The mammary arteries The nerues of the breasts It hath nerues from the sinewes of the Chest which are carried through the skinne partly to the nipples but the thicker nerue is that which commeth to the nipple from the first nerue of the Chest and doeth communicate thereto exquisite sence and is the cause of the pleasure conceiued by their contrectation The Glandules or Kernels which they call in Latin mamillae or mammae or rather glandulous The Glandules of the breasts bodies which make the body table 27. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or bulke of the Pap are the greatest of the whole body white and do not as in most of the other creatures make one body but are many and distinct spongious and rare or porous that they might better drawe the Aliment vnto them and conuert it into milke of these one is the greatest placed vnder the nipple and about it are set all the other small ones which cleaue to the muscles of the Thorax or Chest Among these are infinite vesselles with many windings and turnings wouen together that the bloud before in the veines and arteries perfected receiued by the breasts might in these boughts and turnings through the glandulous bodies bee conuerted into milke which is a surplusage of profitable Aliment Tab. 27. sheweth the breast of a woman with the skin flayed off For the rest of the Table belongeth to another place Plato calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to bud forth in Latine Papilla because it is like a Papula that Why rugged is a pimple whelke or wheale It is of a fungous or Mozy substance somewhat like that of the yard whence it is that by touching or sucking it groweth stiffe and after will againe grow more flaccid or loose In virgins this teate standeth not much out from the brest is red and vnequall very like a strew-bery in Nurses because of the childes sucking it groweth longer and blewer in old folkes it is long and blackish About this teate is a circle called in Latine Areola in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we know no English The circle of the Teate name it hath vnlesse we call it the ring of the Pap but in Virgins it is pale or whitish in women with childe and nurses it is duskish in olde women blacke and the skin more rugous and vnequall From the disease of the Wombe it is also sometimes yellow sometimes blacke For Hippocrates saith a man may iudge of the wombe by the colour of the Nipples for if the A good note for women nipple or his ring which was wont to be red grow pale then is the womb affected The colour of the nipples and the ring about them is also often made duskish and black by setting The cuill euent of drawing glasses to the Nipples drawing glasses drawing heades or such like vppon them to make them stand out that the Infant may take them which may notwithstanding bee preuented if care be had The proper vse of the breasts is to be a Magazine or Store-house of meate for the Mothers owne childe or that in them so long milke should bee generated as the Infant for his The vse of the breasts nourishment should stand in neede of it For whereas it was accustomed in the wombe to be nourished by the Mothers blood conueyed vnto it by the vmbilicall veines it cannot so suddenly change that liquid for more solid nourishment for it could not digest it because when it is newe borne it is but tender and weake beside sudden changes are very daungerous wherefore it had neede of such a nourishment as should not be too remote from the nature of blood and that it might more easily bee nourished should also bee liquid sweete and after a sort familiar vnto it but such is milke which is made in the brests For so in growne men and women the Aliments are in the stomacke turned into Chylus which is a Creame or substance like vnto Milke Wherefore according to Galen the first and chiefe vse of the brests is the generation of Milke that they may be ashamed who for nicity and delicacie do forfeite this principal vse of these excellent parts and make them onely stales or bauds of lust A Secondary vse of them is in respect of their scituation that they might be a kinde of couering and defence for the heart and that themselues hauing receyued heate and cherrishment from the heart might again returne vnto it warmth such as we get by garments we buckle about vs especially this vse is manifest in women in whom these breasts growe oftentimes into a great masse or waight so as they being farre colder then men their Entrals vnder the Hypochondria are warmed by them It may also be added that they are giuen for ornament of the Chest and for a mans pleasure as is partly touched before Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis addeth another vse of the Pappes that is to receiue excrementitious moysture for if sayeth Hippocrates any disease or other euent take away a Note this womans Pappes her voyce becommeth shriller she proueth a great spitter and is much troubled with payne in her head And thus much of the Pappes of women Now men likewise haue Paps by Nature allowed The Paps of Men. them scituated also in the middle of the breast and lying vpon the first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis They are two a right and a left but they rise little aboue the skinne as they doe in women because they haue scarcely any Glandules for they were not ordayned to conuert or conteine milke Yet we do not deny but in them is generated a humour What humor is in them like to milke which Aristotle in the xii booke of his historie of Creatures cals Milk but it will not at all nourish albeit we haue seene it in some men something plentifull The Pappes of Men are compounded of skin fat and nipples which appeare yea sometimes hang forth in them because of the abundant fat which in corpulent bodies is more about that place then in any part of the Chest beside the nipples of men are somewhat fungous Their composition and also perforated They haue Veines Arteries and Nerues for their nourishment life and sence Their vse is to defend the heart as with a Target or Buckler or it may bee sayed that they are giuen for ornament that the breast should not be without some representation in Their Vses it The Nipples are the Center in which the veines and nerues doe determine which also are therein conioyned And heere we will put an end to the History of Parts belonging to Nutrition or Nourishment and prosecute our intent to discusse the Controuersies and Questions vvhich may arise concerning them A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Contouersies concerning the parts belonging to Nutrition QVESTION I. Whether the Guttes haue any common Attractiue faculty THE Physitians of old
vnprofitable to nourish an Infant The former is begotten by the expression and refluence of the blood from the wombe to the dugges as also by traction this latter onely by the Traction of the proper Aliment the former cannot be generated before true conception because there should be no vse of it before The latter may bee ingendered in growne ripe maydens and well blooded men whose bodies and vessels do abound with laudable iuyces This double kinde of generation of Milke I gather out of Hippocrates his Bookes de natura pueri de glandulis The Nature sayth hee of womens breastes is very rare and spongy and the Aliment which they draw vnto themselues they turne vnto Milke This is Hippocrates the first kinde of generation The other he describeth in the same place The Milke commeth from the wombe to the breasts which after the birth must be the nourishment of the Infant this the Kel presseth out and sendeth vpward being straightned by the growth of the Infant Wherefore the blood is pressed How the milk commeth vnto the breasts and why or strayned and so returneth in women with Child by a wonderfull prouidence of Nature from the wombe to the Pappes and that as soone as the Infant begins to moue After it is brought into the world there is no more expression made but the blood floweth of it owne accord to the Pappes according to his accustomed motion which Hippocrates sheweth in these words in his Booke de natura pueri After a Woman hath borne a childe if shee Hippocrates The first generation of milk also haue giuen sucke before the Milke wil arise into the breastes as soone as the Infant begins to moue so that after the birth it is therefore led vnto the breastes because it was accustomed to bee his course that way all the while the Infant did moue in the mothers wombe Neither doth the blood onely of it owne accord presse vnto the Pappes but they also drawe a greater quantity then is sufficient for their peculiar nourishment Of this Traction there bee diuers causes the Infants sucking the largenesse of the vessels the motion or exercise of the dugs and at length the auoyding of vacuity For when the veines of the breasts are exhausted by the Child 's instant sucking then they draw bloud vnto themselues from euery side Wee conclude therefore that true Milke and perfectly concocted is not generated before conception but that there may be a thinne and raw Milke sometimes made of the reliques of the proper nourishment of the dugs QVEST. XXIIII Wherein certaine Problemes are vnfoulded concerning the generation of Milke COncerning the first generation of Milke there is vpon record a solemne edict of Hippocrates in his Booke de natura pueri As soone as the Infant beginneth to moue the milk giueth warning thereof vnto the mother For the explication of which sentence there are two Problemes to bee discussed The first why at that time the Milke should begin to Why the milk is generated the 3 or 4 moneth be generated The second why the infant should not be nourished out of the wombe with the same wherewith hee was nourished in the Wombe The resolution of the first question will haue some difficult passages in it For seeing that the Milke is onely ordained for nutrition and that therewith the infant in the womb is not nourished but onely after the birth why is the Milke generated before the seauenth month til when there is no vse of it or why doth it not flow from the womb to the brests presently or soone after conception Question Hippocrates Solution as well as in the third and fourth months Hippocrates in the Booke before quoted answereth this Question thus That the infant in the third or fourth month becomming great dooth straine or presse the vessels which are ful of bloode and by this compression there is an expression made vnto the vpper parts This reason is indeede very true but verie subtle and obscure wherefore we wil paine A darke sentence of Hippocrates explained our selues a little to make it manifest In the first months Natures expence of blood is very great First of all because the Parenchymata or substance of the bowels and all the fleshy parts are generated and afterwardes for the nourishment and growth of them all so that there remaineth little or no ouer plus of the Mothers bloode But when the infant beginnes to mooue because there is alreadie a perfect conformation of all partes Nature thereafter onely entendeth nourishment which nourishment requireth but a small quantity Why the blood returneth from the wombe rather to the Dugges then to any other part of Aliment because there is but small and slender exhaustion or expence in the parts and therefore in the veynes of the Wombe there must needes be an ouer-plus of bloode these Veines being pressed by the motion and weyght of the Infant which now is growne great doe driue the blood vnto the vpper parts and rather into the Dugges then into any other as well because of the commodiousnesse and fitnesse of the way as because of the societie and simpathie that is betwixt the wombe and the breasts Add heereto a third cause which also is the finall and that is the wonderfull prouidence of Nature whereby the blood is accustomed by little and little to be transported vnto the place where it shall bee The prouidence of Nature turned vnto Milke and so remaine a plentifull fountaine for the nourishment of the infant after it is borne into the world And that is the reason why women are not so much troubled with bleedings at the nose Why women bleed not at the nose nor are troubled with Haemorhoids and with Haemorrhoides because bloode affecteth the way vnto the wombe to satisfy the ende or intent of Nature which is the generation and nourishment of an infant Giue mee leaue also to giue another reason of this refluence of bloode from the Wombe vnto the Dugges which is That the infant might haue occasion offered it to seeke a way out of the Wombe For if all the blood were still reserued in the vessels of the wombe and no part of it discharged or sent away other whether the Child would neuer striue to come foorth hauing alwayes nourishment enough at hande to content it for Hippocrates Hippocrates The true cause of the trauel saith that the onely cause of the strifte of the Infant in the byrth is the vvant of Nourishment It behooued therefore that in the thirde and fourth Moneths Nature should by degrees transferre the bloode vnto the Dugges to accustome her selfe to leade it thether for the nourishment of the Infant when it is borne as also to defraud the infant nowe becom'd better growne of his nourishment whereby hee might bee prouoked to seeke for it other where Some thinke that the blood returneth vnto the brests after the infant beginnes to mooue to bee kept as
the Share-bones Cupping glasses applied to the Leske that by these Ligaments as by certaine cords the wombe labouring vpwarde may be retracted and drawne backe But aboue all other Consents is that simpathy betweene the womb and the brests which The simpathy betweene the brests and the womb exceedeth euen admiration it self and is diuersly manifested by the frequent translation of humours out of the breasts into the wombe and out of the wombe into the brests by the signes of the wombe affected which are taken from the inspection of the brests from the vsuall cures of the diseases of both partes and finally from the knowledge wee haue by the How it is manifested brests of the condition of the infant yet contained in the wombe Beside the authority of Hippocrates in his Book de Glandulis we haue many examples of the first that is of the translation of humors too and againe betweene these parts Amatus Lusitanus in his second Century the second Cure reporteth that hee saw two women who vpon the suppression of their courses did auoid bloode out of the Nipples of their breasts at certaine and set times and returnes imagine shortly after the vsuall time of Blood out of the Nipples their courses And Hippocrates it appeareth had seene the like for hee writeth in the 40. Aphorisme of the fift section that those women who haue blood gathered about their brests are in danger to grow mad and raging Brassavolus reporteth that hee saw a woman out of whose brests issued blood in stead of milke and this may well be for we all knowe that Nurses haue their courses stopped because the blood returneth from the wombe vnto the brests where it is turned into milke vsually that in this example the blood came out vnturned that was the rarity We haue seene also on the contrary many women in childebed who haue auoided by the womb and the bladder great quantities of milke This translation Milk auoided by the womb and by Vrine of humors therefore is ordinary Somtimes the blood goeth other wayes as I haue known an ancient maide in Lincolnshire who euer about the time she should haue her Courses for many daies together hath founde in her mouth in the morning when shee awaked A straÌ„ge thing of a Maide or Lincolnshire the quantity of foure or fiue ounces of blood more or lesse and most part of it caked as it is in a Safer after blood letting and this continued with her for many yeares together but hirteeth rotted fowly with it her breath grew noisome and she faint at those times but without any other disease For the second that is that by the inspection of the breasts the condition of the wombe The conditioÌ„ of the wombe known by the brests Hippocrates may be knowne we will alledge onely that oracle of Hippocrates in the sixt Booke of his Epidemia and the fift section If the Nipples of the breast and that which is vsually red about them grow plaed or yellowish then is the wombe diseased For the third that the cure of the affectes of these parts demonstrate their sympathie we may remember that which Hippocrates hath deliuered and is continually put in practise as neede requireth viz If you would stay the immoderate fluxe of a womans Courses then set a How to stay immoderate Courses great Cupping-glasse vnder hir breast for that will draw backe the bloode by an accustomed way Finally by the inspection of the brests the age the sexe and the health of the Infant yet in the wombe is demonstrated Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri As soone as the infant beginneth to mooue the Milke acquainteth the Mother with it for presently vpon the motion The breasts shew the age sex health of the infant in the womb the breasts swel and the Nipples strut out If therefore the breasts bewray the time of the infants moouing then doe they also declare the age for a man childe mooueth the thirde month a maiden childe the fourth And for the sexe If the right brest saith Hippocrates in the 38 Aphorisme of the fift Section doe consume or fall it fore-tokeneth an abortment of a The Age. male childe if the left of a female so if the right brest swel and strut it is a signe that a male childe is conceiued if the left a female Last of all the inspection of the breasts doth foretel the health or sicknesse of the infant For if in a woman with childe the breasts do suddenly fall swampe as we say then will shee How the brests foretell the health or sicknes of the Infant abort or miscarry so saith Hippocrates in the 37. Aphorisme of the fift section All these are most euident and necessary arguments of the consent and sympathy between the brests and the wombe but because almost all simple sympathies are made by the communion of vessels we will in a few wordes lay open vnto you how the vesselles of these two partes doe communicate one with another as Laurentius conceyueth it How the vesselles of these parts do communicate Almost all Anatomistes do agree that the branches of the ascending Epigastrick veine do meete in one with the branches of the descending Mammarie veine and that there are in these branches many Anastomoses or inoculations I doe not deny saith Laurentius the The common receiued opinion coition or coniunction of these branches but seeme to my selfe to haue found more patent large and nigher wayes for this communion For the Epigastricke veine is not dispersed in his branches through the wombe but ariseth more commonly from a branch of another more likely the Crurall veine Likewise that veine which they call Mammaria or the brest veine runneth by the inner The Mamarie Veine part of the brest-bone to nourish the Triangular Muscle neither doth it send any branches to the brests vnlesse they be very small and threddy I suppose therfore saith he that blood milke and other humours doe flowe backe by the Hypogastricke and spermaticall Veynes which are proper veines of the wombe vnto the trunke of the hollow veine and out of it into the vein called Axillaris or the shoulder vein from which there arise two notable chest The Hypogastrick and sper maticall veines called Thoracicae which do water the Muscles of the chest and the Glandules or kernels of the brest On the other side I conceiue that the milk returneth by the Thoracicall veines to the Axillarie from it vnto the trunke of the hollow veine from which it passeth somtimes by the spermaticke branch into the womb sometimes by the Hypogastricall partly into the womb partly into the bladder from whence come oftentimes those milky waters which wee call Milky waters made after women â—abour Locteae that are made after the woman is deliuered There is also a nearer way for the milk to passe by the wayes of the vrine through the emulgent veines
Twinnes I saw sayth he a Noble Woman conceyued of two Twinnes who first was deliuered the first day of the ninth Histories Month of a dead child and the seauenth day after of another aliue The like Historie there is in Hippocrates seauenth Booke of his Epidemia vvhose wordes are these Teroida a Woman of Doriscus a Citie of Thracia vvhen shee had gone Terpida vvith Twinnes fiue Monethes by some mischaunce suffered Abortment the one yssued foorth presentlie compassed with a Membrane the other shee vvent vvith about fortie dayes after The inwarde Orifice of the VVombe may therefore bee opened and yet the the infant remayneth behinde Wee haue also for this the authority of Hippocrates in the the 38 Aphorisme of the fift Section where he saith A Woman with childe with Twinnes if Hippocrates authority either pappe fall and grow loose she wil abort of one of her children if it be the right breast of a Male if it be the left brest of a Female The infant therefore may be reteined in the Wombe although the Orifice of the wombe open euen to an abortment And although the second conception happen the third or the fourth month yet is it not necessary that the first shold miscarry yet the second conceptions do seldom thriue and suruiue especially if they be Second Conceptions rarely thriue long after the first because the former infant beeing great draweth away most part of the blood whence it commeth to passe that the younger Brother is desrauded of his nourishment and so perisheth and is most what auoyded before his due time And so much of Superfoetation Now it is time that we proceede vnto the Controuersies concerning the norishment augmentation of the Infant QVEST. XXIII Whether the Infant drawe his Nourishment at his mouth OVrwhole disputation concerning the Nourishment of the Infant we will absolue in three questions In the first we wil dispute by what wayes he draweth his Aliment In the second what kinde of Nourishment he draweth In the third how that Nourishment is changed and whether it passe all three concoctions Which way the Infant drawes Nourishment Alcmaeons opinion For the first Alcmaeon thought that the Infant drewe his nourishment by his whole bodo because it is rare and spongy and as a Sponge sucketh vp water on euery side so thoght he the infant sucketh blood not onely from his Mothers veines but also from the substance of her wombe Democritus and Epicurus thought as Plutarke reporteth in his fift Booke de placitis Philosophorum that the Infant in the wombe drew his nourishment at his mouth Democritus Epicurus which thing also Hippocrates seemeth to confesse in his Booke de Principijs The Childe in the womb gathering his lips togither sucketh out of his Mothers wombe and draweth both Aliment Hippocrates corrupted and spirit to his heart when the Mother breatheth This opinion hee confirmeth with a double reason First because children when they are borne haue excrements in their guttes Secondly because as soone as they are borne they sucke Milke with their mouths because they were accustomed to sucke in the womb Hippocrates verily was so diuine a writer that in all that he sayth we are bound to reuerence him and giue good heede vnto him And therefore heerein wee are either to excuse him because in those times the skill of Anatomy was but in the infancy or else wee may thinke Hippo. excused that this as many other things was foisted into his workes For in his Golden Booke De Nutritione he maketh knowne vnto vs the wayes of this norishment of the infant in this oracle The first Aliment is through the Abdomen by the Nauel As if he should say the first Aliment is drawne by the Nauell because it is scituated in the middest of the Abdomen For His own opinion in manie places how should he draw it by his mouth seeing there are no vessels deriued thither Neyther hath the infant any coniunction with the womb of the Mother vnlesse it be by the mouths of their vessels meeting together all which vessels do determine into the Nauell Moreouer in his Booke de Natura pueri he writeth in plaine wordes that the infant draweth both his nourishment and his spirit or breath by the Nauell In the middle of the flesh is the Nauel separated by which the infant breatheth and getteth his encrease And in his Book de Octimestri partu The Nauel by which the way is for the â—er and the Aliment to sustaine the infant and the onely ingresse by which he cleaueth to his Mother And by this way is the infant made partaker of those things that enter into the body And againe in his Booke de Natura pueri The Midwife as soone as the Infant is borne tyeth his Nauel as beeing no more necessary to nourish him by and withall she openeth his Mouth to shew him another way by which hee should receyue his nourishment Seeing therfore Hippocrates in all these places teacheth vs that the Infant draweth his Nourishment and aer also by the Nauell not by his mouth wee conclude that the place aboue vrged is surreptitious For the reasons which he is made in that place to giue are not beseeming the learning of so great a man neither answerable as you see to his opinion in other Tractates which are legittimate and past exception as which indeede none but the diuine wit of Hippocrates could endite Neyther therefore doth the infant sucke Milke after he is Why the Infant sucketh as soone as he is borne borne because he was accustomed to sucke in the wombe but because hee is so taught by vntaught Nature the same hath Hippo. in the sixt Booke of his Epidemia Nature not taught doth yet that rightly which shee hath not learned and in his Booke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 de Nutritione Nature is taught of none The Infant therefore instantly sucketh not from custome but by Nature or by wil which is by instinct for after he is grown old he wil suck again if he think it fit so to do because as that most subtile Scaliger sayeth in his 239. Exercise There is but Scaliger one faculty which serueth the Soule for the behoofe of the body which also hath therewithall adioyned a notion of his owne conseruation As for those excrements which the Infant auoydeth by siedge as soone as it is borne What it is the Infant auoydeth down-ward they are not excrements of the first concoction or of Chylification and therefore cannot properly bee called faeces and stercora but recrements of the more impure and thicker blood which are conuayed by the Spleenicke and mesentericall branches from the spleen to the Guttes and there by long stay and heate doe grow drye and exiccated VVherefore wee conclude that the Infant draweth not his nourishment by his mouth but by the Nauell QVEST. XXIIII Whether the Infant be nourished onely with bloud and whether he
it TABVLA XIX FIG I FIG II. The Kidnies are couered with a double Membrane one outward arising from the Peritonaeum neere the lower part of the Diaphragma where it is knit vnto the Peritonaeum this The Membranes cleaueth not very straightly to them tab 2 lib. 4 OO PP but they are as it were wrapped in it whence it is called fasciarenum that is the Kidneyes swathing band This Membrane receyueth the vena adiposa table xvii X Y table 2 lib. 4 l h and is rowled in plentifull fat so serueth the Kidneyes instead of a couering of a tye and of a soft pillow or bolster The other Membrane which is proper to the Kidnies is very thin and produced out of the common coate that coÌ„passeth the vessels but dilated and growes to them exceeding strongly so that it maketh their flesh otherwise of it selfe firme yet more fast and compact And although it make the outside glib and shining yet it wanteth fat neyther is it wouen with any vessels This accompanieth the vessels bent inward pierceth into their hollownesse and compassing them round about makes them more strong TABVLA XXI FIG I. FIG II. Fig. 1. shewcth the foreside of the right Kidney Fig. 2. shewcth the backside This Table sheweth the figure of a Childs Kidney which died the fourth day after it was borne in the Hospitall of Argentine The child was opened by Doctor Iohannes Rodulphus Saltzmanus He did indeede sucke but auoided nothing either by stoole or Vrine His guts were full of wind but his Fundament was not perforated His kidneys were by lines distinguished into eight parts His vreters wel stretched with water but at the bladder they were so smal that a smal probe could hardly without violence be entred into them which being stuffed with slime did stop the descent of the Vrine so that in the bladder there was nothing but a little of that slime the kidnies were somewhat like the kidnies of an Ox. It shall not be impertinent also to annexe this strange forme of the kidnies which Bauhine receiued from that excellent Philosopher and Physitian D. Leonard Doldius the ordinary Physitian of the City of Norinberge This kinde of Kidnies and Vreters was obserued in the body of Andrew Helâ—â— of Weissenfield who dyed at Norisberge the 17. of October in the yeare of our Redemption 1602. and the sixteenth of his life hauing lyen lonâ— hurt of a blow he receyued in his bely aboue the groyne They haue two venters or cauities the outward and inward the outward improperly The cauities of the kidneis so called table xxii d which Fallopius calleth the Gate is in the saddle side where the kidney being like a bent bow returned at either end it is most what diuided into three partes The first is a bunch or prominence like a smal hillocke at either end of which there is a bosome or cauity ending in another prominence before you come to their gibbous part Into the corners of these bosomes the diuided vesselles table xxii l h doe offer themselues thence to be dispersed into the substance of the kidneyes one branch into the vpper angle of one bosome another into the lower angle of the other out of which also the vreter proceedeth The vessels which are sent vnto the kidneies are of all sorts Veines Arteries Nerues The vessels The Veines proceede out of the hollow veine one of them table 17. X Y is that fatty vein Veines Venaadiposa whereof we haue spoken and it is double one on the right hand and another on the left The right issueth very rarely out of the trunk of the hollow veine but most what out of the emulgent the left alwayes out of the hollow veine and is diuersly distributed to his vtter coate to water or bedew the same sometimes also it offers a little branch to the glandule which we spake of adioyned to the kidney which when it hath perforated it is againe consumed in this coate of the kidney The other veine of his office is called the emulgent or sucker table 17. a b table 22. h i The Emulgent veines most commonly one on each side for in the framing of these vessels Nature often diuersly disports her selfe so that they differ oftentimes not onely in seuerall bodies but euen in the same This emulgent is a notable vessell and the greatest of all that arise out of the hollow Why the Emulgent is so great Whence the Emulgent ariseth The values of the Emulgent veine not that the Kidneyes stand in neede of so great store of nourishment but that the serous bloud may haue a free expedite passage It ariseth seldom directly out of the trunk of the hollow vein but is carried with an oblique but short progresse downward and being parted into 2. branches is inserted into the saddle side of the Kidney carrying thither the serous or watery bloud out of the hollow veine In these emulgents wee haue obserued certaine values or floud-gates which hinder the recourse of the whay or vrine into the hollow veine With these is vnited a branch one or two of the veine sine pari or without his fellow of which we shall entreate more fitly in another place that there might be a consent betweene the Kidneyes and the breast Arteries it hath of each side one table 17. vnder a b table 22. vnder h i table 18. character 3 5. The arteries of the kidnies from the trunk of the great Arterie great emulgents or suckers also which do purge waterish moysture plentifully contayned in the Arteries from the bloud and withall doe Their vse allow heate to ouercome the cold of the Kidneyes which Galen sayth they acquired by the passage of the watery moysture through them These vessels first parted into two do then get into the cauities of the Reynes are presently diuided commonly into foure braunches and so are disseminated diuersly into the whole substance of the Kidneyes table xxi figure 1. G G till at length they are so by degrees seuered by manifold partitions that they become as small as hayres then they approach vnto the Caruncles which are spongy peeces of flesh through which the whay is filtered or streyned The Kidneyes needed no other third veine differing from these whereby they should bee nourished because they doe not draw a pure excrement as the bladders doe which therefore Why the kidneis haue no particular veins to nourish them The nerues of the kidneyes needed particular veines to carry their nourishment but these vesselles being full of bloud as well as of whay doe nourish the kidneyes with the bloud and send away the whay to be auoyded They haue nerues on either side from the stomachicall branch of the sixt paire whence comes the great consent betweene the stomacke and the kidneyes and the subuersion of the stomacke and frequent vomits in Nephriticall passions or diseases of the kidneyes which descend downeward to the rootes of the
before mentioned are alike for they all sucke vp the superfluities of the whole body For the Solution of this Question we say there are two kindes of Glandules for which The solution of the questiō Galen we haue Galen our Author in his second Chapter of the sixteenth Book of the vse of parts There are some Glandules which are ordained onely to establish and vnder-prop the Vessels or to receiue superfluous humors or to water and moysten the parts There are others Two kindes which are prouided by Nature for the generation of certaine iuices or humors which are profitable for the creature The former haue neyther Veines nor Arteries nor sinnewes these latter haue very conspicuous vessels and are of exquisite sense The former are properly called Glandules the latter may better be stiled Glandulous bodies So the Testicles Galen Hippocrates and the Kidneyes by Galen are called Glandulous bodies and Hippocrates in his Booke de Glandulis saith that the braine it selfe in respect of his substance is glandulous The former are onely of some vse the latter affoord both vse and action amongst which wee conclude the dugs or breasts to be And whereas Hippocrates saide that these dugs doe receiue or sucke vp an excrementitious humor Hippocrates expounded we vnderstand that this is not there primary or chiefe and maine vse but onely secondary for Nature often abuseth one and the same part to diuers vses so the braine in The braine Glandulous manner of a Glasse-still or Cucurbita doth draw and sucke vp the expirations of the lovver parts and yet notwithstanding there is another and more diuine vse of the braine So nature often abuseth the guts for the expurgation and vnburdening of the whole body wheras they were Originally ordained for another purpose to wit for distribution of the Chylus The Breasts therefore or Paps haue a proper action and vse Their action is the generation The primarie vse of the breasts of Milke which is performed by a moderate and equall coction or boyling Their vses are either primary or secondary The primary vse Galen saith is for generation of milk but Aristotle would haue them ordained for the defence of the heart the most noble of all Galen Aristotle the bowels and I thinke he was mislled with this argument because men had breastes and yet did not ingender milke Wee with Galen do determine that these glandulous bodyes Galen compassed with fat and wouen with many thousand vessels were first and originally ordained for Milke and are not alike in men and women And yet I conceiue that they were scituated in the breast rather to add strength to the noble parts conteined vnder them then for the generation of Milke For in most creatures they make Milke not in the brests but in other parts You shall therefore reconcile Galen and Aristotle if you say that the Dugges were created originally for the generation of Milke and secondarily for the strengthning defence Galen and Aristotle reconciled of the heart And againe that the originall cause of their scituation in the breast was for the defence of the heart and the secondary for the generation of milke QVEST. XXIII Whether Milke can be generated before conception IT was disputed of old and is yet a question amongst the multitude whether Milke can be engendred in a womans breasts before she haue had the company of man and conceyued And this doubt is occasioned by some different places in Hippocrates and Aristotle Hippocrates in his first Booke de Morbis mulierum inquiring after the signes of the Mola or Moon-calfe reckoneth this as one of the principall When in the Brests there is no Milke Hippocrates Aristotle engendred And therefore the generation of Milke is according vnto Hippocrates a certaine signe of conception Aristotle in his Bookes de Historia Animal confirmeth the same where hee sayth That no Creature engendereth Milke before the womb be filled And reason seemeth to consent with their authority For if nature do neuer endeuour any thing rashly but all things for her proper end what neede is there of Milke before the infant be perfected it beeing onely ordained for the nourishment thereof Notstanding Hippocrates in his Aphorismes seemeth to be of a contrarie minde If a woman saith he which is neither big with childe nor hath yet conceyued haue milke in her brests it is Hippocrates Aristotle Albertus Auicen a signe that her courses are stopped And Aristotle in his Bookes de Historia Animal affirmeth that Milke may be bred in the brests or dugs of men which also Albertus and Auicen do witnesse Hieronimus Cardanus in his Bookes de subilitate saith that hee saw a man about thirtie A Storie out of Cardanus foure yeares old out of whose breastes so great a quantity of Milke did flow that it was almost The men of America haue milk in their breasts sufficient to nourish a childe They that haue trauailed into the new world do report that almost all the men haue great quantity of Milke in their breasts If therefore men doe breede Milke much more Virgins and Women before they doe conceiue For their Dugs are more rare and large and beside they haue a greater aboundance of superfluous bloud Reason also fauoureth this opinion for where the materiall Reasons cause of Milke is present and the strength of the efficient not wanting what should hinder the generation thereof Now in Virgines that bee of ripe yeares the veines of the Chest which water the Dugges haue great aboundance of bloud they haue also the strength of the glandules to alter and to boyle it for after the fourteenth yeare The Dugges sayth Hippocrates Hippocrates doe swell and the Nipples strut and young wenches are then sayd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is fratrare to grow together like twinnes Wherefore Milke may sometimes be bredde in such women especially whose courses be stopt as Hippocrates writeth But these disagreeing places A reconciliatiō out of Hip Two kinds of milke according to Hip. of Hippocrates it will not bee hard to reconcile out of Hippocrates himselfe There is a double generation of Milke according to Hippocrates and a double nature thereof One kinde of Milke is true and laudable another not true nor perfectly boyled The former is made by a great alteration and true concoction of the breastes and that not priuate but officiall the latter ariseth of a remainder of the proper nourishment of the breasts the first is perfectly white sweete and moderately thicke and fitte to suckle an Infant this other is white indeed because it beareth the colour and forme of the part from whence it floweth but it hath neither the true nature of a nourishing Chymus or humour nor the sweetnes nor the power or vigour of nourishment and therefore it deserueth the name of Milke not by his quality or specificiall forme but onely for his colour for it is thinne and waterish altogether
doe proceed certaine ligaments as also the seuenth muscle of the head called Mastoides These Clauicles on either side fasten the shoulder-blade to the brast-bone by Diarthresis a notable gristle being betweene them Table 17. figure 5. T S Celsus called them Iugula Why called Iugula a iungendo of ioyning or because they are like to the yoake wherein Oxen are ioyned which we call Iugum Their vse is to hinder the shoulder-blade and armes from falling vpon Their vse the breast The breast-bone is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is disposed in the middest betwixt the ribs The breast-bone Table 17. figure 9 ghi or the breast-bone because it maketh the forepart of the Chest and secureth the parts vnder it It is a little bowed long and broad like the handle of a Dagger as the antients vsed it Table 17. fig. 6 7. and therefore it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the sword-like cartilage or the Breast blade The substance of it is not solide as other bones but fungous or spongy redde and compounded of bones and gristles In a childe new borne it is altogether gristlely excepting The substāce of it the vppermost which is a bone from the beginning Then it is deuided into eight partes seauen of them receiue the gristles of the seauen perfect ribbes the eight receiueth the gristle The diuision of it called ense-formts After seauen yeares they growe better compacted and haue fewer partitions and at length are onely foure The first Table 17. figure 5. a which is the broadest the second and the last the rest betweene ioyne into one The vppermost tab 17. figure 6. abc is larger and thicker then the rest and representeth the broad knubs or stay at The quantity of the parts the end of the Dagger handle The second is like tab 17. fig. 6. pqr the grasping place in the sides of it hath many cauities or bosomes Table 17. fig. 6. klmn not equally distant one from another wherein the gristles of the third fourth fifth and sixt ribs are receiued The third bone is lesse then the first tab 17. fig. 6 7. s but broader then the second these are all that appeare bony in a growne man The gristles of it beside those two which are betweene the coller-bone and it are one betwixt the first bone and the second Table 17. figure 6. h another in the end of it long The gristles of this bone immouable and triangular Table 17. figure 6 7. E which is commonly sharpned at the end like the poynt of a sworde whence it hath his denomination for it is peculiarly called the Breast-blade If this gristle be in children curued downeward it offendeth the Liuer and the stomacke and such children pine away and dye Here also is that cauity which is commonly called Scrobiculus cordts the Trench or Spoone of the heart Note also that in woemen the breast bone is flatter then it is in men because their paps are larger The vse of this breast-bone is the same with the ribbes The vse of the breast-blade is The vse of this breast-bone partly to defend the parts vnder it partly to giue scope to the motion of the midriffe Table 17. hath twelue Figures whereof foure shewe the Coller-bone The first the anterior part the second the posterior the third the lower part the fourth the Coller-bone of a woman which is straighter then of a man The fift Figure sheweth two gristles placed on either side betwixt the ioynts of the Coller-bone The sixt Figure sheweth the foreside of the breast-bone The seauenth the back-part thereof The eight sheweth the foreside of the breast-bone of a woman together with the hole therein after the fashion of a Heart Figure 9. sheweth the foreside of the bones of the Chest The tenth the backeside The eleauenth one of the true ribs broken The twelfth sheweth the back part of the twelfth broken From the first Character to the twelfth in the 9. and 10. Figures are exhibited the twelue ribs the seauen vppermost true ribs the fiue lowermost bastard ribs TABV LA. XVII FIG I I II III IIII V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Fig. 9. 10. 11. 12. AB 9 The ioyning of the ribs with their gristles CD 9 The articulation of the gristles of the ribs with the breast bone E 9 The blunt heade of the gristle FF 9 the gristles of the bastard ribs which are sharpe ghi 9 the breast-bone in the midst of the ribs GH 9 the distance betwixt the 11. ribbe where the gristle sometime is parted from the other gristles but at 12 alwayes II 9 An vnequall prominence of the gristles K 9 the sword-like cartilage K 11 A bosome running along in the inner side of the rib LM 11 the head wherewith the rib is articulated or ioyned to the spondel or rack-bone L. and M sheweth the head wherby it is ioined to the transuerse processe N 12 the blunt head of the 11 and 12◠ibs O 11 12 A knub into which the 11 muscle of the back is inserted P 11 An asperity or roughnes betwixt the two heads which bringeth forth a ligament Q 11. A roughnes with a light extuberation into which the muscle of the chest called Sacrolumbus is implanted R 11 The fungous substance of the rib appearing when it is broken They are diuided into true or legitimate bastard or spurious ribs the legitimate are the seauen vppermost Tab. 17. fig. 9. from char 1 to 8 so called because they perfect their Their diuision semi-circle They are ioyned backward with strong Ligaments to the racke bones of the back Tab. 17 fig 10 S T by Diarthrosis that with a double knot to make them the fasten The vpper knot is to the body of the Spondell the lower to the latterall processe Forward Their Connexion And Names they are articulated to the brest-bone Tab. 17 fig. 9 c by certaine gristles growing vppon their heads The two vppermost of these are called Retortae the two next Solidae the three last Pectorales The bastard ribs are the fiue lower softer as being almost gristly at lest they end into a perfect gristle These fiue are retorted or bent vpward and so are glewed togither Tab. 17 fig. 9 FF excepting the last which is the twelfth These are also imperfect because they are knit onely to the spondels but touch not the brest bone that so the Lower belly especially the stomacke and the wombe might better bee dilated or enlarged The eleuenth and the twelfth are sometimes tyed vnto the Midriffe The substance of the Ribbes The substance of the ribs is not onely bony though that bonynesse be but spongy tab 17. fig. 11 ◠but euery one hath his proper Cartilage both behinde where they are tyed to the Spondels and also before where they are ioyned to the brest bone Table 17 fig. 9 A B shewes the coniunction of he ribbes with their Cartilages and C
a complication of veines arteries and nerues which imbibeth or sucketh vp the matter that falleth vpon it from whence come the greatest and most intolerable paynes of the tooth-ach And indeed this membrane is of most exact Sense and by it the Teeth are so apprehensiue of heate and cold yea sayeth Bauhine wee consent with Columbus herein that the flux of humor out of the Brain vnto this membrane is the true cause of the greatest pains in the teeth which do so long endure as the humour is detained in the Membrane or till the braine be purged and so the cause of the flux be taken away By reason of this cauity if the teeth be perforated by an affluence of sharpe humors How the teeth rottes which perforation dooth reach to the cauity then are the teeth quickly rotted euen vnto the roots againe in this cauity especially the erotion and putrifaction of the teeth doth begin In it groweth that dolourous rottennesse and in it somtimes are wormes gathered which do miserably excrutiate and punish the patient The vse of the cauity is that The vse of their cauities by it the teeth may be better nourished and receiue the faculty of sensation CHAP. XVIII Of the generation and vse of the Teeth COncerning the generation of the Teeth there are diuers opinions some thinke they are generated within the Wombe as Columbus and Eustachius some without the wombe as Aristotle some partly within and partly without as Hippocrates who maketh a threefolde time of their generation in his Booke de Carnibus of a threefolde Aliment which ministreth matter vnto them The first is from the sustenance they receiue in the womb the second is after birth by the Milke which the child sucketh the third is after he hath cast his teeth by the meat Diuers opininions concerning the generation of the teeth and drinke that he eateth whereby new teeth are engendred for saith he whatsoeuer is glutinous in the Aliment that maketh the Teeth but the fatty part which heere is more plentifull then in the matter of the rest of the bones is exiccated by the power of the heate So also saith Laurentius as this threefold kinde of Aliment differs in thicknesse so doth the solidity hardnesse and thicknesse of the teeth varye for those teeth that are engendred of the Aliment which the infant vseth in the wombe or when hee suckes his mothers brest are but soft and do easily fall away but those that are made of more solide meats are also firmer The truth is that they are generated in the womb together with the rest of the bones with which they are not delineated but formed and absolued by degrees wherefore they The truth lye for some time imperfect in the Iawes neyther do they all breake their prisons at the same time but some sooner some later according as the necessity of Nature dooth require And this is the cause why some made a double time of their generation one in the wombe another out of the wombe In the wombe after the generation of the Iawes there are twelue Teeth formed foure of which are Shearers two dog-teeth and six Grinders all which do want roots and lie hid in their sockets on euery side compassed therwith and the gummes whole aboue them And this may be seene in the raw of an abortiue infant or other creature yea if it dye presently after the birth for if you cut vp the Iaw you shall finde Teeth therein Some haue bene borne with their Teeth out of their gummes as of olde time M. Curtius Dentatus and Cn. Papyrius Carbo Of later times the same is reported of Richard Crooke-backe the Vsurper The substance of the Teeth being yet imperfect is partly mucous and partly bony for if you take away the husk of the Tooth for there is about euery Tooth such a white mucous and slimy substance somewhat membranous wherewith the tooth is couered which The substance of the Teeth diuers also is so much the more mucous by how much the tooth is the softer and the younger perforating it in the vpper part that the end of the Tooth may peepe out then shall you perceiue that the tooth is partly bony partly mucous for that part which was to rise aboue the gummes is fashioned into a white scale thin and excauated or hollowed like a Their hard part Hony-combe and so the vpper part of the Tooth is bony hard and hollow The other part which should haue remained in fixed in the Iaw is soft moyst and mucous like the The soft part substance that is in a young quill This substance seemeth to haue fibres and threds and to be couered as it were with a thin coate for the superficies thereof is like to a smooth tunicle fastned and conioyned to the substaunce that it containeth wherefore a resemblance of the generation of the teeth wee haue some what expressely in the generation of a quill for the part which is without the skin is horny and hard but that which is within the wing is softer and moyster yea sometimes like blood or congealed Phlegme This soft part of the teeth as they breake the flesh hardneth by degrees and by degrees becommeth bony Sometime also it is hollowed within and formed into roots The hull or huske of the Tooth whereof we spake euen now serueth insteade of a Ligament for by it the tooth is fastned as with glew to the socket and to the gums In Infancy the Teeth be within the Gummes that they might not byte the Nurses nipple the seauenth moneth they beginne to breake out or later sayth Hippocrates if the Infant do toothe with a Cough and then they are troubled with Agues Convulsions Scowrings and such like especially when they breede their Dog-teeth Galen rendereth a reason because when the Gummes are perforated by the Teeth the paine is as violent as if a goade were thrust into the flesh but indeed the teeth are more paynfull then goades for if a goade be once fastned it resteth but the tooth issueth still to the extent of his augmentation The Teeth breake out not altogether but the vpper sooner then the lower and the Shearers sooner then the Grinders that they issue later in men then in bruite beastes for The times of dentition the Elephant saith Aristotle in the 5. chap. of his 2. book de hist animal breedeth his teeth as soon as hee himselfe is borne the reason is saith Aristotle because a man aboue all creatures hath lesse of that earthy excrement whereof they are ingendred But because the first Teeth and those that follow them which are thought to bee regenerated do lie hidden The first in the iaw-bone therefore wee rather say that the cause of their late yssuing in men is to bee attributed to the good will and pleasure of him that made them who moderateth all things according to his owne wisedome yet when the childe comes to chewing that he might cease
VVater being actually compounded of foure Elements those Elements must necessarilie bee in it Actually for that vvhich is potentially cannot make an Actuall Beeing or Existence But we will say if the water be mixed with fire why doth not the fire warme it Surely it doth warme it although it bee not able to remooue all the coldnesse of the water that it Solution should appeare warme vnto the Touchf or if the water were pure and sincere it is certain that it would bee much more cold then our water is And this may bee proued by well water which is somewhat deepe within the Earth for they are hotter in winter then they are in Summer the reason is because in winter the Why Well-water is warm in Winter surface of the earth is condensed or closed vp so that the internall and elementary heate is preserued within the earth which in Sommer when the face of the earth is loosned and relaxed issueth into the Ayre Hence also it is that water after it is once heated ouer the fire would sooner freeze then other which is newly taken out of a Riuer because in boyling ouer the fire the inbred heat of the water vanisheth because the parts are relaxed or disunited but in fresh spring water the natiue heat remaineth which preserueth it from freezing Now these things could not be thus except that fire were actually in the water and did also actually heate it notwithstanding the Phylosophers may in some sort be held excused because The Phylosophets excused the pure elements distinguished seuerally one from another are in compouÌ„d bodies poteÌ„tially for actually pure elements are not in them But you will say that because of the fire which is naturally mixed with the water there is in the water some litle odour and that litle odor Fishes do perceiue But this canot be for man cannot smell in the water if fishes therefore could it would follow that the Sense of Smelling was more perfect in Fishes then in men which is vtterly false Neither is it any answer to say that the water hath odors therein or is odorated in respect of of the Siccity because this Siccity is only potential and vnlesse the humidity which is actually and predominant there be consumed it shall neuer be able to mooue the Sense for actuall odour requireth an actuall Siccity and that actuaally predominant But some man may obiect that the fire which is in the water rayseth vp exhalations aud so odours I grant indeede that in water exhalations may be generated but none such as Aristotle The difference betwixt moyst and dry exhalations vnderstandeth that is odoriferous because those exhalations are meerely vaparous wherein the Siccity is yet actually ouercome by the humiditie But humide exhalations which are the subiects of actuall odours are neuer found in water which also Aristotle confesseth Notwithstanding the same Aristotle prooueth that fishes doe smell because they make choyce of their meat as if he should say that they choose their meate by their Smels But to returne to that wherefrom wee are digressed and at length to determine this controuersie wee say that Fishes may so far foorth Smell as the water wherein they liue doth communicate with the Ayre and Fire for seeing nothing can either bee generated or nourished by a simple element it must needes follow that Fishes being ingendered and Fishes cannot smell in pure water nourished in the water that water partaketh of the vigour and substance of the rest of the Elements And this is also manifested by the reciprocall transmutation or change of one Element into another for no man will deny but that rarified water turneth into Ayre and Ayre rarified into Fire which could not possibly bee if the water were pure and vnmixed for it cannot be imagined how it should receiue or put on a diuers yea a contrary nature wherewith it hath no affinity or familiaritie But if any man shall persist and say that the Sea which is the habitation of Fishes is the pure and sincere Element of water free from the commixtion of other Elements then I say saith Placentinus that Fishes cannot Smell at all My reasons are first because no Sense is mooued but by obiects but in water which is not adulterated with mixture of any heterogeny body cannot produce an obiect of smelling for odours are in that which is dry now what is more moyst and freer from Siccity then pure and simple water Againe if odoriferous things by too plentifull effusion of moysture doe loose their odour how can pure and sincere water haue any odour therein If therefore Fishes doe smell as Aristotle and other classicke authours doe testifie it must needes bee in reguard of the Siccity which commeth from the permixtion of Ayre and Fre. If any man shall obiect that water hath no smell in it because a man cannot perceiue the odour thereof though hee snuffe it into his Nose hauing notwithstanding a greater perfection of this Sense the Fishes haue I answer that Fishes and those creatures Fishes smell without resspiration that liue in the water doe smell without respiration or breathing and without those many helpes of the Organ which are in men Moreouer the water being to Fishes a familiar Element a little odour mixed therewith may mooue and stirre vp their senses whereas in men there must bee a hot steame raysed from that which is odoriferous there must be also Respiration through the Nose to conuay the same steame through the spongie bone vnto the mammillary processes before this Sense in them can be mooued But whereas Aristotle absolutely concludeth that Fishes doe smell because they make choyce of their meate that consequence we cannot so well approue for the choyce or election of their meat may proceede from another cause When wee are to buy any victuals which we may not Taâ—ste weemake choyce by our eyes beleeuing that that which is best coloured is also best tasted why should we not therefore think that Fishes may make choyce of their meat by their sight Againe all creatures by an instinct of Nature doe desire and seeke after that Aliment which is proportionable vnto them for what teacheth the Infant in the wombe to drawe vnto it the mothers blood rather then the rest of her humors Is it the smell of blood Nothing How Fishes choose their meat by their sight By instinct as the infant lesse for the Infant doeth not smell at all yea it draweth the nourishment into the Liuer through the vmbilicall veine by a naturall instinct After the child is borne what maketh it to choose the mothers milke before all other nourishment Is it the odour or smell of the milke No for we see that when an Infant is layde to the breast hee suddenly with a kinde of Naturall force laps his tongue about the head of the breast and suckes very strongly Shall we attribute this work of the Infant to the Smell rather then to an instinct
of Nature By no meanes for if you deceiue a childe with a suckling bottle or any such thing like the nipple of the mothers breast as soone as euer hee tastes that which is therein to differ from the Aliment which he naturally desireth he will presently cry and not be appeased till he haue his mothers breast againe And thus much shall be sufficient to haue spoken of the causes of odours and some difficulties coincident with them Now wee proceed to the differences QVEST. LI. Of the differences of Odours TO distinguish the particular kinds and differences of Odours to giue their proper names is altogether impossible partly because the Sense is but dull and partly because of our owne ignorance which the best Philosophers haue Differences of odours very nice not beene ashamed to confesse Wherefore those that haue written of this part of Philosophy considering how imperfect our Sense is to make fitte distinctions of this obiect seeing wee can smell nothing but that which doeth vehemently goade and affect the Sense they haue thought good to distinguish the kindes of odours improperly and by way of translation by the differences of Sapours and Tastes neither haue they done this without good ground for between Sapours and Sauors as in the name so in the nature there is a great affinity analogy and proportion insomuch that the odour or sauour dependeth vpon the sapour or Taste So sayth Aristotle in the fift chapter of his Booke de sensu sensili there Therefore referred to tast is no bode odoriferous which hath not also a strong taste defining that to be odoriferous or able to moue the sense of smelling which hath in it power to diffuse a sapide siccity a while after he sayth If therefore any man shall esteeme both to wit ayre and water moyst it woulde followe that odour will bee nothing else but the Nature of sapide siccity reciding in moysture The kinds therefore of Odours which fall vnder our Sense are these Biting Sweete Sowre Tart and Fat. As for rotten smelles these sayth Aristotle in the place before quoted The kinds of odours are proportionable with bitter Tasts because as bitter things are hardly swallowed so rotten or stinking smels are not receiued into the Sense without a kind of regret and loathing There are two other differences of odours the first is common to bruite beasts and by accident doeth mooue pleasure or paine as those odours which together with the steame do arise from meat which are pleasant to those that are hungry and vnplesant and offensiue to such as are satisfied The other kinde is of it selfe pleasant or vnpleasant as the smell that breatheth from flowers and this is proper to men alone for they doe not prouoke the appetite more or lesse but rather by another kinde of satisfaction doe dull and appease it Yet wee must not beleeue that all the differences of Tastes may be applyed to odours for who euer said that he felt a salt smell Finally Odours are either Naturall or Artificiall Naturall odours are those which are naturally in the bodies Artificiall are such as Apothecaries vse to make for pleasure or for Physicke of the commixtion of many spices and these we call compound odours the other simple QVEST. LII Of the Medium or Meane of Smelling IT hath not yet been called into question whether the smell standeth in need of a Medium or no. All men taking it for granted that a Medium is required partly The Philosopher opinions subscribing to that Axiome so often before itterated by vs. That the obiect immediatly touching the Instrument maketh no Sensation partly because in the 97j Text of his second booke de anima Aristotle speaking particularly of the Smell hath assigned thereto a determinate Medium or Meane for in that place hee doth not onely take away the doubt whether this Sense be made by a Medium but withall he declareth by what Medium it is absolued and perfected With him therefore as there is great reason we also consent For Odour hauing his residence in a fumide exhalation with which exhalation the Odour exhaleth out of the bodies that vapour cannot accompany the Odour vnto the Confirmed What is the Medium of Smelling Organ especially where the distance is any thing great betwixt the body out of which the odour issueth and the organ of Sense but it must be dissipated vnlesse it were preserued by some Medium yet euen that Medâ—um doth not so preserue it but by degrees it is dissipated and vanisheth away Wee conclude therefore that the Sense of Smelling standeth in neede of a Medium But what this MediuÌ„ should be that saith Plancentinus I am not resolued of although I am not ignorant that all Philosophers with one consent doe agree herein with Aristotle who saith this Medium is double to wit Ayre and Water Concerning the ayre it is without controuersie the Medium of Smelling because when we draw our breath we do at the same time also Smell beside the Odour that exhaleth The ayre approued out of the mixt body is not diffused into all dimentions but only that way which the ayre is diffused A certaine signe that the ayre is both the Medium and the vehickle of Smels Concerning the water Placentinus maketh some doubte although Arist. in his 2 Booke de Anima especially in the 8 chap. of his 4. Booke de Historia animalium doth striue earnestly to proue that to fishes the water is the true Medium of Smelling His foundation is that those creatures which liue in the water do Smell which if it be so it is necessary that there must be also a Medium wherein the Obiect should be transported That Medium The water questioned Aristotle for it cannot be Ayre for ayre as soone as it is generated in water doth exhale or bubble vp as the same Arist. teacheth in the 5 chap. of his Booke de Sens et Sensil from whence he concludeth that for Fishes the water must needs be the Medium And truly the consequence were certainely and vndoubtedly good if the foundation and ground where-vpon he raiseth it be true But we haue called that into question before Now I will adde only one argument and that taken from the Nature of a Medium on this manner All Odom hath his Placentinus against it existence in siccity therefore requireth also a Medium that is dry least the Obiect should loose his odour for it is the office of the Medium to conserue the Obiect but water being moyst is no way fit to conserue the dry Odour in respect of the contrariety betwixt them vnlesse a man will be so debased as to say that one contrary can be the Medium vnto the other which is as much as if he should affirme that contraries doe not mutually impugne but cherish and foster one another Seeing therefore water which is moyst must needes extinguish or dissolue the Odour which