is sufficiently preserved without it secondly because it would have hindred the motion of the Breast Only here it is somewhat yellowish The Membrana carnosa hath nothing peculiar saving that in the fore-part of the Neck it is more fleshy and assumes the nature of a Muscle where the Musculus quadratus is framed which pulleth aside the Cheeks and Lips according to Spigelius CHAP. II. Of the proper containing parts and first of the Dugs THE proper containing parts are either external or internal The external are in number three the Dugs the Muscles the Bones The internal proper containing parts are three in like manner the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm Dugs are granted to both the Sexes and are seated in the middle of the Thorax on each side one upon the pectoral Muscle that draweth the Shoulder forwards In Men they are framed of the Cutis the Membrana carnosa Fat and the Nipple and serve only for beauty and are called Mammillae In Women besides these parts they have remarkable Vessels Glandules and Pipes to contain the Milk separated by the Glandules and are called Mammae They differ much as to their bigness in several Women and in the â—ame Woman in regard of age and other circumstances for before they have their Menses and when they are very old they bunch out but very little And in the middle or flower of their age when they give suck or are with Child they are bigger than at other times They are made up of many glandulous bodies of a different bigness and are not of one continued glandulous substance as Dr. Wharton affirmeth lib. de Gland p. 236. there is one in the middle just under the Nipple that is bigger than the rest The spaces between the Glands are filled up with fat and there are abundance of Vessels that go from one to another They are all inclosed by the Membrana carnosa and make up as it were an half globe They are whiter of substance in Women than in Brutes Through these Glands the Milk is separated from the Bloud being nothing but the Chyle issuing out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with the Bloud to which it is not as yet assimilated and driven hither along the Thoracick arteries Unless we will admit Venae lacteae to come hither which opinion we shall examine afterwards Upon the middle great Gland standeth the Papilla or Nipple which is round and of a spongy substance covered with a very thin Skin and has many little holes in it for the Milk to distil out by when the Child sucketh it It is of an exquisite sense and resembles something the Glans of a Man's Penis in that by handling or sucking it becomes erect or stiff being otherwise commonly â—laggy It is red in Virgins livid in those that give suck and blackish in old Women All the Tubuli lactiferi or Milk-conduits end in it It differs in bigness being as big in some as a Mulberry in others as a Raspberry in others less when Women give suck it is longer than at other times It s use is to be like a Pipe or Tunnel which the Child taking in its Mouth may suck the Milk through out of the Breast And it is of so exquisite sense that the Milk passing through it may cause a kind of titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses may take the greater delight and pleasure to suckle their Infants There is a little circle that surrounds it called Areola which in Virgins is pale and knotty in those that are with Child or give suck brown and in old Women black The Breasts have all sorts of Vessels Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts which are common to them with other parts and Tubuli lactiferi proper to themselves and according to some Venae lacteae Of all these in order The Veins are of two sorts for some are external some internal The external spring from the Axillar branch and run only under the Skin which covereth the Dugs and are called Thoracicae superiores or the uppermost Breast-veins And these are they that look so blue in the Breasts of fine-skin'd Women The internal called Mammariae spring from the Rami subclavii They are in number two on each side one These enter in among the Glands of the Mammae where they send forth a great many branches but descending thence by the Mucronata cartilago they pass out of the Breast and go downward under the Musculi recti When they are come to the umbilical region almost they are said to be joyned by sundry inosculations with the Venae epigastricae which meet them there though most late Anatomists deny any such inosculation These Venae epigastricae spring from the external Ramus iliacus and by a streight way pass upward under the aforesaid Muscles And from the internal branch of the said Ramus spring the Venae hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottom of the Matrix Of which in Book I. when we treated of the Womb. They have the same number of Arteries as Veins and of the same denomination viz. Arteriae thoracicae superiores which are sent forth from the Axillar and Arteriae mammariae in like manner which spring from the Subclavian and from the Breasts descend to about the Navel Whither when they are come they are said but erroneously to be united by inosculation with the Arteriae Epigastricae ascending The use of both Veins and Arteries shall be shewn by and by when we come to the use of the Breasts They have Nerves according to Spigelius from the fourth Intercostal nerve springing out of the vertebral marrow of the Thorax which about the middle of the Rib perforating the Intercostal Muscle is divided into four branches which are sent afterward to the pectoral Muscle and so into the Breasts the thickest passing to the Nipple They have very many Lympheducts Doctor Wharton saith they are very conspicuous and numerous in the Vbera of Cows but one can hardly trace them into the Parenchyma Wherefore saith he 't is likely that they carry back all the exhalations resolved into sweat by help of the Membranes which they rather minister to than to the Parâ—nchyma Besides these four sorts of Vessels that are common to them with most other parts of the Body they have proper to themselves certain â—actiferons or milk-carrying Pipes which are the Store-houses wherein the Milk is reserved and through which as by Conduits it flows to the Nipple when the Child sucks Bartholin has observed ten or more of them full of Milk in Women giving suck with their outer ends encompassing the Papilla circular-wise each of which as they pass further into the Breasts are divided into sundry branches which end in the Mammary glands above spoken of from whence they bring the Milk and pour it into the common duct of the Papilla The several branches of these Tubuli amongst
shamefull thing or a view of it causeth blushing thinking on a terrible thing paleness on a sad thing cold Lustfull thoughts make the Body hot relax the strict Genitals of Women erect the Penis and do so open the seminary ways that are otherwise invisible that Seed issueth out of its own accord in involuntary or nocturnal pollution The same intense imagination adds he and a desirous cogitation of suckling the Infant is the Cause that the Chyliferous vessels by which he means Venae lacteae properly so called are loosened and opened towards the Breasts especially if some outward causes tending that way favour and further incite that strong imagination as wanton handling of the Breasts the moving of the Foetus in the Womb the sucking of the Papilla c. For according to the different influx of the Animal spirits the parts are sometimes straitned sometimes relaxed as every one knows and according to that different constriction or relaxation the Bloud and other impelled humours flow sometimes more sometimes less into the parts and sometimes beget heat softness redness sometimes constriction cold and paleness Amongst these impelled humours is the Chyle c. To confirm this opinion he gives several instances wherein nothing but imagination could move the Chyle to tend to the Breasts His first is that known story of Santorellus That a poor Man's Wife dying and not having Means enough to hire a Nurse for the Infant she had left behind her he used to still it a little often to lay it to his Paps without doubt says Diemerbroeck with a great desire to yield it some Milk and so at length by that intense and continual thought and often repeated sucking of the Papillae his Breasts afforded Milk enough for the suckling the Infant Which by the way seems to make much against his opinion of the Chyle's being conveyed to the Mammae by the Venae lacteae for seeing Men according to Nature give no suck to what purpose should Venae lacteae be distributed to their Mammillae and yet here is an instance of a Man giving suck and therefore the Chyle is more likely to be brought by the Arteries which Men have as well as Women unless we will grant that force to imagination to make Venae lacteae as well as to send the Chyle by them which would be an equal force of imagination to imagine But to proceed He tells another story of an old Woman that came to give suck and he delivers it with such circumstances as may create a belief of the truth of it At Vyanen a Town not far from us viz. from Vtrecht in which Province it is about thirty years agoe there was an Hostess that kept the Bores-head Inne without the Gate who was brought to bed a little after her Husbands death and died in Child-bed or very soon after leaving a healthfull Child behind her and having left very little Estate her Mother whose name was Joan Vuyltuyt being also poor and not able to put it out to Nurse yet had such pity on her Daughters Child as to undertake to nourish it and she was now threescore and six years old Now having sometimes used with the greatest commiseration to hold it to her Breasts when it cried and offered it the Nipple to suck by that strong imagination and desirous cogitation of nourishing the Infant her Breasts began to give Milk and that in a few days so plentifully as was abundantly sufficient to feed the Child so that it had scarce any need of other sustenance and so to the admiration of all the Infant was well nourished with the Milk of this old Woman whose Breasts for many years had been wither'd and flaggy but now became plump and full like a young Woman's There are many still alive in that City that remember the thing very well I confess the story is very odd but whether to be resolved into the force of imagination I leave the curious to meditate However he very plausibly answers several objections that may be made against it which it will be worth the while for the Latine Reader to peruse in his Anat. corp human lib. 2. cap. 2. p. 409 411 c. The two other proper containing parts of the Thorax are the Muscles and the Bones As for the Muscles they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles Book 5. cap. 15. The Bones are set down in the Doctrine of Bones Book 6. cap. 11 12 13. CHAP. III. Of the proper internal containing parts THese are in number three the Pleura the Mediastinum with the Thymus growing to it and the Diaphragm The Pleura hath its denomination from the Ribs under which it is placed for a Rib is in Greek called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so it may be termed in English the Costal membrane It is a Membrane white thin hard resembling the Peritonaeum and lining all the cavity of the Thorax Spigelius de human corp fabr lib. 6. cap. 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum contrary to the opinion of Riolanus who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the Guts It is every where double The inner part is thickest smoothest and as it were bedewed with a waterish humour that it should not offend the Lungs by its roughness This waterish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the Bloud condensed by the respective coldness of the Membrane The outer part is thinner yet is rougher that it should cleave the more firmly to the Ribs and Muscles As for its figure without it is arched within hollow above it is narrower below broader chiefly towards the Sides From it sometimes spring some sinewy Fibres by the which the Lungs are tied to it If these be too strait the motion of the Lungs is hindred and so an incurable difficulty of breathing procured Above it is perforated in six or seven places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta ascending the Gula the Wind-pipe Lacteals Lympheducts and Nerves Below where it covereth the Midriff it is perforated in three places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta descending as also to the Gula. It is said to be framed of the Membranes covering the Spinalis medulla from whence it comes forward on each hand by the sides to the Breast-bone under which the Membranes of each side are joyned together and so being doubled it goes back again streight from the middle of the Breast to the Back dividing the cavity of the Thorax and the Lungs also into two parts like a partition-wall and this is called Mediastinum of which by and by Its Veins spring from the superiour Intercostal branch and from the Vena sine pari The Arteries in like manner proceed from the superiour Intercostals which arise from the Subclavian and these descend to about the fourth Rib below which it has its
the Glands many do take for true Lacteals and therefore do believe that there are some Venae lacteae that conduct the Chyle directly to the Mammae But from whence those Lacteals have their origine is not agreed among the defenders of that opinion Some affirm them to rise from the Stomach some from the Pancreas and some from the Ductus thoracicus The truth is it is no wonder they should not agree concerning their rise seeing the opinion is grounded more upon rational conjecture than ocular discovery For as was said in the former Book Chap. 32. discoursing of the Venae lacteae their being said to convey the liquor into the Amnios That that were a plausible opinion if such could be demonstrated by Anatomy so we may say as to their conveying the Chyle to the Breasts where it comes to be called Milk But with all due respect and deference to the Espousers of this Hypothesis such as the most learned Sir George Ent Caspar Martianus Diemerbroeck c. we must crave leave to dissent therefrom with Doctor Wharton Doctor Needham c. till there shall be observed more certain footsteps of such Vessels The use of the Breasts in Women is to prepare or separate Milk for the nourishment of the Child Which how it is done we shall shew in as few words as may be It was an old opinion that Milk was made of Bloud sent from the Womb by the Epigastrick vessels ascending and as was thought inosculating with those branches of the Mammariae that descend towards the Navel But as later Anatomists have found those anastomoses only imaginary invented to serve an Hypothesis so it is generally denied that either Bloud sent from the Womb or from wheresoever is the true matter out of which Milk is made For not to mention which yet is very considerable that it is incredible that the Mother could every day endure the loss of so much Bloud suppose a pound and half as the Child sucks daily Milk from the Breasts I think the argument urged by Dr. Wharton may satisfie any Man Viz. Nature does nothing in vain she goes not forward and backward by the same path But if she make Bloud of Chyle which is certain and then make Chyle of Bloud again she goes so For Chyle is a sort of Milk as appears by the opening of the Lacteal veins If therefore that Chyle be first excocted into Bloud and then return again to the nature of Milk Nature should certainly frustrate her first work We shall not therefore spend further time to refute so improbable and now obsolete an opinion but shall avow that Chyle is the true matter out of which Milk is made which is done after this manner The Chyle being received into the common receptacle from the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery ascends up by the Ductus thoracicus and by it is conveyed into the subclavian Veins where it is mixed with the Bloud and from whence it is circulated with it through the ventricles of the Heart And when it comes out of the left Ventricle by the Aorta a good part of it as yet not assimilated to the Bloud is sent to the Breasts by the Mammary and Thoracick arteries whose Capillaries are inserted into the Glands through which it is strained or filtrated into the Tubuli lactiferi even as the Serum of the Bloud is separated from it by the Glands of the Kidneys into their Tubuli or Syphons And as those Syphons of the Kidneys carry the Serum into the Pelvis so do these of the Mammae the Milk into the common duct of the Nipple As for the Bloud that came along with the Chyle to the Glands that returns back again into the Subclavian and Axillar veins and so to the Heart Besides this matter of the Milk viz. Chyle Dr. Wharton suitable to his Hypothesis of the Succus nutritius of the Nerves thinks that the Nerves contribute their share which he calls spermatick for the nourishment and encrease of the spermatick parts of the Child But if it should be supposed that the Nerves have such Succus in them which we do not believe what weakness must it needs induce upon the Mother to have so much of it with the animal spirits daily drain'd out of them whereas we see that many Women are more chearfull and healthfull when they give suck than at other times We cannot therefore consent to that opinion And here a most difficult question may arise why the Chyle whether it be brought by some Venae lacteae or by the Arteries flows only to the Breasts at some certain times and not always seeing the Vessels that carry it are not obliterated nor it self exhausted They that taught that the Milk was made of Bloud and that that Bloud was sent from the Womb by the Hypogastrick vessels inosculating with the Mammary these I say deriving the Milk from the Menstrual bloud as its matter out of which it is made thought that the stopping of the Menses as commonly happens to Nurses unless very plethorick occasioned the regurgitation of the Bloud by the said Vessels up to the Breasts where so free a vent was found for it after it was first changed into Milk by their Glandules They assigned the same bloud for the nourishment of the Foetus in the Womb and that after the birth it ascended up to the Breasts But having in the former Book Chap. 33. shewn that the Foetus is not nourished at all by the Mothers bloud as also in this Chapter that Milk is not made of it we need not though it were easie to shew how ill this Hypothesis would satisfy the question if Bloud should be supposed the material cause of the Milk And indeed it is far easier to invalidate the reasons that have been urged for it than to produce any new ones that are more satisfactory For as above in Book I. discoursing of the manner and matter of the nourishing the Foetus in the Womb we scrupled not to expose our selves to the smiles of our so oversagacious Virtuosi in resolving all into the wise disposal of the Creatour so we shall not be ashamed to profess our I think invincible ignorance in this also and acquiesce in the wise providence of Nature However we will not omit to give Diemerbroeck's opinion which if it cannot satisfy may for its ingeniousness delight The cause of it says he is a strong imagination or an intense and often thinking of Milk Breasts and their Suction which worketh wonderfull things in our Bodies not indeed simply of it self but by mediation of the appetitive power or of the passions of the mind which induce various motions on the spirits and humours So the imagination and thinking of a great danger maketh a Man tremble fall be cold fall into a swoon yea hath sometimes turn'd all the hairs grey in a short time The imagination of a joyfull matter causeth heat and animosity of the Body thinking on a
Mothers bloud why should her Menses be stopt all or most of the while she is with Child To which I answer that 't is for the same reason that Nurses that give suck commonly want them also for as in Nurses the chyle passes in a great proportion to the Breasts whereby the bloud being defrauded of its due and wonted share does not encrease to that degree as to need to be lessened by the flowing of the Menses so in Women with Child there is so great a quantity of the Succus nutritius which is only chyle a little refined and impregnated with vital spirit that passes to the Placenta by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick arteries for the nourishment of the Foetus that unless the Mother be very sanguine her Menses intermit after the first or second month I shall conclude therefore that the Foetus is nourished three several ways but only by one humour first by apposition of it whiles it is yet an imperfect Embryo and has not the Umbilical vessels formed but after these are perfected it then receives the same nutritious juice by the Umbilical vein the more spirituous and thin part whereof it transmutes into bloud and sends forth the grosser part by the Umbilical artery into the Amnios which the Foetus sucks in at its Mouth and undergoing a new concoction in its Stomach is received out of the Intestins by the Venae lacteae as is done after the birth CHAP. XXXIV What parts of a Foetus in the Womb differ from those of an adult person HAving delivered the history of the Foetus we will only further shew in what parts a Foetus in the Womb differs from an adult person And this we cannot do more exactly than in the manner that Diemerbroeck has reckon'd them whom therefore we shall here translate with little alteration This diversity he saith consists in the difference of magnitude figure situation number use colour cavity hardness motion excrements and strength of the parts Now this diversity is conspicuous either in the whole Body or in the several Ventricles or in the Limbs There is considerable in the whole Body 1. The littleness of all the parts 2. The reddish colour of the whole 3. The softness of the Bones whereof many are as yet gristly and flexible and that by so much the more by how much the Foetus is further from maturity In the Head there are several differences As 1. The Head in respect to the proportion of the rest of the Body is bigger and the shape of the Face less neat 2. The bones of the Skull are softer and the Crown is not covered with bone but onely with a Membrane 3. The bone of the Forehead is divided as also of the under Jaw and the Os cuneiforme is divided into four 4. The bone of the Occiput or hinder part of the Head is distinguisht into three four or five bones 5. The Brain is softer and more fluid and the Nerves very soft 6. The bones that serve the sense of Hearing are wonderfully hard and big 7. The Teeth lie hid in the little holes of the Jaw-bone There is no less diversity in the Thoraxâ— For 1. The Dugs swell and out of them in Infants new born whether Male or Female a serous Milk issues forth sometimes of its own accord sometimes with a light pressure yet there are no Glandules very conspicuous but there is some fashion of a Nipple 2. The Vertâ—brae of the Back want their spinous processes and are each one made of three distinct Bones whose mutual concourse form that hole whereby the spinal marrow descends 3. The Heart is remarkably big and its Auriculae large 4. There are two unions of the greater Vessels that are not conspicuous in adult persons viz. 1. The Foramen ovale by which there is a passage open out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris just as each of them are opening the first into the right Ventricle and the latter into the left Ventricle of the Heart And this Foramen just as it opens into the Vena pulmonaris has a Valve that hinders any thing from returning out of the said Vein into the Foramen 2. The Canalis arteriosus which two fingers breadth from the basis of the Heart joins the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta It has a pretty large Cavity and ascends a little obliquely from the said Artery to the Aorta into which it conveys the bloud that was driven into the pulmonary Artery out of the right Ventricle of the Heart so that it never comes in the left Ventricle even as that bloud that is sent out of the left Ventricle into the Aorta never came in the right except a little that is returned from the nutrition of the Lungs but passed immediately into it out of the Vena cava by the Foramen ovale So that the bloud passes not through both the Ventricles as it does after the Foetus is born for then it must have had its course through the Lungs which it cannot have because they are now very dense and lie idle and unmoved Yea they are so dense and heavy that if one throw them into water they will sink whereas if the Foetus be but born and take only half a dozen breaths they become so spongy and light that they will swim Which by the way may be of good use to discover whether those Infants that are killed by Whores and which they commonly affirm were still-born were really so or no. For if they were still-born the Lungs will sink but if alive so as to breath never so little a while they will swim 5. The Gland Thymus is notably large and consists as it were of three Glands In the lower Belly there are these differences 1. The Umbilical vessels go out of the Abdomen 2. The Stomach is narrower yet not empty but pretty full of a whitish liquor 3. The Caul is hardly discernible being almost like a Spiders web 4. The Guts are seven times longer or more than the Body 5. In the small Guts the excrements are pituitous and yellow but in the thick somewhat hard and blackish sometimes greenish the Caecum is larger than usual and often filled with Faeâ—es 6. The Liver is very large filling not only the right Hypochondre but extends it self into the left side and covers all the upper part of the Stomach It has a passage now more than in the adult called Canalis venosus which arising out of the Sinus of the Porâ—a carries the greatest part of what is brought by the Umbilical vein directly and in a full stream into the Cava above the Liver but assoon as the Infant is born and nothing comes any longer by the said Vein this Canalis presently closes as the Vein it self turns to a Ligament as also do the Vrachus and the two Umbilical arteries 7. The Spleen is small 8. The Gall-bladder is full of yellow or green choler 9. The Sweet-bread is very large and white 10.