sort though of no great moment this Inca often recounted in his Visits and Discourses he made me the which I shall declare in their due places being now troubled that I made no farther enquiries into other matters for which I have room here to place them with good authority CHAP. X. Wherein the Authour alledges the Authority he hath for the Truth of his History HAving thus laid the first Foundation whereon to build our History though as to the Original of our Kings of Peru it may seem something fabulous it now follows that we proceed forward to relate in what manner the Indians were reduced and conquered enlarging the particulars which the Inca gave me with divers other additions concerning the Natural Indians and their Kings which the first Inca Manco Capac reduced under his Government with whom I was educated and conversed untill I arrived to the age of twenty years during which time I became informed of all the particulars concerning which I write for in my youth they related these stories to me as Nurses doe tales or fables to their
imaginable where having resided for the space of some years which he employed towards the advancement of the common good and benefit of his people he re-assumed his intentions of visiting again the Confines of his Dominions that so he might afford his people the contentment of seeing his Person and rectifying the corruption and negligence of his Ministers by his own personal appearance With this occasion he raised an Army of ten thousand Men and with them marched to Hatun Colla and the Confines of Chucuytu which is so famous a Province and so abounding with people that when the Spaniards divided that Countrey they presented that parcel of ground to the Emperour So soon as the Inca was entred into Chucuytu he sent Messengers to the Inhabitants that leaving their ancient customs they should receive the Laws and Commandments of the Sun and should worship and adore him for their God And they in due compliance hereunto answered That they were ready and willing with all affection and cordiality to receive his Injunctions for that he being descended from the Sun they were well assured of his gentleness and vertues and therefore with all joy they received him for their Sovereign under whose shadow and protection they promised to themselves all happiness and security The Inca according to accustomed goodness received them gratiously presenting them with such gifts as were in esteem amongst those Indians And finding the success of these messages to answer his expectations he was encouraged to send the like Summons to all the Neighbouring Nations as far as that place where the Lake Titicaca empties it self all which after the example of Hatun Colla and Chucuytu submitted themselves the most principal of them were Hillavi Chulli Pumata and Cipita all which surrendred on the same terms and with the same formalities that the others did so that there is no need to make repetition of the questions formerly demanded nor the answers thereunto Having in this peaceable manner subjected these people he disbanded his Army giving them leave to return unto their respective homes onely he retained so many Souldiers as served for a guard to his Person and as many as became the dignity and honour of his State together with such as were fit to reach and instruct them in the Religion and Laws they were to observe and that he might yield more vigour and encouragement to this work he was pleased to attend and assist herein with his own presence which being accounted a particular demonstration of his favour to those principal Provinces proved afterwards of great use and benefit as we shall hereafter make appear in the sequel of this History And what did farther oblige the Curacas and others to the Inca was his personal residence amongst them for the whole Winter-season during which time his employment was to settle and establish himself in the affection and good will of his people having now by his own experience learned that the best expedient to invite and allure strangers to his subjection was Love and Beneficence to his own people For by these means the Indians did every-where extoll the Excellencies of their Prince and proclaim him to be a true child and off-spring of the Sun. And now whilst the Inca resided in Collao and that the Spring was returned he again raised an Army of ten thousand Men over which he constituted four Colonels and appointed his Brother to be their General whose name is not certainly known to all five of which he gave special order not to use violence or break peace with the people unless in case of absolute necessity desiring rather according to former examples to reduce them by gentle and moderate terms than by war and severity shewing themselves rather compassionate Parents than Martial Captains Accordingly this General and Officers proceeded in their design Westward as far as that Province which is called Hurin Pacassa and with prosperous success reduced all those they met for the space of 20 Leagues as far as to the foot of the Mountain Cordillera and the snowy desart In reducing these Indians there was little or no difficulty because they were a people which lived at large without Political Society or Government the weaker giving way to the pride and power of him that was strongest and being by nature simple and credulous so soon as the fame was spread of the Miracles which were performed by this Child of the Sun they all flocked in to be received for Vassals to this great and wonderfull Monarch Howsoever three years were spent in the reducing of these people for they were of so dull and stupid a genius that like beasts they were not capable to comprehend or learn those easie rudiments and principles which were instilled into them Having completed this conquest Officers were placed for their better government with Instructors to teach them and such Commanders and Souldiers as might serve to protect and defend them and so the General and four Captains returned to render an account to the Inca of their Acts and Negotiations who all that time was employed in visiting several Countries of his Dominions where he encouraged their industry improved them in their Arts and in cultivating Lands raising publick Edifices and making Aqueducts Bridges and High-ways for the better communication of one Nation with another After which he returned with his Captains whom he gratiously received unto his Imperial Court with intention to fix a term and limit to his proceedings for having enlarged his Dominions 40 Leagues to the Northward and more than 20 towards the East he judged this addition a sufficient encrease for his Reign His reception into Cozco was with wonderfull joy for his liberality and gentle nature was generally obliging the remainder of his life he passed in quietness and repose performing actions of Justice and Beneficence towards his Subjects during which time he sent Mayta Capac his eldest Son and Heir twice to visit his Dominions accompanied with Wise and Aged men that so he might know and be known to his people and might have some trial and practice in affairs before he came to handle the Government And now the Inca finding himself weak and near his end he called his eldest Son with his other Brethren and in manner of his last Will and Testament he earnestly recommended to them the observation of those Laws and Ordinances which their Ancestours had prescribed that they should take care of their Subjects and in every thing behave themselves like those that are worthy of so pure and bright a Family as that of the Sun And lastly he encharged the Incas who were Captains and the Curacas who were Lords of the people that they should be mindfull of the Poor and obedient to their Prince and especially that they should live in peace and unity for that now he was to leave them being called by his Father the Sun to ascend unto him that he might rest and desist from his former labours and travels Having
to their Power yet they did not alter their Customes and ancient Laws unless they interfered with their Religion and their own supreme and absolute Jurisdiction but rather they confirmed many of those Customs which were good and laudable particularly that whereby the most deserving Son was chosen to the Government it seeming a spur and incitement to Vertue to have Power and Grandeur set up for the Prize and Reward of their Merit the which appeared so reasonable that a certain Inca King desired once to have introduced this Custome into his own Family and in despight of their own severe Law of Primogeniture have made his Sons depend on the favour and air of the Peoples Suffrages as we shall discourse in its due place There is a People about fourty Leagues to the Eastward of Cozco which I have been amongst of the Nation of Quechua some call them Sutcunca where a particular instance happened relating to the different manner of inheriting in that Countrey The Curaca of that People called Don Garçia finding himself at the point of death called for his four Sons who were Men grown with the Nobles of his Province and admonished them by way of his last Words and Testament that they should observe and keep that Law of Jesus Christ which they had lately received and for ever praise and thank God for sending them so inestimable a benefit and honour and serve the Spaniards for having been the means and instruments of such Divine Revelations and that they should serve and obey their Master with singular Affection to whose lot and fortune it should fall to be their Lord and Governour lastly he told them that since it was the Custome of their Countrey to elect the most vertuous unto their Government he charged them to make choice of that Person amongst his Sons whom they esteemed the most deserving and that in case none of them appeared worthy of their paternal Succession and Honour that then passing them by they should chuse such a Person from amongst themselves whom they reputed of greatest Honour and Worthiness for that since nothing was so dear to him as the common Good and Benefit of his People he desired not the promotion of his Children farther than as it tended to that end and design All which a Priest who had been his Confessour reported as a remarkable Testament and Passage in those barbarous parts CHAP. XI Of their Ceremonies when they weaned and shaved and gave Names to their Children THE Incas when they weaned their Eldest Sons they made great Feasts and rejoycing which they did not observe for their Daughters or second or third Sons at least not with that solemnity for the order of Primogeniture of Males was in high Esteem with the Incas and by their Example with all their Subjects They weaned them at two years of age and upwards and then clipt off the Hair of their Heads and with that gave them their Names At which ceremony the Kindred assembled and he that was to impose the Name shore off the first lock of the Infant 's Hair. Their Scissers were made of a Flint for as yet the Indians were not arrived to a better Invention after the God-father had snipped his lock the rest of the Kindred did the like one after the other according to their Age and Quality and when the Infant was quite shorn then the Name was given with the Presents which they brought for some gave him Garments and clothing others bestowed Cattle others Arms of divers Fashions others Cups of Gold and Silver to drink in the which was performed onely towards the Princes of the Royal Bloud for that the Commonalty were not permitted this Honour unless by particular Privilege or Dispensation After this Ceremony was ended then came in their drink for a dry Feast was accounted dull and with Singing and Dancing they passed the whole Day untill Night parted them which Jollity being the next day renewed continued for three or four days according to the quality of the Parents the like Ceremony was observed when the locks of the young Prince and Heir apparent were clipt at which the High Priest of the Sun assisted and was the first to cut his Hair moreover at this solemnity the Curacas of the whole Kingdom either in Person or by their Deputies appeared and were assisting at this Festival which continued for the space of at least twenty days offering their Presents of Gold and Silver and pretious stones and what else was curious and rare in their respective Provinces In resemblance hereof because it is natural for People to imitate their Prince the Curacas and generally all the Nations of Peru followed this Example in some proportion agreeable to their Quality and Ability and this was accounted one of their most jolly and merry meetings CHAP. XII That they educated their Children without any tenderness AS well the Incas as the Commonalty both rich and poor bred up their Children with the least of tenderness and delicacy that was possible for so soon as an Infant was born they washed it in cold water before they swathed it in its Mantles and then every morning they bathed it in cold water and sometimes exposed it to the dew of the night perhaps the Mother would sometimes out of tenderness spirt the water out of her mouth on the Child and so wash it but generally they had an opinion that cold and exercise did corroborate and strengthen the Body and Limbs their Armes they kept swathed and bound down for three months upon supposition that to loose them sooner would weaken them they kept them always in their Cradles which was a pitifull kind of a frame set on four legs one of which was shorter than the rest for convenience of rocking the Bed was made of a sort of course knitting which was something more soft than the bare boards and with a string of this knitting they bound up the Child on one side and the other to keep it from falling out When they gave them suck they never took them into their Lap or Armes for if they had used them in that manner they believed that they would never leave crying and would always expect to be in Armes and not lie quiet in their Cradles and therefore the Mother would lean over the Child and reach it the Breast which they did three times a day that is at morning noon and night and unless it were at those times they never gave it suck for they said that not accustoming it to set hours would cause it to expect suckling the whole day and be never quiet but when the Breast was at the Mouth which causes frequent vomits and pewkings and made them when they were grown Men to be gluttons and drunkards for we see said they in other Creatures that they administer their Dugs and Nipples to their Young at certain hours and seasons The Mother always nursed her own Child for though she were a Lady of the highest degree
desirous to conquer them by kindness than the severity of Arms. For those Indians confiding much in their own Numbers and Art of War did often incline to a breach and a defence of themselves but that the moderation of the Inca and his prudent conduct of affairs was such that with time he reduced them to his service and a willingness to receive his Laws and such Governours and Ministers as he was pleased to constitute over them and then afterwards with this success and victory he returned to Cozco In these two Provinces of Sulla and Utumsulla there were about thirty two years past some very rich Mines discovered of Silver and Quick-silver the latter of which is very usefull in Melting the Silver Ore. CHAP. XVI Of the Prince Yahuarhuacac and the Interpretation of his Name THE King Inca Roca having passed some Years in the quiet possession and government of his Kingdoms thought it fit to employ his Son and Heir named Yahuarhuacac in the entire Conquest of Antisuyu which lyes to the East of Cozco and not far from the City for on that side no great advance had been made since the time of the first Inca Manco Capac who had not proceeded farther than the River Paucartampu But before we proceed farther in the Relation of this Story it would be requisite to explain the signification of this long name of Yahuar-huacac and the reason which they had to give it to the Prince It is a Tale amongst the Indians that when he was a Child of three or four years old his Tears were bloud perhaps it was because he had some disease in his Eyes and that the bloud when he cried might fall from thence with his tears But it is a general belief amongst them that so soon as he came crying into the World his Tears were bloud It might likewise perhaps be that he brought something of the Matritial bloud with him on his Eyes which the superstitious Indians were ready to interpret for Tears but be the cause what it will they would not be persuaded out of this belief and on this supposition founded many of their Witcheries and Prognostications foretelling the anger and displeasure of his Father the Sun against him and that therefore he would be unfortunate and accursed The derivation therefore of his Name is evident from Yahuar to weep and Huacac This manner of Weeping must have been when he was a Child and not at Man's estate for then he was neither overcome nor taken Prisoner as some will have it for none of the Incas was ever so unfortunate untill the time of the wretched Huascar whom the Traytor Atahualpa his Bastard-brother took Prisoner as we shall relate in its due place if God Almighty gives us life and power to arrive so far in this our History Nor was he stoln away when he was an Infant as some Writers will have it for it is not probable that when Indians conceived generally such awe and veneration for their Incas and the Royal Bloud that any person should be found so profligate and daring as to steal the Prince and Heir to the Empire nor is it probable that the Tutors and Servants should be so remiss in their care and charge for such was the reverence that the Indians bore towards their Incas that the very imagination of such an attempt would have terrified them to that degree that they would have believed the very thought would have procured the vengeance of Heaven and caused the Earth to have opened and swallowed both them and their whole Families For as we have formerly said they Worshipped the Sun for their God and for his sake the Incas whom they accounted Children descended from him were adored with the same divine Honours These Tears of bloud which the Indians interpreted to be ominous and to be fore-runners of some dismal fate put me in mind of another superstitious fancy of theirs which they gathered from the motion and twinkling of the eyes for it was a common opinion both of the Incas and his Subjects that the Eyes did Prognosticate by their motion and twinkling either good or bad fortune for it was accounted good luck when the upper eye-lid of the left eye twinkled for they said that it foresaw matters of contentment and satisfaction but much more when the right eye-lid sparkled and twinkled that was a most excellent sign of all happiness and prosperity peace and plenty imaginable And to the contrary when the lower Curtain of the right eye trembled it betokened weeping and tears for some sad and unfortunate accident but if the lower part of the left eye moved it foretold nothing but woe and sorrow and such miseries as would produce nothing but grief and abundance of tears And such confidence and belief did they put in these symptoms that in case the lower eye-lashes did but so much as tremble they immediately put themselves into most violent passions of fear and weeping and in apprehension of what they feared they made themselves more miserable than if all the misfortunes of the World had already fallen upon them And then for the onely remedy of the ensuing evils they entertained another superstition more ridiculous than the former they would take the point of a Straw and wetting it with Spittle they would stick it beneath their eye and would then say comforting themselves that that blessed Straw which crossed their under eye-lid would stanch the tears which were to flow from their eyes and prevent the Evils which the tremblings did Prognosticate The like conjectures almost they made from a buzzing or singing in their Ears which I forbear to enlarge upon because it was not so remarkable and certain as that of the Eyes and both one and the other I can testifie because I have seen and heard their Lamentations on those occasions The King Inca Roca as we have said resolving to send his Son to conquer Antisuyu ordered an Army of fifteen thousand Souldiers to be raised under the Command of three Major-Generals whom he joined with him for Companions and Counsellours The Prince being well instructed in all matters proceeded with good success as far as the River Paucartampu and thence marched forwards to Challapampa where he reduced those few poor Indians which he found in those Quarters thence he passed to Pillcupata where he planted four Colonies with a sort of wandring and vagabond people From Pillcupata he travelled to Havisca and Tuna where the first Subjects of Chac-ras de Cuca submitted to the Dominion of the Incas and where great quantities of that Herb called Cuca grows the Inheritance of Havisca was afterwards given to my Lord and Father Garçilasso de Vega and he was pleased to bestow that Estate upon me for my life but I renounced and left it upon my going into Spain The passage into these Vallies where the Cuca grows is over that high Mountain called Canac-huay descending five Leagues almost perpendicular which makes a Man's head giddy to look
Mankind The Inca having taken notice of this advice ordered the Ambassadours to be dispatched that they might return again into their own Countrey Thence he proceeded forward on his progress through all the Provinces of Collasuyu dispersing his Favours and Rewards to the Curacas and Captains not neglecting the Commonalty and people of low degree and condition so that all sorts from the highest to the lowest received particular satisfaction and contentment from the presence of the Inca For so much had the Fame of his Divine Dream and his Victory at Yahuarpampa raised his Esteem in the minds of the people that they not onely received him with Joy and Acclamations but paid him Divine Honours and Veneration as if he had been some New God though now by the Mercies of the true God they have quitted that Idolatry and being disabused and rightly informed in Religion they onely conserve a gratefull Memory of that King who was so fortunate and propitious to them both in War and Peace From Collasuyu he passed into Antisuyu where the people being poor and mean were not able to demonstrate such Ostentation and Magnificence as others had done howsoever according to their degree and quality they shewed as joyfull hearts as their simplicity was capable to express In evidence of which they erected Triumphal Arches in the way by which he was to pass the which being formed of Timber they covered with Rushes and crowned with Garlands strowing all the ways with Flowers expressing the joyfulness of their hearts after the custome of their Countrey and as was usual at their greatest Festivals In these visits the Inca spent three years not omitting at the due seasons to celebrate the Feasts of the Sun which they called Raymi and Citua And though they could not be performed with such Solemnity as at Cozco yet in compliance with their Religion they expressed their Devotion with such Rites and Ceremonies as the circumstances of time and place would admit And now having accomplished his Progress he returned to the City where his Presence was greatly desired as the Protectour and Defender of it or rather as he who had laid a new foundation of an abandoned and ruined place And therefore the Court and City associated together with new Sonnets and Panegyricks composed in his praise to meet and conduct their Adored King to his place of Residence CHAP. XXVI The Valiant Hanco-huallu flies out of the Empire of the Incas THus in the manner which we have declared this Inca travelled twice through all Quarters of his Dominions and when that in his second Progress he passed through the Province of the Chichas which is the most remote part of Peru to the Southward News was brought him of the flight of the brave Hanco-huallu at which he was greatly concerned wondring at the reason or cause for such a resolution This Man it seems was King of the Chancas and though for nine or ten Years he had proved the gentle Government of the Incas who in revenge or punishment of his late offence had not diminished the least point of his Power or Jurisdiction but rather on the contrary treated him with due honour and respect yet in regard that he and his Forefathers had reigned as absolute Lords and Princes over many Nations whom they had subdued by their Arms and Power his generous spirit could not yield to any Subordination or hold his Countrey in feud to a Superiour He also envied the Quechuas for the Esteem they had gained in the favour of the Inca by the Services which in the late War they had performed and by whose means and assistence the Victory was wrested from himself Nor could he endure to behold that people which was Inferiour and once truckled to him to stand now in equality and in competition with him for Honour and Power the which unpleasing imaginations so possessed his disquiet mind that contrary to the sense and opinion of the Lords and Nobles of his Countrey he resolved to purchase his own Liberty and absolute Power though with the loss and resignation of the Estate he possessed in his own Dominions In order hereunto he imparted his Resolutions to certain Indians who were his Friends and faithfull to his Interest giving them to understand that he could not support a Subjection to the Will and Dominion of another and therefore was resolved to Abandon his Native Patrimony and Inheritance to recover an Absolute Sovereignty in remote parts or dye in prosecution of it This design of Hanco-huallu being rumoured abroad amongst his people it was agreed that such Men as inclined to his party should with their Wives and Children depart privately in small Companies lest Numbers of People and Troops should make a noise and give jealousie to the Inca and that at length they should assemble and meet at a general Rendezvous in some place beyond the Dominions of the Inca where he himself would follow after them and appear in the Head of them as their King and Leader This seemed to be the most agreeable counsel and best expedient to recover their Liberty for that it were a folly and rashness to endeavour it by force or to set up their Power against the Puissance of the Inca Nay though such a design should seem feasible and practicable yet considering the gentleness of the Inca and with what kindness and humanity he had returned the Acts of Hostilities which they had offered him it would seem a part of ingratitude and perfidiousness which could not enter into the Breast of a Generous Prince to rise again in Arms against him But then to recover their Liberty by a peaceable surrender of their Estates and Power was not onely innocent and inoffensive but allowable also under the strictest circumstances and obligations by which they were bound to the Inca than whom there could not be a more benign and more indulgent King in the whole Universe With these Arguments and Reasons the brave Hanco-huallu prevailed on the minds of those to whom he first communicated his design and they whispering it one to the other it became the common discourse and found such a general approbation and concurrence that the Chancas who naturally loved their Lord and Sovereign were easily persuaded to run the fortune of their Prince so that in a short time they numbred 8000 fighting Men which in a Body marched out of their Countrey besides Women and Children under the Command and Conduct of the Valiant Hanco-huallu the fame of whose Courage and the fierceness of the Chancas who were always reputed for a fighting and warlike Nation struck such terrour in all places and regions through which they marched that none durst oppose or interrupt them in their passage The fear likewise of them caused the Inhabitants to furnish them with Provisions untill they came to the Provinces of Jarma and Pumpu which are about 70 Leagues distant from their own Countrey And though in this March they encountred certain inconsiderable Skirmishes and could
most gentile and fashionable sort after the manner of the King and the Incas that in token of Approbation and having passed examination were found and esteemed worthy This Ceremony of putting on the Shoes did something resemble the practice of buckling the spurs on the heels of Knights of the military Order in Spain which being done they kissed them on the right Shoulder saying That Child of the Sun who hath given these evidences of his Merits deserves to be kissed For the same Word which with them signifies Kisses signifies also Adoration Honour and Courtesie This Ceremony being past the Novitiate was introduced into a round Chamber adorned with Hangings where the ancient Incas vested him with the Habit agreeable to his Order which untill that time it was not lawfull to put on This Vestment was made with three corners two of which hung down at length to cover the Privy-parts being girt about the Wast with a Twist of the Thickness of a finger the other part behind was girt or laced about the Thighs so that though all the other Garments were stripped off yet this habit would remain a sufficient and decent covering for the Body But the chief and principal Mark of this Order was the boring of the Ears which as it was a Badge of Royalty so this of the Vestment was of Chivalry the Ceremony of the Woollen Shoes was a Novelty introduced signifying the Weariness of the Novitiate after his Labours and were bestowed by way of refreshment rather than as any essential Ceremony belonging to the Order From this word Huaracu which fully expresses all the Solemnity of this Festival the word Huara is derived which signifies a Cloth or Vestment and implicitely denotes that that Person who deserves such Habit hath a lawfull Title of pretence to all those Dignities Honours and Royalties which may be acquired either by War or Peace Moreover they placed on the Head of these Novitiates Garlands of two several sorts of Flowers one was of that which they call Cantut being of a very beautifull form and of various Colours such as yellow murry red and others all being very lively and chearfull The other sort of Flower was called Chihuayhua being of a deep incarnation not unlike the Gilliflowers of Spain These two sorts of Flowers were appropriated onely to those of the Royal Family it not being lawfull for the Commonalty nor for any Curaca how great soever he were to wear that sort of Flower Moreover they wore upon their Heads the Leaf of an Herb called Vinay Huayna which signifies youthfull being very verdant and green and bearing a Leaf like that of the Lilly it conserves it self fresh for a long time and though it be withered yet it continues its colour All the Badges of Chivalry and Honour such as the Flowers and Leaves before mentioned and other things were conferred alike on all Novitiates as well as on the Heir apparent who was differenced from them onely in the Wreath which bound his Temples which was four fingers broad not round as the Spaniards imagine it but like a Fringe made of Wool for the Indians had no Silk in their Countrey the colour was of a pale yellow like a Lemon-colour This distinction was not worn by the Prince untill he had passed his time of Approbation and then it was his single and peculiar Badge of Honour not being allowed to any other no not to his own Brother The last Royal distinction they gave unto the Prince was a kind of Pole-ax with a Handle of about a yard long which they called Champi This Iron had an edge like a sword on one side and the point of a Diamond on the other being like a Partesan onely that it wanted a point When this Weapon was put into his Hand they said Aucacunapac which is a Noun of the Dative Case and signifies for Tyrants for Traytors for cruel Persons for false Breakers of their Faith for this and much more this word Auca signifies these Arms which were put into his Hands served for an Embleme of Justice with which he was to punish Offenders the other particulars of Flowers and odoriferous Herbs signified Clemency Piety Gentleness and other Vertues and Royal Endowments of a Prince which he ought to make use of towards his faithfull and loyal Subjects For as his Father the Sun had caused those Flowers to grow in the Fields for the contentment and pleasure of Mankind so likewise ought a Prince to cultivate the Flowers of Vertue in his Mind that so he might justly claim the Title of Lover of the Poor and that under that character and notion his Name might smell sweet and be pretious in the World. The Officers of Chivalry having in the presence of the Inca made and concluded this Discourse unto the Prince then immediately the Uncles and Brothers of the Prince presenting themselves on their Knees before him adored and reverenced him for the true and undoubted Child of the Sun and Heir of the Inca. The which Ceremony seems a kind of Instalment of the Prince and Admission to the hereditary Succession of the Empire which being done they bound his Temples with the yellowish Wreath And thus the Feast of the Novitiates admitted into the Order of Chivalry concluded CHAP. XXVIII The Distinctions which the Kings and the other Incas and the Masters of Novitiates wore THE King wore the same sort of Wreath about his Temples but of a different colour being red besides which the Inca carried another more peculiar distinction proper to himself which was the two pinion Feathers of the Bird called Corequenque the which are streaked white and black and as large as the Wings of a Falcon or long-winged Hawk they were to be fellows of the same Bird as I once remember to have seen them planted on the Head of Inca Sayri Tupac The Birds which have these Feathers are found onely in the Desart of Villcanuta being about thirty Leagues distant from the City of Cozco situate near a little Lake lying at the foot of the inaccessible snowy Mountain Those that are acquainted with that sort of Fowl say that never above two of them namely a Male and Female are seen together but whence they come or where they are bred is not known besides which place the Indians say that none are seen in any other part of Peru though there are other Lakes and snowy Mountains and Desarts besides that of Villcanuta perhaps this Bird may be like the Phenix which none having seen we may fansie it after the form and colour of this Bird. Now in regard that these Birds were singular in the World and that none besides them were ever seen before nor since the Incas esteemed them such a rarity as did not become any besides the Royal Head for these Birds for the singularity of them resembling as they said their two original Parents Man and Woman which descended from Heaven served to continue the memory of them and therefore as
good and quiet of his Subjects whom he would therefore consult and act according to their Directions and Resolves and so having assembled his Relations and Captains he acquainted them with the Propositions of the Inca and that they should consider of them and of their own welfare for if it were their opinion to submit and obey he would prefer their will and safety before his own Honour or Sovereignty The Captains were over-joyed to find their Curaca thus to meet their desires and to recede from that principle which would have been their destruction and thereupon took the liberty to tell him that it was reasonable and just to yield unto such a mercifull Prince as was the Inca considering that when it was in his power to have subdued them by force he would rather invite them by the terms of Mercy This being the general sense of all the people it was pronounced with a confidence of Free-men and not with the awe and reverence of Vassals and therewith the Great Chimu being also convinced and assenting dispatched his Ambassadours to the Prince Yupanqui supplicating that he would be pleased to dispense one Ray of that mercy and compassion to him and his Subjects which like the bright Children of the Sun they had cast upon all the four quarters of the World which were subjected to their power the which he with the more confidence implored having had such frequent examples and precedents of Clemency and Justice which both his Father the Inca and others of his Ancestors had daily and freely imparted to Mankind and therefore he was no less assured of his indulgence towards his Subjects who had less fault than himself having rather continued in their rebellion by his instigation and encouragement than by any inclination or perverseness in themselves The Prince being well satisfied with this Embassy that he might spare the effusion of that bloud which he had so long feared received the Ambassadours according to his accustomed grace and favour encouraging them to lay aside all apprehensions of distrust and for better assurance thereof he advised them to bring their Curaca with them that he might personally hear his Pardon and Absolution pronounced by the mouth of the Inca himself and receive favours and presents from his own hand The brave Chimu having abated the haughtiness of his spirit with much humility and submission presented himself before the Inca and prostrating with his face in the Dust often repeated the same supplications which he had made by his Ambassadours And in this posture continued untill the Prince being greatly affected with the sense of his afflictions commanded two of his Captains to raise him from the Earth and then told him that he did not onely pardon him whatsoever was past but assured him that he could have done much more in case he had committed greater offences That he was not come into his Countrey to deprive him of his State but to improve and make it better instructing them in such Laws both of Religion and Civil government as would greatly advantage their condition and happiness of living And in evidence hereof that Chimu might be sensible that he was not to lose his Estate and Government he did here freely resign it again into his hands promising unto him all security in the enjoyment thereof conditionally that rejecting and destroying all their Idols which represented Fish and other Animals they should Worship and Adore no other than the Sun. Chimu being thus cheared up and comforted with the pleasant countenance and obliging expressions of the Inca again bowed himself and adored him and told him that he was sorry for nothing so much as that he had not yielded to his first Summons and though his Highness was so Gratious as to pardon this fault yet he could not forgive himself being resolved to punish himself for this crime by a perpetual penance and grief and lamentation for it in his heart and that as to Religion or Customs or Laws he should impose what he pleased and they should be readily received With these Conditions the Peace was concluded and the Chimu yielded to Subjection and Vassalage and thereupon both he and his Nobles were vested and honoured After which for the improvement and adornment of their Countrey Orders were given to erect Royal Edifices and make Aqueducts and Chanels for carrying Water into their Arable Lands and for enlarging the Grounds for planting and sowing and all manner of Agriculture Store-houses also were erected wherein to lay the proportion of those Fruits which belonged to the Sun and to the Inca and for receiving such Provisions as were made against the times of famine or years of scarcity all which was agreeable to the ancient and laudable customs and care practised by the Incas More particularly in the Valley of Parmunca the Prince commanded that a Fortress should be built and there to remain for a perpetual remembrance and signal Trophy of their Victory obtained against the King of Chimu having been the place and seat of a bloudy War. The Fort was strengthened with great Art and adorned with Paintings and other curiosities Howsoever these rarities could not administer consideration to unconcerned Strangers and Foreigners sufficient to spare them and free them from being demolished howsoever they are not so totally destroyed but that still some ruines remain to shew the compass and circumference of that Work. Things being quieted and setled in Chimu Garrisons established and Ministers appointed both for Civil Government and Matters of Religious Worship the Prince took his farewell of Chimu who was greatly satisfied to see himself continued in his Power and Rule and then the Prince returned to Cozco where he was received with the usual solemnity and the Festivals of Triumph celebrated for the space of a Month. CHAP. XXXIV How the Inca improved his Empire and of his other Actions till the time of his Death THE Inca Pachacutec being by this time grown aged began to study his quiet and repose resolving not to engage himself farther in War for the enlargement of his Empire having already extended the same 130 Leagues North and South and in breadth as far as it is from the snowy Mountain unto the Sea which is 70 Leagues East and West and all in order to the propagation of those received principles from their Ancestors which were to doe benefit to Mankind reducing them to rules of Morality and good manners He planted many Colonies in dry and barren Countries having by his Chanels of Water made them fruitfull He erected many Temples to the Sun and Monasteries for the Select Virgins after the form and model of that at Cozco He also made many Store-houses for Corn and Victuals and for Arms wherewith to supply his Army in their march and maintain his people in the time of scarcity and also built several Palaces on the great Roads for better accommodation of the Incas in their Travels In short he reformed every thing that was amiss in
the whole Empire and added to his Religion many new Rites and Ceremonies and introduced many laudable Customs and new Laws tending to the better regulation of Moral life He ejected many of the Idols formerly Worshipped by his Subjects out of the Temples and forbad many barbarous and abominable customs in use amongst them And that he might shew himself as great a Captain and Souldier as he was a King and Priest he reformed the Militia instructing them in the Discipline of War and for encouragement of his Souldiery he established new favours and honours for those that should deserve them He also enlarged and beautified the great City of Cozco with sumptuous Buildings and supplied it with new Citizens and Inhabitants and particularly he erected a Palace for himself near those Schools which his Great Grandfather Roca had founded For which Magnificent actions and for his sweet and gentle disposition he was beloved and adored like another Jupiter He reigned fifty years and as some say seventy during all which time he lived in great peace and prosperity at the end of which he dyed being universally lamented by his Subjects having his place allotted to him amongst the Kings his Predecessors and enrolled in the List and Number of their Gods. He was embalmed according to the custome of their Countrey and his Obsequies performed with cries and sighs and sacrifices and other ceremonies of Funeral which continued for the space of a whole year He left the Universal inheritance of his Empire to his Eldest Son Yupanqui and his Wife and Sister Coya Anahuarque besides which he left above three hundred Sons and Daughters and that in all with legitimate and natural Children he made up the number of more than four hundred and yet the Indians esteem these but few considering they were the issue of so great and so good a Father The Spanish Historians confound the Names of this Father and Son in one denomination calling the Father Yupanqui and the Son Inca whereas Inca was the Royal Title as Augustus was to the Emperours The cause of this mistake amongst the Spaniards arises from the Indians themselves who having occasion to mention these two Kings say Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui which the Spaniards misunderstanding take to be one person and so confound the Father with the Son though in reality the Indians make great difference distinguishing this Yupanqui from his Father and others by the sirname of Tupac which is as much as to say resplendent in like manner they distinguish another Inca Yupanqui by the Father of Huayna Capac and another Tupanqui by the Grandfather of Huascar and so give some distinction to them all which I denote for better clearing the History to observing and intelligent Readers CHAP. XXXV Of the Schools which he founded and enlarged and of the Laws he made for good Government BLas Valera discoursing of this Inca hath these following words Viracocha being dead and placed by the Indians amongst the number of their Gods the Grand Titu his Son succeeded in his Throne by the Name of Manco Capac untill such time as his Father gave him the Name of Pachacutec which signifies as much as if they should call him the Reformer of the World the which Name was verified by the many famous Actions he performed and the many wise Sentences and Proverbs which he uttered the which were so excellent and renowned that having deserved that August Title the former Name began to be forgotten This Inca governed his Empire with that vigilance prudence and courage both in War and Peace that he not onely enlarged it towards all the four quarters of the World which they called Tavantinsuyu but strengthened and corroborated it by such excellent Laws and Statutes as were judged worthy to be confirmed by the Wisedom of our Catholick Kings those onely excepted which had respect to the Idolatrous Rites of their Religion and to the permissions of their Incestuous Marriages This Inca above all things amplified and endowed with Honours and Revenues those Schools which the Inca Rocca had first founded at Cozco He encreased the number of Masters and Teachers commanding that no Officer Captain or Souldier should be capable of any Honour Office or Dignity but he onely that could speak and who was knowing and skilfull in the Language of Cozco And that no person might plead excuse for his ignorance therein he ordained and appointed several Masters to teach that Tongue to all the Nobles and to others capable to serve in publick employment so that the Language of Cozco became the common and universal Tongue of all Peru However of late I know not how by negligence of Officers 't is almost lost and forgotten to the great damage and obstruction of the Gospel Such Indiansâ— as to these days retain that Language are much better civilized and more intelligent than those others who are as gross and corrupt in their Manners as they are in their Language It was this Pachacutec who prohibited all persons unless they were Princes and of the Bloud-Royal to wear Gold or Silver or pretious Stones or Feathers of divers colours or the fine sort of Goats Wool which they had learned to Weave with admirable Art. He commanded that upon the first days of the new Moon and other days of Festival they should go decently but not gaily dressed by which means he made moderate cloathing to become a fashion which to this day is observed by the Indians who are Tributaries and hath that good effect upon them that thereby they are freed from the danger of bad Arts which oftentimes necessitate Men to exercise unlawfull contrivances for the sake of fine cloathing and gay apparel Though indeed at present those Indians who are Servants to Spaniards or live amongst them are become greatly corrupt in that particular not valuing their honour or consciences in comparison with the gallantry and finery of their Apparel This Inca likewise enjoyned great temperance in Eating though he gave more liberty to the Commonalty as well as the Princes in the excess of Drink He ordained particular Officers to oversee and take notice of idle Persons and Vagabonds not suffering any person to want business or employment but to serve his Father or his Master so that Children of five or six years of Age were not excused from some employment and work agreeable to their years Even the lame and blind and dumb had some sort of work put into their hands the Old Men and Women were set to affright away the Crows and Birds from the Corn and thereby gained their Bread and Cloathing And lest Men by reason of continual labour and toil should become weary and their lives burthensome he provided that for their better ease they should have three Days of repose and divertisement in every Moon by which they accounted their Month He appointed three Fairs in every Month to be held at the end of every nine Days so that such as lived in the Villages might at the end
Marquis Francisco Piçarro it was in reality worth nothing for that Valley being very pleasant and delightful was divided amongst the Spaniards who were Citizens of Cozco and well cultivated by them and fenced in to make Gardens and Vineyards as it is to this day Wherefore the poor Inca enjoyed nothing more than to have the Title of being Lord of Yuca which notwithstanding he highly esteemed being the most pleasant piece of ground in all the Empire The grant of which was not carried to the Inca by John de Sierra as this Author intimates but was given him at Los Reyes when he personally appeared there to visit the Vice-King and pay the Complement of Obedience But that which was carried by John de Sierra and delivered to the Inca was no other than an Act of Grace and Pardon of all his Crimes without mentioning any particulars or making any promises of support or maintenance for himself or Family or setting out any Lands to make him a Revenue In the following Chapter we will set down every thing methodically as they passed for what we have anticipated in this place is only to shew by another hand what Caution Subtilty Craft and Jealousie the Indian Captains used in their Treaties before they would adventure to commit their Prince into the power of the Spaniards CHAP. X. The Governours of the Prince consult the several Prophesies and Prognostications which were made concerning the event of their Prince's departure from the Mountains Diverse Opinions arise thereupon the Inca resolves to go he comes to Los Reyes where he is received by the Vice-King The answer which the Inca made when the Instrument was delivered to him which allotted and secured a maintenance to him THE Captains and Tutors of the Inca continued their Debates and Consultations concerning the Surrender of their Prince into the hands of the Spaniards And for better assurance therein they inspected the Entrails of the Beasts which they offered in Sacrifice and observed the flying of Birds by Day and those of the Night they looked on the Skye to see whether it were thick or cloudy or whether the Sun were bright and clear without Mists or Clouds which covered it and accordingly they made their Prognostications of good or bad Fortune They made no enquiries of the Devil because as we have said before all the Oracles of that Country ceased and became dumb so soon as the Sacraments of our Holy Mother the Church of Rome entered into these Dominions And tho' all the Observations made seemed good Omens and portended happy success yet the Captains were divided in their Opinions Some said that it was sit for their Prince to appear publickly and in the Eyes of his People to whom nothing could be so pleasant and acceptable as the presence of his Person Others said that there was no reason to expect the restauration of their Prince for the Inca was already dispossessed of his Empire and the same divided amongst the Spaniards and proportioned by Pravinces and Plantations of which there was no hopes ever to see a restitution And in such a condition as this a Prince disinherited and divested of all his Power and Riches would make such a poor figure before his People as would give them Subject rather of Sorrow than of Joy at his presence And tho' the Vice-King promised to make him an allowance wherewith honourably to support himself and Family yet not having allotted the Provinces nor named the parts from whence such Revenue is to arise it looks as if he intended to feed him with empty words without any real or substantial performances and in case when an allowance is assigned which doth not prove agreeable to the Quality of the Prince he had lived a more happy Exile within these Mountains than exposed abroad to Misery and Scorn But what security have you that these Spaniards will not deal with this Prince as they sometime did with his Father whom instead of returning him all the acknowledgments which a Soul endued with Humanity and Reason was capable to render they barbarously killed with the stroak of a Bowl upon his Head whilest he endeavoured to divertise and solace them a that Game in their Solitude and retirement with him where he concealed and secured them from the hands of their Enemies Nor is it so long since the time of Atahualpa but that we may remember how they strangled him against the Faith and Articles of Peace which were made with them having thereby given us a clear Evidence how far their Honesty and Promises extend These and other Examples of the faithless and treacherous performances used by the Spaniards towards the Caciques and other Indians of Principal Note were particularly called to mind and related the which for brevity sake we omit And afterwards the two Opinions with the Arguments on each side being laid before the Prince he inclined to the advice of remaining in his Station and not intrusting his Person to the Honesty and Mercy of the Spaniards and herein he was more strongly confirmed when he reflected on the Fate of his Father and His Uncle Atahualpa And then it was what Palentino saith before that the Prince ordered the Letters and Presents and Writings to be returned to the Vice-King and to tell him That as he might do his own will and pleasure so he who was the Inca was free and independant of any and so would continue But whereas our Lord God had out of his infinite goodness and mercy determined that that Prince his Wife and Children and Family should be admitted into the Bosom of our Mother the Roman Catholick Church he so governed the Heart of this Prince that notwithstanding all the Affrightments and Apprehensions he conceived of incurring the like Fate with his Ancestors he yet in a short time changed his mind and resolved to throw himself and his Good Fortune on the Faithfulness and good Nature of the Spaniards The which Palentino confirms and says That after John Sierra and the others were departed the Inca dispatched two Indians after them with Orders to cause them to return and give up the Commission which was delivered to them Thus did this matter pass as this Author relates tho' with some difference in respect to time and the method of the several proceedings I for my part set them down in that Form as they succeeded according as they were often related to my Mother by our Indian Kindred who came out with the Prince and made this matter the Subject of their discourse at the time of their Visits But to be short in this Story the Prince having with a little time abated his choller which the memory of his Father and Uncle had raised in him he declared his resolution to visit the Vice-King who perhaps might thereby be inclined to protect and favour his Royal Stock Howsoever the Captains desired and importuned him to be more cautious and kind to himself than to expose his life and safety to
to come out of those Mountains and live amongst the Spaniards since they were become one People with them which offer if he was disposed to accept he assured him that the King would bestow on him the same Livelyhood and Support that he had formerly given to his Brother But these Proposals did not prevail according to the hopes conceived nor answer Expectations for want of those Instruments and Messengers both Spaniards and Indians which were formerly employ'd Moreover on the Prince's side greater difficulties presented for his Kindred and Subjects who were with him affrighted him with the story of his Brother telling him That the Allowance given him by the Spaniards was small and inconsiderable and that the life of his Brother afterwards was very short caused as they would insinuate by Poison or some treacherous or suspicious manner of dealing therefore they advised the Inca by no means to move out of his Retirement being more secure in his Banishment than in the faithless Hands of his Enemies This Resolution of the Prince being made known to the Vice-King by those Indians who went to and came from those Mountains of which sort of Informers there were many who were Domestick Servants in the Houses of Spaniards His Excellency considered with his most intimate Friends of the ways and methods which were to be used for reducing that Prince to the Terms they required who all agreed That since the Inca refused to accept the fair Conditions which were offered to him that they should look on him as an Enemy and prosecute him by force of Arms For in regard that he having seated himself in a Station which much infested the ways from Cozco to Humauca and Rimac where his Indian Subjects pillaged and robbed all the Spanish Merchants and Travellers which passed those Roads and committed many other outrages and insolencies like mortal Enemies it was but reason to declare War against him Moreover it was the Opinion of the wise Counsellors of those times That many Insurrections might be raised in that Empire by this young Heir being countenanced and assisted by the Incas his Kinsmen who lived amongst the Spaniards and by the Caciques his Subjects and by those very men who were born of Indian Mothers though their Fathers were Spaniards all which would joyn and rejoice at a change being willing to better their Fortunes which were reduced to that mean degree that most of them wanted even Bread to support the necessities of Humane Life Moreover it was alledged That by the Imprisonment of the Inca all that Treasure might be discovered which appertained to former Kings together with that Chain of Gold which Huayna Capac commanded to be made for himself to wear on the great and solemn days of their Festival and especially on that day when he gave a name to his eldest Son Huascar as hath been formerly related all which as was reported the Indians concealed And in regard that that Chain of Gold with the remaining Treasure belong'd to his Catholick Majesty by right of Conquest it was Justice and Reason to take such courses as might retrieve those Riches which the Incas concealed and had conveyed away from the true Proprietor Besides all which many other matters were alledged which might incite the Vice-King to take the Inca Prisoner But to return Answer to those Accusations which were charged on the Inca. We confess that many years past in the time of his Father Manco Inca several Robberies were committed on the Road by his Subjects but still they had that respect to the Spanish Merchants that they let them go free and never pillag'd them of their Wares and Merchandise which were in no manner useful to them Howsoever they robbed the Indians of their Cattel bred in the Country which they drove to the Markets being enforced thereunto more out of necessity than choice for their Inca living in the Mountains which afforded no tame Cattel and only produced Tigers and Lions and Serpents of twenty five and thirty Foot long with other venomous Insects of which we have given a large account in this History his Subjects were compelled for the natural sustenance of their Prince to supply him with such Food as they found in the Hands of Indians which the Inca Father of this Prince did usually call his own saying That he who was Master of that whole Empire might lawfully challenge such a proportion thereof as was convenient to supply his necessary and natural support But this passed only in the time of this Inca and as I remember when I was a Child I heard of three or four such Robberies which were committed by the Indians But so soon as that Inca dyed all was quieted and no other Spoyls ensued Notwithstanding which the Vice-King was induced to follow the advice of some Counsellors who suggested that the Inca lived in places on the frontiers from which he much annoyed the Spaniards taking away their Cattle and robbing their Merchants And that it was impossible to keep the Indians quiet and within terms of Peace whilst the Inca was so near them and dayly in their Eye that to serve him they would adventure to commit the greatest Outrages they were able The Vice-King as we have said being overswayed by this way of reasoning committed the charge of this enterprise to a certain Gentleman named Martin Garcia Loyola who in times past had performed great Services for his Majesty Accordingly Souldiers were raised upon pretence that they were to be sent to Chile for recruits against the Araucans who very much oppressed and streightned the Spaniards About 250 Men being armed and provided with Weapons offensive and defensive they marched directly to Villca pampa the entrance whereunto was made very easie and plain after the Prince Don Diego Sayri Tupac had abandoned his Habitations there so that they might go in and come out from thence without any difficulty The Prince Tupac Amaru having received intelligence that some Forces were entered within his Jurisdiction he presently fled twenty Leagues within the Country down a River below the Mountain The Spaniards instantly fitted themselves with Boats and Floats and therewith followed and pursued after him The Prince considering that he had not People to make resistance and that he was not conscious to himself of any Crime or disturbance he had done or raised suffered himself to be taken chusing rather to entrust himself in the hands of the Spaniards than to perish in those Mountains with Famine or be drowned in those great Rivers which fall and empty themselves into the River of Plate Wherefore he yielded himself into the Power of Captain Martin Loyola and his Souldiers in hopes that when they found him naked and deprived of all subsistance they would take Compassion on him and allow him the same Pension which was given to his Brother Don Diego Sayri Tupac little suspecting that they would kill him or do him any harm since he was guilty of no Crime The Spaniards in this