with the good thou shalt be good and with the froward thou shalt learne frowardnesse What bee the Maxims of this place If one thing being put to another endueth the same with any quality that thing must needes haue the same qualitie it selfe I doe place this place next to action because it seemeth to me that it appertaineth to action Of common Accidents WHat cast yee common Accidents I call those common Accidents such things as are either alwaies or for the most part so knit together as the one goeth before or after the other or els accompany each one the other whereof some are necessarie and some probable How may we reason from the Necessarie Both affirmatiuely and negatiuely and first affirmatiuely by the latter part thus This Appletree hath flowers Ergo it hath budded It hath fruit Ergo it hath both budded and flowred This woman is brought to bed of a childe Ergo she hath conceiued Negatiuely by the former part thus This woman neuer conceiued Ergo she can bring forth no childe This man neuer studied Ergo he is not learned What be the maxims of this place If the latter be the former must needs goe before and if the former were not the latter cannot be Of Probable Accidents Coniectures Presumptions Signes and Circumstances HOw may we reason from Probable Accidents From Probable Accidents you may reason Affirmatiuely thus The feast of Bacehus is this day celebrated Ergo there will bee many drunken this day The generall Sessions are holden this day Ergo there will be some hanged What be the maxims of this place If the latter be it is likely that the former went before and if the former bee it is like enough the latter may sollow but you must beware in reasoning from this place that you fetch not your argument from such Accidents as chance but seldome or be indifferent for such be neither necessarie nor probable but sophisticall and fallible as to reason thus Shee is a faire woman Ergo she is vnchast Whereto serueth the place of common Accidents In the Iudiciall kinde it helpeth greatly to proue the fact In the Demonstratiue kinde to praise or dispraise In the Deliberatiue kinde to perswade or disswade and to gather together all Coniectures meete for the purpose and therefore this place is much vsed of natural Philosophers to proue things by naturall signes or by Physiognomie also of Astrologers â—…o proue dearth mortalitie and such like by wonders and monsters as by blazing starres and such like impressions Also it is much vsed of Chiromancers Southsayers and such as vse to iudge by Coniectures and therefore this place extendeth very farre and serueth to many vses Hitherto also are referred the places of circumstances and chiefely of time and place from whence good arguments may be fetched Of Time HOw are arguments fetched from time Negatiuely thus Pythag was not borne in Numa Pompilius time Ergo Numa was not Pythagoras scholler The ceremoniall lawes of Moses were made for a certaine time Ergo after that time they doe not bind What be the Maxims of this place Nothing can bee without time for if time bee taken away the thing also must needs faile Of Place HOw are arguments fetched from place Negatiuely thus Cicero was not at Rome when Iulius Caesar was slaine Ergo Cicero slew him not What is the maxime of this place No certain body or thing is without a place neither is one bodie at one time in diuers places and thus much touching inward places Of outward Places and first of Causes WHich be outward Places Outward places bee those which appertaine to the thing and yet doe not cleaue thereunto of which places the first is of Causes and Effects What is a Cause A Cause is that by vertue wherof another thing followeth How many chiefe kindes of Causes be there Foure that is to say the Cause Efficient the end matter and shape of the two last whereof we haue spoken before because they be inward places and doe belong to the Substance of the thing and therefore we haue to deale onely here with the cause Efficient and end Of the Cause Efficient WHat is that cause Efficient and how is it deuided Cause Efficient is that from whence proceedeth the first beginning of any thing that is made or done and is the maker thereof As for example the Carpenter is the Cause Efficient of the house which he maketh and so is euery Artificer of his owne worke Causes Efficient are deuided into two kinds that is to say Cause Absolute and Cause Adiuuant Cause Absolute worketh by his owne force and vertue as the fire that burneth Cause Adiuuant worketh not by himselfe but is a helper and such cause is sometime principall as vertue is a Principall Cause of blessed life and sometime not Principal as the gifts of the body and of fortune be helpers to the happy life but not Principall Causes thereof Againe of Causes some are of Necessitie without which the thing cannot be made as the Instrument or matter and some are said not to be of Necessitie as when we say The speaking of truth causeth hatred and yet not of Necessitie Also of Causes Efficient some be Vniuersall and some Particular as the Eclipse or euill Coniunction of certaine Planets is the Vniuersal cause of Pestilence but the corruption of humours in mans body is the particular cause thereof Againe of causes some bee called of the Latins Propinquae that is to say nigh vnto the Effect as the father and mother be the nighest Causes of Generation of Children And some be called Remotae that is to say remoued causes which be further of as the Grandsâ—…rs and Grandames of the said children Moreouer of Causes Efficient some work by a certaine naturall Necessity as those that lack choise and iudgement as fire that burneth and the Sun that shineth and all other naturall things that doe work by their own force and vertue Some againe do work by counsell reason and free-will as men Angels and most chiefely God himselfe How may we reason from the Efficient Cause to the Effect From the necessarie Efficient Cause you may reason both Affirmatiuely and Negatiuely Affirmatiuely thus The Sun is lately gone downe Ergo it is twilight Negatiuely thus The Sunne was not vp when Troy was destroyed Ergo Troy was not destroyed in the day time but from the Efficient not Necessarie you can reason but onely Affirmatiuely thus He is slaine Ergo he is dead but you cannot say he is not slaine Ergo he is not dead What be the maxims of this Place The Necessarie Cause Efficient not letted the Effect must needs follow as if he hath drunken poison he must needs die But if such Cause faileth the effect also must needs faile as the Sunne is not vp Ergo it is not day He neuer studied Ergo he is not learned to which place may be referred the places of occasion Instrument Meane and Generation How may we reason
is betwixt figure and forme Figure according to some is that which is enclosed with one bound or limit or with many as a circle enuironed with one round line called the circumference or as a triangle or foure-square figure whereof the one is enclosed with three lines and the other with foure and such like but forme is the drawing or describing of the said figure Againe according to the opinion of some figure is compared to an image representing some liuely thing and forme is said to be the due proportion and feature of the same Some againe doe attribute figure to things without life and forme to things that haue life briefly set downe in this verse following Formam viuentis picti dic esse Figuram Englished thus The shapes of painted things they Figures call But liuing things they say are formed all What doth this fourth kinde of qualitie comprehend It comprehendeth the accidentall figures and formes as well of naturall as artificiall things of naturall as the shape of man beast or fowle or artificiall as the shape or figure of a house temple ship or such like also it comprehendeth all Geometricall figures as well perfect as vnperfect Which call you perfect Those that are enclosed within such bounds as nothing can be added or taken away from them without marring or altering the same as a circle a triangle a square and such like whereof some are plaine enclosed only with lines as circles triangles squares and such like and some are solid or whole bodies enclosed with vpper faces either one or many as round spheres sharpe pinacles cubes as a die and round pillers Which call you vnperfect Those which are not so enclosed with their bounds but that some one thing may bee added or taken away from the same without changing or altering of the figure as the rightnesse roundnesse concauitie or conuexitie of vnperfect figures may be lengthned or shortned and yet the former shape thereof shall still remaine and not be altered but only in quantitie A Table of figure and forme Figure and forme is either Perfect is either Plaine as A perfect circle A triangle whereof there be six kindes Isopleurus Isosceles Scalenon Ambligouius Oxigonius Orthogonius A quadrangle as A perfect square A long square A square like to a Thorne-backe called Rhombus Or hauing many angles as A figure of 5. 6. or 7. angles or more Or solid which is either Sphericall Pyramidicall Cubicke or Piller-like Or vnperfect which is either Right Circular Conuex or Concaue But the true descriptions of all the figures contained in this Table are to be learned of the Geometricians and not of the Logicians Of the properties of qualitie HOw many properties doe belong to Qualitie Three First to bee contrarie as vertue is contrarie to vice heat to cold white to blacke yet such contrarietie belongeth not to euery kinde of Qualitie for Triangles be not contrarie to Squares nor round pillers to sharpe pinacles What is the second propertie To be more or lesse for one man may bee more vertuous or lesse vertuous more learned or lesse learned more healthfull or lesse healthfull more or lesse hot or cold Yet this propertie belongeth not to euery kinde of qualitie for one triangle is no more a triangle then another The like may bee said of the rest of the perfect Figures as well plaine as solid What is the third propertie To be like or vnlike and this is the chiefest propertie belonging to euery kinde of qualitie as two Grammarians be like one to another in their profession two healthfull or vnhealthfull two white or two blacke two triangles or two squares are said to be like or vnlike one to another How define you likenesse or vnlikenesse Likenesse according to Boetius is when diuers things haue one selfe qualitie Vnlikenesse is when they haue diuers qualities CHAP. XI Of Relation WHat is Relation It is the referring comparing or applying of one thing vnto another for some respect of â—…ffinitie or likenesse wherewith they are knâ—…t so together as the one cannot bee well vnderstood without the other and therefore the things so compared are called Relatiues or rather Correlatiues for of things some are said to be absolute and some respectiue or relatiue Which call you absolute Absolute are those which may be vnderstood by themselues without being applied to any other thing as substance quantitie qualitie Which are said to be relatiue or respectiue Those that cannot be well vnderstood of themselues without hauing relation to some other thing as the Father and the Sonne the Lord and the Bondman the Master and the Scholar c. Here note that of the Schoolemen the thing from which the application is made is called in Latine Fundamentum in English The foundation and the thing whereunto the relation or application is made is called in Latine Terminus in English the bound end or terme as in thâ—…se Correlatiues the Father and the Sonne the Lord and the Bondman the Schoolemaster and the Scholar Here the Father the Lord and Schoolemaster are called euery of them Fundamentum but the Sonne the Bondman and Scholar euery of them is called terminus that is the end or terme and the application of the one to the other is called relation How many kindes of Relatiues be there Two Relatiues secundum esse that is indeed and Relatiues secundum dici which we may call Relatiues in name Which call you Relatiues indeed Those which according to their principall signification haue relation to some other thing without which they cannot be vnderstood as a Father is not to be vnderstood without there be a Sonne nor a Sonne vnlesse there be a Father The like may bee said of a Tutor and Pupill the Master and his Scholar and such like What call you Relatiues in name Those that according to their principall signification may bee vnderstood without hauing relation to any other thing and yet because in some respect they haue relation to some other thing they are called Relatiues but not properly for they differ not from the absoâ—…e things before defined as vertue vice habit disposition c. What other diuision is there of Relatiues Of Relatiues some are said to be of one selfe name and some of diuers of one selfe name as like vnlike equall vnequall schoole-follow neighbour and such like of diuers names as the Father the Sonne the Lord and Bondman c. And of such some be more worthy and some be lesse worthy as the Father is more worthy the Sonne lesse worthy the Master more worthy the Scholer lesse worthy which diuisions this Table doth shew The Table of Relation Relation is either In deede if in deede it is either Of one selfe name as A Schoole-fellow Like Vnlike Equall Vnequall Kinsman Neighbour Or of diuers names whereof some be More worthie as The Master The Father The double The cause The whole The Captaine And some bee lesse worthie as The Scholer The Sonne The one halfe The effect The
serueth this manifold way of before and after To the intent that wee may the better vnderstand what hath beene said before touching opposites by relation that is to say that Relatiues are alwaies together by order of nature and not one before another but only by their fourth way that is to say by honour or worthinesse which way as Aristotle saith of all the other waies is most vnproper and least to the purpose CHAP. XXI Of the word Together called in Latine Simul HOw many waies are things said to be together Two waies that is by order of time and by order of nature First by order of time the heat and shining of the Sunne are said to bee in the Sunne together that is at one time also the Angels were created all together and at one time Secondly those things are said to be together by order of nature which haue naturall relation one to another and be conuertible neither is the one cause of the other as the father and the sonne single and double and such like and many doe adde hereunto diuers speciall kindes and differences subiect to one selfe generall kinde as man and bruit beast reasonable and vnreasonable are subiect to the generall kinde sensible body or animal CHAP. XXII Of Mouing or Motion called in Latine Motus and of the kindes thereof WHerefore is mention made here of mouing For the better vnderstanding of the Predicament Action whereunto Mouing belongeth How many kindes of motion or mouing be there Six briefly touched before in the predicament of Action that is to say generation corruption augmentation diminution alteration and mouing from place to place Define these kindes 1 Generation is a proceeding from the not being of a substance to the being of the same as from an Acorne to an Oke 2 Corruption contrariwise is a proceeding from a being to a not being as from an Oke to chips or ashes 3 Augmentation is the increasing of a greater quantitie in the whole as from a childe to a man 4 Diminution is contrariwise a decreasing or diminishing of quantitie in the whole as a body that consumeth or pineth by disease or otherwise 5 Alteration is a proceeding or changing from one qualitie into another as from hot to cold 6 Mouing from place to place is as the mouing of the sunne out of the East into the West CHAP. XXIII Of the word Habere that is to haue and how many waies it is to be vnderstood HOw many significations hath this word to haue Eight 1 First to haue a qualitie as science vice or vertue 2 To haue a quantitie as to be six seuen or eight footlong 3 To be clad as to haue a cloke or coat 4 To haue some part of the body clad or decked with some thing as the finger with a ring the necke with a chaine 5 To haue a part or member as a hand a head or foot 6 To containe as a hogshead that hath therein beere or wine 7 To possesse as to haue lands tenements or goods 8 To haue a wife which according to Aristotle is vnproperly said because nothing can be properly said to haue which is had it selfe of the same for the wife hath the man as well as the man the wife and therefore this way of hauing serueth to little purpose Here endeth the first Booke THE ART OF LOGICKE THE SECOND BOOKE CHAP. I. Of Definition HAuing hitherto sufficiently spoken of the Predicables and Predicaments and of all things belonging vnto them without the knowledge whereof no true definition nor good diuision can bee well made mee thinkes it were meet now to treat of definition and diuision What is Definition and how manifold is it Definition is a speech whereby either some name or thing is declated and it is twofold that is of a name and of a thing What is definition of a name and how manifold is it Definition of a name is a speech whereby the signification of some word is declared and it is ten-fold 1 Definition verball as when a word lesse knowne is declared by a word more knowne as thus To imitate is as much to say as to follow or to counterfet againe to accomplish is to fulfill 2 Definition by difference as He is a King which ruleth by Law but he that ruleth by force is a Tyrant 3 Definition metaphoricall or by figure as Adolescencie is the flower of mans age Good Preachers are the salt of the earth 4 Definition by contrarie as Vertue is to flee vice 5 Definition by circumlocution as The writer of the Troian warre that is to say Homer 6 Definition by example as to say that this word reasonable or vnreasonable is a speciall difference 7 Definition by want or desect as That is three quarters which lacketh a quarrer of a yard or any such like thing 8 Definition by praise or dispraise by praise as Logicke is an Art of Arts and Science of Sciences Iustice is the Queene of all vertues By dispraise as Idlenesse is the corruption or destruction of youth 9 Definition by similitude as The Sunne is the eie of the world A Citie without a Magistrate is as a ship without a Gouernour 10 Definition by Etymologie as He is rightly called goodman because he is a good man indeed and full of good workes When is definition of the name needfull to be vsed When some doubtfull word is cause of the controuersie Of the definition of a thing WHat is the definition of a thing It is a speech which declareth briefly plainly and aptly the very nature and substance of the thing which is defined How is the definition of a thing diuided Into these six kindes that is to say into definition essentiall causall by the Relatiue by the effects and offices by numbering vp of the parts and by heaping vp of accidents What is definition essentiall It is that which consisteth of the next generall kinde ioined with some speciall difference or propertie belonging to the same kinde as when I define a man to be a sensible body endued with reason or apt to speake and this is the Logicall definition most sure of all others but not easie to be made of euery thing for lacke of speciall differences and naturall properties When is it said to be a causall definition When it is made of the generall kinde and of the proper causes of the thing defined How many chiefe kindes of causes be there Foure that is matter forme cause efficient and end How define you matter Matter is that whereof any thing is made as cloth is the matter whereof a cloake or coat is made and wooll is the matter of cloth What is Forme Forme is the shape whereof any thing taketh both his being and his name and therefore the Schoolemen doe define forme to be that which giueth a being to any thing be it naturall or artificiall as in the examples before recited the coat or cloake hath both his being and name of the shape which it hath and
in this life to fly vice and to embrace vertue from whence all good actions doe spring Logically thus Euery man shall render account at the last day of all his deeds both good and bad and shall receiue a iust reward according to the same Ergo Euery man whilest he liueth in this world ought to fly vice and to embrace vertue From the cause efficient SIth Man was created by God the Creator of all things and Author of all goodnesse excellencie and vertue and was formed according to the very Image and likenesse of God it behoueth man therefore to imitate his Creator and by leading a godly and vertuous life to shew that hee is somewhat like him though not able in all things to attaine to the perfection of so perfect a patterne Logically thus God the cause efficient is good therefore Man being the effect ought to be good From the End THe Prophets and Apostles inspired with the Holy Ghost Author of all Truth by many their writings doe testifie that the greatnesse and excellencie of that blessednesse wherunto Man is created is such as no man is able to expresse with tongue nor in his heart or minde to conceiue the same wherfore sith Man is created to such exceeding great blessednesse it behoueth him to embrace vertue which is the very meane and way to bring him to that blessednesse Logically thus Sith most glorious blessednes is the end of Man Man therfore ought to embrace vertue that he may attaine to that end What arguments are to be gathered on the behalfe of the Predicate and from what places These that follow and such like and first from the definition thus From the Definition of the Predicate SIth Vertue is a morall habite whereby Mans will and all his actions are alwayes directed to God and gouerned according to true iudgement and thereby are made most acceptable both to God and Man Man therefore ought to embrace Vertue from whence such noble fruits doe spring Logically thus Man ought to loue that habite from whence all honest actions doe spring therefore man ought to loue Vertue From the Description MAn ought with all endeuour to follow that thing wherby he may attaine not a vaine and transitorie glory but a true and euerlasting glory and thereby to be made acceptable both to God and Man Wherefore Man ought to embrace Vertue from whence such glory springeth Logically thus That thing is worthy to be beloued of Man which getteth him euerlasting glory Therefore Vertue is worthy to be beloued From the Etymologie SIth Vertue if you diligently consider and weigh the signification of the word is none other thing but a Noble affection of the minde of great excellencie and most meete for Man it is not to be doubted but that those which leauing so precious a thing doe set their whole delight in seeking after worldly riches and bodily pleasure are much deceiued and doe greatly offend Logically thus Such excellencie as is most meet for Man becommeth Man best Therefore Vertue becommeth him best From the generall Kinde SIth it is well knowne that Man ought with all diligence to seeke after those habites whereby humane nature is best adorned and made most perfect And that Vertue amongst such habites is the chiese because that thereby the minde of Man is taught to know what truth is and his will thereby is alwayes inclined to honest and laudable actions Man therefore ought with al his power and endeuor to embrace Vertue Logically thus Man ought chiefely to loue those habites whereby his nature is made perfect Therefore man ought to loue Vertue From the speciall Kinde IT is most meete yea most necessarie for all men to loue fortitude and temperance for by temperance Mans wil is bridled and kept from all euill lusts and affections and by fortitude he is made free from feare of death and as without temperance mans life cannot be honest so without fortitude his death cannot be commendable wherefore it plainly appeareth how necessary a thing it is for a man to embrace Vertue as that which chiefely maketh his life honest and laudable and his death glorious and honorable Logically thus A man ought to loue fortitude and temperance Ergo He ought to loue Vertue From the corruption of the Subiect THe destruction of Vertue is the cause of most grieuous euils for the light of Vertue being extinct the minde is immediately wrapped in such darkenesse as it cannot see nor discerne what is honest what is profitable or what is hurtfull by meanes whereof man falleth into most filthie vices which doe so infect and corrupt the life of man as it becommeth most detestable both to God and Man whereby it plainely appeareth how noble a thing Vertue is and with what loue and diligence it ought to be embraced of all men Logically thus The destruction of Vertue is euill therefore Vertue is good and worthy to be beloued From the vse of the Subiect THe vse of Vertue maketh mans life commendable holy glorious and acceptable both to God and Man then which nothing can bee in this world more to bee desired of man wherefore it manifestly appeareth that Vertue is so noble a thing as all men ought to bestow all their studie labour and care in obtaining the same Logically thus The vse of Vertue is good Therefore Vertue is good From common Accidents SIth all men doe greatly desire to haue their consciences quieted and their mindes free from all euill lustes affects and passions which with continuall strife doe molest the same and thereby doe cause Man to lead a miserable life Man therfore ought to refuse no paine nor labour so as he may attaine to Vertue which is alwaies accompanied with that tranquillitie of minde and conscience that is so much desired Logically thus The tranquillitie of the minde and conscience is to be desired Ergo Vertue which is alwaies accompanied with that tranquillitie is to be desired From the cause Efficient SIth true Vertue is not to be gotten by any mans labour exercise or industrie without the great grace of God who is chiefe Authour and Giuer of all good gifts it well appeareth that Vertue is a most excellent thing and most worthie to be had in admiration and therefore with feruent loue and diligence to be embraced of all men Logically thus God the chiefe Author of all good is the cause Efficient of Vertue therefore Vertue proceeding of so worthy a cause must needs be an excellent thing and worthy of all men to be embraced From the Effect TRue honor and glory hath beene alwaies had amongst all men in great admiration because it seemeth not only by mans iudgement but also by the diuine iudgement of God to be alwaies attributed to vertue wherefore sith Vertue doth yeeld such noble fruits and effects Vertue must needs be a noble thing it selfe and worthy of all men to be embraced Logically thus The Effect of Vertue which is true honor and glory is good
not first neither doe they shew the original cause of the Conclusion for the Maior of this Syllogisme may be proued by a former and more knowne Proposition for that which is more generall is more knowne then that which is lesse generall as thus Euery liuing body is nourishable but euery sensible body is a liuing body Ergo euery sensible body is nourishable Againe it is said to be vnperfect when we proceed from the effect to the cause as when we say it is day Ergo the Sunne is vp But that demonstration which proceedeth from the cause to the effect is the more worthier because we vse therein discourse of reason and vnderstanding and in the other we onely iudge by the outward sences wherof spring two principall kindes of Methode that is to say compendious or short orders or wayes of teaching in all manner of Sciences whereof the one is called composition proceeding forward from the first to the last and the other is called resolution proceeding backward from the last to the first as hath been said before in the 〈◊〉 Methode Lib. 2. cap. 5. CHAP. XX. Of Science Opinion Ignorance Witte and of the foure Sciencial questions WHat other things are wont to bee treated of by the Schoolemen in demonstration Diuers things as what difference is betwixt Science and Opinion also they treate of the diuers kindes of Ignorance of prompt Witte and of the foure Scienciall questions What difference is betwixt Science and opinion Science as hath been said before is that which consisteth of necessary certaine and infallible Propositions and of such things as cannot be otherwise Opinion is the knowledge of things casuall which may bee sometime false and sometime true How many kindes of Ignorance doe the Schoolemen make Two that is to say absolute which of the Schoolmen is called Ignorantia negationis and ignorance by false conception which they call Ignorantia affectionis The first is when we vtterly denie to haue any knowledge of a thing at all The other is when we thinke to know that which we know not being deceiued by some false perswasion whereunto we are affected whereof it is called Ignorantia affectionis How doth Aristotle define prompt Witte called of the Latines Solertia He defineth it to be a promptnesse or readinesse in quickly finding out the proofe or cause of any thing that is in question without any studie Which be the foure Sciential questions These whether the thing be what it is how it is and wherfore it is whereof the first enquireth of the Subiect whether it be the second of the Predicate as what it is the third how it is that is to say how the Predicate is spoken of the Subiect and the fourth asketh the cause why it is spoken of the Subiect And thus much of a Syllogisme Demonstratiue now of a Syllogisme Dialecticall or probable CHAP. XXI Of a Syllogisme Dialecticall WHat is a Dialecticall Syllogisme A Dialecticall Syllogisme is that which is made of probable and credible Propositions What things are said to be probable Things probable according to Aristotle are these that seeme true to all men or to the most part of men or to all wise men or to the most part of wise men or else to the most approued wise men whereby it appeareth that things probable may be said fiue manner of wayes Shew how First those things are probable which vnto all men aswell learned as vnlearned being in their right wits doe seeme to be true as these Euery mother loueth her childe we loue them that loue vs we must doe good to them that doe good to vs. Secondly those things that seeme true to most men as these it is better for a communalty to be ruled by one Prince then by many It is not good to serue many masters at once Thirdly those things that seeme true to all wise men as these what thing soeuer is honest the same is also profitable Vertue is better then riches Fourthly those that seeme true to the most part of the wise and learned as thus the soule of man is immortall the Sunne is greater then the earth Fiftly those things that seeme true to the most approued wise men as these The world had a beginning it is better for a Prince to be loued then feared of his Subiects And generally vnder things probable are contained all true Propositions that be casuall and not implying any necessitie I say here true Propositions to exclude false Propositions whereof Sophisticall Syllogismes are made and not those which we call probable or Logicall Syllogismes and yet such Propositions be not so true in deede as those that bee required in a Syllogisme demonstratiue but onely doe seeme true ingendring a certaine opinion in mans minde doubting notwithstanding the contrary for it breedeth not a perfect knowledge as Science doth whereby the minde is of all doubts throughly resolued And note here that the Schoolemen doe make the matter whereof a Dialecticall Syllogisme doth consist to be twofold that is Materia remota in English farre off and Materia propinqua that is to say nigh or neere at hand What doth Materia remota containe These foure Dialecticall Predicates that is Definition called of the Schoolemen Terminus property generall kinde and Accident All which Predicates are before defined and are called Predicates because they are common words spoken of others But truely I see no cause why these foure Predicates should be attributed to a Dialectical Syllogisme more then to a Syllogisme demonstratiue for sure I am that as good demonstrations may be made of these as of any other Predicats What is contained vnder Materia propinqua These a Dialecticall Proposition Probleme and Position What difference is betwixt these three words Dialecticall Proposition Probleme and Position A Dialecticall Proposition is a probable question vttered with a simple Interrogatory as whether the mother loueth her childe which is no question in deede but to him that asketh A Probleme is a doubtfull question vttered with a double Interrogatory as whether the least fixed starre in the firmament be greater then the Moone or not or whether that the Sunne be bigger then the earth or not Position is a wonderfull opinion maintained by some excellent Clerke as to say that all things are but one essence or being as Melissus affirmed or that all things doe continually flowe and change as Heraclitus held or that the earth moueth and not the heauens as Copernicus supposeth onely to finde out thereby the true motions of the Planets and not for that he thought so in deed CHAP. XXII Of a sophisticall Syllogisme WHat is a Sophisticall or false Syllogisme A false Syllogisme is that which is either made of false Propositions or else of such as seeme probable and be not in deede or else of probable premisses not rightly concluding and of such Syllogismes there be three sortes the one failing in matter the other in forme the third in both When is it said to faile in