Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	work_n	work_v	wrath_n	78	3	7.5975	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16218	The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.; Art of logike.	Blundeville, Thomas, fl. 1561.	1617 (1617)	STC 3143; ESTC S115613	123,114	214

with the good thou shalt be good and with the froward thou shalt learne frowardnesse What bee the Maxims of this place If one thing being put to another endueth the same with any quality that thing must needes haue the same qualitie it selfe I doe place this place next to action because it seemeth to me that it appertaineth to action Of common Accidents WHat cast yee common Accidents I call those common Accidents such things as are either alwaies or for the most part so knit together as the one goeth before or after the other or els accompany each one the other whereof some are necessarie and some probable How may we reason from the Necessarie Both affirmatiuely and negatiuely and first affirmatiuely by the latter part thus This Appletree hath flowers Ergo it hath budded It hath fruit Ergo it hath both budded and flowred This woman is brought to bed of a childe Ergo she hath conceiued Negatiuely by the former part thus This woman neuer conceiued Ergo she can bring forth no childe This man neuer studied Ergo he is not learned What be the maxims of this place If the latter be the former must needs goe before and if the former were not the latter cannot be Of Probable Accidents Coniectures Presumptions Signes and Circumstances HOw may we reason from Probable Accidents From Probable Accidents you may reason Affirmatiuely thus The feast of Bacehus is this day celebrated Ergo there will bee many drunken this day The generall Sessions are holden this day Ergo there will be some hanged What be the maxims of this place If the latter be it is likely that the former went before and if the former bee it is like enough the latter may sollow but you must beware in reasoning from this place that you fetch not your argument from such Accidents as chance but seldome or be indifferent for such be neither necessarie nor probable but sophisticall and fallible as to reason thus Shee is a faire woman Ergo she is vnchast Whereto serueth the place of common Accidents In the Iudiciall kinde it helpeth greatly to proue the fact In the Demonstratiue kinde to praise or dispraise In the Deliberatiue kinde to perswade or disswade and to gather together all Coniectures meete for the purpose and therefore this place is much vsed of natural Philosophers to proue things by naturall signes or by Physiognomie also of Astrologers ●…o proue dearth mortalitie and such like by wonders and monsters as by blazing starres and such like impressions Also it is much vsed of Chiromancers Southsayers and such as vse to iudge by Coniectures and therefore this place extendeth very farre and serueth to many vses Hitherto also are referred the places of circumstances and chiefely of time and place from whence good arguments may be fetched Of Time HOw are arguments fetched from time Negatiuely thus Pythag was not borne in Numa Pompilius time Ergo Numa was not Pythagoras scholler The ceremoniall lawes of Moses were made for a certaine time Ergo after that time they doe not bind What be the Maxims of this place Nothing can bee without time for if time bee taken away the thing also must needs faile Of Place HOw are arguments fetched from place Negatiuely thus Cicero was not at Rome when Iulius Caesar was slaine Ergo Cicero slew him not What is the maxime of this place No certain body or thing is without a place neither is one bodie at one time in diuers places and thus much touching inward places Of outward Places and first of Causes WHich be outward Places Outward places bee those which appertaine to the thing and yet doe not cleaue thereunto of which places the first is of Causes and Effects What is a Cause A Cause is that by vertue wherof another thing followeth How many chiefe kindes of Causes be there Foure that is to say the Cause Efficient the end matter and shape of the two last whereof we haue spoken before because they be inward places and doe belong to the Substance of the thing and therefore we haue to deale onely here with the cause Efficient and end Of the Cause Efficient WHat is that cause Efficient and how is it deuided Cause Efficient is that from whence proceedeth the first beginning of any thing that is made or done and is the maker thereof As for example the Carpenter is the Cause Efficient of the house which he maketh and so is euery Artificer of his owne worke Causes Efficient are deuided into two kinds that is to say Cause Absolute and Cause Adiuuant Cause Absolute worketh by his owne force and vertue as the fire that burneth Cause Adiuuant worketh not by himselfe but is a helper and such cause is sometime principall as vertue is a Principall Cause of blessed life and sometime not Principal as the gifts of the body and of fortune be helpers to the happy life but not Principall Causes thereof Againe of Causes some are of Necessitie without which the thing cannot be made as the Instrument or matter and some are said not to be of Necessitie as when we say The speaking of truth causeth hatred and yet not of Necessitie Also of Causes Efficient some be Vniuersall and some Particular as the Eclipse or euill Coniunction of certaine Planets is the Vniuersal cause of Pestilence but the corruption of humours in mans body is the particular cause thereof Againe of causes some bee called of the Latins Propinquae that is to say nigh vnto the Effect as the father and mother be the nighest Causes of Generation of Children And some be called Remotae that is to say remoued causes which be further of as the Grands●…rs and Grandames of the said children Moreouer of Causes Efficient some work by a certaine naturall Necessity as those that lack choise and iudgement as fire that burneth and the Sun that shineth and all other naturall things that doe work by their own force and vertue Some againe do work by counsell reason and free-will as men Angels and most chiefely God himselfe How may we reason from the Efficient Cause to the Effect From the necessarie Efficient Cause you may reason both Affirmatiuely and Negatiuely Affirmatiuely thus The Sun is lately gone downe Ergo it is twilight Negatiuely thus The Sunne was not vp when Troy was destroyed Ergo Troy was not destroyed in the day time but from the Efficient not Necessarie you can reason but onely Affirmatiuely thus He is slaine Ergo he is dead but you cannot say he is not slaine Ergo he is not dead What be the maxims of this Place The Necessarie Cause Efficient not letted the Effect must needs follow as if he hath drunken poison he must needs die But if such Cause faileth the effect also must needs faile as the Sunne is not vp Ergo it is not day He neuer studied Ergo he is not learned to which place may be referred the places of occasion Instrument Meane and Generation How may we reason

serueth this manifold way of before and after To the intent that wee may the better vnderstand what hath beene said before touching opposites by relation that is to say that Relatiues are alwaies together by order of nature and not one before another but only by their fourth way that is to say by honour or worthinesse which way as Aristotle saith of all the other waies is most vnproper and least to the purpose CHAP. XXI Of the word Together called in Latine Simul HOw many waies are things said to be together Two waies that is by order of time and by order of nature First by order of time the heat and shining of the Sunne are said to bee in the Sunne together that is at one time also the Angels were created all together and at one time Secondly those things are said to be together by order of nature which haue naturall relation one to another and be conuertible neither is the one cause of the other as the father and the sonne single and double and such like and many doe adde hereunto diuers speciall kindes and differences subiect to one selfe generall kinde as man and bruit beast reasonable and vnreasonable are subiect to the generall kinde sensible body or animal CHAP. XXII Of Mouing or Motion called in Latine Motus and of the kindes thereof WHerefore is mention made here of mouing For the better vnderstanding of the Predicament Action whereunto Mouing belongeth How many kindes of motion or mouing be there Six briefly touched before in the predicament of Action that is to say generation corruption augmentation diminution alteration and mouing from place to place Define these kindes 1 Generation is a proceeding from the not being of a substance to the being of the same as from an Acorne to an Oke 2 Corruption contrariwise is a proceeding from a being to a not being as from an Oke to chips or ashes 3 Augmentation is the increasing of a greater quantitie in the whole as from a childe to a man 4 Diminution is contrariwise a decreasing or diminishing of quantitie in the whole as a body that consumeth or pineth by disease or otherwise 5 Alteration is a proceeding or changing from one qualitie into another as from hot to cold 6 Mouing from place to place is as the mouing of the sunne out of the East into the West CHAP. XXIII Of the word Habere that is to haue and how many waies it is to be vnderstood HOw many significations hath this word to haue Eight 1 First to haue a qualitie as science vice or vertue 2 To haue a quantitie as to be six seuen or eight footlong 3 To be clad as to haue a cloke or coat 4 To haue some part of the body clad or decked with some thing as the finger with a ring the necke with a chaine 5 To haue a part or member as a hand a head or foot 6 To containe as a hogshead that hath therein beere or wine 7 To possesse as to haue lands tenements or goods 8 To haue a wife which according to Aristotle is vnproperly said because nothing can be properly said to haue which is had it selfe of the same for the wife hath the man as well as the man the wife and therefore this way of hauing serueth to little purpose Here endeth the first Booke THE ART OF LOGICKE THE SECOND BOOKE CHAP. I. Of Definition HAuing hitherto sufficiently spoken of the Predicables and Predicaments and of all things belonging vnto them without the knowledge whereof no true definition nor good diuision can bee well made mee thinkes it were meet now to treat of definition and diuision What is Definition and how manifold is it Definition is a speech whereby either some name or thing is declated and it is twofold that is of a name and of a thing What is definition of a name and how manifold is it Definition of a name is a speech whereby the signification of some word is declared and it is ten-fold 1 Definition verball as when a word lesse knowne is declared by a word more knowne as thus To imitate is as much to say as to follow or to counterfet againe to accomplish is to fulfill 2 Definition by difference as He is a King which ruleth by Law but he that ruleth by force is a Tyrant 3 Definition metaphoricall or by figure as Adolescencie is the flower of mans age Good Preachers are the salt of the earth 4 Definition by contrarie as Vertue is to flee vice 5 Definition by circumlocution as The writer of the Troian warre that is to say Homer 6 Definition by example as to say that this word reasonable or vnreasonable is a speciall difference 7 Definition by want or desect as That is three quarters which lacketh a quarrer of a yard or any such like thing 8 Definition by praise or dispraise by praise as Logicke is an Art of Arts and Science of Sciences Iustice is the Queene of all vertues By dispraise as Idlenesse is the corruption or destruction of youth 9 Definition by similitude as The Sunne is the eie of the world A Citie without a Magistrate is as a ship without a Gouernour 10 Definition by Etymologie as He is rightly called goodman because he is a good man indeed and full of good workes When is definition of the name needfull to be vsed When some doubtfull word is cause of the controuersie Of the definition of a thing WHat is the definition of a thing It is a speech which declareth briefly plainly and aptly the very nature and substance of the thing which is defined How is the definition of a thing diuided Into these six kindes that is to say into definition essentiall causall by the Relatiue by the effects and offices by numbering vp of the parts and by heaping vp of accidents What is definition essentiall It is that which consisteth of the next generall kinde ioined with some speciall difference or propertie belonging to the same kinde as when I define a man to be a sensible body endued with reason or apt to speake and this is the Logicall definition most sure of all others but not easie to be made of euery thing for lacke of speciall differences and naturall properties When is it said to be a causall definition When it is made of the generall kinde and of the proper causes of the thing defined How many chiefe kindes of causes be there Foure that is matter forme cause efficient and end How define you matter Matter is that whereof any thing is made as cloth is the matter whereof a cloake or coat is made and wooll is the matter of cloth What is Forme Forme is the shape whereof any thing taketh both his being and his name and therefore the Schoolemen doe define forme to be that which giueth a being to any thing be it naturall or artificiall as in the examples before recited the coat or cloake hath both his being and name of the shape which it hath and

not of the matter What is the cause efficient That which maketh or worketh any thing and is the authour thereof as the Carpenter is the cause efficient of the house and Shipwright of the ship What is the end or finall cause It is that for whose sake any thing is done as the end of warre is to haue peace the end of studie is to get learning and knowledge Giue examples of definitions made of euery one of these causes Of matter let this bee your example Beere is a drinke made of mault water and hops Of forme thus Man is a sensible bodie endued with a soule intellectiue or reasonable which is the true shape of man Of the cause efficient thus That is a Decree of the Senate which the Senate commandeth and ordaineth for the Senate is the cause efficient of the Decree Anger or wrath is the boiling of the bloud about the heart through the stirring vp of choler Of the end thus A house is a building made to defend our bodies from the iniuries of the aire and weather May not a good definition be made of many of these causes ioined together Yes indeed Giue example Loe here the example of Demosthenes in defining what Law is Law saith he is the inuention and gift of God and the decree of wise men the correction of crimes either rashly or aduisedly committed and a common couenant or consent of the Citie according to the which all men ought to liue In this definition the first and chiefest cause efficient is God the second cause efficient is the common couenant or consent of the Citie the matter is the decree of the wise the end is the correction of crimes and the keeping of the Citizens in good order of life When is a definition said to be made by the Relatiue When one Relatiue is interpreted by another as thus He is a father which hath a sonne and he is a master which hath a seruant When is a definition said to be made by the effects vertues or offices of the thing defined When the nature of the thing is plainly declared by shewing the said effects or offices as thus An adamant stone is that which being laid nigh to iron or steele draweth the steele vnto him Iustice is a vertue which giueth euery man his right When is a definition said to be made by numbering vp of the parts When it containeth either the chiefe or all the parts of some whole thing or else all the speciall kindes of some generall kinde Giue examples of both these waies Of the first thus A house is a building hauing a foundation walles and couering Of the second way thus A sensible body is that which comprehendeth both man and bruit beast When is a definition said to be made by heaping vp of accidents When a thing is rather described then defined by such common and proper accidents as doe belong to the same as fire is an element that is hot and drie and exceedeth all other elements in lightnesse and therefore this last kinde of definition ought rather to be called a description then a definition which is vsuall to the Poets Orators and Historiographers in describing either person fact or thing also to the Physicians in describing their simples as roots plants herbes and such like CHAP. II. Of the precepts to be obserued in Definition HOw many precepts are to be obserued in making a true definition These three First that it briefly expresse the whole power and nature of the thing defined Secondly that there be nothing therein superfluous nor any thing wanting Thirdly that the definition be not common to many things but proper to that thing only which is defined so as it may make it to differ from all other things What order is to be obserued in making a dialecticall definition First you must know in what predicament the thing is contained which you would define to the intent that in descending from the most generall kinde downe towards the most sp●…ciall kinde of the same predicament ye may finde out by the way that which is next generall kinde to the thing that is to be defined which next generall kinde being found out yee must then seeke out the speciall difference or propertie the proper cause effect or common accidents belonging to the same as for example if ye would define what vertue is ye must resort to the predicament of qualitie wherein vertue is contained then in descending from qualitie proceed to habit from habit to habit of the minde which is twofold that is to say intellectuall and morall and not finding it vnder habit intellectuall proceed to habit morall for that is the next generall kinde to vertue that done seeke out the difference or propertie true cause or effect the difference is to be good wherein it differeth from vice for vice is also a morall habit as well as vertue the effect of vertue is to incline mans will to doe alwaies according to right reason or true iudgement so shall you make a true definition of vertue in saying that vertue is a good morall habit inclining mans will to doe alwaies according to true iudgement And after this sort yee may learne to define any other thing CHAP. III. Of Diuision WHat is Diuision Diuision is the parting or diuiding of a word or thing that is more generall vnto other words or things lesse generall for Diuision is twofold that is of a name and of a thing When is it said to be the diuision of a name When some Equinoke or doubtfull word is diuided into his manifold significations as this word Wolfe into a man hauing that name into a foure-footed beast into an vlcerous sore and into a certaine fish each one called by the name of Wolfe which kinde of distinction or diuision is very necessar●…e to auoid ambiguitie of speech which ambiguitie causeth many times great errour How manifold is the diuision of a thing It is threefold that is substantiall partible and accidentall When is it properly said to be substantiall When any generall kinde is diuided by his speciall differences into his proper speciall kindes as thus of sensible bodies one is reasonable as man and another is vnreasonable as a bruit beast When is this kinde of diuision to be vsed When the speciall kindes lacke proper names as most commonly the speciall kindes subalternate doe which may be diuided againe as generall kindes into more speciall kindes as for example of vnreasonable beasts some be terrestriall some bee aquaticall and some aierie againe euery one of these may bee diuided into their speciall kindes euen vntill ye come to the lowest of all and vnto the Indiuiduums comprehended vnder the same and that not only of things contained in the predicament of substance but also in any other predicaments of accidents as of magnitudes one is long as a line another is broad as a superficies and another is thicke as a body This diuision though it ●…e of accidents contained