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A58318 The judgment of urines. By Robert Record Doctor of Physick Whereunto is added an ingenious treatise concerning physicians, apothecaries, and chirurgeons, set forth by an eminent physitian in Queen Elizabeths dayes. With a translation of Papius Ahalsossa concerning apothecaries confecting their medicines; worthy perusing, and imitating. Record, Robert, 1510?-1558.; Pape, Joseph, 1558-1622. aut 1679 (1679) Wing R650A; ESTC R220684 54,269 145

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the spring time And those countries that be hot and dry make urine like unto summer And contrariwise cold and moist alter water as doth winter But countries that are drie and distempered between heat and cold make urine like harvest Meats drinks and medicines Also meats and drinks and order of diet causeth urine to alter and medicines also as not only experience reacheth but also Hippocrates witnesseth in the sixt Book of his Epidemies or raining sicknesses in the fift part and the fifteenth sentence as for example Meats of light concoction Those meats that are light of concoction and good in substance cause good and temperate urine with pure contents but contrary meats cause discoloured urine and thin with strange contents Meats of hard concoction Meats that will not concoct make lesser contents and divers in substance Evill meats cause greater contents and in nothing duely formed And as the quality of meats doth alter urine so doth the quantity also For if a man have eaten much and not concocted it his urine shall be thin and white and sometime without ground But if this crudity or rawness in stomack contin● long the urine will become divers in su●stance Drinking of wine and in contents Also wine drunk abundantly causeth ●teration in urine Fasting long But now contrariwise if a man doe s● long his urine will appear fiery and saffr● coloured and thin with lesser ground Suffering of famine But if a man suffer famine and do n● nourish his water shall be thin and whi● with a certain glistering and witho● ground Labour Moreover exercise and rest changeth ●rine for through excessive labour the uri● changeth from light saffron and at leng● becommeth saffron coloured with lit● ground thin and higher coloured then should be And some time there fleete on the top a certain fastness specially aft● overmuch wearinesse Rest But idleness and rest doth contrariwi● cause white urine with greater and gros● ground Sleep Watching Furthermore sleep and watching if th● exceed measure they alter urine but the● is a difference between both sleepe a● watching comming of sickness and the● both when they be taken willingly in heal● For if that sickness cause overmuch slee● ●hen is the urine whitish with substance ei●her fully thick or but partly thin and the contents many and undigest Naturall sleep But if that such sleep come naturally the urine is not so white but rather flaxen and the substance mean with greater and well concoct contents Voluntary sleep And likewise they that have watched purposedly and not by reason of sickness their urine is but little changed Watch in sickness But if they watch for any sickly cause their urine will change but little at the beginning but with continuance the contents will be dispersed and at the last clean wasted and the substance of the urine waxeth thinner and thinner by little and little and the colour inclineth either to white and watery or unto golden saffron oylie or black according as the cause is that maketh it so to change Of alteration by complexion I will write in the next Chapter Now have you heard as touching alteration of urine in health according to diversity of ages both in men and women times of the yeer countries meats and drinks labour rest sleep and watch so that you must have regard to these in all judgements both in health and in sicknesse For if these be not diligently marked they may cause great error as you may well co●der What is to be considered in urine First therefore in every urine you 〈◊〉 consider whether it be a mans or a wom● and what age he or shee is of then w● time of the yeer it is and what count what meats and drinks the person us● and likewise of labour and rest sleep 〈◊〉 watch And then must you consider 〈◊〉 every one of these doth alter urine so 〈◊〉 if the altering of them from that health urine whereof I spake in the beginning this Chapter be but such as one of th● foresaid things would cause then may it be judged to come of any disease as for ●●ample High coloured water in sum● so that it pass not saffron colour or w● coloured water in winter should rather reckoned to come of the time of the y● then of any sickness and likewise of o● things CHAP. VII What be the generall qualities that alte● the parts of Vrine BEfore I treat of the signification of 〈◊〉 parts of Urine I think it good to instr● you of the generall qualities which cause all alterations in urine whereby you shall perceive not only what every urine doth betoken as I shall anon set forth but also if you mark well this Chapter you shall see ●he cause why every urine doth so signifie You shall understand therefore that there be four chief and only qualities whereof all things that are both in the Sea and Earth are made as man and beast fish and fowl trees herbs stones and mettals These four qualities are heat cold moistness and driness and these four continuing duly tempered as nature ordered them first in every perfect body be the cause of continuall health But if they bee altered wrongly then doe they cause diseases diversly according to the diversitie of the alterations And as they doe cause diseases so they change the colour substance and other parts of the urine whereby wee may conjecture the cause of the disease and so consequently the disease it self though sometime it declareth the disease it self and not the cause thereof Passive and active qualities But now to come to the matter meetest for this time you shall mark that two of these four qualities are named Passive and they cause but small alteration in comparison The other two are called Active an● they cause great alteration The Active qualities are heat and col● and the Passive qualities are driness an● moistness Moistness When Moistness therefore exceedeth alone it dulleth the naturall colour of urin● thicketh and ingrosseth the substance an● increaseth the quantitie And as the ove● part of it above waxeth rough and trouble● so the ground increaseth and continue● raw and unconcoct Dryness But dryness doth diminish the quantit● of urine and also the contents It maket● it thin in substance cleer and bright an● causeth mean colour and the ground appeareth grosser Heat Likewise heat if it exceed measure bu● little it maketh pale and light saffron colour in the urine But if heat exceed greatly it causeth golden and saffron colour● with mean substance and a little brightness the ground is mean in respect to the quantity of urine but it declineth from the du● whiteness toward saffron colour Cold. But cold on the other side maketh urin● turn to white colour and changeth the substance from a mean And if the cold increase the urine will alter from mean substance and therefore consequently will bee either thin or grosse
all ●ther signs be good Pale light saffron Pale and light saffron as you have hea● before are the best colours and most temp●rate which betoken exact concoction Golden saffron But golden and saffron colour declare e●cess of heat Claret red Crimson Purple Green oily Claret is next and then red after it crimson and then purple then green and l● of them is oily urine which as they goe in o●der so they declare greater and greater he● with increase not only of the qualitie b● also of the matter containing the same Blew ash-colour But now of the other side blew urine an● ash colour are tokens of excessive cold sometime with matter and sometime with out and so likewise of black urine howbeit it cometh sometime of excess of heat But how you may know the difference both of it and all the other now will I shew in order with the rest of their significations White White urine if it come in great quantity in a whole man it betokeneth much drinking of thin wine But if it be mean in quantity with a due ground it declareth cold distemperance of the liver The urine doth appear white with a dis-form and unconcocted ground in them that have the dropsie But in old men white ●rine is no great evill sign as you may per●eive by that I said before of Ages how ●hey alter urine But in yong men and such ●s are of freshest age it is a worse sign and ●pecially if it have either no contents or else evill contents And if urine continue ●ong time white without changing it betokeneth painfull beating of the head daselling of the eies and giddiness and also the fal●ing evill lothsomness of good meats and ●usting sometime after evill meats greedie hunger pain in limbs and painfull moving of the sinewes and divers griefes of the head and reines and also pain in the fundament and great weakness by sickness for all these doe follow continually lack of concoction either cold or stopping of the urines and conduct or transposing of the humours But the differences of these cannot easily bee known of every man yet such as are learned may gather certain distinctions of them by the accidents which follow diseases Milk white hornwhite gray Dark white colours as milk white white white like horn and grey If they appear in the beginning of Agues and in the increase of them they doe betoken much pain But in the decrease of Agues they declare he especially if it come plentifully Pale flaxen Pale urine and flaxen do not lightly pear in Agues except they be easie Ag● and short as those which continue but day but if that it do follow after bu● Agues it declareth that they be fully d●ved Pale saffron As for pale and light saffron they are 〈◊〉 I said before the best and most perfect ●lours namely in young men and f● youth But in old men women and child● whose urine as I have said declineth ●ward white and pale it doth betoken t● their bodie is too hot either by reason● their diet or else of their exercise Bu● as much as it is but mean excesse it declare● but small grief Golden saffron colour Golden and saffron coloured urine if be either somewhat thin or very thick ●ther it hath no ground or else very few a● dark contents But in this they differ th● golden urine declareth excess of heat a● matter also by reason of meats sharp med●cines chafing of the bloud through ange● heat of the bowels or else heat of the tim● of the yeer But saffron colour appeareth rather wit● default of matter through some affection o● the mind watching heat of the sun labour and such like things which increase thin and yellow choller and diminish naturall heat ●o that the cause of this colour is choler it self increased either in quantity or else in qualitie But in old men and women and ●uch other there is some greater cause that occasioneth it for it signifieth an Ague com●eth of saffronly choler dispersed through the whole body after which there followeth commonly giddiness headach bitterness of ●he mouth lothsomeness of meat thirstiness Also in yong men such urine is caused through much exercise and use of hot meats Of Claret and red Vrine Claret urine CLaret and red urine is coloured either of the mixture of red choler or else of the corruption of bloud such urine oftentimes goeth before Agues For when the blood doth so abound that it cannot be duly laboured nor can take no ayre there is engendred a certain corruption which as it is red of colour it self so it causeth the urine to be red in colour if it be much else it maketh only claret colour But if it be exact red lik grain it betokeneth that bloud issueth into it out of some veins nigh to the reins which either are broken or other waies ●pened But how it may be known fr● whence it commeth and how there are ●ny means to search but because they are● light to perceive I will reserve them for P●sicians that are learned This colour o● self is no great evill sign namely in yo● men for it betokeneth excess of bloud wh● may well bee born of them But in old m● it is a very evill sign for it betokeneth ●ther long sickness or else death sith na● is so weak that it cannot keep in her natu● humour And if that red colour come● red choler as it doth in young men for 〈◊〉 most part and not of blood which thing learned Physician may conjecture partly 〈◊〉 the former diet and other signs more t● accidents shal be the more troublous ho●beit yet not so evill as when it commeth 〈◊〉 saffron or golden choler for this cause greater thirst and more troublous sleep th● the other Of Crimson colour Crimson colour CRimson colour is a token that the goo● humours of the bodie are burned an● turned into red or black choler which cau● worse griefs then the other howbeit if 〈◊〉 have a good ground the grief is the more moderate But if it have either no contents for a space or else evill contents and the urine appear like a thick myste but somewhat glistering light it is a sign that nature needeth such strength to recover her selfe to her own state Notwithstanding such urine is caused sometime in whole folk by reason of much labour and long journying and then it hath some good signs therewith But in them that have a sharp Ague such crimson colour of urine doth betoken that corrupt blood doth abound and that it doth putrifie and turn into choler And commonly they that make such urine doe thirst much and are dry in their mouth and are troubled in their sleep and feel sharp Agues and are half distract and feel pain of the liver with coughing Howbeit yet these signs may be sometimes as well good as bad according as the colours do change to better or worse Of Purple Colour