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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	wit_n	write_v	year_n	45	3	4.0903	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65093	The works of the famous antiquary, Polidore Virgil containing the original of all arts, sciences, mysteries, orders, rites, and ceremonies, both ecclesiastical and civil : a work useful for all divines, historians, lawyers, and all artificers / compendiously English't by John [i.e. Thomas] Langley.; De rerum inventoribus. English	Vergil, Polydore, 1470?-1555.; Langley, Thomas, d. 1581.	1663 (1663)	Wing V596; ESTC R28374	121,672	340

in the first Punick battel The water-Dial was used first in Rome by P. Scipio Nasica the 900th year of the City to divide the hours of the day and night Albeit it was invented by Cresibins of Alexandria Afterwards Clocks made of Metall were invented by subtil wits and sand-Dials were made whose Authors be yet unknown In some places the Clocks strike 24 hour● by order in other some as in the Well parts of the World it smiteth twice in the day In such order that the 12th hour is at noon and at midnight The dayes which be reckoned diversly in several nations began in Egypt where the year and Moneths were also devised they take all the space from midnight to midnight for one day and the Roman● used the same manner For the Sun-rising is the beginning of all affairs and functions the night is a time of Counselling they had also assigned to every hour a sundry Ministry as Martial in his Epigram declareth The day was devided in sundry wise That every hour had a several office The two first served for salutation The third for Lawyers alteration Two next were spent in labour diversly The sixt men might themselves rest quietly The seventh of Works was a resolution The Eighth was for wrestlers and in Conclusion The ninth was limitted for Mens repast And so for the other of time was made no waste The Babylonians called the space between the Sun risings a day the Athenians named all that was between the goings down a day The Vmbrians count their day from noon to noon but commonly from morning till night is called a day The night was devided into four watches whereof every one as Hierome witnesseth contained three hours CHAP. VI. Who set forth Books first or made a Library Printing Paper Parchment or Art of Memory BOoks which contain the Monuments of ingenuous wits and a Register of all Valiant prowesse as Lae●tius thinketh were first published 〈◊〉 Greece Gellius saith it was Pisistrat●● that made the first book and exhibit● it to be read openly Yet Josephus de●clareth that the Hebrews and Priests 〈◊〉 Egypt and Chaldee set forth Books first The Athenians multiplyed the number of Books which Xerxes carrye● from thence into Persia and Seleuo● king of Macedony caused them man● years after to be conveighed to Athen● again After that Ptolomeus King o● Egypt gathered together 700000 books which were all burnt at the battell o● Alexandria Neverthelesse Strab● recordeth that Aristotle did institute the first Library and left it to Theophrastus his Disciple and taught the Kings of Aegypt how they should order their Library Theophrastus left it to Melus and of him Seepsis received it There was also a very antient Library at Pergamus In Rome Asinius Pollio had the first Library which was the occasion that good wits employed great study in learning to the ample furtherance and commodity of that Common-wealth There be at this day many in Italy but the most famous is the Library which Frederick Feltrius Duke of Vrbine did cause to be edified Truely the commodity of Libraries is very profitable and necessary but in comparison of the Art of Printing it is nothing both because one man may Print more in one day then many men in many years could write And also it preserveth both Greek and Latine Authors from the danger of corruption It was found in Germany at Mogunce by one J. Cuthembergus a Knight he found moreover the Ink by his devise that Printers use sixteen years after Printing was found which was the year of our Lord 1458 one Conradus an Almain brought it into Rome and Nicholas Johnson a Frenchman did greatly polish and garnish it And now it is dispersed through most parts of the World Before the use of Paper men used to write in leaves of Date-Trees and sometimes on the bark of Trees Afterward they wrote the publique writings in plates or sheets of Lead and their private matters in Tables and wax for tables as Homer testifieth were before the siege of Troy Paper was devised by King Alexander as Varro affirmeth it was made of a kind of fenny Rushes that grew in the marish grounds of Egypt But Pliny saith it was used in the time of King Numa● that reigned 300 years before Alexander and his books which were found in a chest of stone in a field by L. Pitilius a Scribe were written in Paper In processe of time paper that we use now was invented it is made of linnen cloath beaten together in Mills for that use Parchment as Varro witnesseth was found in Pergamus albeit Jewish Historians as Josephus sheweth used Parchment they wrote also in Goats in s and sheep-skins in old time as Herodotus declareth There be divers manner of Papers as Paper-royall Paper-demy blotting paper marchants paper The usage of writing by characters is very ancient and was found by Tyrotullius Freman as Eusebius supposeth and Julius Caesar used it much in secret and privy Counsels The Art of Memory was found by Simonides in Thessaly For when he was invited to a banquet at a Nobleman's house called Scopa it chanced that he was sent for to speak with two young men at the gate and straightway the Banquetting-house fell and destroyed all the guests Then he because he remembred in what order and place every one sate delivered every man his friend to be buried By that fact both he perceived the order of the Art of Memory and what commodity came to the remembrance of man by such an Art Cyrus King of Persia excelled in Memory which could call every man in his Army by name Cyneas the Embassadour of Pyrrhus the day after he came to Rome saluted every order of Nobles by their proper names Mithridates could speak 22 Languages Julius Caesar could write read endite and hear a tale all at once Adrianus the Emperour could do the same CHAP. VII The beginning of War with other things concerning the same CHivalry wherein is declared the manly courage of noble Captains was devised as Tully saith by Pallas the manner of War as Diodorus thinketh was invented by Mars But Josephus telleth that Tubulcain which was before the floud did first practise feats of Arms whereby it appeareth that the use of Wars is of great antiquity but it is uncertain who was the first Warriour Before the finding out of Weapons men used to fight with their fists seet and biting And thus began battel as Lucretius writeth Hands and feet tooth nail Were first Weapons in battail Afterward they began to fight with Staves and Clubs And therefore they assign to Hercules a staff and a Lyons skin For men in the beginning used staves to revenge their injuries and quarrels and covered their bodies with skins of wild beasts instead of Armour Palamedes ordered and set men first in array appointed Watches and Warding to be kept and Watch-words in the battle of

they that professed it had the title of Wise-men There be three parts of it one called naturall another moral and the faculty of disputing called Logick Naturall treateth of the World and contents thereof which Archelaus brought out of Ionia unto Athens Moral informeth the life and manners of men this part Socrates traduced from heavenly things to the use of life and to discern good and bad Logick inventeth reasons on both parts and was found by Zeno Eliates others divide it into five parts natural supernatural moral mathematical and Logick Dialogues were made first by Plato or at the least furnished with more eloquence for Aristotle saith that they were devised by Alexamenus Scire●s CHAP. XIV Astrology the course of the Stars Sphear nature of the Winds THe Earth is most subject to the influence and operation of the Planets and by the temperate seasonablenesse of the Constellations it bringeth forth abundance of fruits and as Julius Firmicus supposeth the Stars have also a power in the birth of men to make them of one fashion or other this or that complexion of good or bad disposition according as the Aspects Conjunctions or Oppositions do procure And the Egyptians have devised and appointed to every night and day its peculiar god and what destiny or death shall chance to him that is born on any such day And the Chaldees said that to atchieve any good or hurtful thing the Planets help much By this occasion men through diligent observing of the celestial bodies invented Astrology wherein the whole moveable course of the Heaven the rising going down and order of the Planets be comprehended which the Egyptians boast themselves to have found though some say Mercury was authour of it and Diodorus affirmeth it to be Actinus the son of Phoebus Neverthelesse Josephus plainly declareth that Abraham instructed them and the Chaldees in that Art and thence it came into Greece for all the learned men of Greece as Pherecides Pythagoras Thales acknowledge that they were disciples to the Egyptians and Chaldees But Pliny writeth that Atlas was the first founder of it and therefore the Poets feign that he beareth Heaven on his back Servius thinketh it was Prometheus that found it Nevertheless all these as I suppose were the beginners of this faculty every man in his own Countrey onely where he dwelled for even from the beginning of the World the sons of Seth devised first the Science of the Stars and for as much as they feared lest their Art should perish before it came to the knowledg of men for they had heard their grand-father Adam say that all things should be destroyed by the universal floud they made two Pillars one of stone the other of Brick to the intent that if the Brick wasted with water or storms yet the stone should preserve the letters whole and perfect and iu these Pillars they graved all that concerned the observance of the Stars And therefore it is probable that the Egyptians Chaldeans learned Astrology of the Hebrews and so consequently it spread abroad in other Nations and thus began Astronomy conceived to seduce mens wits Among the Romans Sulpitius Gallus in Greece Thales Milesius perceived the cause of the Eclipse of the Sun and Moon Endimeon marked first the course of the Moon and her changing as Pliny writeth Pythagoras as some say observed the course of Venus called the Day-star but as Laertius supposeth it was Permenides The Sphear was divised by Archimedes a Syracusian but Diogenes taketh it to have been Museus and Pliny a●cribeth it to Anaximander The winds were first observed by Aeolus as it is reported upon this reason The Inhabitants of the Islands about Sicily Prognosticate by the smoke of the said Isles three dayes before what wind they shall have and for that cause they say that Aeolus hath dominion over the winds The winds as some divide them be four according to the four principal Regions of the ayr they that be more curious make eight And especially one Andronicus Cerestes which builded in Athens a Turret and set on every side of it the Images of Winds graven against the Region whence the winds came and set them on Pillars of Marble and in the middle he set a brazen Image of Triton which he had made so that it would turn with the wind and stand with his face toward the wind that blew and point with a rod to the Image of the same Wind which manner is now used in all Countries for they set up Weather-cocks or Fans to shew out of what Quarter the Wind bloweth CHAP. XV. Who Invented Geometry Arithmetick with other things NIlus the most famous River of the World from the time that the Sun is in Tropico Cancri untill it come to the Equinoctial line in Libra again doth overflow all the Downs and plain Countries of Egypt by the altitude and deepnesse of this flood the Egyptians foresee the plenty and scarsity of fruits to com For if it increase but unto the depth of twelve or thirteen Cubits it portendeth lack of sufficiency if it passe fourteen and so to sixteen it importeth great plenty In the time of Claudius Caesar it waxed eighteen Cubits which was the greatest tide The least was in the time of the battel at Pharsalia whereby it signified how it abhorred the murther of the valiant Pompey When Nilus with such inundations had partly diminished partly transposed the Meers and Land-marks whereby their portions of land were disordered they were compelled often to measure their bounds afresh for that cause the Egyptians vaunt that Geometry was invented by them to measure Lands As Arithmetick by the Phoenicians the better to perform their Merchandise But Josephus seemeth to attribute both to the Jews saying That God prolonged the time of their lives because they were employed in studies to search out Astrology and Geometry and the Egyptians were ignorant in Geometry and Arithmetick untill the time that Abraham taught them Geometry contained the description of lengths breadths shapes and quantities In this Strabo in Greece excelled in the time of Tiberius and Ptolomy under Trajanus and Antoninus In Italy Plinius and Foninus Measures and Weights were found by Sidonius as Eutropius saith the same time that Procas reigned in Albany Ahaz in Judah and Jeeroboam in Hierusalem Some write that Mercury devised them in Greece Pliny ascribeth it to Phidon of Argos Gellius to Palamedes Strabo to one Phidon of Elis in Arcadie Di●genes saith that Pythagoras taught the Greeks weights and measures but Josephus affirmeth that Cain found them first of all Numbers some say were invented by Pythagoras some by Mercury Livius supposeth that Pallas found them The manner of counting years in Greece was by Olympiads which contained the space of five years as the Romans did Lustra which contained the same