PVRCHAS HIS PILGRIMES IN FIVE BOOKES The first Containing Peregrinations and Discoueries in the remotest North and East parts of ASIA called TARTARIA and CHINA The second Peregrinations Voyages Discoueries of CHINA TARTARIA RVSSIA and other the North and East parts of the World by English-men and others The third Voyages and Discoueries of the North parts of the World by Land and Sea in ASIA EVROPE the Polare Regions and in the North-west of AMERICA The fourth English Northerne Nauigations and Discoueries Relations of Greenland Greenland the North-west passage and other Arctike Regions with later RVSSIAN OCCVRRENTS The fifth Voyages and Trauels to and in the New World called AMERICA Relations of their Pagan Antiquities and of the Regions and Plantations in the North and South parts thereof and of the Seas and Ilands adiacent The Third Part. Vnus Deus Vna Veritas LONDON Printed by William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone and are to be sold at his shop in Pauls Church-yard at the signe of the Rose 1625. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE AND RIGHT REVEREND FATHER IN GOD IOHN Lord Bishop of LINCOLNE Lord Keeper of the GREAT SEALE OF ENGLAND c. Right Reuerend and Honourable THese PILGRIMS deliuering a Historie of the World in their owne Trauels by Sea and Land not onely needed authoritie from the Admiraltie but fearing suspition of Riot without warrantable assemblie become humble Sutors for your Lordships fauour So shall they in the approbation of both to apply by a warrant of Ego dixi dij estis the Patriarchs mysticall Dreame to our Historicall purpose finde a Scala Coeli to ascend from the ground where they are prostrate Petitioners to the Princes Highnesse whence authorised they may againe descend and become the Commons of Common Readers Order requires a Medium betwixt Princely Height and his Lowlinesse whose function is also tearmed Holy Orders as further tying him to that equall inequalitie wherein hee beseecheth your Lordship as by speciall Office and in Proprietie to owne that which hee hath presumed to offer to the Prince in Capite Quemadmodum sub optimo rege omnia Rex imperio possidet Domini dominio Ad reges protestas pertinet ad singulos proprietas Many are the reasons which moued the Author to obtrude his PILGRIMS on your Lordship because he is deeply obliged Yours former fauours euen then when you were initiated in the Mysteries of Honour learning by seruice to Command in the Discipline of that Honorable Worthy Lord Chancellor EGERTON because some conceptions of this Worke were in your Honourable Iurisdiction of Westminster whither lest some traduce Trauellers for Vagrants they returne in hope of Sanctuarie not so much trusting to the ancient Liberties as to your Lordships liberall respect to literate endeauours because these Trauellers aduenturing the world seeke like Iacob at his going and returne a Reuerend Fathers Blessing and Confirmation The Author likewise being called on for his promised Europe submits himselfe to your Lordships Order heere tendring of that debt what hee is able in readie payment The worke it selfe also being a Librarie in this kind presents it selfe to your Honour the Founder of two famous Libraries one in Westminster where the Stones renued Fabrikes speake your Magnificence the other in that famous Nurserie of Arts and Vertue Saint IOHNS Colledge in Cambridge which sometime knew you a hopefull Sonne but now acknowledgeth your Lordship a happie Father where also the Author first conceiued with this Trauelling Genius whereof without trauelling he hath trauelled euer since Learning the Aduancer of your Honour hath secured her welwillers not to bee reiected in whatsoeuer indeauours Scribimus indocti doctique to aduance Learning The greatnesse of Nature to goodnesse of Nature varietie of Estates to a prime Pillar of State the Historie of Religions to a Religious Prelate of Antiquities to an Antiquarie cannot bee altogether vnwelcome that I mention not the dependance of London Ministers Liuings fined by the Times iniquitie on your Lordships equall Sentence These Causes haue moued One hath inforced these PILGRIMES are your Seruants fitly so called à Seruando saued by your Lordships hand when they were giuing vp the ghost despairing through a fatall stroke of euer seeing light Most humbly therefore sue vnto your Honour these PILGRIMES for acknowledgement esteeming your Lordships Name in fore-front a cognisance of blest Libertie and best Seruice Now when Ianus sends many with gratefull emulations to present their acclamations of a New Yeere presenting a wordie rather then worthy Present a World yea a New world in great part one Age younger to mens knowledge then America sometimes stiled by that Name I had written others Causes of my addresse to your Honour but dare not proceed to interrupt Others more weightie In all humble earnestnesse beseecheth now in this Festiuall time the Author with his PILGRIMES to finde Hospitall entertainment not at your Honours table where Great affaires of Church and State are feasted except some recreation some times permit but with Schollers and Gentlemen in the Hall which will welcome such Guests as your Lordship shall Countenance So shall you encourage euer to pray for the increase of your Lordships happinesse in the Happie Seruice of his MAIESTIE Your Lordships most bounden SAMVEL PVRCHAS THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS AND PARAGRAPHS IN THE SECOND BOOKE OF THE SECOND PART OF PVRCHAS HIS PILGRIMS CHAP. I. THe Iournall of Friar William de Rubruquis a French-man of the Order of the Minorite Friars vnto the East parts of the World Anno Dom. 1253. H. pag. 1. CHAP. II. Tartarian and Northerne Relations written in Latin by the famous Friar Roger Bacon H. p. 52 Relations of Vincentius Beluacensis the most of which he receiued from Friar Simon de Sancto Quintino one of the foure Friars sent by Pope Innocent the fourth to the Tartars seruing to the illustration of the former pag. 58. CHAP. III. Relations touching the Tartars taken out of the Historie of R. Wendouer and Mat. Paris with certaine Epistles of the same subiect pag. 60. CHAP. IIII. The first booke of Marcus Paulus Venetus or of Master Marco Polo a Gentleman of Venice his Voyages pag. 65. § 1. The voyages of Master Nicolo and M. Maffio from Constantinople to the Great Can and their comming home to Venice their second voyage with the Authour and returne ibid. § 2. Obseruations of M. Polo of Armenia Turkie Zorzania Baldach Persia Chirmain Cobniam Ormus Knaue-fooles paradise and other Easterne parts in Asia and Armenia the lesse pag. 69. § 3. Of Sapurgan Balac Thaican Scassem Balaxiam Bascia Chesmur Vochan Samarchan Carchan Peym the dreadfull Desart of Lop and Tanguth pag. 73. § 4. Of Carchoran the originall proceedings and exploits of the Tartars of Priest Iohn and his discendants Customes of the Tartars Of Bargu Erginul Xandu the Cans Citie and Palace of Muske of strange Sorcerers and anstere Monkes pag. 77. § 5. Of Cublai Can his Raigne and Acts Magnificent feasts and
name of Flokawogur and there the deepest part of the Sea where Geirhilda the daughter of Floco by chance was drowned was caled Geirhildarwata from her no otherwise then that Sea was called Hellespontus wherein by misfortune Phryxus lost his sister Helle. There was yet no vse of the Mariners Compasse wherefore Floco leauing Hietlandia tooke certayne Rauens vnto him and when hee thought hee had sayled a great way he sent forth one Rauen which flying aloft went backe againe to Hietlande which she saw behind Whereupon Floco perceiuing that he was yet neerer to Hietland then other Countryes and therefore couragiously going forward he sent forth another Rauen which because she could see no Land neither before nor behind light into the ship again But lastly the third Rauen was sent forth by Floco and hauing for the most part performed his Voyage through the sharpnesse of her quicke sight attayning the Land which the Mariners desired she speedily flew thither whose direction Floco following beheld first the Easterne side of the Iland as his Predecessors did and from thence directing his course to the South found a very wide and open Bay twelue Islandish miles broad betweene the two Promontories or high Lands afterwards called Renkanes and Snaefelsnes And hearing by a certayne Mariner whom he had with him a Scot borne named Faxa that the Bay they now met with was the huge mouth of a Riuer or Floud Floco to reproue the folly of Faxa supposing so huge a Bay of the Sea to be the mouth of a Riuer called the name of the Bay inclosed betweene the foresaid Promontories Faxaos which signifieth the mouth of Faxa This Bay by reason of the multitude of Hauens was afterwads called Hafnafiordur which name Hafnafiordur at this day is more specially vsed of a most safe Hauen of the same Bay After this Floco sayling along the West side of the Iland entred somewhat within the Bay Breidafiord remaining in a certaine Hauen of the Prouince Bardestraund called Watnsfiordur for I vse the names giuen them afterwards and there preparing wintering places he liued very commodiously and well with fish of diuers kindes wherewith that Bay doth abound But hauing the Spring time here very vntemperate through cold hee found a Bay which entreth this part of the Land on the North to be filled with Ice of the Sea which wee call Gronelandish Ice From which Ice Floco deuised the third name for the Iland and called it Island Moreouer also Floco turning to the South side passed another Winter in Island and returning into Norway from the Rauens which hee vsed in stead of the Mariners Compasse he allotted it the surname of Rafnafloke And Island surely obtained these names consequently from the finders or discouerers thereof For as touching the fourth Thule imposed vpon this Land by some I cannot bee perswaded to beleeue it is true chiefly by this argument That Thyle or Thule among the ancient Writers was often in the mouth and writings not onely of Pliny in his second booke of Naturall Histories 75. Chapter and fourth booke and sixteenth Chapter and Pliny flourished about the eightieth yeere of Christ and of him who was more ancient then Pliny Pythias Massiliensis buâ— also of Pub. Virgilius who liued not aboue fourteene yeeres after Christ but Island till the yeere of Christ 874. remained altogether desert as hereafter I shall speake Thule therefore which Virgil said should serue Augustus Geor. 1. tibi seruiat vltima Thule where euen euery child knoweth that Thule is Synecdochically spoken for the Inhabitanes of Thule not onely inhabited in the times of Augustus and Virgil but also knowne to the Romanes is not Island which many ages after began first to be inhabited Besides Plinie himselfe seemeth in the later place recited to reckon Thule with the Ilands of Britaine for saith hee Vltima omnium quae memorantur est Thule to wit of the Brittish Ilands for hee speaketh of them It is likely also that Virgil meant the same who said Thule was the last in the place before recited and likewise Penitus toto diuisos orbe Britannos that is to say the last Let me yet vrge the same argument further from the age of Claudianus Alexandrinus and Pub. Papinius Statius farre more ancient then he For Claudianus about the yeere of Christ 390. writeth thus concerning the successe of the Getick Wars atchieued by Theodosius Famaque ingrantes succincta panoribus alas Secum cuncta trahens à Gadibus vsque Britaâ—â—um Terruit Oceanum nostro procul axe remotam Insolito Belli tremefecit murmure Thulen Then blackwing'd Fame Feare girt frights all the World with Warre From Cades to Britaine from Our World shakes Thule farre But did Report and Fame cause Island not inhabited and desert to tremble And Statius more ancient by three hundred yeeres then Claudian in his third Booke Sylua writeth thus Quanquam etsi gelidas irem mansurus ad Arâ—tos Velsuper Hesperia vada caligantia Thules Though I should dwel in Artike frosts Or mystie shelues of Thules West coasts You heare not onely a slight report of Thule came to Statius eares but that the shallow places quicke sand or shelues found in approching to the Iland were sufficiently knowne vnto him by the often relation of Nauigators of which sort in the circuit of Island there are none that I know which experience speaketh but in comming to the Ilands of Britaine they are very ordinarie and common as they say The Longitude thereof from the East vnto the West hath not hitherto beene expressed by any certaine or assured measure that I know nor yet the Latitude from North to South saue that in an ancient Codicall or Writing I found that the Longitude was twentie dayes iourney and the Latitude where it is broadest foure dayes but the iourneyes as elsewhere so also with vs are not alike yet here I vnderstand Pyngmanualeid twentie in the Authors owne hand-writing it is Dagleider nor is it expressed whether of Horse-men or Foot-men But the Latitude it selfe is not euery where the same by reason of Bayes on both sides to wit from the Sotth and North entring the Land it selfe with vnequall distances The Easterly bound is Austurhorn the Westerne Randesandur for the Promontory Sua-felloues lyeth more toward the South-west but the North bound is Langanes and the South Reikranes The Iland also from the foure quarters of the World is diuided into North South East and West and the Promontorie Langanes diuideth North Island from East Island from West Island the Bay Rutafiordur from South Island the vast and huge deserts of rough and inaccessable places extended the whole length of the Iland But Soutâ— Island opposite to the North through these rough and inaccessable places lying betweene the Riuer Ioculsu running through the deserts of Solseimasande diuideth from East Island from West Island also a famous Riuer named Albis emptying it selfe into the Bay Borgarfiord So that if it pleased me
feast with him in that Hall There are not Tables for all to sit but the greatest part of the Souldiers and Barons eate on Carpets At all the doores stand two giantly fellowes with Cudgels to see that none touch the Threshold which if hee doe they take his garments away which he must redeeme with so many blowes as shall be appointed or else lose them They which serue the King sitting at the table all of them couer their mouthes with Silke least their breathing should by any meanes touch the Kings meat or drinke And when he hath minde to drinke the Damosell which giues it goeth back three paces and kneeles downe and then the Barons and all the people kneele and the Musicians sound their Instruments There is no cause why I should write any thing concerning the meats which are brought to the Table how daintie and delicate they are and with what magnificence and pompe they are serued in All the Tartars obserue this custome to celebrate the Birth day of their Lord most honourably The Festiuall birth day of Cublai is kept the twentie eight of September and this day hee accounteth more solemne then any of the whole yeare except the first of February wherein they begin their yeare The King therefore in his Birth day is cloathed with a most precious garment of Gold and about two thousand Barons and Souldiers are cloathed of the same colour of gold though of Silke stuffe and a girdle wrought with gold and siluer which is giuen them with a payre of shooes some weare Pearles and Gemmes of great price namely the Quiecitarie which are next to the Can and these garments are not worne but on their thirteene solemne Feasts according to the thirreene Moones of the yeare all then cloathed like Kings This custome is also obserued with the Tartars that on the birth day of great Cham all the Kings Princes and Nobles which are subiect to his Dominion should send presents vnto him as to their Emperour And they who desire to obtaine any place of Dignitie or office of him offer their requests vnto twelue Barons appointed for this purpose and what they decree is all one as if the Emperour himselfe had answered them All people also of what Faith or sect soeuer whether Christians or Iewes Saracens or Tartars and other Pagans are bound solemnly to call vpon their Gods for the life safetie and prosperitie of Great Can. On the day of the Kalends of February which is the beginning of the Tartars yeare great Can and all the Tartars wheresoeuer they are celebrate a very great and solemne Feast and all aswell men as women desire to bee cloathed in white Garments For they beleeue that the white garment is a token of good lucke Therefore that fortune might fauour them all the yeare they weare white in the beginning of the yeare Moreouer the Rulers of Cities and Gouernours of Prouinces mindfull of their dutie send vnto their Emperour on this day presents of Gold and Siluer Pearles and Precious stones many white Cloathes and other white things and many Horses of a white colour the rest of the Tartars at the beginning of the yeare send white presents one to another It is the custome of those which bring presents if they can of each to present nine times nine as if they send Horses to present nine nines that is eâ—ghtie one and so of Gold of Cloaths other things that somtimes he hath by this reckoning one hundred thousand Horses Also at this good lucke all the Elephants which the Emperour hath fiue thousand in number are brought vnto the Court couered with Tapistrie wherein the similitudes of diuers Beasts and Fowles are portrayed carrying vpon their shoulders two Chests full of golden and Siluer vessell Many Camels also are brought couered with faire Silken clothes which bring other things necessarie for the Court. And this day in the morning all the Kings Captaines Barons Souldiers Physicians Astrologers Falconers and the Gouernours of Prouinces and Armies and other Officers of the Emperour assemble in the great Hall before the King and they who happen to haue no place there for the multitude of men stand in another place where he may see them All being placed in their order and degree one ariseth as it were some Prelate and crieth out with a loude voyce Bow downe and adore And presently all doe reuerence bending downe their foreheads to the earth Then he sayth God preserue our Lord with long life and ioy and all answere God grant Then he sayth God encrease and aduance his Empire and preserue his Subiects in peace good-will and prosperitie and all answere God grant And this they doe foure times The adoration finished the said Prelate goeth to an Altar richly adorned on which is a red Table wherein is written the name of the Can and taking a Censer and putting odoriferous Spices therein they perfume the Table and the Altar with great reuerence in honour of great Can and so returne to their places After which are offered the gifts whereof we haue spoken and then the Tables are prepared and a most solemne Dinner held eating and drinking with great ioy with their wiues in manner before described And lastly a domesticall Lion is brought vnto the King which lying at his feet like a gentle Whelpe acknowledgeth his Lord. In those three moneths in which as we said before the Emperour remayneth in the Citie of Cambalu to wit in December Ianuarie and Februarie all the Hunters which the Emperour hath in all Prouinces round about the Prouince of Cathai apply themselues to hunting and offer all the greater wilde-beasts to wit Stags Beares Roe-buckes wilde Boares Deere and such like vnto their Gouernours who if they be distant from the Emperours Court lesse then thirtie dayes Iourney send such beasts taken by Waynes and Ships vnto the Emperour hauing first bowelled them But such as are fortie dayes iourney distant from his Court send onely the skinnes which are necessarie for the making of Armour Hee hath many Leopards and Wolues for hunting and many Lions also greater then those which are in Babylon in the haire whereof certaine little beames appeare of diuers colours to wit white blacke and red and they are accommodated to catch Boares Beares Stags Roe-buckâ—s wilde Asses and wilde Oxen and it is maruellous to see the Lions fiercenesse and dexteritie in the act Two Lions vse to bee carried in one Wagon when they goe to hunt and with them a Dog with which they are tamed and they carrie them on this fashion because of their furie and vnrulinesse and they must carrie them contrary to the wind for else the beasts would sent them and flee Hee hath many tame Eagles which are so fierce that they take Hares Roe-buckes Deere and Foxes among which some of them feare not with great violence â—o seize vpon Wolues and vexe them so sore that without labour and danger they
to vndertake this Warre for the better assuring of his estate seeing the King of China had much gone beyond his ancient bounds He had in his Court a Christian whom he loued much and euery one greatly respected named Axalla a Genuois by birth brought vp from his youth about his person This man principally did stirre him vp vnto great Enterprizes and notwithstanding his Religion hee trusted him Now he had all Religion in reuerence so as it did worship one onely God Creator of all things He often said that the greatnesse of Diuinitie consisted in the sundry kindes of people which are vnder the Cope of Heauen who serued the same diuersly nourishing it selfe with diuersitie as the nature was diuers where it had printed his Image God remayning notwithstanding one in his Essence not receiuing therein any diuersitie This was the reason that mooued him to permit and grant the vse of all Religions within the Countreyes of his obedience alwayes prouided as I said before that they worshipped one onely God He determined to make Warre with the King of China who is called the Lord of the World and Childe of the Sunne which was no small Enterprize But before hee would begin the same hee sent vnto the said King of China for to demand right for some Countreyes which they call Hordas abiding places which this Prince of China had vsurped long before and euen the passages of a Riuer called Tachij which is beyond his limits which are Walls which are betweene the Kingdomes of the great Cham and of our Tamerlan builded of purpose by this King of China to defend him from the Roades of the Tartarians and forces of our Prince so as this was begun with the aduice of the great Cham and for his benefit as well as for the Princes Therefore to accomplish his Enterprize in the meane-time that he attended for the returne of his Embassadors he caused his forces to come forwards from all parts appointing vnto them for the place of meeting his owne at the Horda of Baschir where all his Armie assembled and other ayding troupes of the great Cham in the Deserts of Ergimul at a certayne day in which place he should joyne with all his Army The Army of the great Cham consisted of two hundred thousand fighting men wherein were all the braue men of his Court who were accustomed vnto the Wars the Emperour which then raigned and was old hauing greatly increased his limits and conquered a great Countrey so as these men were well trayned vp in the Wars and accustomed vnto trauell and paines Now then the Embassadors which were sent returne and informe the Prince of the will of this proud King of the World this King of China who was named so who puffed vp with vaine glorie was astonished how any durst denounce Warre against him making this proud Answere That Tamerlan should content himselfe that hee had left him that which hee might haue taken from him and that his Armes and Forces were of another sort then those of whom he published the victorie to bring thereby terrour vpon his Neighbours This Answere being heard our Prince marched directly vnto the Army and gaue order for the conueyance of victuals from all parts sent to hasten forward his Confederates emparted the Answere vnto the Emperour by Embassadours dispatched from him caused the boldnesse of the King of China to be published to make manifest vnto all the World the justnesse of his cause Before his departure he went to take leaue of his Father who endued with a singular and Fatherly affection said he should neuer see him againe and that he hastened vnto his last rest and hauing made solemne Prayers ouer the Prince his Sonne for his prosperitie kissing him a thousand times drew off his Imperiall Ring and gaue it vnto him not asking whether his Iourney tended and calling Odmar he bade him farewell recommending his faithfulnesse vnto his Son Then he departed and drew towards Samarcand where the Empresse his Wife remayned whom he carryed with him as is the custome of that Nation and after he had being Religious visited the Tombe of his Seruant Hally hee caused his soule three dayes to bee prayed for according to the Rites of his Law whereupon he presently departed hauing taken order for the well gouerning of his Kingdome in his absence committing the charge thereof vnto Samay a man well practised in Affaires and he who had the charge of our Prince in his youth So then he marched forward in the middest of his Army which consisted but of fiftie thousand Horse and one hundred thousand men on foot relying principally on the Forces of the great Cham his Vncle who aboue all desired this War he did not forget to giue in charge that the rest of his Forces should be readie vpon the first Commandement as soone as he should be ioyned with the forces of the great Cham and marching forwards he had stayed by the way by reason of some distemperature which had surprized him through changing of the Ayre as the Physicians affirmed But yet notwithstanding the forces which Catiles Captayne of the Army of the great Cham conducted went daily forwards Now the newes was spred into an infinite number of places of his distemperature yet did he not neglect to send vnto the great Cham and often aduertize him of the estate of his health to the end the same should not cause any alteration the which hee did fore-see by reason of his preferment vnto this Empire by the great Cham his Vncle and hee was in doubt of a certayne Lord named Calix who was discontented therewith and had not as yet neither gratified nor acknowledged him as all the other subiects had done Now concerning his delay it was by sundry diuersly interpreted some said that hee had bin aduertized of some vproare to be attempted when he should be farre seuered from thence and had passed ouer the Mountaynes of Pasanfu and that Calix stayed vpon nothing else insomuch as the Companies of the great Cham were gone forwards euen beyond the Mountaynes hauing passed the Riuer of Meau and were encamped at Bouprou the which Calix vnderstanding thought he should haue the meanes to worke his enterprize Thereupon hauing assembled great store of his most faithfull followers he tooke counsell with them that this was the meanes to ouerthrow the purposes of Zachetay who would reigne ouer and bring them vnder his Empire that seeing their Prince had bin so badly minded as to do the same of his own mind without calling of them which had interest in that election that now was the time to assure their libertie which was in doubt to be lost caused also a rumor to be spred of the sicknes of this Prince that the great Cham was old the greatest part of his forces far separated from him forthwith dispatching a Messenger vnto the great Cham their Prince to assure him that they bent not their forces
affaires whereby I know already that they are Merchants and not theeues as they had written to me they were And I doe not blame Merchants to helpe Merchants but I put great fault in my Louthias of Chincheo because that when any ship came to my Ports they should haue knowne if they were Merchants and if they would pay their duties and if they would pay them to write presently vnto mee If they had done so so much euill had not beene done Or when they were taken if they had let mee know it I had commanded to set them at libertie And although it bee a custome in my Ports the ships that come vnto them to be measured by cubits for to pay their duties these being very farre off it was not necessarie but to let them doe their businesses and goe for their Countries Besides this my Pontoos which knew these men to be Merchants did not tell it mee but concealed it from mee whereby they were the cause of many people being taken and slaine And those that remayned aliue as they could not speake did looke toward Heauen and demanded from their hearts iustice of Heauen they know no other God supreme out the Heauen Besides these things I know that the Aitao and the Luthissi did so much euill for couetousnesse of the many goods which they tooke from the Portugals hauing no regard whether those which they tooke and tooke the goods from were good or euill men Likewise the Louthias along the Sea coast knew these men to be Merchants and certified mee not And all of them as disloyall were the cause of so much euill I knew more by my Quinchey that the Aitao and the Luthissi had Letters by the which they knew that the Portugals were no theeues but Merchants and knowing this they were not contented with the taking of them but they wrote many lyes vnto mee and were not contented with killing of the men but killed children also cutting off the feet of some of others the hands and at last the heads of them all writing vnto mee they had taken and slayne Kings of Mallaca Which case I beleeuing to be true grieue in my heart And because hitherto so many cruelties haue beene vsed without my commandement from hence forward I command they be not done Besides this the Portugals resisted my Armie being better to haue let themselues beene taken then to kill my people Moreouer it is long since they came to the coast of our Dominion about their affaires in manner of theeues and not as Merchants wherefore if they had beene naturall as they are strangers they had incurred paine of death losse of goods wherfore they are not without fault The Tutan by whose commandement those men were slaâ—ne said that by this deed I should make him greater and the people that he commanded to be slayne after they had no heads their hearts that is their soules and their bloud required iustice of Heauen I seeing so great euils to be done my eyes could not indure the sight of the Papers without teares and great griefe of my heart I know not my Louthias seeing they tooke this people wherefore they let it not goe that I might not come to know so many cruelties and so great Wherefore seeing all these things I doe create Senfuu chiefe Louthia because hee did his dutie in his charge and told mee trueth I create also chiefe Louthia Quinchio because hee wrote the trueth to mee of the Pontoos which went to doe their merchandise in secret with the Portugals to the Sea Those which are euill I will make them baser then they which sowe Rice Likewise because Pachou did trafficke with the Portugals and for bribes did permit the Merchants of the Countrey to trafficke with the Portugals and yet doing these things wrote vnto mee that the Portugals were theeues and that they came to my Dominions onely to steale And the same hee said also to my Louthias which presently answered that he lyed for they knew already the contrarie And therefore such a one and such a one he nameth ten Louthias It is nothing that all you be banished to red Caps to the which I condemne you but you deserue to be made baser as I doe make you Chaen for taking these men thou sayedst thou shouldest be greater and being in the doing of so much euill thou sayedst thou didst not feare mee such a one and such a one he nameth nine for the taking of these men yee say I would make you great and without any feare of mee yee all lyed such a one and such a one he nameth many I know also yee tooke bribes But because you did so I make you base he depriueth them of the dignitie of Lothias Such a one and such a one he nameth many If the Aitao and the Luthissi would kill so many people wherefore did you suffer it But seeing that in consenting you were accessarie with them in their death all are in the same fault Chifuu and Chanchifuu were also agreeing to the will of the Aitao and the Luthissi and were with them in the slaughter as well those that were as those that were not in fault Wherefore I condemne you all to red Caps Lupuu let him haue a good heart because the Tutan being willing to kill this people he said that he should let mee first know it To him I will doe no harme but good as he deserueth and I command that he remayne Louthia Sanchi I make my Anchassi of the Citie of Cansi The Antexio I command to be deposed of his honour Assaon seeing hee can speake with the Portugals let him haue honour and ordinarie and he shall be carried to Chaquean where hee was borne This is the youth with whom the Portugals did defend themselues seruing them for Interpreter they gaue him title of Louthia and mayntenance Chinque Head of the Merchants that went to the Sea to trafficke with the Portugals and deceiued them bringing great store of goods a land it shall be demanded of him and set in good safeguard for the mayntenance and expences of the Portugals and I condemne him and his foure Companions to red Caps and they shall bee banished whither my Louthias shall thinke good To the rest guilty and imprisoned for this matter I command my Louthias to giue to euery one the punishment he deserueth I command the Chaen to bring me hither the Tutan that his faults being perused by the great men of my Court I may command to doe iustice on him as I shall thinke good This Tutan was also a consenter in the wickednesse of the Aitao and the Luthissi for the Luthissi and the Aitao made him partaker and gaue him part of the booties which they tooke from the Portugals that as the head he should hold for good that which they did for in truth they durst not haue done that which they did if he had not giuen consent and agreed with their
before whom are brought all matters of the inferiour Townes throughout the whole Realme Diuers other Louteas haue the managing of Iustice and receiuing of Rents bound to yeeld an account thereof vnto the greater Officers Other doe see that there be no euill rule kept in the Citie each one as it behoueth him Generally all these doe imprison Malefactors cause them to be whipped and racked hoysing them vp and downe by the armes with a cord a thing very vsuall there and accounted no shame These Louteas doe vse great diligence in the apprehending of the Theeues so that it is a wonder to see a Thiefe escape away in any Towne Citie or Village Vpon the Sea neere vnto the shoare many are taken and looke euen as they are taken so be they first whipped and afterward laid in Prison where shortly after they all dye for hunger and cold At that time when we were in Prison there dyed of them aboue threescore and ten Their whips be certaine pieces of Canes cleft in the middle in such sort that they seeme rather plaine then sharpe He that is to bee whipped lyeth groueling on the ground Vpon his thighes the Hangman layeth on blowes mightily with these Canes that the standers by tremble at their crueltie Tenne stripes draw a great deale of bloud twentie or thirtie spoyle the flesh altogether fiftie or threescore will require long time to be healed and if they come to the number of one hundred then are they incurable The Louteas obserue moreouer this when any man is brought before them to bee examined they aske him openly in the hearing of as many as be present be the offence neuer so great Thus did they also behaue themselus with vs. For this cause amongst them can there be no false witnes as daily amongst vs it falleth out This good commeth thereof that many being alwayes about the Iudge to heare the Euidence and beare witnesse the Processe cannot be falsified as it hapneth sometimes with vs. The Moores Gentiles and Iewes haue all their sundry Oathes the Moores doe sweare by their Mossafos the Brachmans by their Fili the rest likewise by the things they doe worship The Chineans though they be wont to sweare by Heauen by the Moone by the Sunne and by all their Idols in judgement neuerthelesse they sweare not at all If for some offence an Oath be vsed of any one by and by with the least euidence hee is tormented so be the Witnesses he bringeth if they tell not the truth or doe in any point disagree except they bee men of worship and credit who are beleeued without any farther matter the rest are made to confesse the truth by force of Torments and Whips Besides this order obserued of them in Examinations they doe feare so much their King and he where he maketh his abode keepeth them so low that they dare not once stirre Againe these Louteas as great as they bee notwithstanding the multitude of Notaries they haue not trusting any others doe write all great Processes and matters of importance themselues Moreouer one vertue they haue worthy of great praise and that is being men so well regarded and accounted of as though they were Princes they bee patient aboue measure in giuing audience Wee poore strangers brought before them might say what we would as all to be Lyes and Falaces that they did write nor did we stand before them with the vsuall Ceremonies of that Countrey yet did they beare with vs so patiently that they caused vs to wonder knowing specially how little any Aduocate or Iudge is wont in our Countrey to beare with vs. For wheresoeuer in any Towne of Christendome should bee accused vnknowne men as we were I know not what end the very Innocents cause would haue but wee in a Heathen Countrey hauing our great Enemies two of the chiefest men in a whole Towne wanting an Interpreter ignorant of that Countrey Language did in the end see our great Aduersaries cast into Prison for our sake and depriued of their Offices and Honour for not doing Iustice yea not to escape death for as the rumour goeth they shall bee beheaded Somewhat is now to be said of the Lawes that I haue beene able to know in this Countrey and first no Theft or Murther is at any time pardoned Adulterers are put in Prison and the fact once proued condemned to dye the womans Husband must accuse them this order is kept with men and women found in that fault but Theeues and Murtherers are imprisoned as I haue said where they shortly dye for hunger and cold If any one haply escape by bribing the Iaylor to giue him meate his Processe goeth farther and commeth to the Court where hee is condemned to dye Sentence being giuen the Prisoner is brought in publike with a terrible band of men that lay him in Irons hand and foot with a board at his necke one handfull broad in length reaching downe to his knees cleft in two parts and with a hole one handfull downe-ward in the Table fit for his necke the which they enclose vp therein nayling the board fast together one handfull of the board standeth vp behind in the necke the sentence and cause wherefore the fellon was condemned to dye is written in that part of the Table that standeth before This Ceremonie ended he is laid in a great Prison in the company of some other condemned persons the which are found by the King as long as they doe liue The board aforesaid so made tormenteth the Prisoners very much keeping them both from the rest and eke letting them to eate commodiously their hands being manicled in Irons vnder that board so that in fine there is no remedie but death In the chiefe Cities of euery shire as we haue beforesaid there be foure principall Houses in each of them a Prisoner but in one of them where the Taissu maketh his abode there a greater and a more principall Prison then in any of the rest and although in euery Citie there be many neuerthelesse in three of them remayne onely such as bee condemned to dye Their death is much prolonged for that ordinarily there is no execution done but once a yeere though many dye for hunger and cold as we haue seene in this Prison Execution is done in this manner The Chian to wit the high Commissioner or Lord Chiefe Iustice at the yeares end goeth to the head Citie where hee heareth againe the causes of such as bee condemned Many times he deliuereth some of them declaring that board to haue beene wrongfully put about their neckes the visitation ended he chooseth out seuen or eight not many more or lesse of the greatest Malefactors the which to feare and keepe in awe the people are brought into a great Market place where all the great Louteas meete together and after many Ceremonies and Superstitions as the vse of the Countrey is are beheaded This is done once a yeare who
sell. In like manner euery Artizan painteth out his craft the Market places be large great abundance of all things there be to be sold. The Citie standeth vpon water many streames runne through it the bankes pitched and so broad that they serue for streets to the Cities vse Ouer the streames are sundry Bridges both of Timber and Stone that being made leuell with the streets hinder not the passage of the Barges to and fro the Chanels are so deepe Where the streames come in and goe out of the Citie be certayne Arches in the Wall there goe in and out their Parai that is a kind of Barges they haue and this onely in the day time at night these Arches are closed vp with gates so doe they shut vp all the gates of the Citie These streames and Barges doe embellish much the Citie and make it as it were to seeme another Venice The buildings are euen well made high not lofted except it be some wherein Merchandize is laid It is a World to see how great these Cities are and the cause is for that the houses are built euen as I haue said and doe take a great deale of roome One thing we saw in this Citie that made vs all to wonder and is worthy to be noted Namely ouer a Porch at the comming into one of the afore-said foure Houses the which the King hath in euery share for his Gouernours as I haue before said standeth a Towre built vpon fortie Pillars each one whereof is but one stone each one fortie handfuls or spans long in breadth or compasse twelue as many of vs did measure them Besides this their greatnesse such in one piece that it might seeme impossible to worke them they bee moreouer couered and in colour length and breath so like that the one nothing differeth from the other Wee are wont to call this Countrey China and the people Chineans but as long as wee were Prisoners not hearing amongst them at any time that name I determined to learne how they were called and asked sometimes by them thereof for that they vnderstood vs not when wee called them Chineans I answered them that all the Inhabitants of India named them Chineans wherefore I prayed them that they would tell me for what occasion they are so called whither peraduenture any Citie of theirs bare that name Hereunto they alwayes answered me to haue no such name nor euer to haue had Then did I aske them what name the whole Countrey beareth and what they would answer being asked of other Nations what Countrey-men they were It was told me that of ancient time in this Countrey had beene many Kings and though presently it were all vnder one each Kingdome neuerthelesse enioyed that name it first had these Kingdomes are the Prouinces I spake of before In conclusion they sayd that the whole Countrey is called Tamen and the Inhabitants Tamegines so that this name China or Chineans is not heard of in that Countrey I doe thinke that the nearenesse of another Prouince thereabout called Cochinchina and the inhabitants thereof Cochinesses first discouered before that China was lying not farre from Malacca did giue occasion both to the one Nation and to the other of that name Chineans as also the whole Countrey to bee named China But their proper name is that aforesaid I haue heard moreouer that in the Citie Nanquim remayneth a Table of gold and in it written a Kings name as a memorie of that residence the Kings were wont to keepe there This table standeth in a great Palace couered alwayes except it bee in some of their festiuall dayes at what time they are wont to let it bee seene couered neuerthelesse as it is all the Nobilitie of the Citie goeth of dutie to doe it euery day reuerence The like is done in the head Cities of all the other Shires in the Palaces of the Ponchiassini wherein these aforesaid tables doe stand with the Kings name written in them although no reuerence bee done thereunto but in solemne Feasts I haue likewise vnderstood that the Citie Pachin where the King maketh his abode is so great that to goe from one side to the other besides the Suburbs which are greater then the Citie it selfe it requireth one whole day a horsebacke going hackney pace In the Suburbs bee many wealthy Merchants of all sorts They told me furthermore that it was Moted about and in the Motes great store of Fish whereof the King maketh great gaynes It was also told mee that the King of China had no King to wage battell withall besides the Tartars with whom hee had concluded a peace more then fourescore yeeres agoe There bee Hospitals in all their Cities alwayes full of people wee neuer saw any poore bodie beg We therefore asked the cause of this answered it was that in euery Citie there is a great circuit wherein bee many houses for poore people for Blinde Lame Old folke not able to trauell for age nor hauing any other meanes to liue These folke haue in the aforesaid houses euer plentie of Rice during their liues but nothing else Such as bee receiued into these houses come in after this manner When one is sicke blinde or lame hee maketh a supplication to the Ponchiassi and prouing that to bee true he writeth hee remaineth in the aforesaid great lodging as long as he liueth besides this they keepe in these places Swine and Hennes whereby the poore bee releeued without going a begging I sayd before that China was full of Riuers but now I minde to confirme the same anew for the farther wee went into the Countrey the greater we found the riuers Sometimes we were so farre off from the Sea that where wee came no Sea-fish had beene seene and Salt was there very deare of fresh-water Fish yet was there great abundance and that fish very good they keepe it good after this manner Where the Riuers doe meete and so passe into the Sea there lyeth great store of Boates specially where no salt-water commeth and that in March and Aprill These Boates are so many that it seemeth wonderfull neither serue they for other then to take small fish By the riuers sides they make leyres of fine and strong Nets that lye three handfuls vnder water and one aboue to keepe and nourish their Fish in vntill such time as other fishers doe come with Boates bringing for that purpose certaine great Chests lyned with paper able to hold water wherein they carrie their fish vp and downe the riuer euery day renewing the chest with fresh-water and selling their fish in euery Citie Towne and Village where they passe vnto the people as they need it most of them haue Net-leyres to keepe Fish in alwayes for their prouision Where the greater Boates cannot passe any farther forward they take lesser and because the whole Countrey is very well watred there is so great plentie of diuers sorts of Fish that it is
most slaine by Panians men Coia Acem which before was not knowne seeing his Moores ready to try the waters courtesie to escape those fiery enemies armed in Buffe with Plates fringed with Gold cryed out aloud that he might be heard La â—lah illâ—llah Muhamed roçolalah what shall you Muslemans and iust men of the Law of Mahomet suffer your selues to be conquered of so fâ—eble a Nation as are these Dogges which haue no more heart then white Hens and bearded women to them to them the Booke of Flowres hath giuen promise from our Prophet to you and me to bathe our selues in the bloud of these Cafres without Law With these cursed words the Deuill so animated them that it was fearefull to see how they ranne on our Swords Faria on the other side heartned his in the name of Christ crucified and with a zealous feruour reached Coia Acem such a blow with a two hand Sword on his Head-piece of Maile that he sunke to the ground and with another blow cut off his legges Whereupon his men with such furie assayled Faria not caring for thirtie Portugals which stood about him that they gaue him two wounds which put such spirit into our men that in little space eight and fortie of the Enemies lay dead vpon Coia Acem and the rest they slue all but fiue whom they tooke and bound the Boyes cutting the others in quarters and throwing them into the water with Coia Acem and the King of Bintans chiefe Caciz or Priest the shedder and the drinker of Portugall bloud as he stiled himselfe in the beginning of his Writings for which hee was of that cursed Sect much honoured Of the Enemies were slaine three hundred and eightie of ours fortie two eight of which were Portugals Faria searched the Iland and found a Village therein of fortie or fiftie houses which Coia Acem had sacked slaying some of the Inhabitants Not farre off was a great house seeming a Temple full of sicke and wounded men ninetie sixe in number which the Pyrat had there in cure whom he burned setting the house on fire in diuers places those that sought to escape being receiued on Pikes and Launces The Iunke which they had taken from the Portugals sixe and twentie dayes before Faria gaue to Mem Taborda and Antonio Anriquez in Almes for remission of his sinnes taking their Oath to take no more but their owne He tooke speciall care of the wounded and caused the slaues to be set free After all this there remayned of cleere gaines one hundred and thirtie thousand Taeis in Siluer of Iapan and other goods which that Pyrat had taken along that Coast from Sumbor to Fucheo §. II. ANTONIO FARIA his taking of Nouda a Citie in China triumph at Liampoo strange Voyage to Calempluy miserable shipwracke FAria hauing recouered his sicke men set sayle for Liampoo and beeing comne to the point of Micuy in sixe and twentie degrees by a storme he was driuen vpon a Rock in the darke night and was forced to cast out all the goods and cut all their Masts ouer-board and with much adoe we escaped with their helpe two and twentie drowned by ouer-hastinesse to the Iunke of Mem Taborda The second day after came two Portugals from Quiay Panians Iunke and plained to vs their almost like misfortune one gust hauing taken away three men and cast them a stones cast into the Sea and the losse of the small Iunke with fiftie persons most of which were Christians and seuen Portugals One of the Lanteas came and told of their disaduenture the other Lantea lost only thirteene men escaping which the Countrey people carryed Captiues to Nouday so that two Iunkes and a Lantea with aboue one hundred persons were lost and in Munition and other goods aboue two hundred thousand Cruzados the Captayne and Souldiers hauing nothing left but that on their backes The Coast of China is subiect to these strokes more then other Countries so that none can sayle thereon one yeare without disasters except at the full and change they betake them to their Ports which are many and good without barred entries except Laman and Sumbor Faria went and anchored before Nouday and sent some to sound and to take some of the people to enquire of his men who brought a Barke with eight men and two women one of whom hauing first sworne by the Sea that it below and the winds aboue should pursue him if heâ— brake his Faith and the beautie of the starres whose eyes beheld all wrong as the Chinese requested told him that he taking them to be Sea Rouers and Robbers had taken them and cast them in Irons Faria writ to the Mandarin by two of those Chinois with a Present worth two hundred Duckets to returne his men which returned the next day with an Answere written that himselfe should come and demand Iustice at his feet and he would doe as hee saw cause Hee wrote againe offering two thousand Taeis for their Redemption signifying that hee was a Portugall Merchant which came to trade at Liampoo and payd Customes without any Robbery and that the King of Portugall his Lord was in true amitie with his Brother the King of China and in Malaca his subjects vsed the Chinois justly This calling the King of Portugall the King of Chinas Brother he tooke so hainously that he caused the China Messengers to be whipped and their eares cut and sent them backe with a railing Answere written to Faria which had so proudly blasphemed calling his King the Brother of the Sonne of the Sunne the Lion crowned with incredible power in the Throne of the Vniuerse vnder whose feet all Crownes of all that gouerne the Earth are placed with all their Seniories as all Writers affirme in their Histories For this Heresie he burned his Writing with his Picture as he would doe to himselfe charging him presently to set sayle and be gone Faria enraged resolued to assault the Towne hauing three hundred men seuentie of them Portugals with the company of Quiay Panian for that feat Hauing therefore taken foure Barkes the next morning betimes with them three Iunkes and a Lorcha or Lantea he went vp the Riuer and had sixe fathomes water and an halfe anchoring by the wals And striking sayle without salutation of Artillery we put off our Flagge of contract after the China custome to fulfill all complements of peace sending new offers of loue and further satisfaction for the Prisoners But the Mandarine full of indignation hardly vsed the Messengers on the wall in sight of the Armada whereupon Faria desperate of doing any good that way leauing order with the Iunkes continually to shoot at the Enemie where they were thickest he with his company landed without contradiction and marched to the Towne When we were comne within little more then a Calieuer shot of the Ditch without the wall there issued by two gates one thousand or twelue hundred about one hundred of
nor Siluer And therefore I besought the King that he would punish this deceiuer Tioneg that the good iustice that is vsed in China might be knowne In the time of the former Vice-roy and Capado Tioneg and his companion Yanlion deliuered this vntruth I afterward besought the King that hee would cause all the Papers of the cause of Tioneg to be coppied out and that he would send for the said Tioneg with his processes before himselfe And I my selfe saw the said Papers and caused it to appeare that all was but lyes which the said Tioneg had said I wrote vnto the King saying That by reason of the lyes which Tioneg had made the Castillians suspected that wee sought to make warre vpon them and that therefore they had slayne aboue thirtie thousand Chineses in Luzon The King did that which I besought him And so he chastised the said Yanlion commanding him to bee put to death And hee commanded Tionegs head to be cut off and to be put in a Cage The people of China which were slayne in Luzon were in no fault And I with others negotiated this businesse with the King that I might know his pleasure in this affaire and in another matter which was this That there came two English ships to these coasts of Chincheo a thing very dangerous for China That the King might consider what was to bee done in these two matters of so great importance Likewise wee wrote vnto the King that he would command the two Sangleys to be punished which shewed the Hauen to the Englishmen And after wee had written these things aforesaid to the King he answered vs thâ—t wee should learne wherefore the English ships came vnto China whether they came to robbe or no That they should dispatch from thence a Messenger immediatly to Luzon and that they should signifie to them of Luzon that they should not giue credite to the base and lying people of China And that forthwith they should put to death those two Sangleyes which shewed the Hauen to the Englishmen And touching the rest that wee wrote vnto him wee should doe as wee thought best After wee had receiued this order the Vice-roy the Capado and I sent this message to the Gouernour of Luzon That his Lordship might know the greatnesse of the King of China Seeing hee is so mightie that hee gouerneth all that the Moone and Sunne doe shine vpon And also that the Gouernour of Luzon may know the great wisedome wherewith this mighty Kingdome is gouerned Which Kingdome this long while none durst attempt to offend And albeit the Iaponians haue pretended to disquiet Corea which is vnder the Gouernment of China yet they could not obtayne their purpose but they were driuen out of it And Corea hath remayned in great peace and safety as at this day they of Luzon doe well vnderstand The Answer of Don PEDRO DE ACANNA Gouernour of the Philippinas to the Visitour of Chincheo in China THe Gouernour answered these Letters by the same Messengers that brought them vsing termes full of courtesie and authoritie Hee rehearsed the rebellion of the Sangleyes from the beginning Hee iustified the defense of the Spaniards and the punishment that was executed vpon the Offenders Hee said that no Common-wealth can be gouerned without chastising the bad nor without rewarding the good And therefore that he did not repent him of that execution because it was done for repressing of them that thought to destroy vs. That the Visitour should bee Iudge what hee would doe if the like case should happen in China That the griefe that he had was that he could not saue certaine Sangleyes Merchants Anhayes which died among the offenders But that this was vnpossible to be remedied because the furie of warre doth not giue leaue to kill some and to saue others especially being not knowne of the Souldiers in the heate of battell That vsing mercy to those that remayned aliue condemned them to rowe in the Galleyes which is the punishment which is ordayned among the Castillians for those that haue deserued death Yet if it seeme in China that it ought to be moderated hee would grant them libertie But let it be considered said Don Pedro that this may be a cause that in not chastising so great an offence they may hereafter fall againe into the same A thing that would shut vp all accesse vnto fauour That the goods of the Chineses that were slayne are in safe custodie And that it may be seene that no other affection moueth mee then that of iustice I will shortly send them to be deliuered to the right Heires or vnto such persons as of right they belong vnto None other respect moueth mee to any of these things but that of reason Whereas you tell mee That if I will not set at libertie those prisoners licence will be granted in China to the kinsfolke of those which died in the Rebellion to come with an Armie to Manila it breedeth no feare in mee For I hold the Chineses to be so wise that they will not be moued to such things vpon so weake a ground especially none occasion thereof being giuen them on our part And in case they should be of another minde wee Spaniards are a People which know very well how to defend our Right Religion and Territories And let not the Chineses thinke that they are Lords of all the World as they would haue vs thinke For wee Castillians which haue measured the World with spannes know perfectly the Countreyes of China Wherefore they shall doe well to take knowledge that the King of Spaine hath continuall warres with as mighty Kings as theirs is and doth suppresse them and putteth them to great troubles And it is no new case that when our enemies thinke that they haue vanquished vs they finde vs marching and destroying the Confines of their Land and not to cease vntill wee haue cast them out of their Thrones and taken their Scepters from them I would be much grieued with the change of the commerce But I beleeue also that the Chineses would not willingly lose it since that thereby they obtayne so great profit carrying to their Kingdome our Siluer which neuer faileth in trucke of their merchandise which are slight things and soone worne out The ships of the Englishmen which arriued on the coast of China it was determined not to receiue because they be no Spaniards but rather their enemies and Pirats Wherefore if they come to Manila they shall be punished Finally bâ—causâ— wee Spaniards doe alwaies iustifie our causes and doe boast our selues that it cannot bee said in the world that wee vsurpe other mens possessions nor inuade our friends that shall be fulfilled which is here promised And from hence forward let them know in China that wee neuer doe any thing for feare nor for threats of our enemies Don Pedro concludeth offering continuance of amitie by new bonds of peace with the Kingdomes of
The house of the flowre of Diuine men the other to bee placed in the Hall inscribed The holy Nation of the West which wanne them great reputation this Magistrate being much reputed for learning and vertue Our wants caused Ruggerius to intreat leaue to goe to Amacao for supply which hee obtayned with a faire Ship and thirtie Rowers The Gouernour requested also that a Clocke might bee made for him But the pouertie of the Amacaons their Ship not being come from Iapon and the Colledge enioying no Rents caused him to send the workman to Sciauquin to make it there which hee tooke in good part Now the Chinois are a people suspicious of Strangers especially those ruder parts of the Prouince of Canton and much muttered at the Portugals Commerce saying they made all things dearer and the profit came but to few They gaue an odious appellation to the Portugals calling them Deuils To this Fame had added a spurre reporting that their famous Tower was the worke of Strangers which had no ground but that their house was building at the same time and the Flourishing Tower was stiled the Strangers Tower They therefore in Ruggerius absence offered great abuses by throwing stones being angrie that they kept their house shut which they would haue had made an Idoll Temple alway open to all One boy in throwing stones was taken by the seruant and brought in but at others request soone dismissed Hereupon two neighbours conspired to set a fellow on worke to accuse these strangers for seducing Children as they had done this youth his brother so they agreed and kept him three dayes with intent to sell him for a Slaue at Amacao The two neighbours offered to bee witnesses hereof The accusation was put vp in pittifull manner and the Gouernour much moued the Father fetched into Court by an Officer before hee could haue leasure to write his answer The Interpreter had filled his sleeues with stones which hee powred out in Court as witnesses of their abuses The Iudge smelt the businesse and by examination of the Tower work-man which had seene it found out the knauerie and rewarded it with terrible whipping and forbad all abuses to bee offered to them Ricius his skill in the Mathematickes which hee had learned being an Auditor of Clauius at Rome was no small helpe to them They had a Cosmographicall Map in Europaean Characters hanging in their Hall which the learned beheld with great pleasure much desiring to see it in China characters little knowing as little hauing to doe with the rest of the world They had Maps pretending a Description of the world but presented onely their fifteene Prouinces with the Sea and a few Ilands and the names of such Kingdomes as they had heard of all which Kingdomes scarcely equalled one Prouince of China They now wondred much to see themselues straightned in an Easterne corner of the world and Ricius at the Gouernours request published it in China characters and inserted as hee saw cause the rites of the world and the Christian holies They haue a conceit that the Heauens are round the Earth square and their Empire to bee seated in the midst thereof hee therefore so proiected his Description that he presented China in the midst They that before thought basely of all other men as if else-where were no King nor Republike nor Bookes began to be better conceited of Europaeans and to bee better prepared for the seed of the Gospell and might hereby also lesse feare Europaean forces so remote from them This worke hee often reuised and corrected till it came at last both to the two Royall Cities and to the Kings house The workeman at the same time finished the Clocke and both were together presented to the Gouernour who at his owne cost published the Map and soone after restored the Clocke because hee had none which knew how to order it The Ship comming from Iapon Ruggerius well releeued returned whereby the house was finished their debts payed and the building with stories the disposition of the windowes furniture faire situation on the Riuer with goodly prospect and Europaean rarities brought many euen great Magistrates to behold it Ricius proceeded to make Spheares of Brasse and Iron hee Printed also Globes and made Sunne-dyals which hee gaue to the Magistrates And by his lectures on these subiects he got reputation of the best Astrologer in the world they esteeming others by themselues The Gouernour was about this time aduanced to a higher Dignitie called Lin-si-tau hauing the rule of two or three Regions and all the Townes therein not remoouing from Sciauquin and as the Chinois are superstitious obseruers of Auguries he conceiued that he prooued the luckier man by this familiaritie with our men which hee signified when they came to him with a present to gratulate these honours In the Philippinas the newes of the Iesuites successe caused the Gouernour to send the Treasurer Iohn Baptista Romanus to Amacao with Father Alfonso Sancius a Spanish Iesuite with a Watch and other presents and letters to the Iesuites to procure an Ambassage from the King of Spaine to China The Iesuites had with petitioning brought the businesse to good forwardnesse when they receiued contrary mandates from Amacao it being likely to prooue the destruction of that Citie if the Spaniards with their plentie of Siluer from Peru and New Spaine should haue trade in China neither did this belong to the Spaniards but to the Portugals according to the Composition betwixt the two Kings made by Alexander the sixth and although they are both subiect now to one Crowne yet their priuiledges remayne distinct without confusion Thus both the Magistrate aduised and their superiour the Rector prohibited them to proceed Yet the former working was not ceased by Silence till the Amacaon Magistrates laboured with diuers reasons to diuert the Ambassage Capralis the Rector was desirous to see their house and they procured the Linsitaus leaue so that hee came thither viewed all and Baptised both the young-man before mentioned which kept the Altar and a learned man which read the China Bookes to the Fathers this called Paul the other Iohn the first China Conuerts Valignanus made Prouinciall of India hearing of this successe sent thither Father Edward Sande and Father Antonie Almeida and obtained of the Vice-roy Edward Menese an annuall stipend for this mission They came to Amacao in Iuly 1585. At the same time it seasonably hapned that Linsitau was commanded from the Court to procure of the Strangers at Amacao certaine goodly feathers for the King He furnished a faire ship and sent Ruggerius thither and brought with him Father Edward Sande who went to salute Linsitau and gaue him no meane gift of our Commodities to procure abode whereof nothing so pleased him as a triangle Glasse Hee giues him leaue to stay on condition that they admit no other companion In Linsitaus place had succeeded
the Mandarines which come this way aske vs why we stay amongst these Mangines that is Rusticks and Barbarians We must say they leaue the Barke and pierce to the pith and marrow of the Kingdome if we would see the China splendor and politie He writes for Labourers Bookes Images and Pictures for consolation of new Conuerts the Ethnicks worship that of the Virgin and call her Scin mu nian nian that is holy Mother and Queene of Queenes and ends with imploring the patronage and intercession of all the heauenly Quire specially of the blessed Virgin the Apostles the Angels guardians of China to obtaine of the holy Trinitie happy successe to their endeuours c. But wee will returne to our best acquainted in China Ricius whom we left newly arriued at Nanquin The case was now altered at Nanquin they went on foot without impediment to their lodging which was in a huge Monastery called Cinghensu in which is great resort of guests which there hire lodgings being built in the centre of the Citie The Iaponians were now beaten from Corai and Quabacondono was dead which had so terrified that vnwarlike Nation He heard that they had heard of his going to Pequin and that the Corai warre was the frustrating of his designes in that vnseasonable time The President was verie glad of his comming and exhorted him to buy a house there and sends two of his followers to looke out for one Scarsly had he and Chiutaiso gotten home to their lodging when the President followeth to visit them which hee did with the solemnest Rites And when they were set in the Hall the Abbot came to offer them the wonted potion kneeling to all three to the President hee was bound as supreme gouernour of Temples and the President inuited the Father to spend two or three daies in his house to see the Fire-workes which that full Moone the first of the yeere would bee to bee seene which strange deuices of lights that and the following nights which he did and beheld that which without wonder cannot be beholden the Nanquiners herein exceeding as may be thought the whole world When it was reported that the President had visited him all the Maiestie of Magistrates did the like yea some whom he had not visited The President of the Court of Criminall Causes and the President of the Treasury which is the second Tribunall came with rites gifts as also did others yea hee which a little after was the High Colao at Pequin which all vrged him to buy a house and he now went thorow all Streets and Palaces without gainesaying which he knew from a vision hee before had had thereof and procured a house which the President helped to furnish So much admiration and respect had the opinion of Europaean science acquired to him these being to the China wits baits for the Gospels fishing Now first did they heare that the Earth was round for they conceited the Heauen round and the Earth square that the Centre drew all heauie things to it that the Vniuerse was inhabited round that there were Antipodes that the Earths interposition caused the Moones eclipse some saying that the Moon opposite to the Sunne was dazled or amazed others that there was a hole in the Sunne against which the Moone opposed lost her light that the Sunne was greater then the Earth and that the Starres also this was out of measure paradoxicall the like was the soliditie of the Orbes and their number the fixed posture of the Starres the Planets wandrings the eleuation and depression of the Pole according to the various Climates and likewise the inequalitie of the daies without the Tropikes Geographicall Maps in plano and Globes Meridians Parallels Degrees the Line Tropikes Poles Zones Spheres Sun-dialls they had not at all vnderstood with other points of Europaean learning A Doctor of theirs confessed himselfe ashamed For said hee you may thinke of me as wee doe of the Tartars and barbarous out-lawes for you begin where wee end which hee spake of the studie of eloquence which takes vp our childhood their whole life They numbred fiue Elements Metall Wood Fire Water Earth one of which they said was procreated of the other the Aire they did not acknowledge for one because they see it not placing a vacuum or emptinesse where wee place the aire as incredible it was that the fierie Element was the highest and that Comets and Exhalations were there with fired Father Matthew writ a booke of the Elements in their language much applauded and often by them reprinted Diuers became his Schollars one sent from his Master in Hanlin Colledge in Pequin the chiefe place for China learning to be admitted into which is a great dignitie Hee was very wittie and without any Master attained the first booke of Euclide and exacted of Father Matthew Geometricall demonstrations And when hee added some things of Christianitie you need not saith he confute that Idolatrous Sect it is enough to teach the Mathematikes For these Bonzi would also be Philosophers and Mathematicians They said the Sunne hid himselfe by night behinde a Hill called Siumi rooted in the Sea foure and twentie miles deepe And for the eclipses they said that the God Holochan caused that of the Sun couering it with his right hand and that of the Moone with his left Not at Pequin alone but at Nanquin also is a Colledge of China Mathematicians of better building then Astrologicall Science They do nothing but bring their Almanacks to the rules of the ancients when they mis-reckoned they ascribed it to irregularitie of nature not theirs deuising some prodigious euent to follow These at first were afraide that Father Matthew would haue depriued them of their dignitie and freed of that feare they visited him friendly and he them where hee saw a strange sight There is an high Mountaine on the top whereof is an open Plaine or Floore fit to contemplate the Starres In this open space one euery night is appointed to watch and obserue if any Comets or other alterations be in the skie thereof to giue the King notice and what it portends In this place of cast mettall are Mathematicall Instruments admirable for their greatnesse and neatnesse the like whereof wee haue not seene in Europe They haue continued there in all chance and change of weather neere two hundred and fiftie yeeres without damage Of them were foure greater the one a huge Globe distinguished by degrees with Meridians and Parallels as great as three men can fadome it stood on a huge Cube of brasse likewise vpon his Axel-tree in the Cube was a little doore sufficient for it to passe when need was On the vtter superficies was nothing grauen neither Stars nor Regions whereby it appeares that it was either vnfinished or purposely so left that it might serue both for a Celestiall and a Terrestriall Globe The second was a huge
bare me they would haue mee stay in the Ship I gaue them thankes and told them that I came into her not to forsake her yet not to hurt my selfe and others by any such deed Henry Greene told me then that I must take my fortune in the Shallop If there bee no remedie said I the will of GOD bee done Away went Henry Greene in a rage swearing to cut his throat that went about to disturbe them and left Wilson by me with whom I had some talke but to no good for he was so perswaded that there was no remedie now but to goe on while it was hot least their partie should faile them and the mischiefe they had intended to others should light on themselues Henry Greene came againe and demanded of him what I said Wilson answered He is in his old song still patient Then I spake to Henry Greene to stay three dayes in which time I would so deale with the Master that all should be well So I dealt with him to forbeare but two dayes nay twelue houres there is no way then say they but out of hand Then I told them that if they would stay till Munday I would ioyne with them to share all the victuals in the ship and would iustifie it when I came home but this would not serue their turnes Wherefore I told them it was some worse matter they had in hand then they made shew of and that it was bloud and reuenge hee sought or else he would not at such a time of night vndertake such a deed Henry Greene with that taketh my Bible which lay before me and sware that hee would doe no man harme and what hee did was for the good of the voyage and for nothing else and that all the rest should do the like The like did Wilson sweare Henry Greene went his way and presently came Iuet who because hee was an ancient man I hoped to haue found some reason in him but hee was worse then Henry Greene for hee sware plainely that he would iustifie this deed when he came home After him came Iohn Thomas and Michel Perce as birds of one feather but because they are not liuing I will let them goe as then I did Then came Moter and Bennet of whom I demanded if they were well aduised what they had taken in hand They answered they were and therefore came to take their oath Now because I am much condemned for this oath as one of them that plotted with them and that by an oath I should bind them together to performe what they had begun I thought good heere to set downe to the view of all how well their oath and deedes agreed and thus it was You shall sweare truth to God your Prince and Countrie you shall doe nothing but to the glory of God and the good of the action in hand and harme to no man This was the oath without adding or diminishing I looked for more of these companions although these were too many but there came no more It was darke and they in a readinesse to put this deed of darknesse in execution I called to Henry Greene and Wilson and prayed them not to goe in hand with it in the darke but to stay till the morning Now euerie man I hope would goe to his rest but wickednesse sleepeth not for Henry Greene keepeth the Master company all night and gaue mee bread which his Cabbin-mate gaue him and others are as watchfull as he Then I asked Henrie Greene whom he would put out with the Master he said the Carpenter Iohn King and the sicke men I said they should not doe well to part with the Carpenter what need soeuer they should haue Why the Carpenter was in no more regard amongst them was first for that he and Iohn King were condemned for wrong done in the victuall But the chiefest cause was for that the Master loued him and made him his Mate vpon his returne out of our wintering place thereby displacing Robert Billet whereat they did grudge because hee could neither write nor read And therefore said they the Master and his ignorant Mate would carry the Ship whither the Master pleased the Master forbidding any man to keepe account or reckoning hauing taken from all men whatsoeuer serued for that purpose Well I obtained of Henrie Greene and Wilson that the Carpenter should stay by whose meanes I hoped after they had satisfied themselues that the Master and the poore man might be taken into the Ship againe Or I hoped that some one or other would giue some notice either to the Carpenter Iohn King or the Master for so it might haue come to passe by some of them that were the most forward Now it shall not bee amisse to shew how we were lodged and to begin in the Cooke roome there lay Bennet and the Cooper lame without the Cooke roome on the steere-board side lay Thomas Wydhouse sicke next to him lay Sydrack Funer lame then the Surgeon and Iohn Hudson with him next to them lay Wilson the Boatswaine and then Arnold Lodlo next to him in the Gun-roome lay Robert Iuet and Iohn Thomas on the Lar-boord side lay Michael Bute and Adria Moore who had neuer beene well since wee lost our Anchor next to them lay Michael Perce and Andrew Moter Next to them without the Gun-roome lay Iohn King and with him Robert Billet next to them my selfe and next to me Francis Clements In the mid-ship betweene the Capstone and the Pumpes lay Henrie Greene and Nicholas Simmes This night Iohn King was late vp and they thought he had been with the Master but he was with the Carpenter who lay on the Poope and comming downe from him was met by his Cabbin-mate as it were by chance and so they came to their Cabbin together It was not long ere it was day then came Bennet for water for the Kettle hee rose and went into the Hold when hee was in they shut the Hatch on him but who kept it downe I know not vp vpon the Deck went Bennet In the meane time Henrie Greene and another went to the Carpenter and held him with a talke till the Master came out of his Cabbin which hee soone did then came Iohn Thomas and Bennet before him while Wilson bound his armes behind him He asked them what they meant they told him he should know when he was in the Shallop Now Iuet while this was a doing came to Iohn King into the Hold who was prouided for him for he had got a sword of his own and kept him at a bay and might haue killed him but others came to helpe him and so he came vp to the Master The Master called to the Carpenter and told him that he was bound but I heard no answere he made Now Arnold Lodlo and Michael Bute rayled at them and told them their knauerie would shew it selfe Then was the Shallop haled vp to the Ship side and the poore sicke
white Lime and so tough that being contriued in building it lasteth for euer The rest after the fire is out serue in stead of stones to make walls and vaults and will not dissolue or breake except with some Iron toole Their Winter lasteth nine moneths and yet there is a faire Hauen where this water falleth into the Sea not frozen by meanes whereof there is great resort of wild Fowle and Fish whch they take in infinite multitudes The Fishers Boates are made like to a Weauers shuttle of the skinnes of Fishes fashioned with the bones of the same Fishes and being sowed together with many doubles they are so strong that in foule weather they will shut themselues within the same not fearing the force either of Sea or winde Neither can the hard-hearted Rockes breake these yeelding Vessels They haue also as it were a Sleeue in the bottome thereof by which with a subtill deuice they conuey the water foorth that soaketh into them The most of these Friers spake the Latine tongue A little after this Nicolo returned and dyed in Friesland whither his brother Antonio had before resorted to him and now succeeded both in his goods and honour whom Zichmui employed in the Expedition 〈◊〉 Estotiland which happened vpon this occasion Sixe and twentie yeeres before foure Fisher-Boates were apprehended at Sea by a mightie and tedious storme wherewith after many dayes they were brought to Estotiland aboue a thousand miles West from Friesland vpon which one of the Boates was cast away and sixe men that were in it were taken and brought to a populous Citie where one that spake Latine and had been cast by chance vpon that Iland in the name of the King asked them what Country-men they were and vnderstanding their case hee acquainted the King therewith They dwelt there fiue yeeres and found it â—o bee an Iland very rich being little lesse then Iseland but farre more fruitfull One of them said hee saw Latine bookes in the Kings Librarie which they at this present doe not vnderstand They haue a peculiar Language and Letters or Characters to themselues They haue mines of Gold and other Mettals and haue Trade with Engroneland They sow Corne and make Beere and Ale They build Barkes but know not the vse of the Compasse and haue many Cities and Castles The King sent these Fisher-men with twelue Barkes Southwards to a Countrey which they call Drogio in which Voyage escaping dreadfull tempests at Sea they encountred with Canibals at Land which deuoured many of them These Fishers shewing them the manner of taking Fish with Nets escaped and for the presents which they made of their Fish to the chiefe men of the Country were beloued and honoured One of these more expert it seemeth then the rest was holden in such account that a great Lord made warre with their Lord to obtaine him and so preuayled that he and his companie were sent vnto him And in this order was hee sent to fiue and twentie Lords which had warred one with another to get him in thirteene yeeres space whereby hee came to know almost all those parts which he said was a great Countrey and as it were a new World The people are all rude and voide of goodnesse they goe naked neither haue they wit to couer their bodies with the Beasts skinnes which they take in Hunting from the vehement cold They are fierce and eate their enemies hauing diuers Lawes and Gouernours Their liuing is by hunting Further to the South-west they are more ciuill and haue a more temperate ayre They haue Cities and Temples dedicated to Idols where they sacrifice Men and after eate them and haue also some vse of Gold and Siluer Hee fledde away secretly and conueying himselfe from one Lord to another came at length to Drogio where hee dwelt three yeeres After this time finding there certaine Boates of Estotiland hee went thither with them and growing there very rich furnished a Barke of his owne and returned into Friesland where hee made report vnto his Lord of that wealthy Countrey Zichmui prepared to send thither but three dayes before they set foorth this Fisherman dyed Yet taking some of the Marriners which came with him in his stead they prosecuted the Voyage and encountred after many dayes an Iland where ten men of diuers Languages were brought vnto them of which they could vnderstand none but one of Iseland Hee told them that the Iland was called Icaria and the Knights thereof called Icari descended of the ancient pedigree of Dedalus King of Scots who conquering that Iland left his Sonne there for King and left them those Lawes which to that present they retayned And that they might keepe their Lawes inuiolate they would receiue no Stranger Onely they were contented to receiue one of our men in regard of the Language as they had done those ten Interpreters Zichmui sayling hence in foure dayes descried Land where they found abundance of Fowle and Birds egges for their refreshing The Hauen they called Cap Trin. There was a Hill which burning cast out smoake where was a Spring from which issued a certayne water like Pitch which ranne into the Sea The people of small stature wilde and fearefull hid themselues in Caues Zichmui built there a Citie and determining to inhabite sent Antonio backe againe with the most of his people to Friesland This Historie I haue thus inserted at large which perhaps not without cause in some things may seeme fabulous not in the Zeni which thus writ but in the relations which they receiued from others Howsoeuer the best Geographers are beholden to these Brethren for that little knowledge they haue of these parts of which none before had written nor since haue there beene any great in-land Discoueries The Ship-wracke of Master PIERO QVIRINO described by CHRISTOFORO FIORAVANTI and NICOLO DI MICHIEL who were present there heere contracted IT semeth to bee a conuenient dutie to make a memoriall and not suffer to bee buryed in obliuion that most lamentable and cruell Voyage full of innumerable and extreame miseries which befell a Venetian Ship wherein wee carryed aboue seuen hundred Buttes of Wine Spices Cottons and other Merchandises of great value furnished in Candia with threescore and eight men to goe towards the West The Master whereof was Master Piero Quirini a Venetian Gentleman in the yeare 1431. Who after many troubles misfortunes and wants befalne him after his departure from Candia towards the West on the sixth of Nouember in the foresaid yeere of the Lord by chance came into the mouth of the Channels of Flanders and went farre beyond them by a storme from the South towards the North-west about one hundred and fortie miles running still vpon the Iland of Vssenti where by agreement wee Christoforo Fiorauanti and Nicolo Michiel say that at noone wee founded the bottome of the Sea with the Lead and found our selues in fiue and fiftie fathome of water and afterward
to sweepe the snowe away where he should passe and were said to bee slaues which I verily beleeue because certainly they were his Subiects Then came the Prince richly apparelled with two Tartar Princes standing before on his sled and two young Dukes behind with two hundred sleds following him The eight of Februarie the Emperor sent vs sleds to ride abroad and this day the rather that we might behold a reported victorie against the reputed Rebell Demetrie c. So we the Kings Gentlemen did behold three hundred poore Prisoners seuenteene Ensignes and eleuen Drums brought in with more glorie then victorie About this time returned Peter Basman one of the Generals who had performed very honourable seruice and certainly he was the man of greatest hope and expectation in the whole Empire who was brought into the Mosco with all the Counsell Nobles Gentlemen and Merchants a grace neuer performed before to any Subiect But not without suspition of some extraordinarie secret herein and â—â—â—ides particular fauours bountifull rewards and a promise he should neuer goe againe vntill the Emperor himselfe went he was being but a young man made a Priuie Counsellor Forth with one thing I will you shall obserue the Emperors fauour and his then noble Spirit he making diuers times sute as was thought because they were in great danger to goe againe to the warres once prostrated himselfe to obtayne his desire but falling downe too humbly hee could not easily rise againe whereby the Emperor vnderstanding of his many and great wounds was said to weepe rising himselfe vp to raise and helpe him vp but extraordinarie Causes haue the like Effects as hereafter you shall vnderstand We were lodged in the same house where the young Prince Iohn of Denmarke brother to that King and our now Queene of England did lodge who would haue married the young Princesse Oucksinia the Emperors only daughter but that he vnhappily there died but not in any of those lodgings for it is a custome there that where a Prince dyes especially a stranger not of long time after to let any other lodge there Now the Ambassador vnderstanding of the conuenience of his passage downe by sled-way also fearing as wise men had cause what the issue of these warres would be knowing the state here vsed in any sutes bethought himselfe aduisedly that it was high time being the middest of Februarie to desire a second audience for his sooner dispatch which he forthwith requested and wrote a letter to that purpose vnto the Lord Chancellor Vpon the tenth of March the Ambassador with the Kings Gentlemen all richly apparelled and all his followers decently attending very honourably as before and with the like recourse of beholders and guard of Gunners but that they were said to bee Citizens by reason of their warres but in like apparell was attended to the Court being receiued with the former grace or more he ascended the Presence the Emperour and Prince holding their wonted state onely changing their Vestments with the season but for the riches nothing inferior So soone as the Ambassador and the Kings Gentlemen were come opposite to his Throne hee commanded seates that they might sit downe then with a Maiestick countenance representing rather constraint then former cheerfulnesse he declared that He his Sonne and Councell had considered his Maiesties Letter the Maiestie of King Iames of England as also on whatsoeuer else was desired and in token of his ioyfull receiued amâ—tie with the renowmed King of England as with his Predecessor he had wrote his Princely Letters to that purpose Herewith the Chancellor from the Emperour deliuered the Ambassadors his Highnesse Letters to his excellent Maiestie Withall vnderstanding by the Chancellor hee had some farther matter to intreat of then in his Briefe to his Maiestie was remembred therefore hee had appointed foure principall Councellors to consult with him of his Requests which was done After the Ambassador yeelding courteous thanks for his Maiesties fauour his Lordship attended by many Nobles proceeded to the Councell Chamber whither presently after came foure Councellors and the Emperours Tolmach who after salutations we withdrew to the next chamber where wee passed away an houre in discourse among many young Nobles hauing the Ambassadors Interpreter In the end after three or foure goings and returnes of the Chancellor from the Emperour wee went againe before him where after hee had commanded vs to sit downe as before by the mouth of the Chancellor was openly deliuered a Briefe of the whole Embassie and that dayes particular desire according to the Ambassadors request confirmed Also in good and pleasing language was declared the great desire that the Emperour had for the continuance of peace and amitie with the renowmed Iames King of England as with the late Queene Elizabeth withall that in due time all accidents well ended he would send an honourable Ambassador for further affaires as likewise to congratulate with our King of his happinesse in so plausible comming to his Right and Inheritance Likewise a Granâ— of a new Priuiledge for the Companie which he said should be vnder the golden Seale c. Which ceremonious speech ended the Emperor called for the Ambassador and the Kings Gentlemen to kisse his hand and the Princes which done with the Emperors nod or bowing to vs as likewise the Princes desiring the remembrance of his and the Princes commendations to his Maiestie the Prince and Queene of England we were dismissed but not before the Emperor said he would send home to vs. Thus we tooke our last leaue of the Emperors Court being more graciously and especially entertayned then before or then euer any would take knowledge Ambassadors were vsed withall we are honorably attended home and a Duke of great account named Knas Euan Euaâ—â—owich Courlâ—teâ— was attended with many of the Emperors seruants within our Gates following him a dinner sent from the Emperor by some two hundred persons consisting of three hundred seuerall dishes of Fish for it was now Lent of such strangenesse greatnesse and goodnesse for their number as it were not to bee beleeued by any report but by a mans owne eye-sight with infinite store of Meades and Beere in massie plate c. The eighteenth of March the Emperor sent by Vassilly â—râ—gâ—râ—wich Tâ—lâ—pnoâ—e the Roll wherein was the Demands of the Ambassador and the particulars of the whole negotiation as there at large appeares The nineteenth his Maiestie sent 〈◊〉 Mâ—nshoy Buldâ—coâ—e vnder Treasurer a royall Present to the Ambassador of many particulars also to each of the Kings Gentlemen being rewarded he departed The twentieth of March being honourably accompanyed with thousands of Gallants of each side the streets all along as we passed the Ambassador departed from the Citie of Mosco with the whole numbers of horse-men still becking vs till we came a shore mile on this side the Citie where we made a stand and after some complement betweene the Ambassador and his
couenants and agreements the Generall Sandamersko himselfe hath confessed to our Maiestie and Nobles that the foresaid agreements and couenants betwixt him and the foresaid Gryshca were true and how that they trusted one to another moreouer the Palatine did certifie vnto our Nobles how Gryshca sent him a Letter vnder his owne hand and Seale in which he promised to giue him Smolensko with all the Prouinces belonging thereto and another place called Seeuerow as also gaue him liberty to set vp Monasteries and the Religion of the Church of Rome Further there was found by him Letters which were sent to him from the Pope of Rome and the Cardinals and Priests to that effect that he should remember and withall be mindefull to take in hand speedily those matters and businesse vpon which he had giuen to Sigismund and the Cardinals his troth and vow the which was as beforesaid to be himselfe of the Romish Religion as also to bring all the people of the Kingdome of Russia into the same Romish Religion not onely them that of themselues were willing thereto but also others by compulsion and to put them to death that fought to contrary the same And not onely them of the Kingdome of Russia but likewise other godly people of seuerall Religion and that doe serue in the Kingdome of Mosco as the Catholicks and the Caluinists them likewise he should seeke to bring into the Romish Religion with all perswasions Moreouer Gryshca himselfe before vs and our Nobles and Courtiers and before our Commons did acknowledge as much and thereupon yeelded himselfe to be in fault as also that he did all with helpe of the Diuell hauing forsaken God For which these his vile actions this Gryshca according to the true iustice receiued an end to his life and was by abundance of people slain in the Mosco where he lay three dayes in the midst of the Citie to the view of all such like vsurpers and disturbers And because his body was loathsome vnto vs we caused it to be carried out of the Citie and there to be burnt This Enemie thus hauing ended his life then the Kings sonnes of diuers Countries now dwelling within our Kingdome with the Patriarke Metropolitanes Archbishops and Bishops with the Nobles Courtiers and the Commons made entreaty vnto vs Vasili Euanowich to raigne and gouerne ouer them and ouer all the Kingdome of Mosco as their Lord Emperour and great Duke of all Russia According to which entreatie made vnto vs by the said Kings sons of diuers Countries as likewise by our Nobles Courtiers Merchants and all the rest of the Commons of all the Kingdome of Mosco Wee are come to the great Kingdomes of Volodemar Mosco Nouogrod and as also of the Kingdomes of Cazan Astracan and Siberia and ouer all the Prouinces of the Empire of Mosco as also wee the great Lord Emperour and great Duke of all Russia are crowned with our Imperiall Crown and for the said Kings sonnes of diuers Religions and our Nobles Courtiers and Souldiers and all manner of People doe serue our Imperiall Maiesty with desire and good liking voluntarily and not by delusions and coniurations as the Poles and Lettoes were bewitched by Grishca But we the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Vasili Euanowich with great care stayed and restrayned our People from the spoyle of the Poles and the Lettoes defending them from death and withall haue commanded to let goe many of them into Poland and Letto but the chiefest of them that were of the Councell and that practised to bring trouble and dissention in the Kingdome of Mosco are now taken And we to doe an honour vnto the dead body of the true Demetrie haue vpon conference with our Metropolitanes Archbishops and Bishops and all the holy Assembly our Nobles and Courtiers and all the Kingdome of Mosco sent to the Citie of Owglets a Metropolitan named Filareta of Rostoue and Yeraslaue who was called before he was made Metropolitan Theodor Neekete which being one of the Nobles in times past and with him the Archbishops of Astracan called Feodosia and our Nobles the Duke Euan Michalowich Vorotinskoy with the rest of his fellowes commanding them to bring vp with them the body of the Prince Demetrie Euanowich who was murthered by the appointment of Boris Godonoue and to bring it vp to our Citie of Mosco with great honour which body shall be buried in the principall Church of Mosco called Michael the Archangel neare to his father the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Euan Vasilowich of famous memorie and by Gods power his body shall not be touched or abused any manner of way Likewise will we by the fauour of God honour the Funerall of Demetrie Euanowich with speciall solemnitie which body performeth many cures and worketh miraculously vnto them that come to him with Faith to be cured of their diseases And now most louing and deare brother wee calling well to minde the great amitie and friendship that was betwixt the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Euan Vasilywich and his Sonne Theodor Euanowich the Emperour Boris and the great Lady Queene Elizabeth the like brotherly loue doe we desire to haue with you most louing and deare brother to be established and continued betwixt vs as it was with them during our liues Therefore may it please you our louing brother Iames King of England after the hearing of these great and strange dangers past to reioyce with vs that he hath deliuered from such a vile enemy and that he our mercifull God hath diuided and scattered that wicked counsell and that he hath turned their cruelty vpon their owne head to their shame and confusion And concerning your Merchants that were in our Kingdome Iohn Merricke with his fellowes we haue graced them with our Emperiall presence as also haue giuen vnto the said Iohn Merricke and his fellowes a new priuiledge and Letters of fauour by which they shall come into our Kingdome and to traficke with all manner of goods freely without paying any Custome whatsoeuer and as to them was granted in former time and this fauour we haue giuen them to manifest vnto you our louing Brother our Brotherly loue And the reason that we haue not sent to you louing brother our Embassadour is because we had not time in regard of many our Emperiall affaires but hereafter doe purpose to send to visite you in your Kingdome Written at our Emperiall palace and Citie of Mosco from the beginning of the World Anno 7114. the fourth day of Iune Thus is Demetrius painted out by his Enemies which perhaps were not altogether led with simplicitie of truth but in many things made him worse that they might make their owne cause bad enough to appeare better They tell also of great outrages committed by the Poles like those sometimes here in England by the Danes their proud insulting ouer the men rauishments of women fetching them out of their houses and
nor stand for him as one himselfe nor any other Prince for him shall not practise or seeke any thing against the King of Sweden Those Lands and Castles which belongeth to the Kingdome of Sweden of old or those which now the Emperours Maiesty hath yeelded to the Kings Maiesty by this conclusion of peace he shall not seeke to get them vnder him or haue possession of them In like manner the Kings Maiesty of Sweden shall not stand against the Emperours Maiesty c. to assist the King of Poland and Lettow and all the Dominions of Poland and Lettow neyther with men nor treasure and not to be with him as one Neyther shall the Kings Maiesty by himselfe or other Princes and Gouernours seeke any practise against the Emperours Maiestie and his Lands and Castles which belong to the Emperour of Russia hee shall by no meanes seeke to get vnder him or possesse the same It is also agreed and concluded betweene vs that those Ambassadours which the Emperours Maiesty shall send to the Kings Maiesty and the Kings Maiesty to the Emperours Maiesty for the confirmation of this conclusion of peace shall haue full authority to conferre betweene the Emperours Maiesty and the Kings Maiesty of Swethland for a vnion and ioynt assistance against Sigismond King of Poland and the Crowne of Poland and the great Dukedome of Lettow in such manner as shall be thought fit and requisite by both the Princes 33. And for more certaine and firme assurance that all this here hath bin concluded and agreed on betweene vs the above said Emperours Maiestie and Kings Maiesties great ample and powerfull Ambassadours by the mediation and intercession of the great Lord King Iames his Maiesties great Ambassadour in his presence this conclusion is made established and finished and shall by our great Lord and great Duke M.F. of all Russia Sam. and by his successours and hereafter being great Lords Emperours and great Dukes be kept faithfully firmely and vnmoueable and shall be followed in all points and finished without all falshood or deceipt and our great Lords Emperours and great Dukes c. by his commandment wee his great Commissioners Ocholuech and Namestincke of Susdall Knese Dannyll Euanowich Mezetskey I the Emperours Maiesties Dwarenni and Namestincke of Shatskey Olexsey Euanowich Zuzen I the Emperours Maiesties Duke Michcola Meketesin Nouokseno I the Emperours Maiesties Duke Dobrenia Semenou haue confirmed this conclusion of peace with the kissing of the Crosse and thereunto set our hands and Seales also the Kings Maiesties of great Brittaines great Ambassadour Sir Iohn Merricke Knight Gentleman of his Maiesties priuie Chamber for the more witnessing of the same that this is also concluded here betweene vs hath firmed with his owne hand and Seale both these obligations and a confirmation which wee the Emperours Maiesties ample Ambassadours haue giuen to the Kings Maiesties great Commissioners and against that we haue taken the like writing of confirmation from the Kings Maiesties great Ambassadours Written at Stalbo in the yeare from the creation of the World 7125. the seuen and twentieth day of February HAuing here presented the fruits of his Maiesties mediation betwixt the Muscouite and Sweden I thought good also to adde this other testimonie of Bâ—ati Pacifici in the peaceable fruits of his endeuours betwixt the said King of Sweden and the King of Denmarke after bloudy warres betwixt them in which the English voluntaries were so great a part of whom if I mistake not foure thousand serued the Daâ—e vnder the command of the right honorable the Lord Willoughby The Articles of agreement betwixt them are these six concluded January 16. 1613. translated out of the Dutch Copie Printed at Copenhagen first and after at Hamburge 1. That the King of Sweden shall haue againe the Citie of Calmar with all that belongeth vnto it excepting Artillery which shall be restored to the King of Denmarke or to be sold for his profit 2. That the King of Denmarke shall haue Elsborch and Orland with all the forces and strength of Arensborch in pawne for the space of twelue yeares ensuing for the sum of fifteene Tâ—n of Gold the which sum of money the King of Sweden shall pay vnto the King of Denmark within the foresaid twelue yeares at certaine times in consideration of his charges during the said warres 3. That the Nauigation and passages by Seas and Land to Norway shall be vsed free without any hinderance of those of Sweden 4. That Lapland shall be free without giuing of any contribution 5. That the King of Denmarke shall haue Grone-land free without paying of any contribution vnto the King of Sweden 6. That the King of Denmarke shall beare the three Crownes without any gaine-saying or contradiction of the King of Sweden which was the first and principall cause of these aforesaid bloudy and vnneighbourly warres and continuall irruptions Both Kings subscribing hereto CHAP. XI A relation of two Russe Cossacks trauailes out of Siberia to Catay and other Countries adioyning thereunto Also a Copie of the last Patent from the Muscouite A Copie of a Letter written to the Emperour from his Gouernours out of Siberia TO our Lord Emperour and great Duke Michaile Fedrâ—wich of all Russia your Maiesties Vassals Euan Kâ—â—rakiâ— and Euan Kâ—bâ—â—litiâ— doe knocke their heads c. Lord this present 7127. yeere or 1619 we writ vnto your Maiestie by a Cozack of Tobolsko Clement Oboshkin that there were come to Tobolsko Ambassadours out of the Dominions of Catay and from the King of Altine with the people of Tobolsko Euashâ—â— Petlin and Andrashko Madiegene And with them together doe go to you great Lord Ambassadours out of the Dominions of Labin and the Altine Char from Skiâ—gia with presents the which we dispatcht to your Maiestie with Burnash Nikâ—â—â—â—e the sixt of Iuly and before them wee dispatcht to your Maiestie Euashkâ— Pettlin and Patoy Kizall by whom we sent vnto your Maiestie a Letter from Tambur King of Cathay and a Copie of the King Altines Letter translated with a Card and description of the places which way Euashkâ— Petlin Andrushko Madigene passed from the Castle of Tomao into the Dominions of Catay as also in what other Dominions they were The Letter it selfe which came from Altine Char Labatharshan doth carrie to your Maiestie but as for the Letter out of Catay there is none in Tobolsko to translate it The Copie of the Altine Chars or golden Kings Letter to the Emperour of Russia TO the Lord Emperour and great Duke The golden King receiued your Letter In former times Lord it came to my hearing that your Princely good Ambassadours did seeke a way or passage to come to me since which time it is now thirteene yeeres but then the people of 〈◊〉 Tubâ—ntâ— Maâ—tà ra black Kolmaks did not suffer your Princely good Ambassadors to come to me but did rob and spoile them Now since ten of your Maiesties people are come to me
was sent to doe and that hee not being armed to resist the force of the Saluage people that might happen hee therefore set sayle and returned homewards againe towards Noua Spania where hee arriued at Acapulco Anno 1592. hoping to be rewarded greatly of the Viceroy for this seruice done in this said Voyage Also he said that after his comming to Mexico hee was greatly welcommed by the Viceroy and had great promises of great reward but that hauing sued there two yeares time and obtained nothing to his content the Viceroy told him that he should be rewarded in Spaine of the King himselfe very greatly and willed him therefore to goe into Spaine which Voyage hee did performe Also he said that when he was come into Spaine he was greatly welcommed there at the Kings Court in wordes after the Spanish manner but after long time of suite there also hee could not get any reward there neither to his content And that therefore at the length he stole away out of Spaine and came into Italie to goe home againe and liue among his owne Kindred and Countrimen he being very old Also he said that hee thought the cause of his ill reward had of the Spaniards to bee for that they did vnderstand very well that the English Nation had now giuen ouer all their voyages for discouerie of the North-west passage wherefore they need not feare them any more to come that way into the South Sea and therefore they needed not his seruice therein any more Also he said that in regard of this ill reward had of the Spaniards and vnderstanding of the noble minde of the Queene of England and of her warres maintayned so valiantly against the Spaniards and hoping that her Maiestie would doe him iustice for his goods lost by Captaine Candish he would bee content to goe into England and serue her Maiestie in that voyage for the discouerie perfectly of the North-west passage into the South Sea and would put his life into her Maiesties hands to performe the same if shee would furnish him with onely one ship of fortie 〈◊〉 burden and a Pinnasse and that he would performe it in thirtie dayes time from one end to the other of the Streights And he willed me so to write into England And vpon this conference had twise with the said Greeke Pilot I did write thereof accordingly into England vnto the right honourable the old Lord Treasurer Cecill and to Sir Walter Raleigh and to Master Richard Hakluyt that famous Cosmographer certifying them hereof by my Letters And in the behalfe of the said Greeke Pilot I prayed them to disburse one hundred pounds of money to bring him into England with my selfe for that my owne purse would not stretch so wide at that time And I had answere hereof by Letters of friends that this action was very well liked and greatly desired in England to bee effected but the money was not readie and therefore this action dyed at that time though the said Greeke Pilot perchance liueth still this day at home in his owne Countrie in Cefalonia towards the which place he went from me within a fortnight after this conference had at Venice And in the meane time while I followed my owne businesse in Venice being in Law suit against the Companie of Merchants of Turkie and Sir Iohn Spencer their Gouernour in London to recouer my pension due for my office of being their Consull at Aleppo in Turkie which they held from me wrongfully And when I was as I thought in a readinesse to returne home into England for that it pleased the Lords of her Maiesties honourable Priuie Counsell in England to looke into this Cause of my Law suit for my reliefe I thought that I should be able of my owne puâ—se to take with me into England the said Greeke Pilot. And therefore I wrote vnto him from Venice a Letter dated in Iuly 1596. which is copied here-vnder Al Mag co Sig or Capitan IVAN DE FVCA Piloto de Indias amigo mio char mo en Zefalonia MVy honrado Sennor fiendo yo para bueluerme en Inglatierra dentre de pocas mezes y accuerdandome de lo trattado entre my y V. M. en Venesia sobre el viagio de las Indias me ha parescido bien de scriuir esta carta à V. M. paraque si tengais animo de andar con migo puedais escribirme presto en que maniera quereis consertaros Y puedais embiarmi vuestra carta con esta nao Ingles que sta al Zante sino hallais otra coientura meier con el sobrescritto que diga en casa del Sennor Eleazar Hycman Mercader Ingles al tragetto de San Thomas en Venisia Y Dios guarde la persona de V. M. Fecha en Venesia al primer dia de Iulio 1596. annos Amigo de V. M. Michael Lok Ingles And I sent the said Letter from Venice to Zante in the ship Cherubin And shortly after I sent a copie thereof in the ship Mynyon And also a third copie thereof by Manea Orlando Patron de Naue Venetian And vnto my said Letters he wrote mee answere to Venice by one Letter which came not to my hands And also by another Letter which came to my hands which is copied here-vnder Al Ill mo Sig or MICHAL LOCH Ingles in casa del Sig or LASARO Merca. der Ingles al tragetto de San THOMAS en Venesia MVy Illustre Seg or la carta de V. M. receui à 20. dias del Mese di Settembre por loqual veo Loche V. M. me manda io tengho animo de complir Loche tengo promettido à V. M. y no solo yo mas tengo vinte hombres para lieuar con migo porche son hombres vaglientes y assi estoi esperando por otra carta che auise à V. M. parache me embiais los dinieros che tengo escritto à V. M. Porche bien saue V. M. como io vine pouer porche me glieuo Capitan Candis mas de sessanta mille ducados come V. M. bien sane embiandome lo dicho ire à seruir à V. M. con todos mis compagneros I no spero otra cossa mas de la voluntad è carta de V. M. I con tanto nostro Sig or Dios guarda la Illustre persona de V. M. muchos annos De Ceffalonia à 24. de Settembre del 1596. Amigo seruitor de V. M. Iuan Fuca. And the said Letter came to my hands in Venice the 16. day of Nouember 1596. but my Law suite with the Companie of Turkie was not yet ended by reason of Sir Iohn Spencers suite made in England at the Queenes Court to the contrarie seeking onely to haue his money discharged which I had attached in Venice for my said pension and thereby my owne purse was not yet readie for the Greeke Pilot. And neuerthelesse hoping that my said suite would haue shortly a good end I wrote another Letter to this Greeke
Spanish inhabiters For in the most places of these Indies the Countrie men paie not and where the tithes are wanting it is supplied out of the goods royall and touching the tithes and first fruits that are to be paied many ordinances and rates are made according to the stile of these Kingdomes that the men of each Colony it is iust it should follow her customes And though the Kings of Castile and of Lyon are Lords of the tithes by Apostolike concession might take them to himselfe supplying where it wanteth with that which in other places doth exceede he leaueth them to the Prelates Churches prouiding of his own goods Royall with the liberality of so Catholik Priâ—ces to all the necessities of the poore Churches giuing to euery one that is built anew the greatest part of that which is spent in the building with a Chaliz a Bell and a painted Table That the distribution of that which proceedeth of the tithes and of that which is bestowed out of the goods Royall in maintenance of the Prelates Dignities and Canons of the Cathedrall Churches and Benefices Cures and persons that are occupied in the diuine Seruice and instructing of the Indians may be fruitfully imploied according to the holy intention of the Kings the supreme Counsell hath made good ordinances First that all the said persons be of an approued life and customes especially those that doe meddle in the Doctrines being first examined touching learning and after in the language of the Indians for it would little auaile that the Disciples should not vnderstand the Maister and that these do continually reside and that no Curate or Teacher may haue two Benefices and that those which shall from these parts passe to the Indies be more approued it is commanded that no Priest doe passe without licence of his Prelate and of the King and that if any be there found without it presently they should send him to Spaine And that the manner how the Royall Patronage is gouerned may better be vnderstood seeing it appertaineth to this Crowne because that it hath discouered and acquired that New World and hath also built and endowed out of the goods Royall so many Churches Monasteries as by the Apostolike concession that for no cause the said patronage nor any part of it either by custome or prescription or other title may be separated from it it is ordained what care the Vice-roies Counsels Gouernors Rulers are to haue in it and what penalties the transgressors should incur First that no Cathedrall or Parish Church Monasterie Hospitall nor votiue Church should be founded without consent of the King That when in the Cathedrall Churches there are not foure Beneficed men resident prouided by royall presentation canonicall prouision of the Prelate because the other Prebends be voide or absent for more then eight moneths though for a lawfull cause The said Prelate till such time as the King doth present may chuse to the accomplishing of the foure Clarks besides those that are prouided and resident of the most sufficient of those that shall offer themselues without that the said prouision be in Titulo to be remoueable at pleasure that they haue no seate in the Qâ—ire nor voice in Counsell That no Prelate may make canonicall institution nor giue possession of any Prebend or Benefice without presentation Royall in such a case that without delay they make the prouision and command to resort with the fruits That in all the dignities Prebends the learned be preferred before the vnlearned and those which haue serued in the Cathedral Churches of Castile and haue more exercise of the seruice of the Quire before them that haue not serued in them That at the least there be presented for euery Cathedrall Church a graduate Lawyer a Diuine for the Pulpet with the obligation that in these Kingdoms the doctoral Canons Magistrates haue another learned Diuine to read the sacred Scripture and another Lawyer or Diuine for the Cannonship of Pennance according to the sacred Counsell of Trent That all the other Benefices Cures and simples secular and regulars and the Ecclesiasticall Offices that shall be voide or prouided anew That they may be made with lesse delay and the Royall patronage may be preserued it is commanded that they be made in the forme following That any of the abouesaid Benefices or Offices being voide the Prelate shall command to make edicts with a competent tearme and of those that shall offer themselues hauing examined them and being informed of their behauior shall name of the best and the Vice-roy or Gouernor of the Prouince shal chuse one and remit the election to the Prelate that he make the prouision Collation and Cannonicall institution by way of recommendation and not in a perpetuall title so that when the King doth make the presentation and in it shal be expressed that the collation be made in a perpetuall title the Canonicall institution shall be in title and not in recommendation and the presented by the King be alwayes preferred before the presented by his Ministers That in the repartitions and Towns of the Indians and other places where they haue no benefice to elect or means to place one to administer the Sacraments the Prelates shall procure there be one to teach the Doctrine making an edict and hauing informed himselfe of his sufficiency and goodnes he shall send the nomination to the Ministers Royal that they do present him one of the two nominated and if there be but one that and in the vertue of such a presentation the Prelate shall make the prouision giuing him the instruction how he is to teach and commanding him to giue notice of the fruits That in the presentations of all the dignities offices and benefices the best deseruing and that most exercised in the conuersion of the Indians and the administration of the Sacraments shall be prouided which those that best speak the language of the Indians shall be preferred before the other That he which shall come or send to request his Maiestie to present him to some dignitie office or benefice shall appeare before the Ministers of the Prouince and declaring his petition he shall giue information of his kindred learning customes sufficiency and the Minister shall make another of his office and with his opinion to send it and that the pretendant do bring also an approbation from his Prelate for without these diligences those that come shall not be admitted That none may obtaine two Benefices or dignities in one or in sundry Churches That the presented not appearing before the time contained in the presentation before the Prelate it shall be voide and they may not make him a Cannonicall institution BEsides that which is rehearsed it is prouided that they doe not permit any Prebendary in the Cathedrall Churches to enioy the rents of it except it be seruing being resident and that the
our men thinking that all was but Superstition haue lost many memorials of ancient and holy things which might haue profited much This proceedeth of a foolish and ignorant zeale who not knowing nor seeking to know what concerned the Indians say preiudicately that they are all but Witch-crafts and that all the Indians are but Drunkards incapable to know or learne any thing For such as would be curiously informed of them haue found many things worthy of consideration One of our company of Iesuits a man very wittie and well experienced did assemble in the Prouince of Mexico the Ancients of Tescuco of Talla and of Mexico conferring at large with them who shewed vnto him their Bookes Histories and Kalenders things very worthy the sight because they had their figures and Hierogliphicks whereby they represented things in this manner Such as had forme or figure were represented by their proper Images and such as had not any were represented by Characters that signified them and by this meanes they figured and writ what they would And to obserue the time when any thing did happen they had those painted Wheeles for euery one of them contayned an Age which was two and fiftie yeeres as hath beene said and of the side of those Wheeles they did paint with figures and Characters right against the yeere the memorable things that happensd therein As they noted the yeere when as the Spaniards entred their Countrey they painted a man with a Hat and a red Ierkin vpon the signe of a Reed which did rule then and so of other accidents But for that their Writings and Characters were not sufficient as our Letters and Writings be they could not so plainly expresse the words but onely the substance of their conceptions And forasmuch as they were accustomed to rehearse Discourses and Dialogues by heart compounded by their Oratours and ancient Rhethoricians and many Caphas made by their Poets which were impossible to learne by their Hierogliphickes and Characters the Mexicans were very curious to haue their Children learne those Dialogues and compositions by heart For the which cause they had Schooles and as it were Colledges or Seminaries where the Ancients taught Children these Orations and many other things which they preserued amongst them by tradition from one to another as perfectly as if they had beene written especially the most famous Nations had a care to haue their children which had any inclination to be Rhetoritians and to practise the Office of Orators to learne these Orations by heart So as when the Spaniards came into their Countrey and had taught them to reade and write our Letters many of the Indians then wrote these Orations as some graue men doe witnesse that had read them Which I say for that some which shall happily reade these long and eloquent Discourses in the Mexican History will easily beleeue they haue beene inuented by the Spaniards and not really taken and reported from the Indians But hauing knowne the certaine truth they will giue credit as reason is to their Histories They did also write these Discourses after their manner by Characters and Images and I haue seene for my better satisfaction the Pater noster Auie Maria and Symboll or generall Confession of our Faith written in this manner by the Indians And in truth whosoeuer shall see them will wonder thereat For to signifie these words I a Sinner doe confesse my selfe they painted an Indian vpon his knees at a religious mans feet as one that confesseth himselfe and for this To God most mightie they painted three faces with their Crownes like to the Trinitie and To the glorious Virgin Marie they painted the face of our Lady and halfe the bodie of a little childe and for Saint Peter and Saint Paul heads with crownes and a Key with a Sword and whereas Images failed they did set Characters as Wherein I haue sinned c. whereby we may conceiue the quicknesse of spirit of these Indians seeing this manner of writing of our Prayers and matters of Faith hath not beene taught them by the Spaniards neither could they haue done it if they had not had an excellent conception of that was taught them And I haue seene in Peru a confession of sinnes brought by an Indian written in the same sort with Pictures and Characters painting euery one of the tenne Commandements after a certayne manner where there were certayne markes like Ciphers which were the sinnes hee had committed against the Commandements I nothing doubt but if any of the most sufficient Spaniards were imployed to make memorials of the like things by by their Images and markes they would not attayne vnto it in a whole yeere no not in tenne BEfore the Spaniards came to the Indies they of Peru had no kind of writing either Letters Characters Ciphers or Figures like to those of China and Mexico yet preserued they the memory of their Antiquities and mayntaine an order in all their affaires of Peace Warre and Policie for that they were carefull obseruers of Traditions from one to another and the young ones learned and carefully kept as a holy thing what their Superiors had told them and taught it with the like care to their Posteritie Besides this diligence they supplied the want of Letters and Writings partly by painting as those of Mexico although they of Peru were very grosse and blockish and partly and most commonly by Quippos These Quippos are Memorials or Registers made of Bowes in the which there are diuers knots and colours which doe signifie diuers things and it is strange to see what they haue expressed and represented by this meanes for their Quippos serue them insteed of Bookes of Histories of Lawes Ceremonies and accounts of their affaires There were Officers appointed to keepe these Quippos the which at this day they call Quipocamayos the which were bound to giue an account of euery thing as Notaries and Registers doe heere Therefore they fully beleeued them in all things for according to the varietie of businesse as Warres Policies Tributes Ceremonies and Lands there were sundry Quippos or branches in euery one of the which there were so many knots little and great and strings tyed vnto them some Red some Greene some Blue some White and finally such diuersitie that euen as wee deriue an infinite number of words from the foure and twentie Letters applying them in diuers sorts so doe they draw innumerable words from their knots and diuersitie of colours Which thing they doe in such a manner that if at this day in Peru any Commissary come at the end of two or three yeeres to take information vpon the life of any Officer the Indians come with their small reckonings verified saying that in such a Village they giuen him so many Egges which he hath not payed for in such a house a Henne in another two burthens of grasse for his Horse and that he hath payed but so much mony and remaineth debtor so much The proofe
being presently made with these numbers of knots and handfuls of coards it remaynes for a certaine testimonie and register I did see a handfull of these strings wherein an Indian woman carried written a generall confession of all her life and thereby confessed her selfe as well 〈◊〉 I could haue done it in written Paper I asked her what those strings meant that differed from the rest she answered me they were certaine circumstances which the sinne required to be fully confessed Beside these Quippos of threed they haue another as it were a kind of writing with small stones by meanes whereof they learne punctually the words they desire to know by heart It is a pleasant thing to see the old and the impotent with a Wheele made of small stones learne the Paâ—er noster with another the Aue Maria with another the Creed and to remember what stone signifies Which was conceiued by the Holy Ghost and which Suffered vnder Pontius Pilate It is a pleasant thing to see them correct themselues when they doe erre for all their correction consisteth onely in beholding of their small stones One of these Wheeles were sufficient to make me forget all that I doe know by heart There are a great number of these Wheeles in the Church-yards for this purpose But it seemes a kind of Witch-craft to see another kinde of Quippos which they make of graines of Mays for to cast vp a hard account wherein a good Arithmetician would bee troubled with his Penne to make a diuision to see how much euery one must contribute they doe draw so many graines from one side and adde so many to another with a thousand other inuentions These Indians will take their graines and place fiue of one side three of another and eight of another and will change one graine of one side and three of another So as they finish a certaine account without erring in any point and they sooner submit themselues to reason by these Quippos what euery one ought to pay then wee can doe with the Penne. Heereby wee may judge if they haue any vnderstanding or bee brutish for my part I thinke they passe vs in those things whereunto they doe apply themselues IT shall be good to adde hereunto what we haue obserued touching the Indians Writings for their manner was not to write with a continued line but from the top to the bottome or in circle-wise The Latines and Greekes doe write from the left hand vnto the right which is the vulgar and common manner wee doe vse The Hebrewes contrariwise beganne at the right to the left and therefore their Bookes began where ours did end The Chinois write neither like the Greekes nor like the Hebrewes but from the top to the bottome for as they bee no Letters but whole words and that euery figure and Character signifieth a thing they haue no neede to assemble the parts one with another and therefore they may well write from the toppe to the bottome Those of Mexico for the same cause did not write in line from one side to another but contrary to the Chinois beginning below they mounted vpward They vsed this manner of writing in the account of their dayes and other things which they obserued Yet when they did write in their Wheeles or Signes they began from the middest where the Sunne was figured and so mounted by their yeeres vnto the round and circumference of the Wheele By words Pictures and these Memorialls the Kings were often aduertised of that which passed For this cause there were men of great agilitie which serued as Curriers to goe and come whom they did nourish in this exercise of Running from their youth labouring to haue them well breathed that they might runne to the top of a high Hill without wearinesse And therefore in Mexico they gaue the Prize to three or foure that first mounted vp the stayres of the Temple as hath beene said in the former Booke And in Cusco when they made their Solemne Feast of Capacrayme the Nouices did runne who could fastest vp the Rocke of Ynacauri And the exercise of running is generall much vsed among the Indians When as there chanced any matter of importance they sent vnto the Lords of Mexico the thing painted whereof they would aduertise them as they did when the first Spanish ships appeared to their sight and when they tooke Topanchan In Peru they were very curious of Footmen and the Ingua had them in all parts of the Realme as ordinary Posts called Chasquis whereof shall bee spoken in his place Many Nations of the Indies haue not indured any Kings or absolute and souereigne Lords but liue in Comminalties creating and appointing Captaynes and Princes for certayne occasions onely to whom they obey during the time of their charge then after they returne to their former estates The greatest part of this New World where there are no setled Kingdomes nor established Common-weales neither Princes nor succeeding Kings they gouerne themselues in this manner although there bee some Lords and principall men raised aboue the common sort In this sort the whole Countrey of Chille is gouerned where the Aâ—racanes those of Teucapell and others haue so many yeeres resisted the Spaniards And in like sort all the new Kingdome of Granado that of Guatimalla the Ilands all Florida Bresill Luson and other Countreyes of great circuit but that in some places they are yet more barbarous scarcely acknowledging any head but all command and gouerne in common hauing no other thing but will violence industry and disorder so as hee that most may most commands They haue onely found two Kingdomes or setled Empires that of the Mexicans in New Spaine and of the Inguas in Peru. It is not easie to be said which of the two was the mightiest Kingdome for that Moteçuma exceeded them of Peru in Buildings and in the greatnesse of his Court but the Inguas did likewise exceed the Mexicans in treasure riches and greatnesse of Prouinces In regard of Antiquitie the Monarchie of the Inguas hath the aduantage although it be not much and in my opinion they haue beene equall in feats of Armes and Victories It is most certaine that these two Kingdomes haue much exceeded all the Indian Prouinces discouered in this New World as well in good order and gouernment as in power and wealth and much more in Superstition and Seruice of their Idols hauing many things like one to another But in one thing they differed much for among the Mexicans the succession of the Kingdome was by election as the Empire of the Romanes and that of Peru was hereditary and they succeeded in bloud as the Kingdomes of France and Spaine THe Ingua which ruled in Peru being dead his lawfull Sonne succeeded him and so they held him that was borne of his chiefe Wife whom they called Coya The which they haue alwayes obserued since the time of an Ingua called Yupangui who married his
Iasdi a great Citie of Trade in Persia 71.1 Iaspar deare sold in China 362.20 Iassi the chiefe Towne in Walachia 633.1 Iaua maior the greatest Iland of the World 103.10 Gold there ibid. The description and Commodites ibid. Iauolgenses ancestors to the Crim Tartars 637 Ice passed ouer in Sleds 107.10 Ice with Ponds of sweet water in them at Sea 598.40 Ice one hundred and fortie fathome deepe ibid. Ice at Sea the originall cause of it 726.40 Ice 1680. foote thicke 837. The English trauell ouer it 248.10 Ice fiue and fiftie fathome thicke 487.10 Makes a thunder as it breakes ibid. Lifts vp Ships 488.10 Ice as bigge as Townes 504.40 Ice breaking like a Thunder clap 812. It makes a loathsome noyse 811.40 Ice a Market vpon it 225.30 Condemned persons thrust vnder 435.1 Ice preserued in China and why 341.30 Icoxos what in Iaponian 323.60 Idifa in Tartary 30.30 Idlenesse not permitted in Peru 1055.20 Idlenesse inueighed against 666.40 Idlenesse loated in China 175.30 Idolaters all are betwixt the Mountaines of Caucasus c. 24.1 Idolaters in Catay 20.60 Idolaters in Colchis 636.30 Idolaters diuers in the Persian Prouinces 74 Idolaters in Curland and Prussia 628.10 Idolaters in Tanguth their Ceremonies 77.10.2 Idols are the Oldest men in the house where 92.30 Idols seene two dayes Iourney off 20.30 Idols of the Mexicans their beastly shapes 1030.20 And deckings ibid. c. Idols their Temples Sacrifices of old in Island 664.40 Altars c. 665.1.10 Idols bellies filled with Iewels 408.20 How the Chinois maintaine their Idolatry Idol-Sacrifices of China 369.1 In filthy stinking houses ibid. Idols one hundred and eleuen in one Chappell 302.60 Idols huge ones 77.1 Idols men kill themselues in honour of them 104.60 Idols of the Groenlanders 838.30 Idols in Myters wheeles 263.20 Idols of the Moall Tartars 799.40 Idols made to speake by Magicke 74.1 Idols why vsed in China 334.30 Iegur a strange Corne 236.40 Ienisce a mighty Riuer 527.30 Ouerflowes like Nilus ibid. Two Riuers of that name 530.10 The Iourney thither out of Russia ibid. See Yenisce Ieraslaue in Russia 214.10 Iesuites liued twenty yeares in China 410 Iesuites in China 314.30 In Iapan 316. Their Conuersions discussed 317 Iesuite whipt to death in China 406.40 Iesuites change their Names 339.30 Iesuite set on the Pillorie in China 339.40 Iesuites Colledges in Brasill 903.20 Iesuites make Conuerts in China 320.40 Their first Station there 321.50 Iesuites the Abetters of an Impostor in Russia 756.10.40 768.1 Iesuites in China their proceedings See in Ruggierus in Ricius Iewels of the Mexicans buryed with them 1029 Iewes kept within inclosures 49.10 Igla the Iland 285.50 Ilacians or Blacians 18.60 Ilands of Men alone and of Women alone 106.30 Ilands 12700. in the Indian Sea ibid. Ilands of Hispaniola 862.40.50 Iland Santa Maria one of the Azores the Latitude 859.40 Iland of Saints in Norway subiect to Denmarke not Inhabited 614.20 The Latitude ibid. in marg Fiue miles from Rustene 615.20 Ilands of Theeues or Ladrones in the West Indies their Latitude number pouertie neerenesse to the Philippinaes the People names Diuers other Ilands there abouts and their Latitudes 907.30 Ilands of Farre on the South-east part of Island 597.30 Ilands of Moluccas their seuerall name and Latitudes 904 Ilands of Matfloe and Delgoy 477.50 Ile of Resolution the Latitude 837.10 The variation and longitude from London 838.1 Ile of Merchants 232.20 Ile of Saint Iohn of Porto Rico in the West Indies the first name distance from Hispaniola c. Commodities temperature of the Ayre Townes first Dicouerie Ports Riuers c. 864.865 Iles of Gods Mercies 596.50 Iles of Farre their Latitude 574.1 Misplaced in the Care 582.1 Illiricum when first peopled 662.20 Illocos the Ilands 283.10 Images of Christ our Lady and the Apostles mistaken by a Iew worshipped 400.40 Images with three Heads in China 303.1 And with eight Armes and other Monsters ibid. Image in China like that of our Lady 195.50 Image of Christ most solemnely honoured in China 340 Images of their Kings worshipped by the Indians 1028.50 Images Painted and not Carued honoured 217.30 Christened ibid. Images offered in Temples of China 271.1 Image Point 479.10 Images of the Tartars made of Felt 4.30 Many in one house ibid. The Tartars Lar or houshold God 4.30 Images great store in Russia prayed vnto 228. Very rich ibid. 20. 229.1 Children committed to them ibid. 20 Images worshipped with diuine honour 452. Painted not carued in the Greeke Church ibid. Called Miracle-workers 453.1 Image made without hands 456.1 Imagination the strength of it 395.60 Imperiall Ensignes of the Russe 741.20.30 Incense where it growes 959.40 Incense vsed by the Mexicans in giuing of Welcomes and in Sacrifices 1004.10.1013.60 c. Incestuous Marriages of the Kings of Peru 1054.50 1058.60 The Successe 1059.1 India the bounds of it 110.1 Indians white and faire where 893.20 Indies of the West are not the West Indies the Countries which they containe properly 903.60 in margine Their temper colours of the Indians c. 904.1 Indian delayes for aduantage 285.50 Indians 60000. to Guard the passages in Persia 68.30 Indians of the West their Stature and Complexions 992.50 Indies why they goe to them one way and returne another 923.40.50.60 The going thither shorter then the returne The Spaniards courses in Nauigation thither c. 924. And to the Philippinaes ibid. The Seasons of the seuerall Flâ—ets 859 Indies of the South described 887. Their extent Prouinces Gouernments ibid. Indian Seas haue diuers Kingdoms see page 168.10.20.30.40 Indico or Anill how it growes 957.50 Industan the Kingdome the old Names 397.50 Inferiour layes aside his State in presence of his Superiour 297.1 Inferiour natures made for the seruice of their next Superiour 942.1 Infants consulted as Oracles 395.60 Information of all monethly giuen to the King of China 189.30 His Spies ibid. Ingermanland the Title of Sweden discust 795 Ingermenum in the Crim Tartars built by the Greekes 633.50 Inhabited by Greeke Christians ibid Inger-Sound 223.10 Inguas the Kings of Peru. See Peru. Their Diadem Greatnesse Riches Honours after death c. 1054. Their Coronation ceremonies exact Iustice Policy c. 1055. Their publicke buildings reuenues c. 1056. They haue the third part of the Land 1957. Their Originall Conquests and Storie 1059. c. Euery Ingua builds a new Palace c. 1060.10 Their Succession for 3. hundred yeares together 1062.10 Their Attire Diet c. 1126.40 See pag. 1130 Ingulsus of Norway his fortunes 656.657 Peoples Island first 657. The Story ibid. Inheritance the manner of it in China 371 Inheritances in Peru went to the Brother and not to the Sonne 1054.50 Inke-making a liberall Art 383.50 Innes in China 185.50 Innes or Lodging in Tartarie none 9.10 Innes in Tartarie the prouision for them 87.10.20 c. Seuerall Stages ibid. Inquisition Spanish in the West Indies where exercised and how 910.911.871 50 Inquisition Spanish gotten into the West Indies 871.50 Inquisition
The variation of the Compasse 10. deg 40. min. Zere Iland The English suffer shipwracke The Armenian Village The latitude of Derbent 41. degrees 52. minutes The variation of the Compasse Nezauoo The particulars of their returne are omitted A strange accident of prouision for their reliefe Trauell vpon the Ice Chetera Babbas The English ship cut in pieces with Ice December Assaulted by Tartars Their returne to Astracan The breaking vp of the Ice Anno 1553. Master William Burrough was thâ—n young and with his brother in this first voyage Newnox is from the road of S. Nicholas Westward 35. miles Note Anno 1554. Anno 1555. The King and Queenes letters Entertainment by the Duke Master Killingworths beard of a maruellous length Anno 1556. the disastrous voyage Serchthrift Stephen Borough Anno 1557. Boghar voyage Muscouie trade long vnfortunate 1560. The first trade to the Narue 1560. Alcock slaine in Persia. Banister dyed in Media Edwards dyed at Astracan Note for numbers if great care bee not had how easily how dangerously mistaken * So it seemes by those words of his fol. 122. Aind a que confesso que me falta o milhor que be saber engenho para dar a entender o clima a Altura dâ—s graos c. False graduations a common thing in Maps of East and West Indies Valignanus a great Iesuite wrote a booke with that title * See of Gama tom 1. pag. 26. Straight of Mecca or the Red Sea Portugall Fortresse in Socatora before the Arabs Conquest A Martyr of Mahomet Martyrem non poena sed causa Xael or Iaâ—l insurrection Bralapisaon Tosa Span Lossa A strange answere Pullo Cambim Catimparù Lake Pinator Quitiruan Xincaleu 22. Millions Duckets Gold mines iron minds Rocke of Diamonds Similau a Pirate taken Tinacoreu or Taurlachim or Varella Truck for gold Pilaucacem Bird-wonder Cunebetee or Chiammay Pullo Champeiloo * Gauias Quiay Taiam a Pirate Thomas Mastangue his aduentures Pearle-fishers Guamboy and other Coast Cities of China Sonne of the Sunne title of the King of China Aynam or Hainam a great Iland S. from China Tanauquir Xicaulem another Pyrate A Renegado China Robber Mutipinan Benan Quangepaaru Hinimilau an Ethnike-Christianâ—Moore Pyrate Quangiparu â—lha dâ—s ladrones Miserable wracke and their fortnights miseries Reliefe almost miraculous * Milhano Wonderfull prouision Admirable escape Quoaman Comhay New Moone Tempests in China Guintoo Pullo Quirim Quiay Panian a China Pyrate Chincheo Goto Newes of Coia Acem Lailoo Opima spolia Coia Acem slaine The Caciz hatred of Christians Faria wracked the second time Violent wind Nouday China perillous Coast. Nouday assaulted Thomas Perez The Mandarine slaine Prisoners loosed The Towne sacked Comolem Ilands Premata Gundel a Pirate Another sea-fight Panians Iunke and another sunke Farias victorie 120000 Cruzados Buncalon Liampoo a Portugall Towne on the coast of China seuen leagues from Liampoo Ciuill warres in â—hina Fabulous â—umour Quouasy Farias triumph Calempluy Currents in in the Bay of Nanquin Angitur Nanganfu Sileupaquim Bay of Nanquin Buxipalem Strange Fishes Calnidan Moscumbia Alimania * A leste à lessueste Paatebenam Botinafau Gangitanou Giants Their wilde dance A Corge is 20. Sileupamor Tanamadel The wonderfull wall Statues 360. Hermitages Steples-pinacles He goeth on land Iesus made a patron of theeues He enters an Hermitage The speech betwixt Faria and an Hermit Absolons vowes Compleat hypocrisie The Hermitages Hermits attendants as Lay brethren Papall power They are discouered Xalingau Conxinacau Faria drowned and â—oth the Barkes wrâ—cked Foure other drowned An Hospitall * Malaca is said to stand in the Kingdome of Siam though now not yeelding subiection Siley iacau Suzanganee Strange oath Xiangulee hard vsage Chautir Taypor Nanquim Talagrepos The Iesuites place this Citie in 32. and in other places they likewise disagree in their calculation The reason I suppose is that Pâ—nto neuer obserued the height by Instâ—ument nor perhaps had skill thereby this he confesseth cap 105. pag. 222. but followed the Maps which at his returne he saw which haue placed Nanquin in that height falsly as I conceiue to keepe others from the true knowledge of these parts a thing vsuall in the old Maps of the East and West parts of the World and sometimes they did graduate places falsly of ignorance Nanquin described See of it in Pantoia Their iourney by water from Nanquin to Pequin * This gilding perhaps is but a kind of earth which the Chinois haue looking like gold Pocasser The Tartar Prisoner A pensile Palace 360. Pillars to the 360. dayes of the yeere Queens siluer Chappell and the riches and 〈…〉 The Iesuits say his armes are golden Dragons Monstrous statues Xinligau Leuquinau God of Sea fish Silke-loomes Huge pastures Iunquileu Alboquerque See tom 1. lib. 2. pag. 32. The Spanish hath the Palsy and it seemes a kind of Palsie gotten by stroke or blasting of the Aire Two monstrous statues and their deuotions Frequenâ—ie of China people Sampitay See Maff. l. 6. these Portugall Rebels had possessed Tamus and raised a Fort in the Iland whence followed that out rage to Perez after foure moneths trauell from Canton to the Court Lopez Soarez which sent Peirez to China went Vice-roy A. 1515. China Christians and Christianitie Loquimpau Mynes of Tuxenguim * 1000. Picoes is a Million of Taeis Pacan and Nacau China Chronicles and Legends Beginning of th◠〈…〉 Legend of Pequim No stranger may enter China The wall of China Seis brasas dalto quarenta palmos de largo Vâ—ion todas chanfradas ao picao Fiue Riuers interrupting the wall Wall-forts Thus in Spaine Malefactors aâ— sentenced to the Gallies or Garrisons of Oran Penon c Huge Prison Chaens of the wall Mindoo The customes 300000. Cruzados 3840. Hammer-men A Pico is 1000. Taeis Bigaypotim China ruled ouer India Cohilouzaa A Christian martyred Lucena hath this storie A Crosse. Mat. Escandel an Hungarian Earthquake The China Pluto Iunquilâ—nau Sem colares nem algemas How such infinite numbers liue Sugar-houses Infinite prouisions and store houses Pastures of beasts Dogs for meat Moueable Cities on the water Beauties and glories of this Riuer-Citie Bridges and high-wayes admirable Filâ—hy charity The Authors opinion Pequim Their hard vsage Their Cause heard The Fiscall set on worke it seemes by the Iudge which had senâ—enced them punished Tribunal and pompe Quansy works The Kings almâ—s Description of Paquim or as the Chinois call it Pequim Aquesendoo a Booke written of Pequin 1600. houses for Deputies 24000. sepulchers Hospitals 500. 24000. Bargemen 14000. Purueyors Curtesan street 100000. Landerers 1300. Monasteries * By letting the houses to other men 360. Gates and Castles 3800. Temples Foure chiefe Sects 120. Riuerets 1800. Bridges 120. Market-places 160. Shambles Prison of the exiled to the Tartarian wall almost eight leagues compasse * Or 18. to 45. Multitudes of Prisoners and men employed in the wall * Before hee sayd 200000. Huge Faires Another admirable Fabrike * Terreyro and so after Fire-blowers of Hell
it and aske of God that he do that for you which is contained in this written Prayer because with his owne mouth he taught it his friends and I hope he will saue you I could not doe any thing else because it was very dangerous to speake the words of doctrine by such an Interpreter nay almost impossible because he was ignorant AFter this wee entred into that plaine where the Court of Ken-Cham was which was wont to be the Countrey of the Naymans who were the peculiar Subiects of Presbyter Iohn but at that time I saw not that Court but in my returne Yet heere I declare vnto you what befell his Ancestry his Soone and Wiues Ken-Cham being dead Baatu desired that Mangu should be Chan. But I could vnderstand in certaintie of the death of Ken. Frier Andrew said that he dyed by a certaine medicine giuen him and it was suspected that Baatu caused it to be made Yet I heard otherwise for he summoned Baatu to come and doe him homage And Baatu tooke his iourney speedily with great preparation but he and his Seruants were much afraid and sent one of his Brothers before called Stichin who when he came to Ken and should waite vpon his Cup contention arising betweene them they slue one another The Widow of Stichin kept vs a whole day to goe into her house and blesse her that is pray for her Therefore Ken being dead Mangu was chosen by the consent of Baatu And was then chosen when Frier Andrew was there Ken had a certaine Brother called Siremon who by the counsell of Kens Wife and her Vassals went with great preparation towards Mangu as if he meant to doe him homage and yet in truth he purposed to kill him and destroy his whole Court. And when he was neere Mangu within one or two daies iourney one of his Wagons remained broken in the way While the Wagoner laboured to mend it in the meane space came one of the Seruants of Mangu who helped him he was so inquisitiue of their iourney that the Wagoner reuealed vnto him what Siremon purposed to doe Then turning out of the way as if hee little regarding it went vnto the herd of Horses and tooke the best Horse hee could choose and posting night and day came speedily to the Court of Mangu reporting vnto him what he had heard Then Mangu quickly assembling all his subiects caused foure rings of Armed men to compasse his Court that none might goe in or out the rest he sent against Siremon who tooke him not suspecting his purpose had beene discouered and brought him to the Court with all his followers Who when Mangu lay the matter to his charge strait-way confessed it Then he and his eldest Sonne Ken Chan were slaine and three hundred of the Nobilitie of the Tartars with them The Noble Women also were sent for who were all beaten with burning fire-brands to make them confesse and hauing confessed were put to death His youngest sonne Ken who could not be capable or guiltie of the conspiracy was left aliue And his Fathers Palace was left vnto him with all belonging vnto it as well Men as Chattels and we passed by it in our returne Nor durst my Guides turne in vnto it neither going nor comming For the Lady of the Nations sate there in heauinesse and there was none to comfort her THen went wee vp againe into the high Countries going alwaies towards the North. At length on Saint Stephens day we entred into a great Plaine like the Sea where there was not so much as a Mole-hill And the next day on the feast of S. Iohn the Euangelist we came vnto the Palace of that great Lord. But when we were neere it within fiue daies iourney our Host where we lay would haue directed vs a way farre about so that wee should yet trauaile more then fifteene daies And this was the reason as I vnderstood that wee might goe by Onam Kerule their proper Countrey where the Court of Chingis-Chan is Others said that he did it for this purpose that he might make the way longer and might shew his power the more For so they are wont to deale with men comming from Countries not subiect to them And our Guide obtained with great difficultie that we might go the right way For they held vs vpon this from the morning till three of the clocke In that way also the Secretarie whom we expected at Cailac told me that it was contained in the Letters which Baatu sent to Mangu-Chan that wee required an Army and ayde of Sartach against the Saracens Then I began to wonder much and to be greatly troubled for I knew the Tenor of the Letters and that no mention therof was made therein saue that yee aduised him to be a friend to all Christians and should exalt the Crosse and be an enemy to all the enemies of the Crosse and because also the Interpreters were Armenians of the greater Armenia who greatly hated the Saracens lest perhaps they had interpreted any thing in euill part to make the Saracens more odious and hatefull at their pleasure I therefore held my peace not speaking a word with them or against them for I feared to gainsay the words of Baatu least I should incurre some false accusation without reasonable cause We came therefore the foresaid day vnto the said Court. Our Guide had a great house appointed him and we three a little Cottage wherein wee could scarse lay our stuffe make our beds and haue a little fire Many came to visit our Guide and brought him drinke made of Rice in long strait mouthed bottles in the which I could discerne no difference from the best Antissiodorensian Wine saue that it had not the sent of Wine We were called and straightly examined vpon what businesse we came I answered that we heard of Sartach that he was a Christian we came therefore vnto him the French King sent him a Packet by vs he sent vs to Baatu his Father his Father hath sent vs hither hee should haue written the cause wherevpon they demanded whether we would make peace with them I answered he hath sent Letters vnto Sarâ—ach as a Christian and if he had knowne he were not a Christian hee would neuer haue sent him Letters to treate of peace I say he hath done you no wrong if he had done any why should you warre vpon him or his people he willingly as a iust man would reforme himselfe and desire peace If yee without cause will make warre with him or his Nation we hope that God who is iust will helpe them And they wondred alwayes repeating why came yee seeing yee came not to make peace For they are now so puffed vp with pride that they thinke the whole World should desire to make peace with them And truly if I might bee suffered I would preach Warre against them to the vttermost of my power throughout the whole World But I would
not plainly deliuer the cause of my comming lest I should speake any thing against that which Baatu commanded I told them therefore the whole cause of my comming thither was because he sent me The day following we were brought vnto the Court and I thought I could goe bare-foot as I did in our Countrey whereupon I layd aside my shooes But such as come to the Court alight farre from the house where the Great Chan is as it were a Bow-shot off where the Horses abide and a Boy to keepe them Whereupon when wee alighted there and our Guide went with vs to the house of the Great Chan a Hungarian Boy was present there who knew vs to wit our Order And when the men came about vs and beheld vs as Monsters especially because we were bare-footed and demanded whether we did not lacke our feet because they supposed we should strait-way haue lost them that Hungarian told them the reason shewing them the condition of our Order Then the chiefe Secretary who was a Nestorian and a Christian by whose counsell and aduice almost all is done came vnto vs to see vs and looked earnestly vpon vs and called the Hungarian vnto him of whom he demanded many Questions Then we were willed to returne vnto our Lodging ANd when we returned at the end of the Court towards the East farre from the Court as much as a Crosse-bow could shoot at twice I saw a house vpon the which there was a little Crosse then I reioyced much supposing there was some Christianitie there I went in boldly and found an Altar very well furnished for there in a Golden cloth were the Images of Christ and the blessed Virgin and Saint Iohn Baptist and two Angels the lineaments of their bodies and garments distinguished with Pearle and a great siluer Crosse hauing precious stones in the corners and the middle thereof and many other Embroyderings and a Candle burning with Oyle before the Altar hauing eight Lights And there sate an Armenian Monke some-what blacke and leane clad with a rough hairen Coate to the middle legge hauing vpon it a blacke Cloke of bristles furred with spotted Skinnes girt with Iron vnder his haire-cloth Presently after wee entred in before we saluted the Monke falling flat vpon the ground we sang Aue Regina Coelorum c. and he rising prayed with vs. Then saluting him we sate by him hauing a little fire before him in a Pan. Therefore we told him the cause of our comming And he began to comfort vs much saying that we should boldly speake because we were the Messengers of God who is greater then all men Afterwards he told vs of his comming saying he came thither a moneth before vs and that he was a Heremite of the Territorie of Hierusalem and that the Lord appeared to him three times commanding him to goe to the Prince of the Tartars And when he deferred to goe the third time God threatned him and ouerthrew him vpon the ground saying he should dye vnlesse he went and that he told Mangu Chan that if he would become a Christian the whole World should be obedient vnto him and the French and the Great Pope should obay him and he aduised me to say the like vnto him Then I answered brother I will willingly perswade him to become a Christian For I came for this purpose to preach thus vnto all I will promise him also that the French and the Pope will much reioyce thereat and account him for a brother and a friend but I will neuer promise that they shall become his Seruants and pay him Tribute as these other Nations because in so doing I should speake against my conscience then he held his peace We went therefore together to our Lodging which I found a cold Harbour and we had eaten nothing that day so we boyled a little flesh and Millet in the broth of flesh to sup Our Guide and his companions were drunken at the Court and little care was had of vs. At that time the Messengers of Vastace were there hard by vs which wee knew not And the men of the Court made vs rise in great haste at the dawning of the day And I went bare-foot with them a little way vnto the house of the said Messengers And they demanded of them whether they knew vs. Then that Grecian Souldier calling our Order and my companion to remembrance because he had seene him in the Court of Vastace with Frier Thomas our Minister and all his fellowes gaue great testimony of vs. Then they demanded whether wee had peace or war with Vastace we haue said I nor war nor peace And they demanded how that might be Because said I their Countries are far remoued one from the otherâ— and meddle not together Then the Messenger of Vastace said wee had peace giuing mee a caueat so I held my tongue That morning my toes ends were frozen so that I could no longer goe bare-foot for in those Countreyes the cold is extreame sharpe and from the time when it beginneth to freeze it neuer ceaseth vntill May nay in the moneth of May it freezed euery morning but in the day time it thawed through the heate of the Sunne but in the Winter it neuer thawes but the Ice continues with euery winde And if there were any winde there in the Winter as it is with vs nothing could liue there but it is alwaies milde weather vntill Aprill and then the winds arise and at that time when wee were there about Easter the cold arising with the winde killed infinite creatures In the Winter little snow fell there but about Easter which was in the latter end of Aprill there fell so great a snow that all the streets of Caracarum were full that they were fayne to carrie it out with their Carts Then they first brought vs from the Court Ramskin Coats and Breeches of the same and Shooes which my Companion and Interpreter receiued But I thought I had no need of them because I supposed my Pelt-garment which I brought from Baatu was sufficient for me Then the fift of Ianuarie we were brought vnto the Court and there came Nestorian Priests vnto me I not knowing they were Christians demanding which way we worshipped I said vnto the East And this they demanded because wee had shauen our beards by the aduice of our Guide that wee might appeare before Chan according to the fashion of our Countrey whereupon they thought wee had beene Tuinians to wit Idolaters They made vs also expound out of the Bible Then they demanded what reuerence wee would doe to Chan whether after our owne fashion or theirs To whom I made answere Wee are Priests giuen to the seruice of God Noblemen in our Countrey will not suffer Priests to bow their knees before them for the honour of God neuerthelesse wee will humble our selues to all men for the Lords sake Wee came from a farre Countrey If yee please wee
to the Mountaines on the one side or the other and sometimes of all parts So as I haue oftentimes said there that I would gladly see any place from whence the horizon did fashion it selfe and end by the heauen and a Countrie stretched out and euen as we see in Spaine in a thousand champaine fields yet doe I not remember that I haue euer seene such sights at the Indies were it in the Ilands or vpon the maine Land although I haue trauelled aboue seuen hundred leagues in length But as I haue said the neerenesse of the Mountaines is very commodious in this region to temper the heate of the Sunne To conclude the best inhabited parts of the Indies are as I haue said and generally all that Countrie abounds in Grasse Pastures and Forrests contrary vnto that which Aristotle and the ancients did hold So as when we go out of Europe to the Indies we wonder to see the Land so pleasant greene and fresh Yet this rule hath some exceptions and chiefly in the Land of Peru which is of a strange nature amongst all others whereof we will now proceede to speake We meane by Peru not that great part of the world which they call America seeing that therein is contained Bresil the Kingdome of Chille and that of Grenade and yet none of these Kingdomes is Peru but onely that part which lies to the South beginning at the Kingdome of Quitto which is vnder the Line and runs in length to the Realme of Chille the which is without the Tropickes which were six hundred leagues in length and in breadth it containes no more then the Mountaines which is fiftie common leagues although in some places as at Chachapayas it be broader This part of the world which wee call Peru is very remarkeable and containes in it strange properties which serueth as an exception to the generall rule of the Indies The first is that vpon all the coast it blowes continually with one onely winde which is South and South-west contrary to that which doth vsually blow vnder the burning Zone The second is that this winde being by nature the most violent tempestuous and vnhealthfull of all others yet in this Region it is maruellous pleasing healthfull and agreeable so as we may attribute the habitation of that part thereunto without the which it would be troublesome and inhabitable by reason of the heate if it were not refreshed with the winde The third propertie is that it neuer raines thunders snowes nor hailes in all this coast which is a matter worthy of admiration Fourthly that a little distance from the coast it raines snowes terribly Fiftly that there are two ridges of Mountaines which runne the one as the other and in one altitude notwithstanding on the one there are great Forrests and it raines the greatest part of the yeare being very hot and the other is all naked and bare and very cold so as winter and summer are diuided on those two Mountaines and raine and cleerenesse it selfe For the better vnderstanding hereof we must consider that Peru is diuided as it were into three parts long and narrow which they call Lanos Sierras and Andes the Lanos runs alongst the Sea coast the Sierras be all hils with some vallies and the Andes be steepe and craggie Mountaines The Lanos or Sea coast haue some ten leagues in breadth in some parts lesse and in some parts a little more The Sierra containes some twenty leagues in breadth and the Andes as much sometimes more sometimes lesse They run in length from North to South and in breadth from East to West It is a strange thing that in so small a distance as fiftie leagues equally distant from the Line and Pole there should be so great a contrarietie as to raine almost continually in one place and neuer in the other It neuer raines vpon the coast or Lanos although there fals sometimes a small dew which they call Guarna and in Castill Mollina the which sometimes thickens and fals in certaine drops of water yet is it not troublesome nor such as they neede any couering Their couerings are of mats with a little earth vpon them which is sufficient Vpon the Andes it raines in a manner continually although it be sometimes more cleere then other In the Sierra which lies betwixt both the extreames it raineth in the same season as it doth in Spaine which is from September vnto Aprill but in the other season the time is more cleere which is when the Sunne is farthest off and the contrary when it is neerest That which they call Andes and Sierra are two ridges of most high Mountaines which runne aboue a thousand leagues the one in view of the other and almost equally There are an infinite number of Vicagues which breede in the Sierres and are properly like vnto wilde Goates very nimble and swift There are also of those beasts which they call Guanacos and Pacos which are sheepe which we may well tearme the Asses of that Countrie whereof we shall speake in their place And vpon the Andes they finde Apes very gentle and delightfull and Parrots in great numbers There also they finde the herbe or tree which they call Coca that is so greatly esteemed by the Indians and the trafficke they make of it is worth much mony That which they call Sierre causeth Vallies where as it opens which are the best dwellings of Peru as is the Valley of Xauxa of Andaguaylas and Yucay In these Vallies there growes Wheat Mays and other sorts of fruits but lesse in one then in the other Beyond the Citie of Cusco the ancient Court of the Lords of those Realmes the two ridges of Mountaines separate themselues one from the other and in the midst leaue a Playne and large Champaigne which they call the Prouince of Callao where there are many Riuers and great store of fertile Pastures there is also that great Lake of Titicaca And although it bee a full soile and in the same height and intemperature that the Sierre hauing no more Trees nor Forrests yet the want they haue of bread is counteruailed with the rootes they sow the which they call Papas and they grow in the earth This roote is the Indians foode for drying it and making it cleane they make that which they call Chugno which is the bread and nourishment of those Prouinces There are other rootes and small herbes which they eate It is a healthfull soile best peopled and the richest of all the Indies for the abundance of Cattell they feede as well of those that are in Europe as Sheepe Neat and Goates as of those of the Country which they call Guanacos and Pacos and there are store of Partridges Next to the Prouince of Callao is that of Charcas where there are hot Vallies very fertile and very high Rocks the which are very rich in mynes so as in no part of the World shall you finde
better nor fairer For that it is rare and extraordinarie to see a Country where it neuer raines nor thunders men desire naturally to know the cause of this strangenesse The reason which some giue that haue neerly looked into it is that vpon that Coast there rise no vapours sufficient to engender raine for want of matter but onely that there bee small and light vapours which cannot breede any other then mists and deawes as wee see in Europe oftentimes vapours doe rise in the morning which are not turned into raine but into mists onely the which growes from the substance which is not grosse and sufficient enough to turne to raine They say the reason why that which happens but some times in Europe falls out continually vpon the Coast of Peru is for that this Region is very drie and yeelds no grosse vapours The drinesse is knowne by the great abundance of Sands hauing neither Wells nor Fountaines but of fifteene Sâ—ades deepe which is the height of a man or more and that is neere vnto Riuers the water whereof piercing into the Land giues them meanes to make Wells So as it hath beene found by experience that the course of Riuers being turned the Wells haue beene dried vp vntill they returned to their ordinarie course and they giue this reason for a materiall cause of this effect but they haue another efficient which is no lesse considerable and that is the great height of the Sierre which comming along the Coast shadowes the Lanos so as it suffers no winde to blow from the Land but aboue the tops of these Mountaines By meanes whereof there reignes no winde but that from the Sea which finding no opposite doth not presse nor straine forth the vapours which rise to engender raine so as the shadow of the Mountaines keepes the vapours from thickning and conuerts them all into mists There are some experiences agree with this discourse for that it raines vpon some small Hills along the Coast which are least shadowed as the Rocks of Atico and Arequipa It hath rained in some yeeres when as the Northerne or Easterly windes haue blowne yea all the time they haue continued as it happened in seuentie eight vpon the Lanos of Trugillo where it rained abundantly the which they had not seene in many ages before Moreouer it raines vpon the same Coast in places where as the Easterly or Northerne windes be ordinarie as in Guayaquil and in places where as the Land riseth much and turnes from the shadow of the Mountaines as in those that are beyond Ariqua Some discourse in this manner but let euery one thinke as he please It is most certaine that comming from the Mountaines to the Vallies they doe vsually see as it were two Heauens one cleere and bright aboue and the other obscure and as it were a gray vaile spread vnderneath which couers all the Coast and although it raine not yet this mist is wonderfull profitable to bring forth grasse and to raise vp and nourish the seed for although they haue plentie of water which they draw from the Pooles and Lakes yet this moisture from Heauen hath such a vertue that ceasing to fall vpon the Earth it breedes a great discommoditie and defect of graine and seedes And that which is more worthy of admiration the drie and barren Sands are by this deaw so beautified with grasse and flowers as it is a pleasing and agreeable sight and very profitable for the feeding of Cattell as we see in the Mountaine called Sandie neere to the Citie of Kings New Spaine passeth all other Prouinces in pasturâ—s which breedes infinite troopes of Horse Kine Sheepe and other Cattell It abounds in fruit and all kinde of graine To conclude it is a Country the best furnished and most accomplished at the Indies Yet Peru doth surpasse it in one thing which is Wine for that there growes store and good and they daily multiply and increase the which doth grow in very hot Vallies where there are waterings And although there be Vines in new Spaine yet the grape comes not to his maturitie fit to make Wine The reason is for that it raines there in Iuly and August when as the grape ripens and therefore it comes not to his perfection And if any one through curiositie would take the paines to make wine it should be like to that of Genua and Lombardie which is very small and sharpe hauing a taste like vnto Verjuyce The Ilands which they call Barlouente which bee Hispaniola Cuba Port Ricco and others thereabouts are beautified with many greene pastures and abound in Cattell as Neat and Swine which are become wilde The wealth of these Ilands bee their Sugar-workes and Hides There is much Cassia fistula and Ginger It is a thing incredible to see the multitude of these merchandizes brought in one fleete being in a manner impossible that all Europe should waste so much They likewise bring wood of an excellent qualitie and colour as Ebone and others which serue for buildings and Ioyners There is much of that wood which they call Lignum sanctum or Guage fit to cure the pox All these Ilands and others thereabouts which are many haue a goodly and pleasant aspect for that throughout the yeere they are beautified with grasse and greene trees so as they cannot discerne when it is Autumne or Summer by reason of continuall moisture ioyned to the heat of the burning Zone And although this Land bee of a great circuit yet are there few dwellings for that of it selfe it engenders great Arcabutos as they call them which be Groues or very thicke Coppises and on the Playnes there are many marishes and bogs They giue yet another notable reason why they are so smally peopled for that there haue remayned few naturall Indians through the inconsideratnesse and disorder of the first Conquerors that peopled it and therefore for the most part they vse Negros but they cost deare being very fit to till the Land There growes neither bread nor wine in these Ilands for that the too great fertilitie and the vice of the soile suffers them not to seede but casts all forth in grasse very vnequally There are no Oliue trees at the least they beare no Oliues but many greene leaues pleasant to the view which beare no fruit The bread they vse is of Caçaue whereof we shall hereafter speake There is gold in the Riuers of these Ilands which some draw forth but in small quantitie I was little lesse then a yeere in these Ilands and as it hath beene told me of the mayne Land of the Indies where I haue not beene as in Florida Nicaragua Guatimala and others it is in a manner of this temper as I haue described yet haue I not set downe euery particular of Nature in these Prouinces of the firme Land hauing no perfect knowledge thereof The Country which doth most resemble Spaine and the Regions of Europe in all the West Indies