and ponderous that they hung down to her Knees and when she sat she rested her weighty Burthen upon her Knees IV. Now the bigness of the Breasts is chiefly to be considered by the Physician when he comes to the choice of a Nurse For this reason Moschius an Ancient Physician writes That a Nurse with moderate Breasts is always to be chosen for that great Breasts do not breed Plenty of Milk and too small denote frigidity But though it may be so generally yet experience tells us 't is no certain Rule For we have known many Women that had very small Breasts yet every time they were with Child their Breasts swell'd to a moderate Bigness and so continued all the time they gave suck yielding great store of Milk but after the Child was weaned fell again Others again we have seen and those not a few that having large Breasts bred a great deal of Milk and it is the common Opinion that great Beasts breed more Milk than small ones This in Cows the Country People pretend to know by Experience who will therefore give more for a Cow that has a large Udder than a small one V. They were formed two in number partly that there might be sufficient Nourishment for a double off-spring partly that if one should prove defective through any distemper or any other accident the other might supply the want VI. They are seated in the middle of the Breast not in the Abdomen as in Brutes for the Convenience of giving Suck that they might be ready for the Infant in the Arms of the Mother The Rabbins by the Report of Buxtorf feign other idle Reasons for their Situation where they are Thus Rabbi Abba that the upper Region of the Breast was ordained for the Breasts that the Child might be discreet and prudent and suck understanding from the Heart of the Mother Rabbi Iehuda alledges it to be done lest the Child should see the privities of the Mother and R. Mathana that he might not suck in a nasty Place VII The shape is Hemispherical the substance soft and white in Women in Cows and other Creatures not so white and sometimes enclining to yellow Riolanus notes that the substance is ruddy under the Armpits in Women with Child and such as give suck which we could never observe VIII They are composed of many Glandulous Bodies different in bigness little Pipes and Chanels meeting together joyn'd and compacted with a good quantity of fatt spread over them which are also swath'd about with a fleshy Membrane and knit with Muscles underneath Riolan and Wharton contrary to ocular Testimony deny this multitude of Glandules and aver that the whole Breast is composed of one sole Glandulous Body divided into no distinct Globes yet in the mean while they grant that in Breasts that are not sound little Globes may be discerned which certainly would not be perceived in Breasts unsound unless they were really in sound Breasts which are less tumid IX There is one large Glandule seated in the middle which the rest that are lesser surround also infinite Folds of milky Vessels are scattered among the Glandules by means of which the Milky juice is not only conveighed to all the said Glandules but also the lesser pour forth their Milk into the great Glaudule Moreover there are larger and copious Pores in the Glandules themselves in which as in so many Cells the Milk is reserved till the time of giving Suck unless it be so thin and so plentiful as to flow out of it self X. Over the great Glandule lies the Teat which is a little round spungy Body cloathed with a thin Skin and penetrable with many little Holes XI In this the Milky Channels of the Glandules terminate and thorough the little holes of it as through a little pipe the Milk is poured by sucking into the Mouth of the Infant XII It is endued with an Exquisite sense of feeling and the gentle handling of it is delightful but a Boysterous rubbing of it painful and besides by handling and sucking it falls and rises like the nut of the Yard XIII The colour of it is red in Virgins more livid in those that give suck but in Women that are past Child-bearing it grows black XIV The bigness of it is various in some as big as a Mulberry in most no bigger than a sweet Bryar berry in others lesser but more prominent at the time of giving suck than at other times XV. The Circle that surrounds it is called Areola pale in Virgins in pregnant Women brown in old Women black XVI The Breasts have five sorts of Vessels 1. Nerves from the upper Intercostals which being carryed to the Teat in great number occasion its quick sence of feeling 2. Arteries for Nourishment the innermost from the Subclavial Branch of the great Artery the outermost from the Axillarie Branch 3. Veins to bring back the Blood remaining after Nourishment far bigger and more numerous than the Arteries and those double running out from the exterior and interior parts of the Breasts to the Subclavials and Axillary Branch of the Vena Cava and discharging themselves into it Through these in Nurses sometimes a copious quantity of Milky matter is carryed from the Breasts to the Subclavial Veins in like manner as the Chylus through the Chylifer Pectoral Channel and for that reason chiefly these Veins are so large and numerous because it is their business to conveigh the Blood remaining after Nourishment but also part of the milky Liquor redundant in Women giving suck to the Subclavial Veins which liquor also remaining after the Child is wean'd is not corrupted in the Breasts but is carry'd thither through these Veins 4. Milky Vessels 5. Lymphatick Channels One of the innermost Arteries and Veins descending from the Subclavials which are called Mammarie creeps on both sides toward the lower parts under the straight Muscles of the Abdomen which are met by as many Arteries and Veins from the lower Belly coming from the Epigastrics which are said to close by Anastomoses with the former under the middle of the said Muscles by means of which as it was formerly believed there is a great Correspondence between the Womb and the Breasts as also that the Blood is carryed from the Womb toward the Breasts to be turned into Milk But the meeting of these Vessels is meerly fictitious for we never could find it our selves neither could any body else ever shew us any such thing Sometimes indeed their ends approach nearer one to another but they never unite Besides that the Circulation of the Blood has long since refuted that Opinion See more concerning this L. 1. c. 5. L. 6. c. 3. XVII That there are Lymphatick Vessels in the Breasts there is no reason for any one to question but whether so numerous as Wharton says he has observed them may be doubted Probable it
is because the Milky Vessels contain a very watery Milky Liquor that he thereby deceived took many Milky Vessels for Lymphaticks which made him describe a great number of those Vessels But those Milky Vessels are filled with a watery juice when the Woman giving suck being a hungry has taken much watery Nourishment and then the Milk that is suckt out of the Breasts proves very watery XVIII The Milky Vessels quite different from the Veins and Arteries are for the most part observed to be intermixed with the Glandules of the Breasts springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part and closing together in the middle of the Breasts which Communion and Continuity nevertheless with the Chylifer Channels absconding within the Trunk of the Body could never be made manifest hitherto by all the diligent enquiry of Anatomists Because that in dead Bodies though but newly hang'd these Accesses or small Channels of Communion lye hid in like manner as the Passages of the Stones into the Parastates and out of the Seminary Vessels into the Urethra and such like Passages through which we find that Nature orders several Translations of humours in living Bodies However there is no question to be made but that in the inner parts they pass no less through the Membranes and Muscles to the Breasts than through the Arteries and Veins And therefore they are not conspicuous but lye hid because the Chylous juice abides not within 'em no more than Urine in the Ureters but by the Compression of the Muscles of Respiration and the parts through which they pass is presently and swiftly thrust forward and passes through them In like manner as the Milky Vessels of the Mesentery the Chylus being empty'd into the Receptacle swiftly vanish and are no more seen before new Chylus causes 'em to swell again which because it stays not long within them affords but a short view of them Nor is it to be wondered at that these small Milky Channels being extended toward the Breast should escape the Eye when the Pectoral Chyle-bearing Channel it self running out indifferent large all the length of the Spine could neither be seen nor found by the most curious and quick-sighted Anatomists of so many Ages which nevertheless in our time rather chance than Art or Diligence discovered Perhaps some such accident may bring to light these Chyle-bearing Channels of the Breasts For that they are there Reason Use and the effects sufficiently demonstrate and Hippocrates describes them under the name of little Veins when he says That in Women after Delivery the little Veins of the Breast become larger to draw the fat Chylus from the Belly from whence the Milk is bred However there is no question to be made but that they are there though the Ocular Testimony of some accurate Anatomists may be wanting for Proof Yet Antonie Everard observes to us that he remarked a manifest deduction of the Milky Vessels to the Breasts for says he some of these Channels arising from the descending Trunk running out above the Muscles of the Abdomen under the Fat afforded matter for the Milk to the Glandulous substance of the Breasts which afterwards form'd little Pipes sufficiently conspicuous out of which the Milk is carryed into the Common Channel and suckt through the Nipple Thus also Pecquet at Monpelier in the year 1654. before the most experienced Riverius found out and demonstrated in a Bitch that gave suck near the third upper Rib a Milky Channel reaching to the Breasts out of which a great quantity of Milk was pour'd forth Which Experiment he often prov'd in Bitches that gave suck by the like Effusion always of great store of Milk out of the Vessels being opened as often as he began his dissection from the outward parts near the first Ribs of the Breast He had also before observed this little Branch to proceed from the forked Separations which however was not inserted into the Subclavial Channel but turned away as it were by stealth toward the Armhole between the Muscles of the Breast Nor was it a lesser small Branch which Theodore Schenkius observed running with a direct course without the Abdomen to the Teats in a dissected Bitch that gave suck which being squeezed pour'd forth its juice into the Nipple Ludovicus de Bills describes in his Belgic Apology certain little Vessels descending from the Lymphatick Circle situated in the Neck toward the Glandules of the Breasts which he thinks to be Milky Vessels but erroneously not distinguishing between the Lymphatick and Milky So that contrary to reason the ocular Testimony of the said Persons ascertains us of the Production of Milkie Vessels to the Breasts As Antony Everard found out in Coneys little Pipes extended from the Descending Trunk to the Breasts which in those Creatures seem to be seated in a lower place so in a Woman certain little Branches seem rather to be extended from the ascending Pectoral Trunk to the Breasts seated in the Breast it self This appeared in our Secretaries Wife four or five weeks gone who happening into our practice while I was more accurately studying this point was complaining that she had very little Milk in her Breasts and that if the Infant suckt any thing hard she felt a pain very troublesom from her Breasts to her Back about the middle Region between the Shoulder-blades but somewhat lower and that she had some slight sence of the same pain as far as her Loyns but when the Child did not suck she felt no pain at all Without doubt these were some Impediments by reason of which the Milky Vessels had not free passage to the Breasts and hence the Child drawing in their upper part and no sufficient Chylus following out of the Pectoral Channel that sucking occasioned some pain from the Breast to the Milky Pectoral Channel as is more especially apparent from hence that though this Woman were in pain upon the drawing of the Infant yet she felt but very little Milk in her Breasts and so was forced to provide another Nurse for the Infant The same I observed in the Wife of a Collegue of mine who being brought to bed in September 1664. complained that she could not endure the drawing of the Infant by reason of the pain she felt at that time extending it self to her back between the Shoulder-blades and thence to the Loyns Afterwards I observed several Examples of the same Nature All which things make it probable that the Milky Mammarie Channels are derived from the Milky Pectoral Channel XIX From what has been said it is apparent how much they are in the wrong who affirm that the Chylus is carryed with the Blood through the Arteries to the Breasts and out of them separated again from the Blood and changed into Milk As Thomas Consentinus with whom Gualter Needham agrees asserts that the Milk is separated from the Blood which is carry'd through the Pectoral and Mammary Arteries Which he endeavours to prove 1. By the manifold
simply of it self but by virtue of the appetitive Power or of the Passions of the Mind which occasion various motions of the Spirits and Humors Thus the Imagination and Thought of an extraordinary Danger makes a man tremble fall down grow cold and fall into a Fit and sometimes occasions the Hair to grow grey on a sudden Glad Thoughts revive and warm the Body Obscene Thoughts occasion Blushing and Thoughts of Terror occasion Paleness Venereal Thoughts diffuse Heat through the whole Body loosen the Genitals of Women stiffen those of Men and open the Seminary Passages otherwise invisible in such a manner as to occasion spontaneous nocturnal Pollutions This intent Imagination and desirous Thought of giving the Infant Suck is the reason why the Chyliferous Passages to the Breasts are dilated and open'd especially if some other external Causes contributing to the same purpose cherish and excite those strong Imaginations as lascivious Titillation of the Breasts the stirring of the Child in the Womb or sucking of the Nipples For according to the various Influx of the Animal Spirits the parts are sometimes streightned sometimes loosen'd as every body knows and according to that various Constriction or Dilatation the Blood and other Humors flow more or less into the Parts and are sometimes the occasion of Heat Softness Redness sometimes of Constriction Coldness and Paleness Among these impuls'd Humors is the Chylus which is continually thrust forward by the Muscles of the Abdomen through some Lactiferous Vessels and so through those Vessels that tend to the Breasts provided that a special Influx of the Animal Spirits have loosen'd those Parts through which those Vessels are carry'd and has render'd those Vessels penetrable by removing all manner of Constriction Now that this is the true Cause is apparent from that man mention'd by Santorel who upon the Death of his Wife when his Poverty would not give him leave to hire a Nurse that he might still the Cries of the Infant would often lay the Child to his Breasts no doubt with an ardent desire to give it Suck and so at length through that intent continual Cogitation and often iterated sucking of his Teats the Chyliferous Passages were loosned and his Breasts afforded Milk sufficient for the nourishment of the Infant The like Accident hapned at Viana where the Woman of the Bores-Head was brought to Bed not long after the Death of her Husband and soon after her Delivery dy'd very poor her self leaving the Infant sound and healthy of which the Grandmother taking Compassion and not able to hire a Nurse by reason of her Poverty undertook to bring it up by hand in the 60th Year of her Age at what time putting the crying Infant to her Breasts and giving it her Nipples to suck through that force of Imagination and eager desire to suckle the Child her Breasts began to give Milk and that in a few days so plentifully that the Infant wanted little other Diet to the great admiration of all that saw the Infant suckled with the Milk of an Old Woman whose Breasts had been fallen for many years Many such Examples of Old Women giving Suck Bodin relates in his Theat Natur. And the Truth of this Cause is no less evinc'd by lascivious and prurient Virgins who are full of Libidinous Thoughts and therefore often handling their Breasts sometimes without the loss of their Virginity come to have Milk in them of which sort of Milk-bearing Virgins of undoubted Honesty I happen'd to see two Bartholin witnesses another seen by himself and we find several Examples of Women yielding Milk in Vega Schenkius Caster Castellus and others collected by Bauhinus Neither will any man question but that such like lascivious Thoughts of their own Breasts and handling 'em has also produced Milk in the Breasts of Men. But in Women with Child the stirring of the Birth in the Womb excites every day more and more those Thoughts of suckling the Infant and hence when the Infant begins to move sensibly then the Milk begins to appear in the Breasts XLI I shall add a manifest Domestic Example My own Wife in March 1656. had in her lying in a sufficient quantity of Milk according as she was wont to have but the Infant for six or seven Weeks was so weak that it could not suck so that every one thought it would have died and she not dreaming any more of suckling it her Milk dry'd up But when afterwards the Child recover'd and was able to suck and my Wife had no Milk in her Breasts the Child was of necessity to be put out to Nurse But the Nurse proving bad my Wife nine Months after her Delivery sent for the Child home and while another Nurse could be found would often lay the crying Infant to her Breast wishing her self in a condition to suckle it The next day the Child was sent to another Nurse but that Evening through that same strong Imagination and Thoughtfulness her Breasts that had been dry'd up for above Eight Months began to swell and be full of Milk so that had not the Nurse been hir'd she could have suckl'd the Child her self which proves that strong Thoughts and Imaginations are the first Cause that move the Chylus to the Breasts But some will say if this were true then in those Women that have no Milk in the Flower of their Age after being brought to Bed such ardent Desires to give the Child Suck would bring Milk into their Breast but no such thing happens tho' they desire to suckle the Infant I Answer That all Thoughts are not so intent and strong as to move the Affections of the Mind without a vigorous stirring of which the Animal Spirits are not so impetuously mov'd and hence the Thoughts of Suckling the Infant tho' they frequently occur to the Womans mind yet if they do not happen with a violent and continual Intentness the Animal Spirits cannot be so copiously determin'd toward the Breasts as to be able to dilate and remove the Impediments of the Vessels tending thither Besides that many things may happen which may hinder the passage of the Chylus to the Breasts notwithstanding the present ardent desire and strong imagination of suckling the Infant as scarcity of Chylus thickness of the Breasts obstruction of the Kernels by viscous Humors by Exulceration Fall Blow or other Mischance or a natural Streightness of the Milky Vessels tending to the Breasts or compression from the neighbouring Parts and then the Effects of Thought and Imaginat on are frustrated XLII Hence it appears why Child-bearing Women have such plenty of Milk the Third Fourth or Fifth Day after Delivery Because that being tir'd with their Labour for the first Two or Three Days they do not much employ their Thoughts upon any thing and for want of Appetite eat little and breed less Chylus but the next days following when they eat more and the Infant begins to cry more then they also continually think of
giving it nourishment and desire to satisfie the Crying of the Child and through this Affection the Passages being loosen'd by the determin'd Influx of the Animal Spirits the Chylous Iuice that was formerly carry'd to the Womb is now turn'd to the Breasts XLIII To conclude I shall only add one Question worth Examination Why upon the weaning of the Child the Chylous Iuice is no longer carry'd to the Breasts but the Milk is dry'd up It is because the Woman lays aside all thought of giving Suck which the more speedily she does the sooner and the better are her Breasts dry'd up for that then the more copious Influx of the Animal Spirits to the Breasts fails by which the Glandules of the Breasts and the Chyliferous Vessels tending thither were dilated and hence the Glandules then fall and are contracted and the said Chyliferous and Milky Vessels are compress'd by the weight of the adjacent parts so that there can be nothing more through those convey'd to the Breasts and then that part of the Chylus that was wont to be convey'd thither in Women with Child is convey'd to the Womb in others to the Heart there to be chang'd into Blood which because the Body does not want in such abundance hence it comes to pass that Women are less hungry and thirsty than when they gave Suck and so they breed less Chylus and what Blood is bred superfluous in the mean time in Women with Child contributes to the Birth in others is evacuated through the Womb. XLIV But some will say Where remains that Milk which upon the first weaning remains in great plenty in the Breasts and is not suckt out Why is it not coagulated and corrupted and consequently does not breed Inflammations and Apostemes I answer it is carry'd by degrees through the Mammary Veins to the hollow Vein and so to the Heart in like manner as the Chylus pour'd forth out of the Chyliferous pectoral Channel into the subclavial Vein flows together with the Veinal Blood to the Heart But whether that Milky Juice be carry'd to the Heart through the Mammary Veins extraordinarily in Women giving Suck especially such as abound with Milk I leave to consideration seeing that the remarkable Number and Bigness of the Veins and the small Number and Bulk of the Arteries seem to perswade the contrary XLV In opposition to this Opinion of ours one notable Doubt arises How it comes to pass that in Cows Mares Ews Goats and other Creatures the Milky Chylous Iuice flows in such abundance and so constantly to the Udder seeing that being depriv'd of Rational Souls they are no way capable of Imagination Thought Intellect Memory Will Iudgment c. True it is our Modern Philosophers that follow Cartesius acknowledge no such noble Actions as these in Brutes or if they seem to perform some Actions like to these they believe they neither can nor ought to be number'd into the Rank of principal Actions as not being perform'd by a Rational Soul but affirm 'em to proceed only from a certain kind of Motion of the Spirits induc'd by the Objects and flowing from the propriety of the Disposition of the Parts And thus they alledge that in Brutes certain Dispositions of the Spirits and the rest of the Parts are induced by the Objects from which certain kind of Motions result in reference to which the Pores sometimes of these sometimes of those Parts are opened and shut through the greater or lesser slower or swifter stronger or gentler Influx of the Spirits And in this case now proposed by us they would thus argue viz. In a Cow by reason of the great Commotion of the Birth in the Womb or the Pain of bringing forth the Pores are opened about and toward the Udder and so by the Influx of Animal Spirits the Passages before shut are dilated so that the Chylous milky Juice is at liberty to flow thither more freely through its proper Vessels Which Laxity of the milky Passages continues long after bringing forth because of the continu'd opening of the Pores wider than usual toward the Udder and the more Copious Influx of the Animal Spirits and continued by the tickling Motion about the Udder induced by the grasping of the Calf that sucks or the Hand of the Milkmaid But in regard the Object cannot of it self induce any sensitive Motion unless it be first known either as Good or Evil and this Knowledg and Perception presupposes something knowing far different from the Object to be known for being taken without Knowledg and Preception no Motion can be said to be made by its means as in those that are troubled with a Catalepsie into whose Organs both sensitive and moving tho well form'd and furnished with Blood Heat and Spirits tho the Objects fall they cause no Motion because they are not perceiv'd and consequently there are no new Determinations of the Spirits to various Parts nor no alterations of Motion Furthermore seeing the Property of the Disposition of the Parts necessarily presupposes some peculiar Disponent which induces to that proper Disposition and alters it according to the nature of the Thing and even the motion of the Spirits it self presupposes also some first mover perceiving and knowing the Object for nothing knows moves and disposes it self without a Cause it sufficiently appears that such an Explanation neither suffices nor satisfies especially if we consider over and above that most brute Animals perceive and distinguish Pains Smells and Tastes covet things grateful perceive know and avoid things grateful as such know their Friends from their Enemies c. Which most certainly are no Operations of the Disposition of the Parts mov'd by Objects but of somthing perceiving the Objects and so disposing the Parts to perform such and such Actions As in Man a Brain well form'd and temper'd and full of Animal Spirits is not the primary Cause of the principal Actions but the Rational Soul which makes use of the Brain and Spirits as Instruments and so disposes the Brain that sometimes these sometimes other Pores are more or less opened and shut and fewer or more plentiful Spirits sometimes determin'd after this or that certain manner through those open Pores and consequently these sometimes others and many times several principal Functions operate together Or as an Organ sufficiently furnished with Pipes Bellows and Wind cannot by virtue of any Object or by its own proper Disposition sing any musical Songs unless by the Assistance of the Organist who directing the Keys with his Fingers determines the Wind sometimes into these sometimes into other Pipes and so produces a grateful Harmony Thus also in Brutes besides the Objects and the proper Disposition of the Brain and other Parts there must be of necessity something else over and above which perceives the Objects and produces such wonderful Operations out of those Parts It is here in vain alledged that simple Natural Affections as Hunger Thirst Joy Sadness want in Brutes no other
meeting of several Insertions that is below of the Pectoral Ductus an Error for that never passes beyond the Subclavial Vein from the side of the Axillary Vessels above of the Lymphatical Iugular Vessels and Vessels arising out of the Thymus which is one of the Iugular Glandules but seldom any passing of one into another XVIII This Description the same Author in a new Plate annex'd apparently demonstrates and in the same seventh Chapter adds the way to find out the Iugular Lymphatics But tho' the foresaid Doctor Paulus wittily enough derides Bilsius's Circle yet is it not probable that Bilsius at his dissection should delude so many Learned Men that were present into that Blindness and Madness as to testifie in a Public Writing that they saw such a Circle clearly by him demonstrated which was not really there to be seen Could they be all so blind Besides we our selves and several others have seen this Circle tho' we could not always find it Which we the rather believe may happen through the Sport of Nature in regard that in some Dogs the Circle is found to be perfect in others only a disorderly Concourse of Lymphatic Vessels about the Throat To conclude then I assert this in the mean time That this Circle is no Production of the Thoracical Ductus Chyliferus as Bilsius erroneously avers and delineates and that as has been said it receives no Chylus from it nor carries any Chylus but is a Chanel into which the Lymphatic Juice being carried from the Circumjacent Glandules and other parts and to be conveigh'd into the neighbouring Veins and other parts is collected together Now whether the Chylus and Lymphatic Humour be one and the same thing or whether distinct Juices See Chap. 13. following XIX The use of the Chyliferous or Great Lymphatic Pectoral Ductus is to conveigh the Lymphatic Iuice continually and the Chylus at certain Intervals being forc'd out of the Milkie Mesaraic Vessels and attenuated therein by the mixture of the Lymphatic Iuice to the Subclavial Vein to the end the Lymphatic Iuice may prepare the Blood to cause an Effervescency in the heart and that the Chylus mixed with the Venal Blood and carried together with it through the Vena Cava to the Heart may be chang'd by that into Blood XX. That the Chylus and Lymphatic Iuice ascends upward not only the Situation of the Valves but ocular observation in the very Dissection of Animals sufficiently teach us by means of a string ty'd about this Chanel for presently there will be a swelling between the Knot and the Receptacle and a lankness above the Ligature Which Experiment proves successful in a Dog newly hang'd if when the Knot is ty'd the Guts together with the Mesentery be lightly press'd by the hand and so by that Compression the Chylus be squeez'd out of the Chyliferous Mesaraic Vessels into the Receptacle and out of that into the Pectoral Ductus XXI Now that the Chylus enters the Subclavial Vein together with the Lymphatic Iuice and thence is carried to the Heart through the Vena Cava besides that what has been already said concerning the Holes is obvious to the sight it is also apparent from hence for that a good quantity of Milk being injected into the Ductus Chyliferus it is forthwith carried into the Subclavial Vein hence into the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart together with the Blood contain'd in the Vena Cava and may be seen to flow out at the Wound made in the Ventricle XXII Now the Cause Impulsive that forces the Chylus together with the Lymphatic Iuice out of the Receptacle into this Ductus Pectoralis and so forward into the Subclavial Vein is the same that forces it out of the Guts into the Milkie Mesaraic Vessels of which in the preceding Chapter that is to say the Motion of the Muscles of the Abdomen mov'd upward and downward with the act of Respiration which causes a soft and gentle Impulsion of the Chylus through all the Milkie Vessels which impulse is conspicuously manifest from hence for that if in a living Creature the Muscles of the Abdomen be open'd and dissected and thereby their Motion be taken away and then the Bowels of the lower Belly be gently squeez'd presently we shall see the Milkie Iuice move forward and croud through all the Milkie Vessels and tho' that Compression has no Operation upon the Pectoral Ductus yet the Chylus forc'd into it by that Compression out of the Receptacle is by that forc'd upward as one Wave pushes forward another XXIII Here now arises a Question Whether the whole Chylus ascend through this Chanel to the Subclavial and whether or no also a great part of it do not enter the Mesaraicks and so ascend to the Liver To which we say that the whole Chylus passes to the Subclavial Vein except that which out of the Chyliferous Bag by an extraordinary Course sometimes tho' very seldom flows to the Urine Bladder of which see more c. 18. or else in Women with Child according to its ordinary course flows to the Womb See c. 30. or in Women that give suck to the Breasts See l. 2. c. 2. But Regius is of another Opinion believing that part of the Chylus is carried to the Spleen out of the Stomach through the Gastric Veins and part through the Mesaraics to the Liver Of which the one is refuted by us in the preceding Chap. 7. and the other L. 7. c. 2. Deusingius smartly maintains that the whole Chylus is not carried to the Subclavial through the Ductus Thoracicus and confirms his Opinion by these Arguments Exercit. de Chylificat Chylimotu 1. Saith he There is no congruous proportion of Nature between the innumerable Milkie Veins scattered through the Mesentery and the Thoracic Ducts which nevertheless are seldom more than one conveighing the Chylus beyond the Axillary Veins 2. How shall the Thoracic Duct be able without prejudice to transmit such a quantity of Chylus carried through so many Milkie Vessels to the Receptacle of the Chylus 3. So very small a portion of the Chylus as is carried through the Ductus Thoracicus to the Axillaries and Vena Cava does not suffice to supply the continual waste of Blood agitated and boyling through the whole Body nor to repair the continual wearing out of all the parts 4. Seeing there is a great quantity of Chyle made and but very little can pass through the streights of the Ductus Thoracicus where shall the rest of the Chylus remain which between every Meal is not able to pass through the small Thoracic Duct 5. That same largest quantity of the Chylus which in time of Breeding and giving Suck is carried to the Womb and Dugs whither is that carried when the time of Breeding and giving Suck is over when it is very probable that it cannot pass through the Ductus Thoracicus 6. If the Ductus Thoracicus of a live Animal be quickly ty'd with a
Substance is grateful to the taste neither is there any thing of luxivious or salt in it But it does not only grow thick and viscous by boyling but also the Cold congeals it to a moderate thickness and viscosity by which I have seen this Juice thicken'd in the Umbilical Intestine to the thickness of a perfect Gelly and in the Amnion to the consistency of the white of an Egg. XXIX Now tho' it may seem to be a thing unquestionable that this milky Iuice is carried through some milky Vessels from the Mother to the Womb and from that through the milky Vessels of the Placenta within the hollowness of the Amnion yet from what part of the Mother and from whence these milky Vessels proceed toward the womb has been hitherto discovered by no body that I know of Some by uncertain Conjectures believe that they are extended thither from the Thoracic Chyle-bearing Chanel others from the Chyle-bearing Bag others from the Sweet-bread Of which if any clear demonstration could be made out the Question would be at an end Ent most couragiously endeavours to dispel this Cloud of Darkness Apol. Digress 5. where he writes That this Liquor is deriv'd from no inner milky Vessels but that it flows from the Womans breasts to the womb and that the birth is nourish'd with the Mothers milk no less within than without the womb and for this reason he believes the Teats of brute Beasts to stand so near the womb to the end the milk may flow from them more easily to the womb But as for the passage which way he takes no great care For he writes that the Milk descends from the breasts through the Mamillary Veins and from thence into the Epigastrics joyned to them by Anastomosis and through those flows down to the womb But that he may not seem to contradict Circulation altogether he says That it may happen without any prejudice that there may be a Flux contrary to the usual Circulation through some Veins if there be a new Attractor He adds That it is for this reason that the Milk is generated in the breast so long before delivery that is so soon as the Woman quickens So that if the Milk did not flow to the birth the Woman would be very much prejudic'd and the Blood being detain'd for three or four Months together would be corrupted Lastly he aâ—…nexes the Authority of Hippocrates who says Aph. 5. 37. If the breasts of a Woman with child suddainly fall and grow lank she miscarries For says Ent when the Milk fails in the breast there can be no nourishment afforded to the birth in the womb which for that reason dies and is thrown out by Abortion XXX But tho' these things are speciously propounded by Ent yet there are many things that subvert the learned Gentleman's Argument 1. Because that milky Liquor abounds within the Amnion before any thing of Milk be generated in the breasts 2. Because it is impossible that the blood should be carried upward and the milky Juice downward at the same time through the Mammillary and Epigastric Veins 3. Because that between the Mammillary and Epigastric Veins there are no such Anastomoses as he proposes 4. For that the milky Liquor of the Breasts passing through those blood-conveighing passages would lose its white colour by its mixture with the blood and so it would not be found to be white but red in the Amnion 5. For that the feeble heart of a small Embryo could never be able to draw this milky Juice from the Mothers breasts besides that there is no such distant attraction in the body of Man and whether there be any such at a nearer distance is much to be question'd 6. For that the Milk from the one half of the Womans time till the time of Delivery never remains in the breast but entring the Mammillary Veins together with their blood is carried in the order of Circulation to the Vena Cava as the Chylus reaches thither through the Subclavial Vein which is the reason it is neither corrupted nor does the Woman any prejudice at all 7. As to Hippocrates his affirming the lankness of the breast to be a sign of Abortion for this in a Woman shews that either the Chylus is defective or that it is all carried to the heart and none to the womb or breasts Hence Hippocrates concludes That if formerly the Chylus flow'd in great abundance to the breasts they dry up of a suddain as appears by the lankness of the breasts much more will that fail which is carried in a lesser quantity to the womb for the nourishment of the tender birth and that through much narrower Vessels and so of necessity the birth must dye for want of nourishment and be cast forth by Abortion XXXI From all which it is apparent that milky Iuice let it come from what parts it will to the Womb it does not come from the Breasts and that their Opinion iâ—… most probable who believe it flows from the Chyle-bag the Pectoral Passage and other Internal Chyle-bearing Vessels tho' there has been as yet no clear Demonstration of those Passages XXXII Veslingius either not observing or ignorant of the nourishment of the Birth at the Mouth ascribes to this milky Liquor of the Amnion a use of small Importance For he says that it only preserves the tender Vessels of the Embryo swimming upon it in the violent Motions of the Mother and when the time of Delivery approaches that it softens and loosens the Maternal places by its Efflux to render the passage of the Infant more easie Moreover he thinks it to be the more watery part of the Womans Seed as we have said before Cap. 28. XXXIII The Amnios Urinary Membrane and Chorion at the Caruncle in Abortions describ'd Cap. 29. sticks close one to another where they transmit the Umbilical Vessels toward the Uterine Liver but every where else they lye loosely only at the beginning of the Conception and when at length the Umbilical Vessels have pass'd those Membranes then through the flowing in of the Urine of the birth through the Urachus the Urinary Membrane begins to recede from the Chorion which till that time seemed to be the inner part of the Chorion and between that and the Chorion the urinary serous Humour begins daily to increase as the birth grows so that near the time of Delivery it is there to be found in great quantity XXXIV This Urinary Liquor Riolanus denies to be there and affirms that there is no Liquor to be found without side the Amnios And so Veslingius seems never to have distinctly observ'd it for he says that no Humour can be collected together between the Membranes of the birth by reason of their sticking so close together But Ocular inspection teacheâ—… us that there is no such close Connexion but only a loose Conjunction or Imposion one upon another The whole mistake seems to have proceeded from hence
the kicking and motion of the Birth ceases neither does the VVoman come to be in travail again unless her pains are mov'd by Medicines that procure a strong Fermentation in the Humours Or by the Putrefaction of the Birth or the Dissolution of the Placenta or that the sharp Humours bred by the retention of the Secundines sharply boyl among themselves or that the weight and corruption of the dead Infant give some particular trouble to the VVomb and so by the means of a more copious flowing in of the Animal Spirits excite it to new striving and a more violent Expulsion Of delivery that happens after the Death of VVomen with Child or dying in Labour enough has been said C. 25. The End of the First Book THE SECOND BOOK OF ANATOMY TREATING Of the Middle BELLY or BREAST CHAP. I. Of the Breast in General VVE come now to the Middle Belly the Chambers or Throne of the Royal Bowel to which the concocted and refin'd Nourishments are offered as junkets to make out of them with its princely Blast a wholesom Nectar for the whole Miscrocosmical Commonwealth and distribute it to all the parts through the little Rivulets of the Arteries I. The Middle Belly is vulgarly called Thorax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to leap because it contain the leaping Heart and it is that Concavity which is circumscribed above with the Clavicles before which is placed the Sternon or Breast-Bone behind with the Bones of the Back the fore parts of which are called the Sternum and Breast the hinder parts the Back II. The structure of it is partly Bony partly Fleshy It ought to be partly Bony to the end the Breast may remain expanded lest there should be a falling by Reason of the softness of the Fleshy parts and so the most noble Bowel the Heart together with the Lungs should be compressed and hindered in their Motion It ought to be partly Fleshy that it may be conveniently mov'd in Respiration which the Heart can by no means want And for the preservation of that Expansion and the more convenient liberty of Motion together it was requisite that it should be composed of several Bones and that those should be joynted together with Gristles and that there should be Muscles not only between each but that they should be covered over with many III. The shape of the Breast is almost round somewhat depressed before and behind and extended to a convenient length IV. The largeness of it is different according to the bulk and size of the Persons and difference of Sex as being of less extent in Women especially Virgins than in Men for that Men having a hotter Heart and Blood and more laboriously employed require a greater Respiration and dilatation of the Lungs that the hot Blood flowing into the Lungs into the right Ventricle of the Heart may be the sooner refrigerated therein But the narrowness of the Breast is never well liked for when the Lungs in Respiration have not sufficient Liberty to move in the hollow of the Breast they often hit more vehemently against the adjoyning Ribbs and thence because they are very soft parts of themselves they become languid and feeble and the Vessels being broken by that same bruising one against another occasion spitting of Blood and the corrupted Blood setling in the spungy Caverns breeds an Ulcer whose companion is generally an Ulcer with a lingring Feaver For this reason great care is to be taken of Infants not to swathe their Breasts too close which prevents the growth of the Ribbs and the Dilatation of the Breast Sometimes it happens in young People that Nature being strong of it self dilates the narrow hollowness of the Breast by bowing and removing some Ribs out of their natural Place and causing a Gibbosity makes more room for the motion and Respiration of the Lungs But to avoid that deformity there are some Artists that by the help of some convenient Instruments do by degrees compress those Gibbosities that they appear no more which is a Cure frequent among us But then I have observed that those Bunch-back People being so cured by reason of the Breasts being reduced to its former streightness become Asthmatick and in a short time spit Blood and so fall into an incurable Consumption And there we advise the hunch-back'd never to seek for Cure Life being more desirable with the deformity than Death with the Cure V. This middle Venter consists of parts containing and parts contained VI. The containing are either common or proper As for the Common See l. 1. c. 3 4. VII The proper containing are the Muscles of the Breast describ'd l. 5. several Bones the Sternum the Shoulder-Blades the Clavicles all described l. 9. The Breasts the Diaphragma the Pleura or Membrane that encloses the Breasts and Entrails the Mediastinum or doubling of the Membrane of the sides VIII The Parts contained are the Heart with its Pericardium the Lungs with a Portion of the Trachea or rough Artery the Greater part of the Gullet a Portion of the Trunks of the Aorta Artery and the hollow Vein the Thymus or Glandule in the Throat with several other smaller Vessels Moreover the Neck because it is an Appendix to this Belly is usually number'd among the parts of this Belly CHAP. II. Of the Breasts and the Milk I. THe two Breasts as well in Men as in Women are spread upon the middle of the Thorax of each side one above the Pectoral Muscle drawing the Shoulder and cover it by that means perfecting the handsom shape of the Body II. These by one general name the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 those of Women by a particular name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By the Latins they are called Mammillae and Ubera though some will have Mammae to be proper to Women Mammillae to Men and Ubera to Beasts III. They are but small in Men but of a larger size in Women for the Convenience of giving Suck But among Women likewise there is a difference in the Bigness because that before the flowing of the monthly Courses and in old VVomen they swell out very little or nothing But in middle ag'd Women they are lesser or bigger according as the Women breed or give suck or as they are such that neither breed nor give suck for that the one require larger Breasts than the other In several Parts of India as in the Kingdom of Senega the Women are reported to have such large Breasts that they reach down to their Bellies and being raised up they can fling them over their Shoulders Here at Utrecht we formerly saw a Nurse that had such large Breasts that she could suck her self and if the Child lay upon her Shoulders she could conveniently give it the Nipple Monstrous were those Breasts mentioned by Bartholine in his Hist. Anat. in these words A Woman says he of note in Helsingore carryed about her Breasts so large
Ramifications of the Arteries which are observed in the Glandules of the Breasts 2. By the Anastomoses of the Epigastrick Vessels with the Mammary Vessels 3. By the extraordinary bigness of the Mammary Arteries conspicuous in Women that give Suck But these Arguments are not so sinewy as to sustain a new Opinion of so much weight for that much more copious Ramifications of Arteries are conspicuous in the Brain and its Membranes in the Lungs and several other parts and yet they shew no sign at all that I know of any Milky or Chylous matter contained in the Arterious Blood In like manner the Anastomoses of the Epigastrick Vessels with the Mammary teach us nothing certain concerning this matter which have been said to have been found by many but were never by any yet demonstrated As for the bigness of the Arteries that does not proceed as he supposes from the plenty of Milk matter but because the Glandules swelling with Milk somewhat compass the ends of the Arteries so that the Blood flowing into them cannot flow out again so freely and swiftly as when a Woman does not give suck and therefore being detained with them in great abundance causes 'em to appear more turgid and swollen than at other times But I wonder Consentine makes no mention of the Veins which in Women that give Suck are much more numerous and bigger than the Arteries Several other Arguments of lesser note are urged by Consentine but because they are diffused in the following discourses here and there I say no more of them at present And thus this new Opinion falls to the Ground That besides the Blood the Chylus also being actually such is carryed and circulated through the Veins and Arteries and afterwards separated again from it XX. The Primary Office of the Breast is to make Milk the secundary Office is to cover the Breast and preserve it from the External Cold and in Women to contribute toward the Beauty of their structure XXI Now the Milk is a white and sweet Iuice prepared in the Breasts for the Nourishment of the Infant XXII As to the matter of the Milk there are great disputes among the Learned For seeing that the spirituous Blood is carryed through the Arteries and the Chylus through the Child-bearing Vessels to the Breasts and for that they are conspicuously full of Veins a Question arises Whether the Milk be bred out of the Arterious or Veiny Blood or Menstruums or out of the best or less pure Alementary Blood or out of the Chylus XXIII Aristotle and Galen affirm that the matter of Milk is the Blood that used to be evacuated at the monthly Purgations Which Opinion they seem to have taken from an Aphorism of Hippocrates If a Woman that is neither with Child nor has brought forth have any Milk her Flowers are stopp'd And these are followed by all the Ancient and Modern Physicians and Philosophers inforced with these Arguments 1. That upon the stopping of the Flowers the Milk breeds not only in Women with Child and delivered but also in Virgins Of which sort of Virgins breeding Milk Vega Gorrheus Schenkius and others produce various Examples 2. Because Women that give suck never have their Flowers or if they flow in great quantity the Milk decreases or dries up altogether 3. Because they whose Flowers cease through Age never have any Milk in their Breasts XXIV But from this Opinion supported by so many Arguments and Authorities these five Absurdities follow 1. That when Milk is bred the Flowers must of necessity stop But quite the contrary we have a thousand times seen Nurses and Mothers that have had their Flowers in great quantity at fixed times without any decrease of their wonted plenty of Milk which all Phisicians in their Practice will testifie as well as my self But the reason why the Courses stop in Women that give suck is not because Milk is generated out of them but because a great quantity of Chylus daily flows to the Breasts and more sparingly to the Heart of the Woâ—… that gives suck whence it happens that there is Blood enough generated for the nourishment of the Body but no redundancy that requires monthly Evacuation 2. That then the Milk would most abound when there is most plenty of Menstruous Blood that stops least when but little And yet in the first Month when that Blood most redounds in Women and is least wasted by the Embryo then is there no Milk bred But in the last Months of a Womans time when the grown Birth chiefly consumes the superfluous Blood and there is least redundancy of it then the Milk breeds in the Breast Moreover in Childbed-Women when the Menstruums flow plentifully there is yet great store of Milk in their Breasts and that increasing nevertheless the Menstrua do not stop 3. That there should be so much Milk generated as there is Redundancy of the said Blood And yet there is no Man but easily observes the inequality of that proportion of a small quantity of Blood that redounds every Month and of the great quantity of Milk drawn from a Woman every day And then again what shall we say of Sheep Cows Goats and such like Animals that never have any Menstruous Blood and yet every day yield great quantities of Milk 4. That Milk should only breed in Ripe Women that either have or may have their Flowers But new-born Infants not only Female but Male evince the contrary Out of whose Breasts we have seen Milk to flow for some days nay for some weeks together or else easily squeezed out with a slight compression of the Finger And the same thing Cardan observed and Schenkius reports to have been seen by Camerarius and indeed any body that will may observe it in new-born Infants Dry old Women also are an Argument to the contrary whose courses generally stop by reason of their Age of whom nevertheless the writers of Physical Observations besides Aristotle relate that several have had great store of Milk Boden also Henry ab Heer 's and others give several examples of the same thing 5. That Milk never breeds in Men because they have no redundancy of menstruous Blood But yet Aristotle and Avicen testifie the contrary Who both teach us that Men many times give a great quantity of Milk They that have travelled the new World report that they have found some Countries there where the Men had the greatest store of Milk and gave the Children suck Which Testimonies of these Experiments Vesalius Eugubius Alexander Benedict Bartholine Stantorellus Cardan Gemma and several others confirm by Examples Nor will that distinction here avail which Bauhinus Spigelius and Ludovicus Mercatus alledge that the same Mens Milk is no true Milk but a juice like to Milk and therefore to be distinguished from Milk For it is not probable that so many Eye-witnesses all prudent Men that understood what they did could be so deceived as not understand when they tasted
Milk Besides that it is bred in the Breasts and differs nothing at all from Womens Milk neither in colour smell taste or substance and the Children are as well nourished with it as with Womens Milk as the Histories testifie XXV Others to avoid all the aforesaid difficulties alledge that it is not necessarily bred out of the Menstruous Blood but out of some redundancy of the Alimentary Blood But these Men while they endeavour to shun Carybdis fall into Scylla For several Arguments altogether destroy this Opinion 1. It is impossible that a Woman that gives suck should live with so much loss of Blood For take but from any Man for a few days together a pint or half a pint of Blood it cannot be done without an extraordinary Emaciation of the Body destruction of the strength and vigour of the Body and hazard of Life Or if an excess happen in the flowing of Courses it overweakens the Party to a high degree Now is it probable that a Woman should yield so many pints of Milk bred out of the Blood every day for whole Months and years together without any emaciation or decay of Strength or Health If you answer that they are sometimes so weakned that they are forced to wean the Child I answer that does not happen by reason of the great quantity of Blood changed into Milk but because the Chylus is carryed in too great quantity to the Breasts and there is changed into Milk while the lesser Portion is carryed to the Heart and passes into Blood the consequence of which defect must necessarily be Emaciation and weakness of the Body 2. If the Seed which is generated out of the Blood being evacuated in a moderate quantity debilitates the whole Body shall not the Milk much more enervate the natural strength being daily drawn out in great quantity But this is not done 3. If after any great and often iterated Evacuation of the Blood decay of strength Cachexy Dropsie and other cold Distempers follow shall Women that give suck with whom this continual Evacuation of Milk lasts for whole years together be free from those Dissempers and enjoy a more sane habit of Body 4. If every suddain alteration be dangerous why when Women wean their Children at what time plenty of Milk fails of a suddain and by consequence also the evacuation of Blood ceases why I say do they not fall into some pernicious Plethora Which however never happens You will say perhaps that some Women eat less at that time I answer that they are not without an Appetite for all that nay and that most Women eat as well and as much after weaning as before If you say that same superfluous Blood is evacuated at the monthly Periods that evacuation is too thin and rare in respect of the whole Quantity of Blood changed into Milk which before was wasted every day 5. If the Blood that flows into the parts in greater quantity through the Arteries and distending the parts causes stronger Pulses therein why does not that happen in the swelling Milk-bearing Vessels of Women wherein nevertheless there is no stronger Pulsation perceived 6. If the Blood flowing plentifully to the Breasts should be extravasated therein and tarry till changed into Milk it would not be changed into Milk but into Matter and breed an Aposteme as happens in Impostumations of the Breast 7. By the Laws of nature there is no return from Privation to Habit. Shall the Chylus alone be excepted from this general Rule and lose its whiteness and all its other qualities so to pass into Blood afterwards to quit again the qualities of Blood and reassume its former qualities of Blood Whether the Blood now concocted for the nourishment of the solid Part shall lose its more perfect condition and be changed into a Milky substance to be again concocted into Blood by the Birth Nature does nothing in vain neither does she tread the same path backward and forward in any of her Operations Neither does the motion of Concoction run retrograde to Crudity but only advances to the greater perfection Can a Ripe fruit grow green again to be ripen'd again So the Blood made out of the Chylus cannot run retrograde into a Milky Chyle to be concocted again into Blood Some one will say perhaps with Plato That nature uses here deceit to alienate Man from seeding upon Blood otherwise that Milk differs nothing from Blood but in Colour But what need any such Artifice to delude new-born Infants who while they suck never see what colour the Milk is on Or if they did were not able to distinguish one from the other Why is not the same abuse put upon Lyons Wolves Tygers and Leopards to whom cruelty is natural Neither let any Man object that while the Seed is generated the Blood in the same manner passes into a substance again to be changed For then it is not changed into a Chylous or any other Cruder or worser Substance to be again reduced into Blood but into a far better out of which not only some parts must be nourished but the solid parts of the Birth are to be generated and formed 8. Seeing that the nourishment swallowed requires several hours time to change it into Blood how comes it to pass that Nurses presently after they have eat and drunk presently after feel a copious quantity of Liquor flow to the Breasts before any Blood could be generated out of the said Nourishment What is the reason that the Milk attracts to its self immediately and retains the faculty quality and odour of what the Nurse swallows whereas no such thing can be perceived in the Blood nor in the parts nourished with the Blood thus if you give a purge to the Nurse the Physick sooner purges the Infant than the Nurse Perhaps indeed by long Use and Time and the many times â—…repeated eating concoction and preparation of the same thing some such alteration or quality may be imprinted in the Blood and the solid parts nourished by it as in that beautiful Damosel fed with Poyson that was offered to Alexander whose Body by long use and feeding upon Poysons became so venemous that she infected and killed all that lay with her Now that Milk easily imbibes the qualities of the meat which the Nurse swallows Walter Charleton proves admirably well For says he Beyond all others is that Experiment for the demonstration of the Milky Ways For let the Nurse drink Milk but slightly tinctur'd with Saffron and within half an Hour after more or less the Milk that is milk'd out of her Breasts shall have the Smell Taste and Colour of Saffron He also reports an Observation out of Prosperus Marinus concerning a Roman Woman out of whose Nipple the Surgeon drew a little Branch of Succory which she had eaten the day before and so proves that not only the Chylus but thicker Substances may sometimes also pass together with the Chyle to the Breasts Thus Aristotle reports that
sometimes swallow'd hairs come to the Breasts and Nipples an Example of which Alsaharavius reports that he saw in a certain Woman 9. If a Woman go long without Meat or Drink till she be very hungry and dry Milk will not breed in her Breasts tho' there be no want of Blood in the Vessels Which tho' Bartholine denies from the Observation of Hogheland Yet I have osten seen it to be true with my own Eyes And if at that time the Infant suck it shall not draw any Milk for want of Chyle in the Milky Vessels but Blood from the Ends of the little Arteries and Veins open'd at that time more then usually by the vehement drawing of the Child till the Woman eats and drinks again and new Chyle come to the Stomach Of which we have a manifest Example in a Lady of this Town who in the Year 1650 gave Suck but not being able to eat or drink for three or four Days together by reason that her Husband lay dangerously ill she not only had no Milk in her Breasts but upon the strong drawing of the Infant it was found that pure Blood follow'd out of her Nipples Afterwards when her Husband recover'd and that her Grief abating she began to eat and drink well and good Chylus came again into her Stomach she had immediately plenty of Milk in her Breasts A certain Sign that that Milk was not generated out of the Blood out of which however otherwise it might have been made before when there was Chylus which nevertheless was at that time suckt out of the Breasts pure and ruddy and not chang'd into Milk XXVI To these Arguments it may be perhaps Objected That a Cow for the first days after it has Calv'd sends forth a Bloody Milk which is a Sign that Milk is generated out of the Blood I answer That at first presently after the Birth the Milky Pores of the Breasts are not yet so dilated that Chylus sufficient may be able to flow through them to the Dugs and then the little Veins of the Udders are open'd by the drawing of the new Calv'd Creature and a small quantity of Blood flowing out of those Veins dyes the Milk of a Ruddy Colour but when the Milky Pores are sufficiently open'd and dilated and that the Chyle flows freely to the Dugs there is no farther Violence done to the said Veins by drawing and then that Mixture of Blood ceases and the Milk breeds in great quantity XXVII There seems one Difficulty more remaining How it comes to pass if the Milk be not made out of the Blood that in Creatures which give Suck the Arteries but especially the Veins are much larger and more swollen in the Breasts than in those Creatures that do not give Suck But to this we have answer'd already in the Question Whether the Chylus be carry'd to the Breasts by the Arteries and where the Vessels of the Breast are enumerated XXVIII Conringius to avoid these Rocks without Shipwrack affirms the Milk to be made of the more imperfect and crude Blood which is not yet concocted to perfect Redness nor very Spirituous or much Circulated through the Heart by the evacuation of which the Natural Strength is not much injur'd which by reason of its Serosity easily slips to the Teats and is quickly augmented by Drink But there are five Difficulties to be Objected against this 1. That the Chylus assoon as it is dilated in the Heart presently acquires perfect Redness so that the Blood which is bred therein may be said at first to be less Spirituous indeed but not less red than other Blood that has oftner circulated through the Heart Of which more c. 12. 2. That the cruder part of the Blood by reason it is more thick cannot be carry'd so swiftly through the Vessels and be separated from the more refin'd Blood and flow to the Breasts alone not being able to move it self apart and separating it self from the rest of the Mass. 3. That in Nurses that feed upon wholesome Diet the Milk is not very serous but fat and thick whereas otherwise by reason of its Crudity it would be always serous 4. That upon suck the more spirituous and thinner parts would more easily follow than the crude and thicker and hence would arise a swift decay of the Strength 5. That our Bodies are not truly nourish'd with serous and thin Blood as is apparent in a Flegmatic Cachexy and Anasarca but with fat and well concocted Nourishment such as Milk is as is apparent from hence for that Children so long as they suck and are nourish'd with Milk-Diet are better nourish'd and grow more than after they are wean'd and for that Milk also greatly nourishes grown People upon whom otherwise serous and crude Nourishment brings a Cachexy or else they are evacuated for the most part by Urine and Sweat nor do they contribute much to the strength of the Body All which things instruct us That no Blood whether Menstruous Alimentary or Crude can be the Matter of Milk And therefore this Doctrine inculcated for so many Ages is to be rejected and we are to seek another Matter for its Generation XXIX This Matter Wharton and Charleton the better to find out and describe divide into two Parts one Chylous the other Spermatic and this they say is much less in quantity than the other The one they say is transmitted to the Dugs through the Arteries of the Breast but that this is carry'd thither through the Nerves But here they are under a double Mistake First Because they do not consider that there is no Chyle nor Chylous Humor contain'd in the Arteries because the Chylus when it passes the Heart there loses its own Form and takes the Form of Blood and never returns to Chylus again Secondly Because they think that the Visible and thick Alimentary Humors pass through the Invisible Pores of the Nerves which we have at large refuted l. 1. c. 16. and l. 8. c. 1. XXX Hieronymus Barbatus describes a quite different Matter of the Milk while he endeavors to prove by many Reasons that Milk is neither made of Blood or Chylus but only of the Serum as being that wherewith he thinks that all the Spermatic Parts are nourish'd for that the Serum swimming upon the Blood by the heat of the Fire thickens into a Jelly whence it is apparent that it is not only chang'd into Milk but agglutinated to the Parts that are to be nourish'd Which last Assertion which is the Foundation of the Learned Gentleman's Argument is contrary to Experience For that Serum swims upon the cold Blood drawn from the Vein being set in the Sun or to the Fire will exhale to Dryness but never turn to a Jelly unless it be faulty The Lymphatic Iuice which as he thinks differs nothing from the Serum thickens to a Jelly but how much that differs from the Serum see l. 1. c. 13. Lastly Tho' Milk be not made
without Serum yet that the Serum is only the Menstruum in which the Milky Particles are mingl'd together in Fusion and not the Primary Matter of Milk is so apparent from the Substance it self of Milk as also from the Butter and Cheese that are made of it and are far different from the Serum that no man in his Wits can question it XXXI Malpighius writes That it may be doubted whether the Milk in the Breasts may not be made of Fat 1. Because Nature heaps together a great quantity of Fat about the Glan dules of the Breasts in Nurses and Women that give Suck which seems not meerly to be done for Ornaments sake 2. Because in Milk when made there is much Butter contain'd which may be separated from it But this Opinion is levell'd by the sole Plenty of Milk which is daily drawn from all Creatures that give Suck as in Women but more especially in Cows Sheep and Swine For this same Plenty is so great that if all the Fat of the Breasts should be dissolv'd into Milk in one day it would not suffice for half the quantity that is drawn out nor the Breasts remain in their perfect Condition Besides if Milk were made of the clammy Fat of the Breasts in those that give Suck why should not the same thing happen in Virgins and such as do not give Suck whose Breasts are many times no less fat and tumid than of those that are Nurses As for the Milk's containing Butter in it that proves nothing to the purpose for that the Chylus contains Butter in it and the Blood has Oyly Parts mixt with it when neither the one is made of any Fat in the Stomach nor the other of any Fat in the Heart XXXII Martian Ent Giffart and Deusingius much more truly assert that the Chylus is the Matter of Milk with whom We also concur and affirm that the Milk as well in Men and Infants as in Women is made of the Chyle The Truth of which is confirm'd by an exact Coâ—…sideration of the Substance of the Chylus and the Milk For if the Milky Substance of the Chylus be narrowly lookt into how very little does it differ from Milk Between watery Milk and Chylus there is little or no difference in Colour Taste or Substance Only the Serosity of the Chylus being somewhat separated and wasted in the Glandules of the Breasts and there will be excellent Milk and that so much the fatter and thicker by how much the less of Serosity there is in the Milk or more dissipated within the Glandules of the Breasts But if that Serosity of the Chylus be not sufficiently separated then the pure Chylous Liquor thin and white and nothing different from the Chylus contain'd in the Chyliferous Pectoral Channel distils out of the Breasts as we see in new born Infants as well Male as Female in whom by reason of the loosness of the Pores and Chylifero's Channels the Chylus flows freely to the Breasts and because the tender and languid Glandu'es of the Breasts are not sufficient for the farther preparation of that Chylus hence the Chylus reaching thither flows out of its own accord or with a slight Compression XXXIII But why and how the Chylous Iuice is chang'd into Milk in these Glandules has not been enquir'd into by any one that I know of The Reason is this All the Glandules through the whole Body are design'd to separate out of the Blood any Lymphatic Liquor Spittle in the Mouth somewhat Bilious in the Liver Lixivious in the Spleen c. and to endue it with a certain slight subacid Quality and being so endu'd to mix it with the Blood Chylus and other Humors to the end they may separate 'em by means of a slight kind of Effervescency from other unprofitable Humors and somewhat coagulate and thicken 'em to prevent the flight of the most subtle Sulphureous Spirit and also so to operate that the sweet Sulphury Milky Spirits being somewhat more inspissated and clos'd together in the fatty condensed Liquor may be yet more sweet and white XXXIV For the same Reason also the Milky Juice with which in its passage through the inner Milky Vessels something of the Lymphatic Juice is here and there intermix'd comes to be more perfected in the Kernels of the Breasts that in them its sweet Sulphury Spirits through the mixture of a little never so slightly subacid may be a little more thicken'd or fix'd and so being more united may become fatter whiter and more fit for the nourishment of the Infant which that it is so appears from hence for that when that Liquor of the Mammary Glandules which is to be mix'd with the Milky Juice infus'd into 'em becomes vicious through any defect or over-acid then also the Milk is corrupted in the Breasts or grows sowre nay and is sometimes coagulated to the hardness of Cheese and causes both Inflammation and Exulceration of the Breasts See more of this l. 1. c. 7. XXXV Here a Question may arise if these things be true and that the Milk is not made of the Blood but Chylus how it comes to pass that in a great Flux of Blood the Milk fails I answer That it does not always fail for that Reason if the Woman eat well and if it do fail the Reason is because that Nature more intent to relieve the greater Necessity forces the whole Chylus or the greatest part of it and converts it into Blood to repair the strength of the whole Body transmitting very little or none of it to the Breasts To this we may add That upon the failing of the Blood there fails also a requisite Influx of Animal Spirits by means of which the Breasts are loosen'd and the Chyliferous Passages preserv'd open and so the Breasts falling for want of those Spirits or compressed by the weight or thickness of the adjacent parts the passage of the Chylus into the Breasts is stopt up which causes the Milk to fail XXXVI Neither does the foremention'd Aphorism of Hippocrates contradict this Opinion of Ours If a Woman that is neither with Child nor has lain in have Milk her Flowers have left her For she has not therefore Milk because that Superfluity of Menstruous Blood flows to the Breasts and is there turn'd into Blood but because the Vessels being sufficiently fill'd with Blood by means of some Lustful Thought or Libidinous handling of the Breasts part of the Chyle not necessary for the begetting of Blood flows through the said Passages to the Breasts and is there turn'd into Blood and so that Superfluity of Blood that should have been evacuated by Menstruous Evacuations is prevented by Nature to the exoneration of a good part of the Chylus in the Breasts and turning it into Milk before it be made Blood as frequently it happens with Nurses who have not their Courses for that reason for the most part and yet are not burden'd with any redundancy of Blood
Whereas if that Milk in the Woman mention'd by Hippocrates should be made by the Menstruous Blood restagnating then all Women when their Courses stop'd or stay'd would always have Milk in their Breasts when it rarely happens but among salacious and prurient Women excited by much lascivious Titillation and venereal Thoughts and consequently the motion of the Animal Spirits which loosen the Breasts and open the Pores of the Chyliferous Passages and so make free way for the Chylus to the Breasts In like manner as by libidinous contrectation and sucking the Chylus may be carry'd to the Breasts of some Men who can never be suspected of Menstruous Evacuation and there be turn'd into Milk and of such men giving Suck there are various Examples among the Physicians of which Bartholine has collected some together l. e. Anat. Reformat c. 1. After the same manner is the Story of Mesue's Woman to be explain'd who spit Blood when the Milk fail'd in her Breast which Blood was stopp'd when her Milk came again Because the Chylus that was wont to flow to the Breasts flow'd to the Heart where there happen'd to be too great a quantity of Blood which for that reason burst out of the vessels of the Head and Lungs and was evacuated at the Mouth But afterwards the greatest part of the Chylus flowing to the Breasts and the Milk returning then upon the ceasing of the Repletion the spitting of Blood likewise ceas'd Here also lastly may be objected the Example of Cows who having been foddered all the Winter with Hay at length coming to feed upon Grass nevertheless their Milk does not alter and grow fat till two or three Weeks after and it contributes another somewhat ruddy colour and grateful Taste to the Butter which would come to pass the first or second day if the foresaid Proposition were true seeing that the Chylus is altered at the beginning I answer First That what is alledged is not true for it is not three weeks time before the alteration of the Milk but the first second or third day and it is manifestly apparent in the Colour and Taste of the Butter made the fourth day tho it be not perfectly conspicuous at the beginning because the preceding Chylus was not then wholly wasted but mixt with the latter Besides the very Substance of the Udder cannot be so soon dispos'd to give such a sudden Alteration to the Milk seeing that Disposition depends upon the Blood which nourishes that Substance hence it follows that as that Nutrition so the great Alteration of the Disposition proceeding from it procures its Effect by degrees but not in one or two days XXXVIII This Opinion of ours concerning the Chylous Matter of Milk Wharton seems to prove but in part for he joyns to it another Matter of which never any man hitherto makes mention For he affirms the Milk to be made partly out of Chyle and partly out of a certain Iuice flowing from the Nerves which is mingled with that Chylus But seeing there is no such Cavity in the Nerves through which such a manifest thick fatty whitish Iuice can be thought to pass but only invisible Porosities through which no such plentiful Iuice which is to be turn'd into Milk can possibly flow to the Breasts of Women that give Suck 't is apparent that no Liquor can come from the Nerves for the Generation of Milk Which is manifest from hence for that through the copious Conflux of that Animal Liquor through the Nerves to the Breasts there would be a great dissipation and waste of Animal Spirits in Women that gave Suck and an extraordinary decay of Strength whereas Women are more chearful better in health when they give Suck than at other times XXXIX These things being thus affirmed there remains a Notable Question to be examin'd that has so deterr'd most Learned men that they have rather chosen to pass it over in silence than to meddle with it What it is that forces the Chylus that was wont to flow to the Heart through the Chyliferous Channels to the Breasts for the Generation of Milk Deusingius believes That the Menstruous Blood through a certain singular Quality contracted from the Womb rarefies and as it were ferments all things in the Body and causes a Disposition proper for the generation of Milk This he says is communicated to Infants by the nourishing heat of the Womb. But that in Men and Virgins it is occasion'd by the frequent handling of the Breasts in like manner as in little Kids whose Dugs being compress'd by the hands there presently follows Milk But these plausible Reasons fall upon the Rocks by me formerly propos'd and suffer a total Shipwrack Nor is that any thing truer which Deusingius adds That the Chylus is forc'd toward the Breasts in Women with Child by a compression of the Stomach and Sweet-bread made by the growing Infant For which why does not the same thing happen in other Tumors without the Abdomen and when the dead Birth sticks in the Womb at what time there is the same compression Some will say perhaps That there is not the same Lactific Disposition infus'd by them into the Breast Which is of no moment for if the aforesaid Compression of the Stomack were requisite to concur with such a Disposition then such a Compression ceasing from the Birth after Delivery no Chylus would come to the Breasts and so there would be no Milk generated therein much less in Virgins and Men that give Milk in whom such a Compression by the Birth could never happen But these things being all contrary to Experience fall without refutation Some have recourse to the Providence of Nature others to other invalid Reasons and thus this Mystery has hitherto remain'd in obscurity But for the better discovery thereof we are first to consider That besides the Chylus and an apt Conformation of the Breasts there is requir'd toward the Generation of Milk a free passage of the Chylus to the Breasts which we easily conceive in Infants newly born by reason of the softness and the loose Porosities of the Parts But what should open that Passage in People grown to maturity which had been stopp'd up for many years he that can tell this unlooses the Gordion Knot Suck or handle the Breasts of a hundred Men Virgins and Women that do not give Suck as long as you please you shall not find the Milk come to all perhaps not to any or only to one or two But why not to all Because say you the Breasts of the rest are not sufficiently loose or porous But the same Women when afterwards with Child evince these reasons in whom there is then to be found a sufficient laxity of the Dugs XL. Therefore there is another cause to be sought after which I take to be a strong Imagination and an intent and frequent Cogitation of Milk of the Breasts and of their being suckt which works wonders in our Bodies not
by frequent Circulations and Attenuations in the Heart render'd still more Spirituous XV. In the mean time certain it is That the Chylus passing through the Heart and therein dilated loses the Form of Chylus and at the very same moment assumes another that is to say the Form of Blood XI But here arises a weighty Question Whether the whole Chylus in its passage through the Heart loses altogether the Form of Chylus and assumes the Form of Blood in such a manner as that no Part of it remains Chylus This Doubt was started by Gualter Needham who says That the Chylus dilated in the Heart remains a considerable part of it actually Chylus and that it circulates through the whole Body being mix'd with the Blood and is again separated from the Blood in several Parts for private Uses especially in the Amnion and Breasts XVII This Opinion of his he proves from hence For that frequently crude and indigested Chylus has been drawn from the Arms â—…of such as have been let Blood The same Opinion also the Observances of other Physitians seem strongly to confirm of which Bauschius has collected several in his Germanic Ephemerides 1. Of a Girl afflicted with a continual Fever whose Blood at three several Blood-lettings appear'd Milky 2. Of a sick Patient out of all whose Veins when open'd there always issu'd forth white Blood 3. Of a certain Virgin who upon a Suppression of her Courses after she had eaten her Breakfast about Seven a Clock was let Blood at Eleven and the Blood that came from her was purely white and being warm'd upon the Fire harden'd like the White of an Egg. 4. Of an Apothecary of Cambray who being prick'd in the Arm the Blood look'd red as it came forth but was white in the Porringer 5. Of a certain Person troubl'd with the Itch. 6. Of a Woman that gave Suck that lay ill of a Malignant Fever 7. Of a Woman with Child sick of a Fever 8. Of another Woman with Child And 9. Of a Maid that was troubl'd with a Suppression of her Courses from all which Persons upon their being let Blood there flow'd a white Liquor together with the Blood And Regner de Graef mentions two Stories of white Blood seen by himself XVIII But though such a long Series of Observations seems to confirm Needham's Opinion yet because those Examples are quite from the Matter it is impossible they should be able to support it For all those Cases concern unhealthy Bodies only from whom a whitish Matter issu'd forth together with the Blood Concerning which Matter there has been a sharp Dispute between the Physicians to those Patients whether it is to be call'd Flegm or Chylus whether Milk or Matter and many uncertain Conjectures have been made about it When as it is well known by daily Practice that by reason of some certain Infection of the Blood proceeding from the bad concoctions of the diseased Bowels many times upon opening a Vein the Blood will look sometimes whitish or yellowish and sometimes of another Colour Moreover if any thing of a Chylus should be mix'd with it and circulate with it then would it sometimes be seen to flow out with the Blood upon opening a Vein which was never yet seen by any Person And in my own Practice I have order'd innumerable Persons both Men and Women some with Child and others that have given Suck to be let Blood but never could observe the least drop of Chylus in the Blood that has been drawn forth Neither did any of those eminent Physicians with whom I discours'd this Point ever see the same Neither can any man produce an Example of a Man sound in Health out of whose Veins being open'd Chyle ever flow'd with the Blood or was ever separated from it Perhaps it may be objected That Reason shews us and Experience confirms it That in big-belly'd Women and such as give Suck if they are in perfect health the Chylus is separated from the Blood and pour'd forth into the Breasts of the one and into the Amnion of the other which could not flow thither but out of the Sanguiferous Vessels carry'd toward those Parts To which I answer That the Chylus that is carry'd to the Breasts and Amnion as also that which flows through the Womb and Bladder was never infus'd into Blood-bearing Vessels or mix'd with the Blood and so neither can be carry'd through the one nor separated from the other but flows to those Parts through other quite different conceal'd Parts of which Passages we have sufficiently discours'd l. 1. c. 18. 31. c. 2. of this Book Besides all which Reason is altogether repugnant to this Opinion For when the Aliments and Alimentary Humors lose their first Forms by reason of the Concoction of the Bowels and assume another Form the same thing cannot but happen to the Chylus concocted in the Heart For Example An Apple being eaten and concocted in the Stomach is altogether depriv'd of its Form and is made into Chylus which is no more an Apple and of which no particles can be again reduc'd to the Form of an Apple So the Chylus being dilated in the Heart cannot but by its strong and sudden Effervescency presently lose all its Form of Chyle and receive the Form of Blood which though it be rawer at the beginning than the rest of the Blood frequently circulated and dilated in the Heart yet is it Blood wherein there is not the least Form of Chylus remaining But some will say That Crudity presupposes that some particles of that Chylus are not altogether chang'd into Blood but still retain the Form of Chylus and are so mix'd with the Blood I deny it for that is not call'd crude Blood wherein all the Particles of the Chylus are not sanguify'd but that which is not reduc'd to a just Spirituosity and Maturity And hence the Blood which is made first of all out of the Chylus dilated in the Heart though it be cruder yet it is not a Chylous and Flegmy part of the Blood wherein there are no Particles of the Chylus remaining only it wants as yet a just Spirituosity in some measure In like manner as the Seed which is made of the Blood becomes to be crude and unfruitful in Old Men not that there are any Particles of Blood in it that are not as yet chang'd into Seed but because that Seed by reason of the weakness of the Spermatic Parts is not yet reduc'd to a just Spirituosity and Maturity For no man how quick-sighted soever observ'd any Particles of Blood in crude Seed much less shall be able to separate any Blood from it Thus an unripe Apple is call'd crude not that any Earthy or Arboreous Particles are conspicuous in it or any way separable from it but because the Spirit latent therein is not yet reduc'd to such a Thinness and Maturity as to put forth it self which Maturity it afterwards acquires by the Heat of
very proper in such cases â„ž Conserve of Roses â„¥ ij s. Rosemary Flowers â„¥ j. Lavender Flowers â„¥ s. Galangale Cubebs Xyloaloes an ℈ j. Aniseed Ê’s Cinnamon Ê’j Calamus Aromaticus Ê’ij Ginger condided â„¥ s. Pine Apples prepared Ê’vj Make these into an Electuary with Syrup of preserved Citron I restored a lost Appetite and a Stomach overwhelmed with Crudities by the use of this Powder â„ž Roots of Zedoary Galangale Calamus Aromat an Ê’j VVhite Ginger Ê’s Cinnamon ℈ ij Cremor Tartar Ê’ij Make a Powder the Dose Ê’s or ℈ ij in the Morning after Dinner and Supper in a Draught of generous VVine Monsieur de Spieck generally made use of this â„ž Root of Calam. Aromatic VVhite Ginger Galangale an Ê’j For a Powder But these kind of Stomachical Electuaries Powders Tablets c. every Physician ought to prescribe according to the Disposition of the Patient Horstius makes use of this Powder â„ž Coriander-seed prepared â„¥ j. s. Anise Fennel-seed an â„¥ s. Ginger Galangale an Ê’j s. Lignum Aloes Ê’s Cinnamon Ê’j Fine Sugar the weight of all the rest for a Powder OBSERVATION LXXIV The Stone RUtger Schorer a little Boy had a small Stone which fell down into his Bladder with extraordinary Pain but being afterwards expelled into the Passage of the Yard because it was too big to pass it stuck in the middle of the Pipe and stopped the Urine Several ways were tried in vain to get it out so that at length to add to the Pain there appeared an Inflammation of the Part by which we found that there was no way but Incision to get it forth Wherefore after the Chyrurgeon had pulled up the Skin somewhat toward the Glans he opened the Ureter on that side where the Stone stopped and took out the Stone and so the Wound was presently consolidated without any hurt to the Child ANNOTATIONS THis sort of Operation mentioned by Aetius Grumelenus and Paraeus seems difficult and dangerous but yet is very secure Plato also recites two Examples of Stones cut out of the Ureter And though some are afraid of a Fistula upon such a Wound yet I never knew any such Consequence OBSERVATION LXXV Nephritic Pain THE Son of Lieutenant St. George about eighteen years of age who had been always troubled with Gravel from his Infancy and had often voided little Stones in Ianuary was so tormented with a Stone that stuck in both Ureters that he knew not where to turn himself For Cure I prescribed him this Apozem â„ž Roots of Fennel Saxifrage an â„¥ s. Licorice scraped Ê’vj Herbs Althea Mallows an m. j. Cammomil Flowers m. j. s. Cleansed Barley â„¥ j. Seeds of wild Carrots Mallows Nettles Burdock an Ê’j Four greater Cold-seeds an Ê’j s. Fat Figs n o ix Dates xi New Milk Common VVater equal parts Biol them and make an Apozem to lbiij This being taken the same and the next day the Pain ceased after he had voided a small Stone and much Gravel The next Month he was troubled with the same Pains but then by taking the said Decoction the Stone was easily brought down through the Ureters into the Bladder but then when it came into the Yard it was so big it could not pass but obstructed the Urine with most cruel Torture which the Father not being able to bear there being no Chyrurgeon to be sent for with a Razor made a small Wound underneath the Urinary Passage where the Stone stuck which done the Stone spurted out and the Urine followed in great quantity The Wound was consolidated afterwards sooner than we imagined with the Application of a few Plaisters OBSERVATION LXXVI Milk in a Virgin 's Breast A Certain Noble young Lady about twenty years of age a Virgin of eminent Chastity in the Month of February complained of a Pain in her right Breast which was also full of Milk When I had diligently examined the place affected I felt a hardness in the middle of the Breast about the bigness of a Pidgeons-egg which pained her upon Compression I also understood from her self that her Purgations had been suppressed for four Months together In order to the Cure I prescribed her first a convenient attenuating Diet then after I had purged her Body I gave her some Apozems to move her Evacuations and three or four days before the time of the Period I opened a Vein in the Heal by which means the Evacuation succesfully ensued which having continued three or four days the Swelling in her Breast fell down nor did any more Milk come forth However in regard the Hardness remained with some Pain I laid this Oyntment spread upon Linnen upon the place affected shifting it once a day â„ž Honey Populeon Oyntment Virgins Wax an â„¥ j. first melt the Wax then mix the rest and stir them with a Spatula till they are cold This Topic very much abated and within four days the hardness came to Suppuration After the Apostem was broken and had cast forth much white Matter within a few days the same Topic cured her ANNOTATIONS CErtainly had not this Lady been a Person eminent for her Chastity she might easily have incurâ—…ed the Scandal of lost Virginity among the Vulgar For rational Physicians will not deny but that upon menstruous Obstructions Milk may sometimes be generated in the Breasts of Virgins For says Hippocrates if a Woman that neither is with Child nor ever brought forth has Milk that Woman labours under a Suppression of her Courses And I remember the same Case in a young Lady of Montfort whose Chastity was above the reach of Scandal who was cured upon the forcing down her Purgations To which purpose Bartholin thus writes Even in Virgins many times Milk may be generated if the Breasts are full of Sperituous Blood and that there happen withal a menstruous Suppression in regard the glandulous Substance concocts more than is necessary for the Nourishment of the VVoman But 't is no wonder that such things should happen in young Virgins that have their Flowers when it is known that the same thing happens to old Women For Bodin reports a Story of an Infant that sucking a dry old Woman upon the Death of her Mother at length drew Milk out of her Breasts and was nourished with it to sufficiency Nay I have seen Milk more than once milked out of the Breasts of Infants not above two years old which is also attested by Cardan and Camerarius But more wonderful it is that Milk should be generated in the Breasts of Men as Aristotle testifies of a certain Lemmian Slave and Abensina who saw Milk milked from the Breasts of a Woman enough to make a Cheese Several other Stories also there are in several other Authors of Men giving Milk too tedious to relate OBSERVATION LXXVII Epileptic Convulsions A Little Son of Iohn ab Udem an Infant of seven Months old was twitched with Epileptic Convulsions almost without intermission for two days together so that nothing but Death was expected
they may be discerned It s Muscle The form of the Prostatae They are indu'd with an acute Sense Their Use. Whether a threefold Seed Two Questions The action of the Stones Reasons against the former Objections By what power Seed is generated Whether Males are begot by the right Stone Females by the left The Yard The Names Whethâ—…r a living Creature Situation Figure and Bigness It s Subsâ—…nce The Urethra The largeness It s vse The nervous Bodies Their Rise The Vessels of the nervous Bodies The Glans Figure and Colour Substance The Foreskin The Bridle Praeputium The Vessels of the Yard and first the Arteries The Veins The Nerves Muscles Erection of the Yard It s Office Whether any Generation without the Immission of the Yard The Parts adjoyning A prooemial Discourse The Division The preparing Vessels Spermatic Arteries two Spermatic Veins Nerves Lymphatic Vessels The Spermatic Vessels adhere to the Testicles The first Discoverer of these Ovaries Their Number Weight Magnitude * By this account it appears that the Testicles of a Man weigh but three Drams However whether they may be accounted as the more general Weight or Magnitude in all Men I will not determine This I can tell that in two Men opened neither of which were extraordinary great or large Persons a Testicle of the one weighed six Drams and of the other five Drams So that I believe there is a great Diversity â—…s to the Weight of them in all Mankind Salmon Situation Their Figure The Tunicle Difference from mens Tâ—…icles Their Substance Preternatural things in Womens Stones Eggs. The Membranes of Eggs. Eggs in all sorts of Creatures The Matter of Eggs. Ovaries Various Errors of the coming of the Seed to the Womb. The true way of the Seed and the Eggs. The Tubes What the Tubes are Their Membranes The Figure of the Tubes The Vessels Whether they have Valves Whether distinguished into Cells Length How the Eggs come from the Testicles to the Womb. A difficulty concerning the Wind-eggs in Women The opinion of Wind-eggs confirm'd The reason of the relaxation of the Tubes Births conceiv'd and form'd in the Tubes This whole business demonstrated at the Theatre in Amsterdam How the Substance of the Ovary becomes spungy and open Three things to be consider'd in Womens Eggs. Whence the pleasure of Copulation Whether Women may be castrated and have their Stones cut out Another sort of Castration The Wâ—… It s 〈◊〉 It s Substanâ—… It s Membrane The space between the Membranes The bigness It s weight It s shape It s hollowness The Horns 〈◊〉 connexion It s Ligamenis The opinions of Soranus and Aretaeus about the falling down of the Womb refuted Whether the Womb can fall Whether the Womb be inverted in the fall The other pair of Ligaments whence they proceed Its Vessels Arteries Veins The cause of the flowers What is the Uterine Ferment Aristotle's Opinion Whether from the redundant blood Nerves It s Office 〈…〉 Whether it forms the Birth Whether the Birth may be form'd out of the womb The Motion of the womb What ascends or rises up in sits of the Mother is not the womb Whether Hysterical Effects arise from the Sweet-bread Iuice Nothing to be concluded from Scents concerning the Motion of the Womb. Why stinking Smells are profitable Why sweet Smells are hurtful The Motion of the Womb in Women with Child It s Motion in falling down A Child born the Mother being dead The parts of the Womb enumerated The Bottom It s Cavity The Nâ—… Whether the Yard reach the Orifice of the Wâ—… The sheath The largeness The Vessels of the Sheath The Arteries The Veins Its Nerves Lymphatic Vessels The Neck of the Bladder The Net-resembling Fold The use of the Vagina The reason of that use A thin nervous Membrane call'd Hymen Hymen sometimes not perforated but like a Sive Whether Hymen or no Whether the want of the Hymen be a sign of Virginity lost The Myrtle form'd little pieces of Flesh. Their vse The Womans Privities The outward part of the Womb or Vulva The bigness The Lips The Mount of Venus Of what they are composed A slight Motion in the Lips The Nymphs Their Substance Their Vessels Their Use. An Observation The Cleft of the Privity The Clitoris It s Sulstance The Tentigo Its Muscles Its Arteries and other Vessels Its Nerves A bonie Clitoris The Exit of the Vrinary Passage The neck of the Bladder The Prostates of Women The Orifice may be dilated The Bigness Its Irregularities Hermaphrodites Whether the Seed pass thorough the Clitoris 〈◊〉 Whether the Genitals of Men and Women differ in nothing but in Situation The instruments of Generation differ in each Sex being compar'd Whether women may be chang'd into men Observations No woman ever chang'd her Sex The womb in empty women In women with child The swelling of the Breasts The straitning of the Orifice The Situation of the Guts The Situation of the Stones The condition of the Neck The Relaxation of the Orifice Bigness of the Vessels The reason why the Vasa Sanguifera are so much dilated in women with child The Name 〈◊〉 What the Matter of it The opinâ—… of the Ancients The Ancients say it is made of the Iuice falling from the Brain and Spinal Marrow The opinion of Modern Authors Opposed by some English Physicians without Reason Clement Niloe's opinion erroneous Barbatus of Padua his opinion The true Matter of the Seed The Blood constitutes the first Mass of Seed That the Animal Spirits contribute to the making of the Seed Salt the chief Coâ—…position in the Seed The Proof When the Seed is well made The reason of the Gonorrhea Simplex How the Matters composing the Seed flow together An Objâ—…ion answered A Difficulty Two parts of the Seed Thick and spirituous Parts mixed and clotted together compose the Mass of the Seed Where the efficient Principle is wanting the Seed is unfruitful An Objection answered Of the spirituous Part. The Opinion of Hippocrates concerning the spirituous pâ—…t of the Seed Of Aristotle What is the spirituous Part. It is a Body It is produced out of a Body 〈◊〉 aptitude The nature of the spirituous Part. Where the Idea of all the Parts is contained Ideas whence and what they are The Properties of the singular Particles not separated meet in every Particle and display themselves in the formation How tâ—…ss Spirit comes to the Stones How these Parts are generated out of the Seed which the Parents wanted before Generation How Idea's imagined are imprinted in the Seed Another Question to be answered Whether Children can prâ—…create Whence the likeness of Features Of the womans Seed Whether Women have any Seed or 〈◊〉 That Women have Seed * To these Reasons may be added one more taken from Maids who have been seised with the Furor Uterinus and have dyed of the same In whom being opened the Testicles of one or both have been found extraordinarily swell'd beyond their natural bigness
be two Souls in Man The sensitive Soul what The Architectonic or Vegetative Soul subsists in a Man with the Rational Soul The Seat of the Vegetable Soul where Whether in some parts more than in others Willis not congruous in this matter to Reason What the Vegetative Soul is This Soul is the vivific Spirit produced out of Corporeal Matter The Opinion of Regius Willis's Opinion Willis Refated Willis his Explanation of this Soul The Authors Animadversions The form of the Soul is different from the Matter it inhabits Willis his little diminutive Soul Willis his Absurdity The Affections or Passions of the Soul Whether the Soul be nourish'd What this Life or Soul is the Philosophers ignorant The Uterine Liver The Definition It s Original When the Umbilical Vessels begin to grow Harvey's Observations of the beginning of the Placenta in 〈◊〉 Abortive Whether coagulated Blood Aquapendeat's Opinion The number of Placenta's It s Substance It s Colour Shape and bigness The Superficies The Ingress of the Navel Its Vessels Whether any Anastomoses between the Vessels of the Womb and Cheese-cake Wharton's Opinion Whether any Veins and Arteries in the 〈◊〉 Whether any Nerves in the Cheescake The Place of Adhesion The Opinions of the Ancients Opinion The Name deriv'd What the Cotyledons are In what Creatures to be seen Cotyledons in Brutes The use of the Placenta in Women The Placenta supplies the Office of some other Bowels Why the Placenta sticks to the Womb. An Objection The Blood flows from the Womb into the Uterine Liver A Watery Milky juice flows from the Womb to the Amnion Secundines The Chorion The Urinary Membrane Amnios The Caul on the Head The Conâ—…tion of the Membranes in Twins The reason thereof and of monstrous Births The Original of these Membranes Their true Original Alantoides What it is Iâ—…s Origiâ—…al Situation It s vse It s Shape and Bigness Whether any Allantois in Women A milkie Liquor within the Amnion The Filth sticking to the Birth What the Liquor in the Amnion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iâ—… bâ—… 〈◊〉 Wâ—… Sâ—… Whether any Steam It is an Alimentary Humour What sort of Liquor it is Whether it proceed from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoboken's Opinion A Difficulty concerning the milkie Uterine Vessels and the Umbilicals Vanhorn observ'd 2 milkie Branches descend towards the great Artery c. Curveus hiâ—… mistake The passage of the Iuice Ent's Opinion confuted That this milky Iuice does not come from the Breasts The Opinion of Veslingius touching the use of this Iuice The Amnios Urinary Membrane and Chorion stick close one to another The Opiâ—…ion of Riolanus The urinâ—…ceous Humour sepâ—…rated from the Liquor of the Amnios in Brutes where it is collected iâ—… the Alantois What the Serous Humour is The mistake of Deusingius The mistake of Riolanus The Name The Naâ—…el what it is It s Situâ—…tion Its Vessels The Umbilical Vein The Use. Its Valves The Error of Courâ—…eus The Umbilical Vein in Brutes The Umbilical Arteries These Arteries hard to be found in the Embryo for the first Months yet form'd and grow together The Use. The motion of the Blood through the Navel No Anastomoses No Union of the Umbilical Veins with the Arteries The Umbilical Vessels do not rise from the Uterines Whether form'd before the Heart How these Vessels pâ—… through the Membranes Dorsal Roots The Urachus or Urinary Vessel It is pervious in large brute Animals How it is observed in Mankind Why it is not conspicuous without the Abdomen Observation The Urine flows from the Birth through the Urachus Bartholin in an Error The Opinion of Courveus The Opinion of Maurocordatus The Pipe of the Navel-string Some few Nerves Knots like little Bladders full of a whitish Iuice Predictions from thence The cutting of the Navel-string When cut to be left of a just Length The Nourishment of the Birth in the Womb. First Digression The Birth is nourished by the Mouth and Navel Nourishâ—…nt by Apposition Nutrition by the Mouth and Navel The proof of Nouâ—…ishment by Apposition Proof of Nourishment at the Mouth Observation An Argument from sucking Confirm'd by Hippocrates With what matter it was nourished at Mouth Taken in by degrees and swalloâ—…ed not forc'd A Question The proof of Nutrition by the Umbilical Blood It is carryed in the same manner in a Chicken Riolanus deceived Whether Tapping iâ—… a Dropsie may not more safely be done in the Navel it self In what the difference consists Variety in the whole Difference in the Head Difference in the Breast Difference in the lower Belly Difference in the Ioynts How the Birth is contained in the Womb. The Inversion of the Birth Change of Situation The Opinion of Fernelius Digression How long the Birth remains in the Womb. Children born within the sixth Month. Children born in the fifth Month. They cannot live that are born in the eighth Month according to Hippocrates The reason of the variety in the time of Delivery Paulus Zachias Learned Men too much deceived by old Womens Tales Error in Womens Reckonings What happens near the time of Delivery The cause of Expulsion A natural Birth Unnatural Nature expels the Birth out of the Womb through the Uterine Sheath Something 's admirable to be observed The cause of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Not the narrowness of the place Not the Corruption of Nourishment Not defect of Nourishment Whether abundance of Excrements The true cause A Similitude The 〈◊〉 of Refreshment and Respiration is the cause of Calcitration The Opiâ—…on of Harvey and two Questions Harvey's other Question That Birth may live a while without Respiration An Objection All in an Error who write of Respiration and crying in the Womb. The cause of 〈◊〉 and dead Births The Breast The strusture of it The Figure The largeness of it It s Division Containing parts The proper The contained parts Their place The names The bigness A consideration of the bigness Their number Their Situation The shape and colour Glandules A large Glandule The Teat Where the Milky Chanels terminate The exquisite sense of the Teat It s Colour It s bigness The Areola Vessels Nerves Arteries Veins 〈◊〉 Lymphaticks Lymphatick Vessels The Milky Vessels Whether the Chylus be carryed through the Arteries to the Breasts The Office First digression Milk what The matter of Milk Whether out of Menstruous Blood Absurdities from the former Opinions Whether out of Alimentary Blood An Objection Why the Veins swell in the Breast Whether made of crude Blood Whether out of the Arterious Nervous Blood Whether out of the Serum Whether out of Fat. The Chyle is the Matter of Milk How the Chylus is chang'd into Milk The Milky Iuice made more perfect Why the Milk fails in Effusions of the Blood Why Women that give Suck want their Courses Mesue's Story Whether the Animal Spirits be the Matter of Milk A notable Question The true Cause An Observation Why the Milk increases the fourth day after child-birth A Question Why the Breasts are dry'd up upon weaning What