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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57997	The history of the Turkish Empire, from the year 1623, to the year 1677 Containing the reigns of the three last emperors, viz. Sultan Morat, or Amurat IV. Sultan Ibrahim, and Sultan Mahomet IV, his son, the thirteenth emperor, now reigning. By Sir Paul Rycaut, late consul of Smyrna.	Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700.; Knolles, Richard, 1550?-1610. Generall historie of the Turkes. aut; Manley, Roger, Sir, 1626?-1688. History of the Turkish Empire continued. aut; Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700. Memoirs. aut; White, Robert, 1645-1703,	1687 (1687)	Wing R2407; ESTC R8667	720,857	331

thereunto he received a Recruit of five and twenty thousand Men from the Morea But the daily increase of the Pasha's Forces and his approach towards Constantinople as it was a Matter of the highest Consequence so it required the most prudence and caution in the management In the first place therefore by Fetfa or Resolve from the Mufti the Pasha was declared a Rebel and guilty of High Treason against the Sultan notwithstanding which a Chaous was dispatched with Letters of Pardon if now repenting of his Fault he would disband his Army and return to his former Obedience he should be received into Grace and Favour The Pasha received the Chaous with the same Ceremony and Honour as if he had been an Ambassador being willing to consider him under that Character rather than under the Notion of a Pursuivant or Officer sent to affright him into his Duty and in Answer to the Message replied That it was not in his power to condescend to any Conditions for that since he had assumed the Cause of this Youth who was the Son of Sultan Morat concealed to that Age by his Mother for fear of the Power of his Uncle he could not assent to any Terms or Conditions less than the Exaltation of him to the Ottoman Throne And so carrying this Young Man with him as a Property whereby to cover his Rebellion with the Guise of Justice and Duty he maintained a Court for him after the Ottoman Fashion and causing the Tagho or Standards to be carried before him he permitted him to give Audiences send Dispatches and to take on him all the Royal Marks of Empire The Army of the Pasha was by this time encreased to seventy thousand Men one part of which he sent towards Scutari and another towards Smyrna which alarm'd all the Countries round about and gave the Grand Signior such cause of Apprehension that he tried divers Means and made many Propositions of Honours and Benefits to the Pasha whereby to allure him to Obedience One while he offered to him the Government of Grand Cairo but that being rejected he endeavoured to raise Men in Asia to oppose the progress of his Arms of which some numbers being got into a Body and perceiving the formidable Force of the Pasha revolted and joined themselves to his Party This Extremity of Affairs caused the Grand Signior not only again to proclaim the Pasha a Rebel but to give liberty to his People to destroy him and his Souldiers in any parts where they should encounter them In pursuance of which License a Village in Asia having killed twenty five or thirty of the Pasha's Men which came thither to refresh themselves the Pasha was so enraged thereat that he caused his Souldiers to put Man Woman and Child to the Sword throughout the Village And in this manner the Affairs of the Turks remained in the greatest Confusion imaginable through the whole course of this Year 1658. ANNO 1659. NOR did this Year begin with better Omens of Success for to the other Dangers was added a Report that the Persian had taken the Field with two hundred thousand Men for recovery of Bagdat or Babylon which was the ancient Patrimony of his Forefathers so that the Grand Signior being rendred thereby more willing to agree and accommodate Affairs with the Pasha proffered to him the Government of the Province of Soria for ever paying only a yearly Homage of an hundred thousand Sultanees in lieu of three hundred thousand which that Country always yielded But the Pride of the Pasha scorned a Proffer of so mean a Consideration having nothing less in his Thoughts than the entire enjoyment of the Empire or at least to partake an equal share thereof with the Sultan For the Hopes of the Pasha encreasing with his Army which was now grown to eighty thousand Men he took up for some days his Head-quarters near the Fortress of Tocacaia within the days march of Smyrna and thence approaching towards Constantinople the chief Ministers concluded that there was no other Safety but in their Arms and that the Pasha was not to be reduced to any terms of Gentleness or Moderation Accordingly the Great Vizier passed into Asia with a numerous Army and speedily joined Battel with the Pasha which continued for some Hours with great slaughter on one side and the other but at length the fortune of the Day turned in favour of the Pasha and the Vizier's Army being routed he lost all his Cannon and Baggage and he himself was forced to save himself in the Neighbouring Countries where not being pursued by the Pasha he had time again to collect his torn and scattered Troops The News hereof multiplied the Disorders and Confusions at Constantinople to which being added the Motion of the Persians and that they were to join with the Pasha as also some Troubles in Transylvania caused by the unquiet Spirit of Ragotski together with the ill Humour of the Male-contents in the City made all things appear with equal or greater Danger at Home than Abroad Wherefore as the ultimate Remedy of these imminent Dangers it was resolved that the Grand Signior should go in Person to the War on supposition that Reverence to his Royal Person would produce that awe on the Spirits of his Subjects which was not to be effected by Violence or force of Arms. According to this Resolution the Grand Signior passed into Asia and joining his Forces with those of the Vizier composed an Army of seventy thousand Foot and thirty thousand Horse with which marching boldly towards the Enemy the Heart of the Pasha began to fail him so that calling a Council of his Officers he proposed his Inclinations towards Terms of Agreement rather than to hazard all on the Uncertainties of a Battel the Spirits of the Souldiery being now become tractable by the appearance of so great a Force assented to the Proposition and thereupon Articles being speedily drawn up were sent to the Grand Signior for his Approbation who though he would not seem to refuse any thing therein contained yet declined a personal Treaty as being a Matter too mean for his Imperial Person to capitulate with his Vassals and therefore ordered that Mortaza Pasha should Treat in his behalf promising to confirm whatsoever Act Mortaza Pasha should conclude in this Matter Mortaza being thus made Plenipotentiary refused to treat with the Pasha until such time as he had retreated with his Army at a distance of some days March from the Grand Signior's Camp which being performed near a Town called Alexandria he foolishly suffered himself to be separated in a private Place from his Army on pretence that Peace was more aptly concluded in a free Retirement than under the constraint and force of the Souldiery Here Mortaza meeting the Pasha forcibly strangled him with seventeen of his Complices whom he had brought with him for Witnesses to his Capitulations with the Grand Signior With the news hereof the Army of the Pasha soon disbanded every

first occasion of that long War which afterwards ensued between the Turk and them The truth of which Story is this The Story of Kuzlir Aga his Slave and Son taken by the Malteses free of all Romance or Fable which the Knights of St. John or Malta would mix therewith It happened that the Kuzlir Aga or chief Eunuch which governs the Women in the Signior's Seraglio having cast his Eye on a fair Slave then set to sale by a Persian Merchant became so enamoured of her that he purchased her for himself under the Notion of a virgin at the price of four hundred and fifty Dollars But the Eunuch had not long entertained this Lady in his Service before she proved with Child not by him you may conceive if you understand how the Eunuchs of this Country are disarm'd of their Virility At which he was so greatly offended that he banished her from his Society and confined her to the House of his Steward The time being come for her to be delivered of her great Belly it proved a Son and some Months after the Aga being desirous to see the Babe was so pleased with the aspect of it that he resolved to adopt it for his own ordering it Cloaths and other Necessaries agreeable to its Condition It happened that about that time Sultan Mahomet which now reigns was then born and there wanting a Nurse for the Child this beautiful Slave was preferred to the Honour so that she was entertained near two Years in the Seraglio During which time Sultan Ibrahim took such an affection to the Nurse's Boy that he loved him better than his own eldest Son who was of a bad Complexion and of no better Air in his Face than his Father and took great delight to play and sport with him at which the Mother of Sultan Mahomet was so displeased that she could not longer endure either Nurse or her Boy and for her sake took so much displeasure against the Kuzlir Aga who preferred her that neither his presence nor Service were acceptable and so violent she was in her Passion that one day when Sultan Ibrahim was playing with his Women and Children in the Garden according to his usual Custom throwing them one on the other into the Water the Queen grew so furious that she could not contain longer from venting her Anger in unhansome Terms and jealousy against the Nurse and her Son. At which the Sultan being much displeased and being ill-natured if we may speak boldly of an Emperor took her Son which is now Sultan Mahomet out of her Arms and with some few Curses swung him into a Cistern where he had been certainly drowned had not every one in that instance applied themselves to save him at which time he received the Mark or Scar he wears at this day in his Forehead All these Matters served for farther Fuel to nourish the implacable Spirit of the Queen which the Kuzlir Aga well observing judged it prudence to give way to her Fury and so begged his Dismission from the Court together with his Slave and Son and that having wisited Mecha according to his Law he might enjoy a Retirement in Egypt which is the Portion of banished Eunuchs The Queen easily consented hereunto nor was it difficult to procure the Licence of the Sultan who was as easily perswaded to any by those who were about him wherefore the Eunuch having provided to be gone shipped himself with his great Treasure on the Fleet which was now designed and ready to depart for Alexandria which consisted of three Ships one a great Gallion and two others of lesser Burthen and seven Saiks these having at the beginning of their Voyage found contrary Winds The Engagement of the Turkish with the Malta Gallies put into Rhodes from whence loosing with more favourable Weather they unfortunately met with six Malta Gallies excellently well manned and provided The Admiral Gally immediately Boarded one of the Saiks and took her manned only by Greeks by whom they were informed of the Condition Quality and Cargo of the greater Ship which gave Heat and Resolution to the Souldiery In like manner with little Oppsition the Gallies called the St. John and Joseph possessed themselves of one of the lesser Ships which being laden only with Timber brought from the Black Sea to build Ships at Alexandria was of little value having forty Turks aboard eight Women and a Child which sucked at the Mother's Breast In the mean time the three other Gallies called the St. Mary St. Lorenzo and Victory attacked the great Gallion and having cast their Iron Graples into the Ship with the Motion of the Ship the Irons gave way and broke only that of the St. Lorenzo held fast so that the whole force of the Ship both of small and great Shot was poured in upon the Gally to their damage and loss of Men. In the mean time the Admiral Gally came in to their Assistance and Assaulting the Ship on the other Quarter made a Diversion of their Men and having thrown in their Graples they scaled the sides of the Gallion as if it had been a Fortress where being entred they remained for some time at handy-blows with the Turks but at length all the Gallies coming to their help having made an end of subduing the other Ships the Turks were forced to retire under Covert of their Decks which they defended still with singular Valour wounding the Christians with their half Pikes through the Gratings But in fine the Captains of the Gallies perceiving that this was not the way to compel them to a speedy Surrender ordered several Musquetiers out of every Gally to sire in at the Windows and loop-holes of the Ship by which having killed their Commander in Chief their Valour and Constancy began to fail and desirous to save their lives with loss of Liberty and Estates they cast down their Arms and begged Mercy In this Engagement were killed the Captain of the St. Mary and seven Cavaliers of which five were French one Italian and one German the Admiral himself and the Captain of his Gally were both wounded seventy nine Souldiers and Mariners killed and an hundred thirty two wounded Of the Turks it is not certain how many fell in regard as they were killed according to Custom they cast them over-board the Eunuch himself though always educated in the softness of the Seraglio and in the Conversation of the Female Court yet in the end concluded his days like one of the Masculine Sex fighting valiantly with his Sword until overwhelmed by his Enemies by which it is observable that those Persons lose not their Courage with their virile Parts for it hath been known in former days how that Eunuchs have been Generals in the Turkish and other Armies and conducted their Affairs with admirable Courage and Success The Prize which the Christians had gained in this manner was very considerable for besides the Gold Silver and Jawels which were the Treasure this Eunuch

from Adrinaople with a numerous Army and was already arrived at Thebes The Great Vizier arrives at Thebes where a general Rendezvous was appointed of the whole Army with resolution to be transported from Malvoisin to that Island the Venetian Generals and Commanders in chief concluded in necessary if possible to hinder their passage and rather to fight them at Sea which was their more propitious Element than to attend their Landing where they would be forced to dispute with unequal numbers and on disadvantageous terms Accordingly the Captain-General reinforced his Fleet with two thousand Foot and a thousand Horse under the Command of Count Licinio Martinoni appointing the Rendezvous to be at Argentiera to which place also Marquess Villa repaired touching by the way at Milo for refreshment of his Horse it being an Island abounding with Herbage the Captain General being for some days detained at Standia by contrary Winds a Consultation was held for the more advantageous management of the War after which the whole Fleet making Sail was on August the ninth scattered by a furious storm and not being able to recover Santoxini they by good fortune setched Stampalia an Island abounding with generous Wines excellent Fruit Partridges and other Provisions at length after various fortunes arriving at Andra which is a great and populous Island another Council of War was held where it was again concluded That all care was to be taken to intercept the Succours which the Enemy daily sent to Candia to which end the Cavalier Grimani Captain of the Galleons was ordered to cruise about the Coast and hearing that twelve Turkish Ships were lading Provisions in the Gulf of Volo he repaired thither and had the good fortune to take them with all their lading Twelve Turkish Vessels taken but the other Squadrons missed of the like success for notwithstanding the care and vigilance which was used all matters seemed to succeed prosperous for the Turks and adverse to the Christians the designs of the first having an issue agreeable to their intentions whilst those of the latter were always disappointed either by Nature or by Fortune or rather by that secret hand of Providence which had allotted that Island for a Prize to the Ottoman Arms. By this time the Turkish Army being at their Rendezvous at Thebes the Great Vizier prepared to imbark and considering the difficulty of the passage thought it prudent first to make new Propositions to Signior Ballarino before he entred on this hazardous attempt supposing perhaps that the rumour of this March might have affrighted the Venetians to a Surrender of that Kingdom that they might spare the blood and charge of that War which afterwards ensued Wherefore Ballarino being called from his House at Constantinople began his Journey towards Thebes on the twentyfifth of August accompanied by a Capugibashee and three Janizaries and in twenty three days arriving at Thessalonica now called Salonica he fell sick of a violent Feaver caused by that agitation of body in his Travels to which he was unaccustomed and for want of that sleep which he used to take after his slender dinner passing the rest of the day and night in continual watchings at first he felt only some little alterations which he hoping might pass over resolved to proceed on his Journey notwithstanding the perswasions to the contrary of Signior Patavino his Secretary with whom I was well acquainted and ever esteemed for an honest and a worthy Person but he continued resolute to proceed fearing lest his delays by the way should lose him the opportunity of that moment of Treaty which was impossible afterward to be retrieved for in his Journey he would often reason in this manner If I should stop here what censure would the World pass on me I may possibly excuse my self but in the mean time the Vizier may ingage too far in his design and frustrate all those methods and foundations which I have laid towards a Peace and then if I live I shall be over-burdened with the reproaches of the World for having abandoned the grand incumbance in its ultimate necessity which is charged upon me which will be a more sensible affliction than the agony of death My sickness will be esteemed by many to be rather dissembled than real The dead man lives in the memory of his faithfulness and constancy and the living man dies in the indelible characters of his cowardise and misfortune These were his own words And thus travelling forward his Feaver daily increased to that excess that on the sixth day he was forced to stop at a City called Isdino where having instructed Signior Patavino in what manner he ought to manage affairs and recommending his services and children to the favour and protection of the Senate he passed to the other World being honoured by a solemn Funeral at the publick Expence and Interred in the Church of St. Mark his Son Domenico Ballarino succeeding into the Office and Inheritance of his Father The Senate understanding by advices from Signior Padavino That the Vizier desired another Envoy qualified with the Character of a publick Minister to reside with him in Candia dispatched the Secretary Girolamo Giavarina a Person of good abilities to that place And at the same time the Captain-General Andrea Cornaro pressing the Senate for license to return to his own Country his request was granted and Francesco Morosini was appointed to succeed him in that important Charge and was accompanied at a time of so great emergency with powerful Convoys and with Recruits of Men Provisions and Ammunition fitting to carry on so pressing a War. On the Month of October the Great Vizier in person imbarking himself and Army at Malvoisia with many Pasha's The Vizier passes over into Candia and men expert and active in the War passed over to the Isle of Candia resolving by strength and dint of Sword to force that strong City to obedience the main Bulwark of Christendom situated at the Entrance of the Archipelago of the success of which famous Siege we shall have occasion to discourse more at large and more particularly hereafter in order unto which the Great Vizier on the last day of this Year went in Person to take a view of this City and having surveyed all sides of it apprehended that the Siege would be long and tedious and therefore returned again to Canea to take those measures which were requisite for an Enterprise of that weight and consideration In the mean time the Princes of Christendom being for the most part either in that discord amongst themselves of which the Turks have always made their advantage or else living in parts remote did not consider Candia as a Pulwaik to their Dominions and therefore rendred little other assistance to the Venetians than good words and vain wishes for their success and Victory The Popes Forces only under Command of Muzeo Mattei which were in Dalmatia were transported to Candia and five hundred Foot belonging to the

Grand Duke of Toscany came into their places for desence of that Country The most Christian King in return to the Embassy of Venice performed by the Cavalier Alvise Sagredo remitted to that Republick an hundred thousand Crowns and Cardinal Barberini at his expence supplied four thousand Measures of Corn. But the present Conjuncture did not seem to smile on the Venetians for all the Gallies belonging to Spain and Italy as well as those of Malta were employed in the Transportation of the new Empress Margerita of Austria The Pope was infirm and distracted with his own Domestick Affairs The Emperor was a young Bridegroom and besides the Diversion which a Wife gave him from Cares he apprehended that he might speedily receive some disturbance from the Princes of the Rhine and from Sweden in the Dukedom of Bremen The King of Spain was a Child of five years old labouring at the same time under a War with Portugal and threatned by the more powerful Arms of France on the pretence of Flanders Besides all which the Turks were as well in quietness amongst themselves as they were at peace with all other Princes so that we may expect that the force and power of the Ottoman Empire should now be turned like a Torrent to overwhelm this spot of Land which seemed to be so situated as well to resist the Waves of the Seas as the Inundation of this mighty and Martial People Anno 1667. Hegeira 1078. AT the Beginning of this year the Winter and Cold which chilled and benumbed the Earth encreased the heat and gave vigour and action to the Tartars who made such an unexpected incursion into Poland that they carried with them near a hundred thousand captived Souls as they were numbred before Jash in their return home The Polanders awakened hereat but ill advised resolved on a Treaty where there was more just cause for an open War and in order thereunto dispeeded an Ambassadour to the Sultan to expostulate the reason of this breach of Peace and require justice and satisfaction on those his Subjects who had contrary to the Articles of Peace committed such actions and outrages of open hostility or at least that the Turk would not take upon him to abet the cause of the Tartars whilst the olanders took just revenge for their late injuries The Ambassadour with this Mossage put himself in a readiness and with a retinue of about two hundred and fifty Persons begun his Journey towards the end of April and on the second of May crossed the River Niestro which divides Poland from Moldavia where he was received by two of the Boiars or Moldavian Noblemen and thence conducted to Jash where the Prince of that Country resided The Ambassadour expected the Visit of the Prince according to Custom and Articles of Peace but the Prince being either forbidden by the Port or rather out of an ignorant stiffness and pride omitted to pass the Civilities of that Office but yet supplied the Ambassadour with Plenty of Wine and Provisions which the Polanders enjoying freely dispensed perhaps more easily with other neglects and omissions which concerned Formalities and Ceremonies The ninth of June the Ambassadour arrived at Adrianople and thence was called to Demitochum a City about a days Journey distant where the Grand Signior for the sake of his hunting and divertisement remained under Tents as the most convenient Lodging in that Season of the Year By the number of Coftans is to be esteemed the honour the Turks bear to one Prince above the other the 25th the Ambassadour had his first Audience with the Chimacam at which thirty five of his Retinue were vested with Coftans nothing passing but the usual Ceremonies and Complements The 28th he had Audience of the Grand Signior but first made tender of his Presents as followeth A Crystal Cup in a Case of Gold adorned with Rubies and Diamonds 2 Baskets rarely woven with a very fine Rush A Clock A Cabinet of Ebony supported with four Eagles made of Silver in which also was a Clock with a perspective Looking-Glass 2 Silver Cups of considerable bigness 2 Silver Flaggons A Gun which discharged twenty times 2 Spotted Dogs 4 Mastiffs 100 Ells of Holland These Presents preceding The Polish Ambassadours Audience made way for the Ambassadours Audience at which he declared That the Commission from his Master the King of Poland was to make Complaints unto his Majesty of the grand Incursions the Tartars had made into Poland without any reason or cause of War and that therefore his Master did expect from him as from a just and vertuous Prince a permission for revenge and satisfaction of his injuries to enter Tartary without assuming it as any ground of Breach or Infringement of that Peace which he held with him or else that he would by his authority enjoyn the Tartars to restore their Captives and their spoils and render them a reasonable satisfaction The Grand Signior returned no reply hereunto but referred that to be done by his Chimacam silence being esteemed some part of his Majesty and State which he seldom breaks but with few and haughty words This Ambassadour was a man of a bold and daring Spirit a fit Orator for such an Embassy had not his immoderate Covetousness the Vice and Folly commonly incident to Old Age much eclipsed many of those Vertues of which he was Master He was also a Man of a violent temper feavered to a madness in the height of his Choler which strangely betrayed him to many undecencies in his Language and Comportment For at his Audience with the Chimacam when he came to receive the Grand Signior's Answer his words were vented with that heat and so like to menaces that the Turks taking exception thereat returned his course Speeches with the like Dialect at which the Ambassadour swelled with that indignation and anger as became not the Moderation and Gravity of his Office adding in Conclusion That he was an Aged Man full of Years and Corporal Infirmities that nothing could arrive more happy to him than a Death in which he should triumph to suffer for the benefit and glory of his Country This excess and intemperance of Language moved the Turks to set a Guard upon him and confine him to his own House in the nature of a Prisoner which violation of his Sacred Office so worked upon his Spirits that he often vented some part of his fury in words and blows on the Officers of his Guard for which rude behaviour having received some reproofs from the Chimacam The Death of the Polish Ambassadour his passion not knowing which way to ease it self feavered him into a desperate sickness of which in a few days phrensical and distracted he departed his life The Secretary of the Embassy being the next in Office took upon him the Function and Charge of the Ambassadour and having now nothing to act but to receive the Answer to the Message of his Master for which a Day being appointed he was

Adrianople and having by the credit of Kisler Agasi who was his particular friend found means of admission to the Sultans presence before whom prostrated with his face upon the Earth he declared to him that he brought him his Head and that he would rather lose it than be exposed to the calumny of his Enemies and to the disgrace of his Protector Tekely's boldness look'd well The Grand Seignior gave ear to his reasons and judged by the relation that he made him that all the misfortunes that happened at the Siege of Vienna and since ought to be imputed to the ill conduct of his Visier He permitted Tekely to return assuring him of the protection he demanded and engaged himself to send him such powerful Succours that he should in a little time be in a condition to repair with advantage all the losses he had suffered And now they begin to make complaints against the Visier and the loss of Gran did not a little contribute to his ruine The Janizaries that the Visier's secret enemies had caused to assemble tumultuarily and demand his Head under pretence that he had abandoned their Companions in the Trenches at Vienna and this was a killing blow so that the death of Kara Mustapha was resolved in a Divan which the Grand Seignior had caused to be assembled to that purpose This fatal Commission was given Chiaoux Bassa and to Kapiglier Kiaia who immediately took Post for Belgrade They arrived there the 25th of December and addressing themselves to the Aga of the Janizaries they communicated the Emperours Orders to him which implied that he should give them all necessary assistance The Aga disposed such as depended on him to obey and went with these two Officers into the Grand Visier's house Cara Mustapha who perceived them from his Chamber did quickly suppose that his Enemies had taken advantage of his absence to ruine him and those that he saw coming were to execute the Arrest of his death Some Officers who owed him their fortune being then with him and having heard him say what he thought proposed to him to refuse the Door to the Aga and them that accompanied him they represented to him that he was beloved by the Souldiers and if he appeared but in his defence he would instantly see a number of brave men for his defence But this great Minister whose life seemed odious to him after the affront which he received before Vienna and who knew well he could but defer his death for few days being incircled with the Enemies of his Religion who would not fail to profit by the division of his Troops believed that by his last submission to his Highness orders he ought to disabuse those who believed him little attach'd to the Law or rather he found himself so irresolute in so pressing a danger that the Sultans three Officers entered his Chamber before he had taken his last resolution He endeavoured to hide the disorders of his Soul and after he had returned them their civilities he asked the cause of their coming The Aga taking the word told him that his Highness had sent for the Seal of the Empire which he had entrusted him with and shewed him the order in Writing At the same time the Visier opening his bosom drew it out which he presented to him with respect asking whether they had any thing else to require from him he was obliged to render the Standard which he did in the same fashion and having yet again demanded whether they would have any thing else the three Officers answered him only with tears letting him at the same time see in writing the Buyurds or Command whereby the Grand Seignior would have his Head. Kara Mustapha was not affrighted being already prepared for it He only asked if the might not be permitted to say his Prayers The Officers answered him that they had no orders to refuse him that consoiation He ordered his People to retire that he might pray with less distraction and when he had finished they re-entered again He then drew a Paper out of his bosom which he gave to the Aga to render it to his Highness It is believed that it was a Billet by which the Sultan promised him never to put him to death which he would make no use of judging it useless being he was too far from the Grand Seignior to undrstand his intensions He then sat upon the brink of the Sofa whereof he lift up the Carpet to the end to be only upon the Plank demanding he might be strangled by his own Executioner which was granted After a few Moments to dispose of himself he called the Executioner and told him he should be quick and not let him languish he said also that the Grand Seignior would think on him after his Death The Executioner having put the string about his Neck he himself disentangled it saying it was not necessary they should hold his hands As soon as he was dead the Executioner cut off his Head and flead it filling the Skin with hacked Straw which was put into a Box and carried to Adrianople and given to the Sultan who received it without any great Emotion as he was coming from hunting The Visiers Corps was carried out of his Chamber and exposed under a Pavilion to be seen of all Men. At the same time they seised on his principal Officers who were brought to Adrianople Of these the Reiz Effendi was hang'd Mauro Cordato his Interpreter put in the Castle of the seven Towers at Constantinople having first been spoiled of his Money and Jewels There were found in the Treasury of this Minister ten or twelve Milions in Money Moveables and Jewels which is very considerable if the prodigious Expences of Presents be considered these Spoils and those of some of the Visiers Officers and of the Tefterder who was likewise strangled amounted to fourteen Millions which came all into the Grand Seigniors Purse He refused to consent that this Moneys should be employed to pay the Troops and re-establish the Affairs of Hungary although all the Divan was of that Opinion The Sultan would neither suffer them to open his Treasury which is the great resource of the Ottoman Emperours and replyed to them that represented to him the necessity of doing it that they must make use of the accustomed Revenues and if that did not suffice it was for his Council to search out other ways to supply it And yet he was pleased to give all the Visiers immoveables to his Children This Humour of his Highness and the Difficulties which were foreseen to settle the Affairs of the Empire diminished the heat of such who might pretend to the Employment of Grand Visier The Kisler Agasi who was always in great Credit and who fancied though without any ground that the Grand Seignior had thoughts of placing him in this Post declared before hand that he would not accept of this Office knowing that he had not Capacity enough to bear the weight of it Solyman

THE HISTORY OF THE Turkish Empire From the YEAR 1623 to the YEAR 1677. CONTAINING THE REIGNS Of the Three last EMPERORS VIZ. SULTAN MORAT OR AMURAT IV. SULTAN IBRAHIM AND Sultan MAHOMET IV his Son The Thirteenth EMPEROR now Reigning By Sir PAUL RYCAUT Late CONSUL of Smyrna LONDON Printed by J.D. for Tho. Basset R. Clavell J. Robinson and A. Churchill MDCLXXXVII The Epistle Dedicatory to the KING May it please Your most Excellent Majesty I Cannot without some despondency of Mind and awful fear of the Greatness of Your Majesty make an Offering at Your Sacred Feet of so small an Esteem and inconsiderable Value as these following Histories For having travelled long in remote Countries and resided no less than eighteen Years in Turky the World may reasonably expect some rich Returns unto Your Majesty in Persian Silks and Tyrian Purples or in the finest Carpets and other Gayeties in which the softness and luxury of the Lesser Asia did anciently abound and may now judg me a Bankrupt or ill Husband of my Talent when they see me at Home trembling in Your Royal Presence with a Gift no more worthy than a few Sheets of Paper which being a Sacrifice inferior and beneath the acceptance of so Great a Monarch I might reasonably fear that they would take fire at the heat of Your just displeasure were they not with all humility and reverence consecrated to the Royal Clemency For in this glorious Title and Attribute Your Majesty as is notorious to the World exceeding all the most Serene and most Clement Emperors that ever were expects not from me either Gold or Jewels but rather a true Account of my Time how I have spent it in the Service of God and of your Majesty and how I have administred that Publick Trust and Interest which was committed to my Management Accept therefore GREAT SIR these following Discourses to discharge part of the Account of my Time with other Treatises which have been the Employment to fill up my vacant Intervals the remaining account of my Hours are not to be justified by my own Report but by the Testimony of others whose Wisdom and Goodness will be as ready to own my Industry and Faithfulness in their Concernments as they will be to excuse and pardon my Infirmities Ever since the time of Your Majesty's happy Restauration my Lot hath fallen to live and act within the Dominions of the Turk and there to move in a Publick Capacity which though it was in an Administration of one of the lowest Note and Degree yet the great Influence which the flourishing Estate of that Trade hath on the common Good of England nourished in me a secret Pride and Satisfaction in that Employment which called and raised up all my Endeavours to acquit my self therein with Prudence Faithfulness and Industry there being the same Regularity required in the Stars of the lower as in those of higher Magnitude This hath been the first and indeed the only Affair I ever managed for the Publick for before Your Majesty's blessed Return the Character noted on my Family of being Loyal as it made them at first active and zealous in the Service of Your Glorious Father so afterwards it famed them for their Sufferings and rendred them and me uncapable of Office. But Your Majesty returning like the Sun to animate and cherish all living Creatures with an equality proportioned to their several Capacities hath been pleased also to bestow a Ray of Your benign Influence on my self whereby having received Comfort and Refreshment I do with all sense of my Duty and with entire Devotion pray unto the King of Kings for the Happiness long Life and immortal Glory of Your Majesty and with all reverence and humble submission devote and consecrate my self for ever to remain Your Majesty's most Humble most Dutiful and most Obedient Servant PAUL RYCAUT MORAT AVT AMVRATHES IV TVRCARVM IMPERATOR VNDE CIMVS 1623 ☽ My Brothers folly and my want of years Let loose the reignes of Rule to Mutiniers But as w th time my strength and wit improve I all reforme w th feare and not by love By mighty force I Babylon subdue From whence a peace with Persia doth ensue And when gainst Christiā foes I do designe To turn my armes dye with excesse of wine THE REIGN OF Sultan MORAT OR AMURAT IV. The Eleventh EMPEROR AND Twenty first MONARCH OF THE TURKS THE weak Understanding of Sultan Mustapha and his inability for Rule caused the Affairs of State both at Home and Abroad to move disorderly and irregular Where Violence and Injustice prevail there is so little distance between the most eminent Height of Grandure and the lowest Abyss of Misery that a Prince may in a moment step from one unto the other The Janisaries and Military Officers commanded more now than the Civil all things being guided by the Air and Fancy of the Souldiery who placed and displaced with that wind of Favour and Displeasure which is agreeable to the Humour of a Multitude and the Licentiousness of Arms. For at the same time there were three Emperors seven Great Viziers two Captain-Pasha's five Aga's of the Janisaries three Treasurers six Pasha's of Cairo and in proportion the Changes and Alterations were as many in all the Provinces of the Empire All this Confusion evidently proceeding from the weak and almost sensless Understanding of Mustapha the Ministers and People concurred as it were in an universal Consent to dethrone him a second time and exalt into his Place Sultan Morat Brother to Osman who was murdered the Year before The Principal Actors in this Contrivance were Kiosem the Mother of Morat and the Mufti But in the execution hereof three Difficulties occurred The first was Chusaein Pasha the Great Vizier who by reason of the Inabilities of Mustapha being become absolute Lord and Soveraign of all would be unwilling to assent unto that Proposition which might degrade him of his Dignity and divest him of his Power A second Obstastacle was the Fancy and Humour of the Souldiery who having with much Zeal and Passion exalted Mustapha to the Throne it might be doubted that in maintenance of the same Humour they would with equal obstinacy persevere in their Election A third was the Poverty or low Ebb of the Exchequer which at that time was in no capacity to supply that Donative to the Souldiery which was usual and customary at the Inauguration of every Sultan To forward and hasten this Change and ripen this Plot the News of the Rebellion of Abassa did much contribute who with a Body of fifteen thousand Horse roved over all the Plains of Kara-hisar calling himself Avenger of Sultan Osman's Murder and Enemy of the Janisaries by whose Mutiny and Conspiracy he was put to Death in satisfaction for which he not only killed all Janisaries which fell into his hands but their Wives Children and those allied to them he destroyed with implacable Malice and bloody Rage Upon this Advice the

Janisaries at Constantinople being moved with equal Fury and desire of Revenge applied themselves to their Aga proposing a speedy Union with the Spahees for suppressing this Rebellion before Time gave it greater growth and made the Humour more stubborn and difficult to be purged At the same time also came Letters from Cicala Pasha who was dispatched into Asia with a strong Party to give a stop to the farther Progress and Advance of Abassa advising that upon his near approach to the Enemy so general a Fear possessed his Souldiery that most of them disbanded and forsook their Colours and that at present he had no more than five hundred Janisaries and two hundred Spahees under his Command which he found to be an unequal Match to contend with the increasing Power of Abassa This Intelligence served happily the occasion of the Mufti Vizier and Aga to give a turn to the desired Change and supplied them with an Answer to the Janisaries that they were ready to yield compliance unto their Address but that the Incapacity of their Soveraign obstructed their Proceedings and that the Defect in the Principal Wheel disordered all the Motions of good Government At which Reply the Janisaries becoming more unquiet assembled themselves in a tumultuous manner at the Mosch of Sultan Solyman where making an * Ayack in Turkish signifies a Foot. Ayack Divan so called because they sit not down but stand on their Legs to denote the present haste and urgency of their Affair it was enacted by an unanimous consent of the Civil and Military Power That young Morat or Amurat should be promoted to the Throne and that Mustapha should be deposed And because the Exchequer was at its lowest Ebb and wholly exhausted by miscarriage of the Officers the Souldiers were contented to dispense with their Donative which they relinquished in consideration of the Publick Good reserving still their Title and Claim thereunto at times of a more happy Inauguration With this News the Vizier immediately mounted on Horse-back to signify this Universal Decree to Mustapha but he found him so stupid as if he had been insensible of the Message and his Mother wanting Power to resist this strong Convulsion gave way to Necessity and seemed to embrace what she could not oppose Thus Mustapha falling from the Heaven of his Throne to the Abyss of his Prison seemed to return unto his Centre for being only by the Wild-fire of Fortune carried as far aloft as the force of popular Powder could reach he afterwards by the meer weight of his earthly Temper returned with the like quickness of Motion to the place from whence he ascended Hereupon Sultan Amurat a Youth of about fourteen years of Age was brought forth to the People and placed in the Throne with all the Acclamations and Rejoycings of the People And being taught by his Mother in a feigned manner to refuse acceptance of the Empire he pretended that the Exchequer was exhausted and that therefore he was not able to demonstrate the Affection and Esteem he had for them and that since they had killed their former Sultans he was fearful lest the tenderness of his Age should betray him to the like Violence but the Souldiery having not the patience to hearken to his Excuses Amurat installed immediately carried him to the Divan where having cloathed him in White they seated him on a Safraw erected with four Pillars studded with precious Stones the Covering of which was of Crimson-Velvet richly embroidered with Gold and Oriental-Pearl And being so seated the Mufti with all reverence approached and kissed his Hand and then turning to the People he demanded of them If they were contented with that Prince whom they now beheld in the Seat of the Ottoman Kings To which they having given assent by their loud Acclamations Morat with a becoming gravity encharged the Mufti to take care that Justice and the Law be executed and so retired to his Lodgings with general satisfaction The next morning he was carried by Water to the Mosch of Jub in the Suburbs of Constantinople where according to the Solemnity of the Ottoman Empire having performed his * Which is a dispensing of Mutton to the Poor Corban or Sacrifice and having his Cemiter grit to his Side by the Emirsheriff he mounted on Horse-back and with a magnificent Train entred by the Gate of Adrianople In the mean time Mustapha who was more worthy to bear a Fool 's Cap than an Imperial Diadem was conducted to Prison and more narrowly guarded than formerly howsoever no Man offered to take away his Life the Persons of Fools and Idiots being sacred in esteem of the Turks and the least Injury offered to them accounted Irreligious and Unlucky Morat was of a lively Countenance full-fac'd dark Hair of a black and lively Eye ruddy and sanguine Complexion and in every degree of a promising and hopeful Aspect but his exteriour appearance did not correspond with the internal Cruelty of his violent Spirit having some similitude with the Swan which hath white Feathers and black Flesh The Great Vizier who assisted at this Solemnity was as we have said Chusaein Pasha a Person of Self-interest who had wasted and consumed the Treasury and converted a great part thereof to his own Benefit he was a Tyrant hated of all Men and supported himself by no other Art than bribing of the Souldiery And to his other Crimes he added that of having unjustly persecuted Halil Pasha and deprived him of his Office his Power not reaching to the taking away his Life which being reserved for better Times he was again recalled from his Retirement and by special Command of the Sultan was unwillingly restored to the Office of Vizier being best pleased with a quiet and pacifick Life to which his melancholy Temper had naturally disposed him In the mean time Chusaein Pasha being terrified by the sensible touches of his own Conscience took his flight by way of the Black Sea and being out of the reach of Justice a Fine was set of Five thousand Zechins and of Lands to the Revenue of an hundred thousand Aspers a Year to be given unto him who should bring his Head. Many of those who had sold him their Friendship and Favour being affrighted with this Sentence voluntarily disgorged the Rewards they had received and amongst the rest the last Aga of the Janisaries who had been his Kahya or Steward for the space of three months restored 8 hundred thousand Dollars as an Atonement for his Sin and a Ransom for purchasing his own Life and Office. At length by force of the foregoing Reward Chusaein Pasha was betrayed and taken alive and being brought to Constantinople was immediately strangled before the Gate of the Divan Many were the Difficulties which this young Sultan was to encounter the greatest of which was the Insolence of the Janisaries who feeling themselves empty of Mony began to repent of the prodigal and easy remission of their Donative and in a tumultuous

out of the Garrison at the Vienna Port but they returned again upon the advance of a Detachment of Imperial Horse who had Orders to charge them contented to welcome the Assailants with eight Volleys from their Cannon though they kill'd but one Pioneer by reason of the too great distance The nineteenth the Duke advanced with the Army as far as the hot Baths the Turks having abandoned that Post the day before The general Quarters were taken up within a quarter of a League of the Town The same day the Elector of Bavaria seized upon the City of Pest which the Turks had quitted retiring with their Cannon Ammunitions and Provisions into Buda after they had broken part of the Bridge behind them The Croats who scouted about the Country took a Turkish Chiaux with a Convoy of forty Spahis who was sent with Letters from the Port to the Visier of Buda Being brought to the Camp his Letters were examined which contained rigorous Orders to the Visier to be very careful of the Places which depended on his Government and to assure him of a quick and powerful relief in case he were attack'd On the twentieth the Bridge over the Danube was finished The same day a party of Horse sallied out of the Town with design to surprise the Christians advanced Guard but the Duke being advertised of it in time sent four squadrons to which many Volunteers joyned themselves with orders to charge them but they upon their approach retired without any engaging The Artillery being arrived two Batteries were raised against the lower Town where the Duke of Lorrains Attack was and at Night the Trenches were opened A Janizary who deserted reported much after the same manner that the Prisoners already mentioned had done that there were but eight thousand men of formed Troops in the Town The Visier having some time before sent two thousand Souldiers to Agria and as many to Alba-Regalis upon a supposition that the Christians would not think of besieging Buda which had been so fatal to them but two years ago This Run-away affirmed further that the Place was abundantly furnished with all manner of Provisions and Ammunitions to sustain a very long Siege that the Visier Abdi Bassa was no great Warrior and therefore the less considered by the Souldiery that he had assembled all the Officers and Souldiers of the Garrison together had exhorted them to do their Duty and to support with Honour the Glory of the Turbant adding that he had Orders from the Grand Seignior to defend the City with his Life which he was resolved to do and expect the Succours which the Grand Visier would infallibly bring them To this the Janizaries and Spahis replyed that they were ready to sacrifice their Lives in his Highness's Service and for defence of their Laws upon Condition however that the Visier would immediately give them ten Crowns a Man that the Souldiers and Officers that were detained in Prison for what Crime soever should be set at Liberty and that he would not suffer things to come to the last extremity lest the same misfortune might happen to them as did to those of Newheusel all which the Visier promised them to observe exactly I must acknowledge I am entring into a tedious Narrative and somewhat against my Humour which affects lucid brevity but the History of this Siege perhaps circumstantially the greatest upon Record full of such strange Events of Emulation in the pursuit of Glory of succesful Temerity and an invincible Resolution on the one side as also the Fidelity the Constancy and the unfortunate Valour of the other hurries me on to a description of it in all its particulars which I will do with that Candor that the very indifferent Reader shall find nothing that may justly shock him and the curious wherewith to content him The Elector of Bavaria having left a Garrison at Pest and passed the Bridge of Boats at the Isle of St. Andrew came with his Army before the place and took his Post in the same place where he had commanded in the preceding Siege that is on the Castle side and the upper Town to form the second attack the third being reserved for the Brandenburgers who were expected in a few days and were to be reinforced with the Troops of Suabia and Franconia That Night the Turks fired mightily upon them that worked in the Approaches and Batteries whereof several were killed and hurt in the Lorrain Attack The Duke sent all the Imperial and Bavarian Horse under the command of the Generals Palfi Gondola and others to camp in the Neighbourhood of Alba Regalis on purpose to consume the Forrage and keep that Garrison in continual alarms there remaining in the Camp but three thousand Imperial and fifteen hundred Bavarian Horse to secure the Trenches and Pioneers The Night passed the Battery against the lower Town was brought to perfection and twelve Pieces of Cannon mounted upon it which played all the following day with the loss of five men slain and several wounded from break of day the Cannon continued firing with such success that they made a breach in the Wall of the lower Town which was found to be twenty paces large In the mean time the Bavarians on their side carried their Approaches on with great diligence and had also some killed and wounded The day following the breach being enlarged was assaulted towards evening the Walls being easily gained for the Defendants retired into the upper Town after the first discharge The Christians lost a Captain of Foot a Lieutenant of Granadiers some Souldiers and six Voluntiers in this attempt besides seven or eight hurt and from that time they began to attack the Town in form it being resolved that the Trenches should be relieved every day by a Lieutenant General and a Major General as well in the Duke of Lorrain's attack as in the Elector's The 25th Count Souches and Diependal relieved the Trenches but nothing was done besides assuring the Lodgment upon the Wall of the lower Town and opening the Gate which the Turks had shut up on the right far enough from the breach where they took Post and that the Labourers might be less incommoded General Souches caused fire to be put in the neighbouring Houses where some Fuseliers did lurk who were burnt with them The Bavarians finished the same day a little Battery upon St. Gerards Hill which the Turks had abandoned from whence they threw some small Bombs into the City to try experiments They also finished another great Battery to beat the great Rondel which joyns the Castle to the upper Town The same day Count Budiani presented some Standards to the Duke of Lorrain taken from a party of Turkish Horse which convoyed fourteen or fifteen Barks loaden with the Wives and Children of the Officers of Buda who retired with all their riches to Belgrade and which his Heyduques and Hussars reinforced with some Imperial Dragoons had surprised and beaten at the Island of St. Margaret

The booty was great and ninety-two Women and Children taken amongst which was the Visier of Buda's Wife The 26th they made several traverse Lines and laboured to compleat the Approaches to secure their Quarters in the lower Town which was furnished with two thousand Souldiers and a good number of Pioneers The Earth being rude and stony did much obstruct the Labourers The great Master of the Teutonick Order which commanded the Trenches observing that the Pioneers in the lower Town might be easily insulted and beaten by the Besieged had upon his demand six Battalions sent him which were posted along the Wall to countenance them Two fugitives who said they were Hungarians rendered themselves and confirmed that the Garrison was but eight thousand Combatants who by order of the Visier had begun to untile the Houses and unpave the Streets to hinder the effect of the Bombs In the evening betwixt six and seven a Clock the Turks fallied out with great Cries to intimidate them who were posted in the Rondel by the Water side but they were so well received that they retreated confusedly Marshal Starenberg hastned thither seasonably with two Battalions of them that had been posted the day before behind the Wall without which Succour the Turks would have made a great Slaughter amongst the Labourers The Enemy was pursued and the Souldiers cut off some Heads which they presented to the Duke who gave them a golden Ducket for each Head. A Captain was hurt in this scuffle and ten or twelve Souldiers killed and as many wounded The Bavarians raised two Batteries for Bombs on the two sides of their great Battery They carried on their Trench above one hundred paces and ran three traverse Lines with a place of Arms for the defence of their Battery The Turks fired much with their Artillery but killed only two Souldiers The 27th the Christians compleated the works they had made in the Night new traverses were made some Musketiers were placed in the Mosque of the old Town a Post was taken on the right near the Gate which makes the Angle of the Upper Town the Lines were enlarged and deepned and the great Battery was well-nigh finished with the loss only of one Man and some few wounded This Morning the Enemy appear'd where they had been yesterday seemingly disposed to skirmish but seeing that the Christians were ready to receive them they retired without attempting any thing About Eleven a Clock they sallied out Horse and Foot with design to dislodge the Besiegers posted on the right but having stood a Volley and seeing Count Hoffkirchen Lieutenant Collonel to Dunewald advancing with the Guards of Horse they returned into the City leaving twenty of their men dead behind them Of the Christians there were but two killed and five or six hurt Another Deserter came out of Town who reported that the Governour was greatly perplexed in that he saw the inevitable fall of the City which the Grand Seignior had committed to his charge and that he lost in the Sallies his best Souldiers without being able to ruine the Enemies works but that he resented nothing equally with the captivity of his Wife and those of the Principal Officers of the Place taken when they thought them past danger In the Bavarian attack they finished a battery to play upon the Castle and the Rondel that joyns it to the City The 28th in the Lorrain attack a Line of Communication four hundred paces long was drawn from the Post at the Angle on the right to the middle Gate and another Line was made to go to the new battery upon which they planted twelve pieces of Cannon A little one was likewise in hand for four Mortars which were carried thither that Night with some Cart loads of Bombs The besieged began to shoot Bombs and Stones out of Town A Captain and sixteen Souldiers were wounded that Night and some killed The Duke of Lorrain foreseeing that Forrage would grow scarce in the Camp sent most of the baggage Horses to the Meadows assigned them betwixt Gran and Newheusel General Dunewald who commanded the Horse camped near Alb-Royal advertised the Duke that the Turks having abandoned the Castle of Bathyan upon the River of Zarvis he had put men into it and that he was going to make a tentative upon Palotta a place of good strength near Alb-Royal The twenty ninth they continued to compleat their Works and the Duke augmented the number of the Labourers with an addition of six hundred more The besieged made no Sallies these two days but they plyed their Artillery more furiously than ordinary to ruine the Christians great Battery About five a Clock they sallied upon the Bavarian attack with two thousand Horse and Foot with so much Success that they put the Besiegers into much disorder and the Janizaries leaping into the Approaches were busie in throwing of them down when Count Hoffkirch flying thither with the Guard of Horse from the Duke of Lorrain's Quarter and the Bavarian Generals with their reserves the fight was rude on both sides till the Turks were forced to retreat being pursued even to the Gates of their City notwithstanding the continued fire from their Cannon and Musquets from the Walls Prince Eugenius of Savoy had his Horse killed under him Prince Lewis of Baden and the Generals Fontaine and la Vargne signalized themselves in this Action as also the Voluntiers and particularly the Prince of Commercy Switterdael a Bavarian Lieutenant-Collonel was slain as also six Voluntiers with thirty seven Souldiers besides sixty two wounded one Captain two Lieutenants and an Ensign The loss on the Turks side was greater being the Christians brought away sixty of their Heads besides what a fugitive Rascian reported that the Turks had had near two hundred kill'd and wounded That Evening the four Mortars placed by the great Battery began to play into the besieged Works Six Culverins were also planted upon the old Battery wherewith they design'd to shoot into the Town Gate to incommode the Sallies of the besieged The thirtieth the Troops of Suabia and Franconia arrived in the Camp and took the Posts designed for them all the Night and Day were employed to advance the Works which are so numerous that they are scarce distinguishable Count Souches who commanded the Trenches that day having sent three Granadeers to discover the distance betwixt the Approaches and the Rondel they brought word that it was no more than three hundred paces and that the Turks were making a Ditch at the foot of the said Rondel Every Night great store of Gabions Fagots Munitions and Provisions arrived in the Camp by the care of the Commissary General Count Rabatta Count Caprara parted from the Camp with the Suabian Horse to joyn those encamped near Alb-Royal and to command the whole in chief Five Rascian Shepheards feeding their Sheep without under the Walls slipt insensibly into the Bavarian Quarters with at least four hundred where they were well received and gratified All they could