Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	worthy_a	year_n	youth_n	12	3	7.2698	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07605	The Mahumetane or Turkish historie containing three bookes: 1 Of the originall and beginning of the Turkes, and of the foure empires which are issued and proceded out of the superstitious sect of Mahumet. 2 Of their conquests and the succession of the house of Ottoman, vntill the present reigning of Mahumet the third. 3 Of the warres and seege of Malta, which Solyman the great made to the great maister and brothers of that order. Heerevnto haue I annexed a briefe discourse of the warres of Cypres, at what time Selimus the second, tooke from the Venetians the possession of that iland, and by reason thereof I haue adioyned a finall discourse conteining the causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire. Translated from the French & Italian tongues, by R. Carr, of the middle Temple in London, Gentleman. Dedicated to the three worthy brothers Robert Carr, William Carr and Edward Carr, in the county of Lincolne, Esquires.	Carr, Ralph, of the Middle Temple.; Foglietta, Uberto, 1518-1581. De causis magnitudinis imperii Turcici. English.	1600 (1600)	STC 17997; ESTC S112763	141,432	259

the residue of his yeeres in quietnesse dyed in his going thither empoysonned as was iudged by his sonne Selym in that they did drinke togethers at their departure Bazait reigned thirtie yeeres lyued threescore and three yeares dyed in the yeere of our Lord God one thousand fiue hundered twelue And in the fourteenth of the reigne of Lewes the twelfth the French king leuing behinde him Selym Achmat and Corchuth SELYM thus hauing attained to the Empire through the meanes aboue declared endeuored himselfe aboue all things to dispatch himselfe from the feare of his bretheren For which first hee caused Corcuth his brother to bee put to death who before had fled to the sea cost ouer against the Island of the Rhodes and there had hidden himselfe vntill hee might haue gotten shipping to haue past vnto the great Maister but being shamefully discouered by one of his owne men in the ende was strangeled with a bow string Achmat his brother dyed by lyke death being taken in battell accompanied with an able armie which hee had gotten togethers thorough the ayde of Siach Ismael and of Campson Ciauri Soldain of Egipt Yet through his fatnesse and vnweldinesse of body whereby hee was not able to abide labour on horseback and so to flye was taken put to death Selym being thus deliuered from his father bretheren deliberated to inuade the Sophy aswell for the auncient enmitie that was betwixt them as to reuenge himselfe of this new iniury for ayding his brother Achmat to make wars against him Howbeit that the more easely he might bring his purpose about he found meanes first to make peace with Lancelot the king of Hungary than for his greater suertie renewed the alliance league that he had with the Venetiās after which he set forward towards the Persiās whome the Sophy met accompanied with a great nūber of men at Armes nigh to Assiria wher these great Princes with their Armies fought a wonderful sore battell in vvhich the Sophy through the Turks Artillery had the worst was put to flight forsomuch as the Persian horses vvere neuer frequented to the noise thundring of artillery which they could not abide to heare This battell vvas fought in the plain of Calderan betwixt the cities of Tauris and Coy which citie of Coy sometime hath bene called Artaxata The maner of this battel is painted in the counsail chamber at Venice vvhich ther I haue seene is reported that Selym caused so to be done sent to Venice to the Senat ther. After vvhich conflict the citie of Tauris came into the hands of the Turks vvith a great part of the Realme of Persia Howbeit the Turks had no long possession of the same For Siach Ismael recouered al that he had lost right soone after In such sort as Thomas the sonne of the said Ismael holdeth the same at this day Selym now retourning out of Persia came to Trebizonda where he taried all the winter but the sommer next ensuing he inuaded the prince Aladolus othervvise called Anardule vvho frontered vpon the Soldain of Egipt towards a Towne of his called Alep by the french men named Halappe by the Turks Adelphe by our anciants Epiphania supposed to be called Aleph because it is the first Towne which that vvay leadeth into Sury Vpon an other coast he bordereth on the Turks toward the prouince of Icony vnto Armenia the lesse pertaining to the Persians All this country of Anadule vvas subdued by Selym Anadule himselfe taken and his head smitten off by commaund There rested now no mo in the contrary of Selym but onely the Soldain of Egipt vvho vvith a great Armie vvas come against Caythby the Emyr of Alep vvho being subiect to the Soldain had reuolted against him The armie of the Soldain was supposed to be about eight twentie thousand Horsemen the most part of vvhich consisted of the order of the Mameluchs vvho litle estemed the Turks considering that heretofore they had encountred them in other vvars giuen them the ouerthrow as before is declared But Selym politickly feigning as though he purposed to inuade the Sophy vvhereof he made a bruit to runne vvhan he vvas come nigh vnto the Towne of Aman called by our ancients Apamea situated betwixt Alep and Damas vvas instantly required prayed by the sayd Caithby to giue him succours and ayde against the Soldain Wherunto Selym accorded right soone as he that found vvhat he desired and a redy occasion for vvhich he had long looked Yet vvould he not vtter his thoughts therein least the two armies of the prince and subiect being ready in the feeld to fight and perceuing his purpose vvho in taking part sought so to ouer throw them both should accord togethers against him Wherfore immediately he raigned with the Emir Caith by bidding defiance to the Souldain Campson Ciauri with vvhom he fought in set field vvhere the Souldain vvas slaine and Caithby also as some doe say vvherby Selym remained Lord ouer all Siria Damas. Hierusalem Iudea The M●mcluchs vvho saued themselues in that battaile returned into Egipt vvhere vvith the others there they chose an other Souldain named Tomombey vvho before vvas Emyr of Alexandria hovvbeit Selym hotly follovving his fortune and victories entred into Egipt vanquished Tomombey in an other battaile tooke the great citie of Caire vvhich of some vvrongfully is called Carra named of other by more aparant reason Memphis vvhere vvhilst Tomombey vvould haue saued himselse on the other side of the riuer Nyle he vvas pursued by Canogly vvho passed the riuer by ships vvith ten thousand Horsemen the bridge that vvas made on boats ouer the same being cloyed vvith Ianizaries so as he vvas not able to passe that vvay by vvhich Canogly Tomombey being taken and brought back to Selym caused him straight to be strangled vvhereby the said Selym remained King of Egipt Anno Domini 1518. These victories thus attained Selym returned to Constantinople and purposing to remoue to the Citie of Adrianople died in his iournyeng at a village called Chiorlich vvhere before vvith his Tartarians he did fight vvith his father Bazait and vvas ouerthrowen Thus he died in the yeere of our Lord God one thousand fiue hundred and twentith of his reigne the eightenth yeere of his age the sixe forty yeere and of the reigne of the right Christian king Erancis the French King the eight yeere After that he had put to death three of his most worthy Bachas Chenden Bacha because he would haue mutined his Iannissaires entring into Persia Bostangi otherwise called Constantin Bacha his sonne in law for sundry exactions and spoiles that he had committed Ianus Bacha wher of none could tell the cause sauing that Selym thought him to be high minded This Selym left but one sonne named Solyman called by the Turks Selyman whom he recommended to the custody of Peribacha who before had gouerned him in his youth SOLYMAN came to his reigne the xxviij yeere

hath in maner compassed the little limits of the christian kingdomes now considering that all domesticall and ciuill warres beeing vtterly extinguished and assured amitie and peace by the prouidence of God beeing resident among Christian princes it beehoueth vs now to awake For if by misfortune our princes againe should fall to any new vvarres among themselues this importunate beast would not sleepe but would seeke how hee may worke our vtter ruine Truely most holy father for the great pietie and singuler prudence in your holynesse remaining I hope that so great an occasion of laude and perpetuall glory whereby you may deserue well towards both God and man you would leaue to no successor of yours With this hope I will comfort my selfe trusting before I shall depart fro this mortall life to see this saored●ourny to bee aduanced against our cruell and commoneenemie of Christes religion beesides which nothing can happen to mee more ioyfully or bee to mee a greater felicitie If therefore in these matters I haue beene either longer or more liberall of writing than to mee hath appertained I hope that of your fathely clemency you will giue pardon vnto me whom no little care of our Christian religion rather then rashnesse hath mooued mee thus to wright And for my part for your perpetuall goodnesse or rather pietie towardes this our order I most humbly render to your holynesse immortall thankes and so will continue to doe during life and so doe beeseech almightie God to preserue your holinesse in good and prosperous life About this time Dom Garza di Toledo the Viceroy of Sicilia vnder Philip king of Hispain and gouernour of all his graces nauy in those parts fearing that the nauie of Solyman vnder coulour to seeme that hee would inuade Malta would straight passe to the Gulet a Castle standing in the straites and entering of the poole or stagne of Tunes and to beesiege the same therefore he passed ouer to the castle of Gulet both to furnish the same with new supplie of Garrison and other necessaries thereunto appertaining and in his way the Viceroy touched at Malta and there landed to confer with the great master touching the warres pretended against Malta But they hauing intelligence that the nauy of Solyman was departed from Constantinople so as by reason of small time they could not tarry so long togethers as the waight of the cause required Dom Garza immediatly departed from Malta vnto the castle of Gulet in Barbaria which when he had viewed and furnishing the same with such necessaries as it lacked hee retourned with all possible diligence into Sicilia to rig set forward ther the kings nauy But the meane time the nauy of Solyman the xxii of March in the yeere of our sauiour Christ M. D. lxv began vnloose from Constantinople the next day after departed from that port towards Peloponneso so came to Methone Ther Mustapha Bassa a man of the age of lxxv yeres being appointed to be generall of the Turks army by land ther mustered his army where of his horsemen called Spachi which came out of the lesser Asia were seauen thousand hauing to their captaine a gentleman of the same prouince of Asia with two liuetenants Out of Cilicia came v. C from the Iland of Mitilena came also iiii C that of euery of their prouinces had captaines from whence they came he had also of olde souldiers whom they call Ianizers foure thousand fiue hundred to whom Solyman himselfe appointed two Captaines to bee their leaders considering that their generall whom the Turkes in their tongue call Aga neuer departeth out of Constantinople Beesides this there be among the Turkes a kinde of souldiers that liue of the fruits and stipends of their spiritualtie of these in this army were thirteene thousand who at Constantinople had vowed thēselues to serue for the defence of their faith and Emperour There came also out of Thrasia and Peloponneso two Captaines and one liuetenant with a thousand two hundred horsemen three thousand and fiue hundred other souldiers that came from diuers places voluntary to serue for wages there likewise did Pial Bassa the Turkes Admirall muster his nauy wher he found to be a hundred thirtie gallies eleauen ships of burden of the lesser sort a eleauen ships of burden of the greater making beesides a great ship that was broken beesides Methone in which were then sixe thousand barrells of gun pouder thirtie thousand shot and sixe hundred Spachi of the which scarce two hundred were saued There came also from the Island of the Rhodes ten gallies vnder the guiding of Haliport a man of the age of threescore and tenne two gallies from Mitylene vnder the leading of Salach brother to the king of Alger that newly was dead also there were othersoists pirats ships about the number of seauenteene With this great and mightie nauy the Turks departed from Methone the thirteenth day of Maie and ariued at Malta the eighteenth day of the saide moneth of Male and tooke first port at the North cast part of the Island which the inhabitants call Marzasirocco But the Turkes perceiuing that they had not a safe rodested there they remoued from thence to an other rodested of that Island called Maiaro All this time the famous pirate Dorguta was not come it was said he was tarieng in the Island called Meninges commonly named Gerbas with his ships and in readinesse to come and that hee had sent to the king of Tunes foure peeces of artillery of brasse and other things which hee gaue to him to the end that the king should not aide the Christians in these wars but rather to help the Turks with a certaine porcion of victuall according to the agreement made beetwixt them and for these and other causes it was fayned that the Turks would first goe vnto the Gulat or else of purpose these newes were sowed to the ende that those of Malta crediting the same should at vnawares be surprised But the great maister of Malta being a man of a meruailous quicke and ingenious wit and therewith right expert in the act of warres and also wonderfull constant and circumspect against the practises and pollicies of the enimie did fore cast these deuises and counsailes of the enimie and right well did espie their purposes on euery side in his gentlemen and souldiers all there was espied to rest an assured constancy and meruailous liuelinesse to serue in so worthy and most honorable cause how beeit beefore I further proceede this place requireth to discriue vnto you the situation of this Island called Melita otherwise Malta of the especiall places thereof wherein so many worthie acts were done to make mencion The Island Malta is placed beetwixt Africk and Sicilia and doubted whether it should belonge to Africk or Europe if it had not ben that the ancient inhabitants of Melita time out of minde hauing vsed the common language of those of Africk ha●e alwaies reputed the

began which at the first made our Christians somewhat afraied who hauing yet memory of their former manhoode vertue so behaued themselues with their wilde fire shot other weapons that the enemyes were enforced to depart right euelly handled into their campe after three houres fighting That day another mine of the enemyes was found made towards the fortyfication of the bulwarke of Castile in the which were perceyued to bee a hundred Turks who vvere all slayne and the mine broken Nor for all that the day following the enemy was quiet but seauen times inuaded those places agayne and sending fresh souldiors who not onely with vveapon but also with bags of pouder and fire continued their fight At the which Boninsegna hauing his face burned lost an eye Likewise at that instant the enemy assalted the fortres of Saint Michael at a place called Sperone assayeng at that part to haue entred the fort wher Centio Aquitano vvith an inuincible courage mounting on the ramper vvith his Picke most manfully fought to the ouerthrow of such of the enemyes as enterprised to ascend the ramper after killing one of the enemies to the feare of the rest beeing shot thorough one of his armes vvith the stroke of an harquebuze and retyring himselfe vntill hee had dressed his wound manfully hee retourned againe to his place from thence he departed not vntill such time as the enemy forsooke the assalt hee remayned victorious Thus the Turks at both the places with meruailous losse of their souldiours were repulsed leauing the victory to the Christians of which our Christians were then slaine to the number of an hundred wherof the most part were torne in peeces with the Turks artillery Among whom at the ruine of the bulwarke of Castile was slaine one Frago and at the fortres of Saint Michael Scipio Prato Giouanni Baptista Soderino Paulo Boniporto Marino Fagiano Ruffino all knights of the order of the Ioannits and sundrie others worthie of longer life The Turks againe wrought an other mine at the fortres of Saint Michael which when the defenders perceiued they so prouided for the same that the mine tooke none effect With such and many attempts and fights certaine of the knights not of the lowest sort of them fearing that which so often is assalted at the last may be gotten said to the great Master that they thought good that all the bookes of good learning and tables and reliques of Saints and other matters of religion were meet to bee had out of the towne into the Castle of Saint Angelo as into the most sure and safest place The great master though hee knew right well that all which they spake proceeded of a right good zeale minde neuerthelesse nothing moued therwith he answered them in this sort that this their aduise was none other thing thē an vtter discouragement of the minds of all the Christians ther who vnto that time had shewed them so valiāt a great deale aboue any mans expectation therefore he was fully purposed to saue all or loose all to the end that none should haue further confidence in the castle Angelo he was fully determined to bring forth the garrison there to ioyne them with the rest to fight against the enemy to leaue in he castle onely gunners to beat at the enemy as neede should require An aunswere right worthy giuen of such prince to bee commended to perpetuall memory of posterity for how should the soldiours hope when he seeth his generall in dispaire or to doe any hardie act worthy of commendacion wher the generall is full of vaine feare While the great master thus with this answere not onely made them ashamed that gaue him this said aduise but also renewed the harts of some that feared with further courage The Turkes determyning with themselues that that day no lesse than the other three dayes were before should not bee voyde of some fight furiously assalted be times in a morning those two townes with greater force then hee dyd before chiefely at the ruines of Castile wher Sanromanus of Aruernia defending that quarter lost this britle lyfe gayning immortality for the same At Saint Michaels Adornio a knight of the order with one Fagio and sundre others were wounded for the enemy tarryed not long at the assault but retyred When as immediatly the enemy began the vsuall thundering of his artillery agayne that therewith the whole Island seemed to tremble the Skyes to be set on fire The meane tyme Valet beeing weary with the morning fight departed for the time to recreat himselfe when sodaynely a Spanish Priest with his hands holding vp ●o heauen ran and met with the Prince Valet sayeng cryeng out Malta alas is lost for three or foure ensignes of the enemyes are already entred the towne in at the ruynes of Castile Which when the Prince Valet heard forthwith hee did put on his head his Burganet with his Picke in his hand came among his souldiours sayeng Beeholde most worthy companions the houre is now come wherein you must shew your selues valyant defenders of the Christian religion for if you still haue with you that noble courage which you haue alwayes hetherto shewed in the former assaults there is no cause why you should doubt in this extremity for you see but the same enemy and we haue still our former God with vs who as hetherto hee hath mercifully saued vs so he will now defend vs. Therefore most worthy sons all come on with mee let vs couragiously giue them the charge With these words Valet him selfe gaue the onset fighting stoutly wher the greatist peril remained after him mansully followed his Soldiours yea the townesmen children women old men right fearsely striking at the Turks that were entred Where the fight on each side was exceding cruel perillous some stopped the enemies from further entring some killed them entring some gaue them the chase in wounding driuing them forth againe The Turks resisted meruailously and thus it was couragiously fought on each part within and without the grounds was couered with all sorts of weapon dead bodies and blood The Great Maister as cause serued was alwaies present prouiding euery necessarie some he praised some he encouraged some he monished he himselfe right liuely fought executing sometime no lesse the act of a worthie Soldiour than also the function of a most prudent Generall At last with the Sunne set this cruell conflict ended and the Great Maister remained victorious but not vvithout losse of two hundreth of his men Where of the enemies were slaine to the number of two thousand besids those that entred vvhereof none escaped These vvere foure of the sorest conflicts that the Christians vvhich vvere beseeged had vvith the Turks During this time the Viceroy of Sicel for setting forward his Nauie into Malta staied for none other maner but onely for the retourne of Giouanni Cardono vvith his twelue long shippes that before vvas

dominsons vvho if he were like in condicions either to his father Soliman or to his grand father Selymus and Germany to continue in his Intestine and inward contencions and diuisions as it still doth it is to be much f●a●ed but that it vvould happen to Germany ●vvhich alredy ●ath chaunced to the infortunate countries of Thracia Dacia Maesia and the most part of their vvofull and miserable neighbour the Kingdom of Hungary For it is an assured and very true sayeng that Nulla tam magna tamque firma potentia est quam discordia non comminuat et perdat There is no Kingdome or Power be it neuer so great and mightie vvhich discord and ciuill discencion in it selfe doth not distroy and bring to confusion The end of the third Booke ¶ To the three worshipfull brothers worthy Patrons of vertue and all good Arts Robert Carr William Carr and Edward Carr in the Countie of Lincolne Esquiers Raffe Carr their most affectionate kinsman wisheth all content HAuing Right worthy Gentlemen formerly made knowne to euery of you by such simple remembrances as my power could aford how much I desire dayly studie in perticuler to serue honor you I thought it now not amisse treating of one argument comd of the same kindred deriued from the general obseruations which euery where with profit in these three first bookes are to be gathered thus ioyntly to you all to perticipate this common good For if the vse which euery one ought arightly to make in the reading of Histories be grounded chiefely in the election of taking or leauing the better or worse of such things as by examples are faithfully propounded which vpon occasion should be applied either to the well gouerning of a priuate life or to the inabling of our vnderstanding for counsell in our countries seruice In either part I say I know none of many who haue had these Turkish affaires with the perpetuall felicitie in consideration to whome with more credit a man may giue beleefe then to Hubert Folieta the Genuoys whilst with much wisedome grauitie and discreation he handleth though briefely the causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire to his deere friend the famous Captaine Marcus Antonius Columna A treatise I suppose to euery conceauing man or such whome the care of a common good doth possesse very acceptably This same therfore for the former alleged reasōs haue I heere annexed so faithfully as I could persuade the nice Italian tongue to speake our proper language To which I haue further added that the occasion of this discourse might the better be apparant the narration of the war of Ciprus held betwixt the Turk and Venetians some xxx yeeres agoe In which their wars the Venetiās being excedingly ouerborne notwithstanding that notable victorie obtained by them and their confederates in the Gulfe of Corinth made priuely their peace without knowledge giuen therof either to the Pope or king of spaine who in these wars had ben their associats whilst Marcus Antonius Columna Pope Pius quintus general alwaies in opinion against the same persuaded to his power the contrary that so worthy an occasion of further victory should not so vnworthely be relinquished Of which matter imparting his mynde to his friend Folieta it became the subiect of this ensuing discourse wherin Folieta not intermedling with what the Venetians had done onely layes downe in general such causes as by great reason may be thought of those fortunate successes which hourely attend the Turkish Ensignes To which I had rather remit you then longer to deteine with the harshnes of an ill pleasing Epistle And now hauing for the present done that due obseruance to you all of me long both determined and desired I most earnestly beseech you to take my boldnesse in good part void of all saucie presumption my meaning as it is clothed in a sincere will alwaies to serue honor you my request as I shall deserue for euer to be preserued in your good opinion Wherwith if you shall so much grace me I protest there can no one thing giue more fulnesse to much of that happinesse which in this world I affect wherof nothing distrusting though meanely deseruing I take my leaue and rest Your most bounden for euer Raffe Carr. ¶ THE NARRATION of the warres of Cyprus held betwixt the Venetians and the Turks ● during the yeeres 1570. and 1571. CYprus so called by reason of the rich Copper Mynes therein conteined plentiefull and abounding in excellent Wynes Wheate Oyle Suger being in deed that true Mecarian Isle vnder xxxv degrees of the Poles eleuation standeth in the Gulfe Issicus distant twentie German myles from Syria conteining in length fiftie miles of the sayd German measure but in breadth ten or twelue at the most and in diuers places lesse Salamis the Citie of Cyprus built by Teucer Aea●ide held for their Kings for many discents the same Teucrians of vvhich race Euagoras and Nicocles vvere men celebrated and made famous by Isocrates Orations To these Teucrians succeded the Ptolomees to them the Romans vnder vvhose gouernment although much and grieuously vexed by the Saracines they cōtinued firme and constant vnto the time of Andronicus Commenus and Henry the sixt Emperors For about the yeere 1190 Richard the sonne of Henry the second King of England sayling towards Palestine and put from landing in that Island by Isaac Commenus then the gouernour tooke the same by force vvhich afterwards he gaue to Guy of Lusignan sonne in law of King Almerick vvho had lost the Citie of Hierusalem in exchange for the bare tytle and name to him and his posteritie of the sayd Crowne of Hierusalem The issue and lyne of vvhich Guy enioyed the sayd Kingdome of Cyprus 250. yeeres vntill the tyme that Peter reigned vvho vvas taken prisoner by the Souldan of Aegipt but afterward vpon Tributarie condicions restored to vvhich Peter succeded Peter the sonne vvho at the death of his Father being very young vvas afterward married to Haelena Paleologa and by hir had issue Carlotta married first to Iohn King of Portugall But lastly to Lewes Duke of Sauoy vvhich Lewes for a small time reigned King of Cyprus This second Peter ●ad likewise a bastard issue called Iames vvho by the help of the Souldan of Egipt expelled from the kingdome of Cyprus the sayd Lewes of Sauoy Iames tooke to vvyfe Katherin the daughter of Marcus Cornelius adopted by the state of Venice vvho being vvith childe by hir husband and he before hir deliuerie dyeng in the yeere 1470. The said Common vvealth tooke to their charge both the mother child and Kingdome But shortly after the enfant dyed supposed to haue bene poisoned by the practise of that state vvho solely thereby possessing themselues of the kingdome reduced the same into the forme of a Prouince Katherin the mother being brought back to Venice vvho liued to the yeere 1510. Now Selymus the first Emperour of the Turks after the vtter oppressing

alone be fought vvith but ouercome Where ioyning in Battell vvith the Christians in the sayde Gulfe of Corinth vpon the Nones of October GOD giueing vs the victorie the Turkes vvere vvhollie discomfited and enforced to flye Their great Admirall shippe taken Haly Bassa slaine and some thousands of Captiue Christians vvho wer slaues in the Turkish Fleet sett at libertie For vvhich Victorie generallie thorough Europe there vvas thanks publickly giuen to God vvith other spectacles shewes of ioy ●et for all that those worthy captaines left no sooting of any other memorable exploit or trophe puld from the empire of the Turkish ty●ant as was well supposed they might who notwithstanding the same held no● onely the whole Isle of Ciprus but many townes besides in Dalmatia before taken amongst which Vlcinium and Docleum wonne by force were not the least In the yeere 1571 then next following the Venetians both feeling and fearing the forces of that mightie enemy wherwith they were well nigh opprest made preparation againe for all things needefull to these wars But vvhilst nevv stirs in the lovv countryes and borders of France did seeme to encomber king Philip the succours from the confederates long in comming Don Iohn de Austria about the Calends of September repayred to the place of appointment and the associates vvith their fleet scarce shewing themselues to the Turkes at Peloponesus without ought else worthie of that preparation had retired to their places of vvintering The Venetians I say supposing themselues forsaken and left to themselues without the priuity of any other their confederates priuely made peace with Selymus Of vvhich vvhile diuers men diuersly did dispute according as affection or fancy led them Marcus Antonius Columna Admirall of the Popes nauie who in this expedicion vvas a companion and associate to Iohn de Austria the chiefe generall amongst others was in opinion cleere against and improuing the same peace condoling the deed and constantly affirming so noble a victory thus got against the Turks vvas to haue beene prosecuted with all might and mayne which not onely in his publike and familier conferences hee had osten protested but likewise had affirmed by his letters writ to his auncient friend Hubert Folieta of Genua wherevnto whilst hee the said Folieta returnes aunswere and his opininion withall hee further takes occasion therevpon to touch some causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire with their perpetuall felicitie and good successe in those their warring affayres the which for that it is most worthy to be read as well for the excellent wit therein contayned as for the great profit and pleasure which thereby may be conceyued I thought it not vnbeefitting heereunto to haue it annexed ¶ The causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire vvritten by Hubert Folieta of Genua to the famous Captaine Mircus Antonius Columna YOV write most worthy Columna what great griefe you conceiue in considering this peace thus concluded betwixt the Turks and Venetians being ashamed as you say of the condicion of vs Christians that notwithstanding the memorable sea victory gotten against them by the confederate princes wherein your selfe with that most fortunate prince Don Iohn de Austria was both a counsellor and companion in command then which since the suppression of the Romain empyre there was neuer seene or heard any more famous yet notwithstanding the great ioy thereon conceiued is sodaynely setled the hopes from so happy beginnings which had enflamed good mens mindes in short time vanished and the preparations of so high and excellent counsells comd to naught For my owne part sir I am in opinion that not onely the griefe but the shame is to all noble mindes as to your selfe in common What the determination of the Venetians was therein as I doe not well know so if I did it is not needefull that I should detect it For there are some as it is well knowen to you vvho mightely disalovv of vvhat is done and are much discontent that they through pusilnanimity and sodaine dispaire should so giue vp their friends who for theyr sakes alone had thrust themselues in the dangers and charge of those wars to which opinion I perceiue you specially inclining Others thinking otherwise and excusing them doe aunswere that the Venetians perceiuing it lay not in their power alone to manage these warres with sufficient might and seeing few other of Christian prouinces and princes ought prouoked by so worthie and good beginnings or happy successe whereby to take part either in paynes or charge or to lay hould with the said confederates of so sayre an occasion to conioyne the forces and to reuenge so many iniuryes in all former times receaued now especially when it was suppoled that the Turkes were vtterly dispolyed and left naked both of friends ships or sea forces and thereby had opportunitie to expell them from forth whole Europe But chiefely the Germaine princes fayling whom the many attempts of the Turks against their state hath continually with offens●ue armes vexed afflicted with infinite losses and nearest of all others to the danger had beene in these affayres for theyr owne safetie to haue giuen them furtherance All which motiues to others smally auayling the said Venetians and therefore destitute vtterly of hope nor daring to support themselues in the succours of their confederates knowing what enemy they had in hand they were compelled to prefer wholesome commodious counsell rather then plausible and so without obstinacy to their destruction as was supposed to prouide for theyr piuate affayres Thus these thinges in both parts diuersly disputed according as euery man his affection or passion perswades him thervnto My selfe vvill leaue of vncertaine estimation indifferent to euerie mans ovvne peculier Iudgement vvithout interposing myne especiallie when the matters handled are to small purpose the deede done not to be vndone and that euerie expostulation is friuolus vvhich is vvithout fruit But rather lett mee communicate with you my honorable friend in that whereof your Letters giue good occasion and which may perhaps bring with it to vs both some profit detecting such my cogitacions as often and long haue encombred my secret thoughts and manifesting therein my opinion which without some gaine I hope shall not retourne againe For if what my conceit is herein shal be allowed by you a man of so great estimation for wisedome and accustomed to the managing of high affaires then shall I think my selfe assuredly protected from the caluminations of all maligners or if not allowed yet shall I giue occasion by my writing wherby you may remoue the errour which for long hath taken possession in my minde and so in both these parts it shall draw mee aduantage The effect whereof is that as I haue alwaies houlden these Turkish affayres to be both fearefull and preiudiciall to the good estate of all Christian Prouinces yet now more then at any time am I driuen into a vvondefull admiration of the same vvho hauing so great a

is that it prepares the bodye to the enduring of labour and wants inables the minde to an inuincible resolution in bearing all extremities which misery or the scarcity of things may cast vpon man For theyr mindes accustomed to continuall exercise cannot bee daunted with paynes spare diet or other inconueniences wherwith it is daily acquaynted content consisting not in many but necessary things so as wee see theyr great armyes long time often kept together with small prouision theyr fleetes and land preparations executing aught with exceeding expedicyon whilst a huge part of baggage ordenarily attending other campes giues to them no let Whereas both our land and sea forces are still encombred with loadings of houshould prouision our souldyours euer faynting without the affluence of euery thing theyr bodyes impatient of labour and this not onely when they want not things necessary but if they abound not with delycates so as to our shame bee it spoken a man may obserue in our campes those excesses of feastings and needelesse fare which euen in the plentifulnesse of peace myght in Cities perhaps seeme riotus where amongst other things ill beseeming it irkes me to thinke that men should bee brought to so much nicenesle as in a fleet to haue Snow carryed for cooling their wine The third vse of discipline is the profit of obedience thē which there is no one greater vertue in the exercise of armes This as it is with the Turks more in estimation then euer in any age the like hath ben seene with other nations So of all people in the contrary heereof wee are desperately diseased euen to the death our souldiors being mutinous factious disobedient who fashioned by no rules of discipline conteined in dutie by no regard o punishment in their owne camps themselues to themselues for the most part work more mischiese then vvhat at any time they receaue from the weapons of the enemie vvhich foule faults to our greater shame is as common to the captaines commanders as the priuate souldiours a number of whom studyeng their perticuler reuēge their priuate ambitiō or then which vvith men of vvar there is naught more odious their seruyle gayne betray their countrie neglect their Princes command and vvithout executing aught vvorthie their trust and imployment cause often Impediments through malitious enuie of a nothers glory to vvhat soeuer might be worthely executed Such things I saie vvith vs men dare dayly do freed from feare of all condigne punishmēt so as I cannot name a place in shame or dishonor baser vvhether these or the like vvith euerlasting Infamie haue not brought vs. Next now ensues that I speake of the Turkish valor and vertues no meane causes or of small regard in the inlarging of any Empire vvherein if I should affirme that they doe much excell vs I might so both become iniurious to the Christian name and procure my selfe more enuie then I affect Yet truth is truth by vvhom foeuer deliuered and well I may say that true valour is vvith the Turkes of more accompt vvhen to the valiant alone the passage to all militarie promotions is layd open vvhere any ones merit towards his countrie by any manly act performed shall aduance him through all degrees of dignitie euen to that vvhich is next the highest with vs on the contrary Nobility being of greatest reconing such for the most part euery vvhere commanding who though they shew smal or no testimonie either of valor or vertue yet supported by the greatnes of their blood manage matters as they list This being that one thing which so much hath exasperated the minds of many worthy Christian seruitors that flying frō those ensignes wher they found no place for their vertue repair to the Turks who for their good parts fairely intreat them according to the proofe any one makes of his vvorth doth so prefer him to euery roome of Honor their condicion in that point being exceding commendable vvho demand not vvhence the man is but vvhat he is neither holding that vertue and valor are guists of granfathers inheritance like to riches those other of Fortune Yet for all this I must not deny but that nobilitie ought much to be estemed being in it selfe of great might to stir vp the minde to honorable actions and a rich ornament to all such as haue vertue thervnto conioined But barely to prefer nobility before valor vertue or for any mans gentry solly to commend him to the greatest functions in a common wealth or to commād an army that vtterly I disalow as full of danger to any state I highly reuerence the kinred of kings princes whom to haue placed in great cōmāds is not alone without peril but profitable For if authoritie be of estimation in all humane affaires in those of the wars especially it is a most material point wherin the Soule and lyfe of good gouerning chiefly cōsisteth as hauing obediēce alwaies attendant no one thing more furthering as I haue said euery warlike designe therfore to such all souldiors captaines without repining submit their greatnesse not being subiect to enuie misreports before whom euery man forceth himselfe for the formost because the testimonie of their valor vertue shewen in their princes presēce cannot be cōcealed by the calumniations of any backbiter whereby as often it happens men doe dispaire of a due reward In these things therfore I would thus be vnderstod that wher ther wants a due mixture of their parts together compounded it is better in my cōceit by the Turkish president to prefer in cōmand a man endwed with vertue lacking those exterior badges of great blood then that any supported by nobilitie should bear sway Indigent of those perfectiōs which at first begot all true Nobilitie Malo pater tibi sit Thirsites dum modo tu sis Aeacide similis Vulcaniaque arma capessas Quam te Thirsite semilem producat Achilles The last though not the least of those things which antiquitie haue attributed to the necessitie of the well establishing any state standeth in measuring arightly according to euery mans merit reward of well doeing or punishmēt of it Now in either part how far we are to the Turks inferior it is often admired But least I giue occasion of further offence procure from many that hatred which I desire not to vndergoe I will desist frō further prosecuting this course in preferring these Turkesh considerations with ours onely wil say that as the whole scope of their coūsels other proiects tends to the glory to be gotten by the vvars so are all ours in an other kinde more excellent for the maintenance of common societie the studies of peace which vvith so infinit a desire we hunt after as all charge all expēce of time mony all care dilligence is held both light litle for obteining the same And this appeareth first by the great numbers of Priests Mounks Freers other religious possessing great power