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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A12568	[Certen] instruct[ions, obseruati]ons and orders militarie, requisit for all chieftaines, captaines [and?] higher and lower men of charge, [and officers] to vnderstand, [knowe and obserue] / Composed by Sir Iohn Smythe, knight, 1591. And now first imprinted. 1594.	Smythe, John, Sir, ca. 1534-1607.	1594 (1594)	STC 22884; ESTC S111035	176,497	220

the thrust And others I haue seene that in stead of Curtilaces tocks haue worn single pistols which pistols bicause men at armes or dimilances are to giue their charge in squadron with the pointes of their Launces and shocke of their horses they cannot haue so much leisure to pull out and to pul down● their cocks as stradiots and other light horsemen that do fight loose in skirmish or in other little troupes may Besides that the gauntlets of men at Armes and dimilaunces are not fitlie made to handle pistols in as all men may see that list to prooue them and those dimilaunces ought to be all horsed vppon puissant horses for the shocke and not vpon geldings vnlesse they be very puissant And their furniture for their horses ought to bee steele saddles of good forme and of a conuenient bignesse and as light as they conuenientlie may bee made with good headstalles and raines with chaines as aforesaid with good patrells and croupers Also if there were any gentlemen in those bands of dimilaunces I would wish them not to bee without the forepart of steele barbes to the intent that vppon any day that were likelie to be of great seruice against the enemie they should arme and barbe the forepart of their horses because that they being placed in the first rank or two rankes should bee the better able to giue and receiue the charge and shocke with the lesse daunger to their horses And thus far for dimilaunces Now as for men at Armes because all men that are of any experience and vnderstanding in matters militarie doo well know that they must bee all armed cap a pie and their horses verie puissant and all barbed aswell behind as before with the number of weapons that they ought of ordinary to weare and vse And because that in these daies partlie in respect of their great pay but chiefly because the art and science militarie hath beene of late years and presentl●e is in great declination and decaie they are not in vse in England nor in any part of Christendome as they haue beene I ouerpasse them But now it is likely enough that some Gentlemen that haue beene trained vp in these late Ciuill wars of the Low Countries or France may thinke that I haue forgotten my selfe in not making mention in these aforesaid musters of Carabins or Argolettiers vnto which kinde of horsemen they are greatly affected Whereunto I say that for the smalle effect that by experience I haue seene those Carabins in seruices worke through their great and manie failings which I haue sufficientlie proued in the latter end of my booke of discourses that I did set forth and cause to be printed the yeare 1590. as also in the former discourses of this booke where I haue written of them I doo not any waies hold them worthie to be compared in their effects neither to archers on horsebacke nor Crosbowers on horsebacke and therefore will in this place make but very small mention of them but do in stead of them wish that there should be an election and inrollement made of certen archers and Crosbowers on horsebacke in euery shire who should be armed weaponed and horsed and reduced into 〈◊〉 bands vnder their Captains and leaders as here in this place I will out of my former booke sette downe againe and that is in this sorte following All the Crosbowers on horsbacke vnder sufficient Conductors well skilled in the weapon I would they should haue Crosbowes of two pound and a halfe of the best sort with crooked gaffles hanging at their strong girdles after the manner of Germanie that they might on horsebacke bend their Crosbowes the more easelie and readilie with 24. quarrels in a case well fitlie and firmelie sette at their saddle pommels and mounted vpon good colde geldings of meane size the●selues armed with good morrions of the spanish fashion vpon their heads Collers light and short wasted Cuirasses and backes with sleeues of maile or their doublet sleeues chained with ma●le betwixt the lining and outside of their said sleeues or with certen narrow stripes of serecloth within their sleeues as aforesaid or else chat they should be armed with morrions light and easie brigandines and sleeues chained with maile with broade short swordes by their sides of not aboue a yard in length and short daggers The archers on h●rsebacke vnder their Captaines or conductors skilfull in archerie I would likewise haue mounted vpon good quiet geldings of mean size with deepe steele sculles in very narrow brimd hattes well stuffed for the easines of their heades or rather with certen light morrions of some gallant fashion inuented and deuised for them and either Iacks of maile according to the auncient manner when they were called Loricati Sagittar● or else light and easie brigandines or at least Ilet holed doublets verie easie and well fitted to their bodies their sleeues chained within with maile or else with certen narrow stripes of serecloth betwixt the lining and outside of their sleeues for the easines of their armes with broade short swordes and short daggers their bowes of good yewgh long and well nocked and backed and all their stringes well whipt with sheafes of .24 arrowes ● peece in cases with shooting gloues and bracers after the manner of our archers in times past And all these both archers crosbowers I would haue them to be well practised that they might know how to discharge their arrowes and quarrells galloping vpon the hand and in al other motions of their horses and the Crosbowers to bend againe with great readines and diuers bands being thus horsed armed weaponed and exercised as also reduced into bands of fifties vnder sufficient conductors and other officers skilfull in those weapons should in mine opiniō be able to performe far greater seruice in y e field either against horsemen or footmen then any of the forenamed weapons offire on horsebacke Considering that both archers and Crosbowers may with their arrowes and quarrels verie certenlie wound or kill in their points and blanks either horsemen or footmen that are in squadron or troupe 2. or 3. skores of and rouing 6. 7. or 8. skores or a great deale furder may greatlie mischiefe and annoie any squadron either of horsemen or footmen where as the Argolettiers or Pistolettiers are not to worke any effect against squadrons or troupes of horsmen or footmen aboue 10 or 15. yardes off at the furdest and if it be enemie to enemie single then they are not to discharge their peeces aboue 4. or 5. yardes off vnles they wil faile 5. times before they hit once so vncertaine are those weapons of fire The iudgement wherof because this mine opinion may seeme strange to such as doo not know the imperfections of those weapons of fire on horsebacke I refer vnto any Captaines or conductors of those weapons either Italians Spaniards Wallouns or French that are souldiors of experience and iudgement But now because I

feet And so in like maner the second third and fourth ranks so subsequentlie al the rest of the ranks must in al points perform the like shoulder their pikes one after another carry the butends of their piques 3. foot or more from the ground straight in discent towardes the right hams of the souldiors piquers marching before them euerie ranke beeing so euen in frunt that the butend of no piquers pique may preceed the one the other in the same ranke and so euen and straight by flanks that the butend of euerie piquers pique may be iust point and blanke towards the right hamme of the piquer preceding in the ranke before him And so they must al with great silence and with a graue and soldiorlike grace march But whereas in this place I doe instruct that all the soldiors of the first ranke and so subsequentlie of all the rest of the rankes one after another should first fall back with their right feet almost a foot behind their left to the intent that their piques should fall the more leisurely to their shoulders and that then all the soldiors of the first ranke at one instant should raise and lift vp their left feet about a handfull from the ground and letting them fall againe to the ground should march forward first with their right feet that instruction I doe giue partlie in respect that the same being orderlie performed as aforsaid it dooth giue a very comelie grace vnto the soldiors in their first beginning to march but chiefelie because that the leisurely falling backe of all the soldiors of the first ranke with their right feet to shoulder their piques and so subsequentlie of all the rest of the rankes one after another with the lifting vp also of their left feet about a hand full from the ground is a warning to euery hinder ranke presently to prepare themselues to march whereas by not performing the same or the like leisurely and soldiorlike warning vpon the stroke of the drum or briefe speeches pronounced as aforesaid it often commeth to passe that the soldiors of the second ranke are suddenlie and disorderly cast too great a distance behind the first ranke and so consequentlie all the rest of the rankes by the sudden shouldering of their piques and stepping forward of the first ranke And I doe further aduertise that the soldiors piquers of any priuate band marching in their single order of rankes doe in any wise obserue the distances of 16. or else 18. feet betwixt euerie rank ranke by flankes and 6. or else 7. feet betwixt euery soldior and soldior in frunt that is betwixt soldior and soldior in euery ranke And this in case the ground will permit them or otherwise that they do march in conuenient distances in frunt and by flanks according to the ground and occasion And in this place because I haue mentioned and touched the distances that ought to be obserued by a single band of piquers and other weapons marching in their simple and single order of ranks I thought it were a conuenient place also to handle and write at large of the many and different distances that ought to be obserued as well in frunt that is in euery ranke from frunt to backe as by flanks that is betwixt euery ranke and ranke not only by single bands but also by squadrons and battels for many purposes and that not onelie by footmen but also by horsmen of diuers different sortes of armour and weapons Howbeit considering that the same hath been briefelie touched although to no great purpose by some other writers of forreigne Nations And that if I should enter to write and discourse of those matters effectuallie it would require manie sheetes of paper and therefore would be very long and tedious to the Reader I thought good to ouerpasse those particularities as thinges very well knowne to all skilfull men of warre of all warlike nations and to proceed to other matters that doe require more particular instruction And that the rather because the many and different distances that are vppon diuers different causes and occasions to be obserued by horsemen as also by footmen are such and so many as they cannot bee expressed by writing but with verie great difficultie for that the same cannot bee particularlye set downe but by the measures of paces and halfe paces and by the measures of more and fewer feet of halfe feet and quarters of feet and other such measures which I thinke no man of any experience can possibly by writing rightlie expresse without failing or erring more or lesse And that by reason that sometimes single bandes are to march in open places where they haue roome inough to inlarge their ranks both in frunt and by flankes thereby to beautifie and giue grace vnto such companies And at other times they are to march thorow Citties and Townes where the narrownesse of the streats doe not giue them roome to inlarge themselues in their distances thereby to make the greater show at other times also bands are to march in the field readie to be reduced incorporated with other bands at which time they are to march more close in neerer distances both in frunt and by flanks And so likewise being incorporated into squadrons they are for diuers different purposes as somtimes for their greater ease to march to giue the greater show and to bewtifie the squadron they are to march in the rankes inlarged and at other times vpon the expecting of the enimie being not yet in sight or beeing in sight they are to straighten their rankes more or lesse or that vpon the neare approch of the Enemies squadrons of both horsmen and footmen they expect and doubt a charge of horsmen in frunt or flankes or both or that they themselues are with their piques to charge a contrarie squadron of footmen For al which and diuers other occasions and purposes they are to reforme themselues into diuers different distances And as piquers and short weapons either in single bands or reduced into squadrons are for diuers purposes to reforme themselues into such varietie of distances Euen so weapons of volee reduced into sleeues wings and other formes are to vse some of the like and other sorts of distances And as footmen are for such different causes and occasions to obserue such varietie of distances as aforesaid Euen so horsmen of diuers armors and weapons as men at Armes Dimilaunces Stradiots Reistres and other sorts of light horsemen are to reduce themselues into diuers different distances according to the effects and nature of their armors and weapons and are again to reforme themselues into other distances according to new occasions and directions sometimes for one purpose and sometimes for others All which variety different sorts of distances and many others are of very great difficulty to bee by writing rightly expressed in their iust and proportionate measures and yet y ● notwithstanding it is

or Sergeant Maior may presentlie command the whole squadron to be deuided into 6. compertiments of 10. souldiors in euery ranke from frunt to back throughout euery compertiment or if the ground be of that nature that in some places there cannot passe aboue 7. or 8. souldiors in frunt then he may deuide his whole squadron into ● compertiments that is of 4. compertiments of 7. in euery ranke and the other 4. compertiments of 8. souldiors in euery ranke throughout euery compertiment and by flanks that is in length from frunt to backe euery compertiment of 30. ranks the Ensigns alwaies placed betwixt two of the middlemost ranks of euerie compertiment or of so many of the compertiments as shalbe requisit All which compertiments vpon intelligence or discouery of the enemies approching may in any conuenient ground be presently incorporated and reduced by flank or flanks into the same form of squadron that it was at the first forming of the same or into any other forme that the Coronell or Sergeant Maior shall thinke most requisit by any one of the same orders of reducementes that I haue before very particularly set downe And it is furder to be obserued that the said squadron marching in the open fields with sleeues wings troups of weapons of volee belonging to the same should euer at certen times make certen pauses aswel to the intent to ease themselues and take breath because that armed men or mosquetiers with their heauy furniture or the soldiors of any other weapon cannot possibly continue any long march without such pauses and staies as also that if anie dismarch or disorder hath hapned in their ranks forms or orders the same may be presently againe reformed and redressed And the like pauses and staies are to bee made by bands of horsmen for the same cōsideration causes But now peraduenture some that may read this place of my booke may say that I forgot in this place to write of horsmen aswell where they should be placed in the field either vpon the flankes or corners of the compertiments of diuers sortes of weapons of volee reduced into their orders as also in marching through the straight whether they should march halfe before and halfe behind or otherwise Wherevnto I answer that it were impertinent to this place considering that here I doo but only shew how a Regiment of 4000. footmen vnder their coronels Captaines and officers without any bandes of horsmen should be reduced into diuers formes aswell to march as to fight as also to passe through a passage or straight and being passed through the same howe againe to reduce themselues into forme that by the ordering forming and marching of this squadron and regiment as aforsaid all such as doo professe armes and that doo not knowe how squadrons of footmen should bee formed may by that which I haue before set downe see consider and obserue how any squadron of a great deale greater or smaller numbers may diuers waies be reduced into form although in troth bands and squadrons of horsemen are to bee reduced into forme or diuers formes euen after the verie same order and sort that bandes and squadrons of footmen are But yet something to satisfie such as shall reade this my booke I will by the helpe of Almightie God in some places more conuenient of these discourses make mention and set downe diuers verie important particularities concerning the ordering fourming and employing of bandes squadrons and diuers other formes of horsemen of sundrie sortes of armous and weapons But now peraduenture some will with more reason furder demand where the baggages and carriages of the Regiment that I haue not hithervnto mentioned shoulde bee placed in marching through the straight and how the same should be guarded as also where the field peeces of the same regiment if there be any shuld be placed vpon the squadron formed and in what conuenient place or places they should be with their hor●es or oxen drawne and go through the said straights Whervnto I say that incase there were 8. field peeces belonging to the Regiment that is 4. fawcons of the Caliuer of 5. pound the bullet and 4. fawconets of the Caliuer of 3. pound the bullet I would then vpon the squadron formed and marching forward that 2. peeces viz one fawcon and one fawconet should with their horses be drawn vppon the flanke or side of the squadron betwixt the sleeues of the weapons of volee and the squadron I mean vpon the forepart of the right flanke and so likewise another fawcon and fawconet to be drawne by the hinder part of the same flanke likewise betwixt the weapons of volee and the squadron and euen in the same manner in the like places order and sort I would haue the other 4. fawcons and fawconets to be drawn vpon the left flanks of the squadron ready vppon all occasions to be drawne forward and placed the 4. formost that were vppon the formost right and left flanke of the squadron somewhat distant or wide from the 2. forecorners of the squadron or vpon some occasions vpon the very frunt of the same squadron readie to be discharged at the enemie approching and so likewise the 4. peeces that are drawne by the hinder flankes of the squadron are readie likewise to be placed vpon the frunt or both the corners of the back or rereward of the same square incase that the squadron vpon any accident or comming of the Enemie should make of back frunt And heere it is to bee noted that all these 8. field peeces must bee accompanied with their gonners officers and all other their assistants with some numbers of pioners and with all kind of thinges and Instruments belonging to them as bullets ladles rammers and other such like as also with a large and sufficient quantitie of good powder well guarded by some number of halbarders and archers from the danger of fire Howbeit vpon the occasion of marching through a straight as aforesaid then I would that 4. of these field peeces with their powder bullets and all other thinges requisite should vpō their carriages be drawen with their horses conducted by their Carters gonners and pioners and guarded and accompanied as aforesaid iust betwixte the last troupes and compertiments of weapons of volee and the first compertiment of piques and so likewise that the other 4. field peeces that did before march vpon both the hinder flankes of the squadron should vnder the conduction of their gonners and assistants as aforesaid with their powder bullets and al other things necessarie march through the straight in Rereward iust betwixt the hindermost compertiment of piquers and before the formost troupe or compertiment of the weapons of volee that did and are againe to arme the hinder partes of both the flankes of the said squadron and those 8. peeces marching in the order and sort as aforesaid are most readie againe vpon the whole Regiment being past through the straightes and the

them and their Enemies to their trouble or mischiefe in their heads necks or backs And for aunswer to the other obiection that the ynner rankes of piquers letting fall and couching their piques may pul and retire them so farre backe as that they may againe recouer the vse of the points of them against their Enemies entered I say that if the enemies be they either horsemen or footmen be entered but only .7 6. 5. 4. or 3. feete within and vnder the length of any of the piques of the inner ranks that it is not possible for such piquers in respect of the ranke and rankes that are so neare and close behind them to pull their piques with their armes so farre backe as any waies to recouer y ● vse of the pyonts of them against such Enemies as are comne within and vnder their piques as aforsaid whereof insueth that those inner rankes haue vtterly lost the vse of their piques and therefore must let them fall to the great trouble of the leggs and feete of the rankes of their fellowes aduauncing forward and betake themselues to their swords and daggars which are not weapons any waies able to repulse or resist armed men with battleaxes or halbards By all which before alleaged I thinke it is most apparant that the 5. rankes of piquers that do empale enuiron my squadron of battleaxes by frunt flanks and backe are ranks enough to restist any Charge or Charges of Launces aswell and a great deale better then if the same squadron were all of piques because that the 4. or 5. first rankes only are those that do worke al the effects to the resisting repulsing of Launces charging or that are with their thrush to resist and repulse any charge of a squadron of footmen piquers their Enemies and if any Launces by chaunce should breake through those 5. rankes then the battleaxes and short staued and long edged and short and strong pointed halbards in the handes of well armed men are readie at the heeles of the 5. rankes of their piquers and do wonderfully both with blow and thrust at the heads and faces of horses or men kill wound ouerthrow or repulse either horsemen Launces or footmen piquers whose first charges and furies haue bene before greatly staied and weakened by y ● resistance of the first 5. ranks of piquers as aforsaid For it is to all men of vnderstanding in matters Militarie most euident that short staued battleaxes or halbards of not aboue 6. foot long in their whole length do no waies in their blowes nor thrusts either against horsmen or footmen trouble entermingle nor intricate one with another by reason of their shortnesse as the rankes of piques do through their great lengthes which piques doo no waies kill nor hurt but only with their pointes as is before at large declared By all which I come to conclude that 4. or 5. of the first rankes be it in frunt flanks or backe I meane which of them soeuer vpon the comming of the enemie be made frunt doo worke far greater effectes then all the rest of the inner rankes of piquers can possibly do for in troth all y ● inner ranks of piquers besides the 5. first ranks doo neither against horsemen and chieflie against footemen halbarders or battleaxes well armed no nor yet against armed men with swordes and targets vsing their targets only to defend their faces from the points of the piques worke any important effect as it is most manifest by the reasons causes and accidents by me before alledged And thus hauing at large shewed by diuers reasons the imperfections of squadrons that doo consist onelie of piques with the great perfections and effects of squadrons of battleaxes enuironed onely with 5. rankes of piquers as also howe all sortes of squadrons that are commonlie in vse in the open fieldes in these daies and also in al former ages ought to be reduced into form with many other different particularities I will omit diuers other sorts forms of little battles that are conteined in som printed books of diuers languages as of Crossebattles of battles in triangle battles in form of stars with many other such battles of diuers shapes fashiōs extraordinary y ● are rather set forth to fill vp books to please y ● curious then for any great vse of them by reason y ● such phantastical battles are no waies able in the open fields to march encoūter with such squadrons as I haue before described and set down And yet somtimes armies may march vpon such strange extraordinary grounds as in marching ouer mountains or high hils y ● haue varietie of forms of rising descending grounds y ● it is not possible to form such great squadrons in such forms as I haue before declared and described but that vpon the comming of the enemie they must bee forced to deuide their three battles of vauntguard battle and Rereward that they marched withall in the plaine and open fieldes into as many varieties of little battles and formes as the aduantages and formes of the varietie of groundes where they presently find themselues doo present vnto them and therewithall to flank their armed men on euery side with weapons of volee All which a Lord Marshall or sergeant Maior may with a great deale more facilitie perform then to forme such great squadrons as I haue before described reduced and formed But heere I thinke it good to aduertise the Reader that I haue heard verie crediblie reported that there is another kind of forming of a battle amongst some of the Sergeants Maiors of our Nation in these daies greatly in vse and that is That they place foure piquers with their piques aduaunced in square according to the greatnesse of the squadron that they meane by guesse to form with the number of piquers that they haue for that purpose And somtimes they place in the middest of the frunt betwixt the two formost piquers a third piquer and so likewise they place two other piquers vpon the midst of ech flanke one betwixt the said piquers that are in flanke with a fourth piquer also in the midst betwixt the two hindermost piquers which 8. piquers when they haue placed in as iust square in their distaunces as they can then they command al the piquers that they meane by guesse to reduce into squadron beeing all behind and in Rereward of the 8. piquers in square presentlie to run into the void place within the square of the 8. piquers and there to fall into their rankes with hubbledeshuf as well as they can vntill they haue filled vp all the distances and empty place within y ● square of the said 8 piquers which being performed they hold this way not only for a verie ready forming of a squadron but also for a most excellent waie of reducement because that there is not any Sergeant Maior so vnskilfull although hee be vtterly ignorant in Arithmetique nor that he