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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A62424	The annals and history of Cornelius Tacitus his account of the antient Germans, and the life of Agricola / made English by several hands ; with the political reflecions and historical notes of Monsieur Amelot De La Houffay and the learned Sir Henry Savile.; Works. 1698	Tacitus, Cornelius.; Lipsius, Justus, 1547-1606.; Dryden, John, 1631-1700.; Bromley, William, 1664-1732.; Potenger, John, 1647-1733.	1698 (1698)	Wing T101; ESTC R17150	606,117	529

Duke of Braganza's Brother and Children who were in Exile that he might not in the beginning of his Reign shew that he had a Design to change what Iohn the Second his Predecessor had done and that he might not make them his Enemies to whom Iohn had given their confiscated Estates Ch. 13. of his History to more rigid Customs which had so long been accustom'd to a soft voluptuous way of Living The Year of Rome 768. XLVIII Under the Consulship of Drusus and Norbanus a Triumph for Germanicus was decreed though the War was yet in being And though he had made great Preparations for the Summer following yet he anticipated the Time by a sudden Irruption in the beginning of the Spring into the Country of the Catti For there were Grounds of Hope that Factions would arise among them some taking part with Arminius others with Segestes both of them very considerable to the Romans one by his breach of Faith the other by his Constancy Arminius had disturb'd the Peace of Germanicus and kindl'd the War against the Romans Segestes had openly declar'd in the last solemn Festivals and many times before they rose in Arms that a Conspiracy was hatching to Revolt at the same time advising Varus 1 The good Opinion which most Great Men have of their Ability or of their Strength makes them often neglect to search the bottom of the Cabals and Conspiracies which are formed against them I never saith Commines knew a Prince who was able to know the difference betwixt Men until he came into Necessity and into Trouble They who act in Fear provide well against Contingencies and oftner succeed than those who proceed with Pride For which Reason 't is no Shame to be Suspicious but it is a great Shame to be deceived and to be ruined by Negligence C. 12. of l. 1. the 4 th of the 2 d. and the 5th of the 3 d. About the middle of the last Age there happened a Revolution at Sienna which serves for a Lesson to Governours A Spark of this general Conspiracy against the Emperour saith Iohn Ant. de Vera flew from the Kingdom of Naples to Sien●a where Don Diego de Mendosa then commanded but this Spark entred so subtilly that although Don Diego had Notice given him of it he yet found somewhat in the outward Carriage of the People wherewith to flatter his Incredulity which in the end cost him very dear for the People of Sienna coming to cry out Liberty drove the Spaniards and the Florentines out of their City and received a French Garison in their stead Epitome of the Life of Charles the Fifth And this was the cause that Don Diego who had been so great a Man in his Youth was not employed in his old Age so that his riper Years paid for the Faults of his younger Thus Le Dom Baltazar de Suninga speaks of him in the Extract of his Life which he hath prefixed to his History of the Wars of Grenada in which he hath very much imitated the Stile of Tacitus to secure Arminius and himself and all the Leading Men of the Germans the People not being in any capacity of Rebelling when they were unfurnish'd of Commanders And this once done Varus would have sufficient Leisure to distinguish afterwards betwixt the Guilty and the Innocent 2 This is what all Governours ought to do upon Notice given them of Conspiracies which are a forming against the Prince and the State immediately to secure saith a Politician the Persons suspected and the Places which they command that they may afterwards at leisure inform themselves what there is in it and finding them guilty punish them according to the Exigence of the Case For in such Occurrences Incredulity is perilous all Delays are dangerous the least Iealousie is reputed a Crime and the slightest suspicious make room for Iustice to take place which cannot be too rigorous Rigour in such a case passing for Clemency and Favour for Rigour Thus Princes and Ministers of State in Treasonable Practices ought in the first place to take the Buckler of Resolution and afterwards to unsheath the Sword of Iustice either against the Heads only of the Conspiracy for Example or against all that are engaged in it for the Offence In the Memoirs of Montresor The Cardinal de Richelieu strongly maintains this Maxim In the course of ordinary Affairs saith he Iustice requires an authentick Proof but it is not the same in those which concern the State For in such a case that which appears by pressing Conjectures ought sometimes to be held to be sufficiently proved because Conspiracies which are formed against the publick Safety are commonly managed with so much Cunning and Secrecy that there is never any evident Proof thereof but by their Event which admits of no Remedy In these cases we must sometimes begin with the Execution whereas in all others legal Evidence by Witnesses or undeniable Papers is preferable to all other Ways Pol. Test. p. 2. c. 5. But Varus perish'd by his Destiny 3 The Power of the Destinies saith Paterculus is not to be surmounted when they will destroy any one they pervert his Counsels and take away his Iudgment Ch. 57. and 118. Commines saith When God is so highly offended that he will no longer endure a Person but will shew his Power and his Divine Iustice then he first diminishes the Understanding of Princes so that they shun the Counsel of the Wise c. Cap. ult of l. 5. of his Memoirs Ierom Moron Chancellor of Millain was esteemed the greatest Politician that was in Italy and yet he fell into the Nets of the Marquis of Pesquera whom all his Friends advised him to beware of as of a Man who would infallibly sacrifice him to Charles the Fifth A Thing which appeared so much the stranger to me saith Guichardin because I remember that Moron often told me in the time of Leo the Tenth That there was not a worse nor a more perfidious Man in Italy than the Marquis of Pesquera His History l. 6. and by the Valour of 4 It is no small Question amongst Politicians and Soldiers Whether it is better for a General of an Army to have great Courage with a moderate Understanding or a great Understanding with moderate Courage The Cardinal de Richelieu gives the Preference to great Courage and afterwards adds This Proposition will appear it may be surprising it being contrary to what many have thought of this matter but the Reason of it is evident Men of great Courage are not put into a Consternation by danger and consequently all the Understanding and Iudgment which God hath given them is serviceable to them on such Occasions On the contrary Men of little Courage being easily put into a Consternation find themselves so disordered at the least Danger that how great an Understanding soever they have it is utterly unserviceable to them because their Fear deprives them of the Use of it As

Brother in the most submissive manner he begs Pardon of Tiberius who appear'd not in the least mov'd thereby By and by the Emperor reads the Accusations and the Names of their Authors with such temper that he seemed neither to extenuate nor aggravate the Crimes XXX Besides Trio and Catus there came also two Accusers more Fonteius Agrippa and C. Livius amongst whom there was some dispute which of them had the Right to accuse him but when they could not agree amongst themselves and Libo came without an Advocate Livius declar'd that he would exhibit the several Crimes wherewith he was charged Of which one was That he had consulted with the Astrologers whether he should ever be rich enough to cover the Appian way from Rome to Brundusium with Money and the rest were much of the same nature Ridiculous and Pitiful Only there was a Writing in Libo's hand upon which the Accuser insisted very much wherein were the Names of the Caesars and of some Senators with Dangerous and Mysterious Notes added to them Libo disowning it 't was thought ●it to put some of his Slaves who knew his hand to the Question But because it was forbidden by an ancient Decree of the Senate to examine a Slave by torture against the Life of his Master Tiberius who was ingenious at inventing new Laws 1 There are occasions wherein the Prince for the Safety of his Person or for the Repose of his People is constrain'd to accommodate the Laws to the Necessity of his Affairs Politicians pretend that the Laws consist not in words but in the Sense which the Publick Authority gives them and that they have no force but as far as the Prince lends it them who is the sole legal Interpreter of them Howsoever that be a good Prince ought as much as is possible to avoid coming to new Examples of severity therein for whatsoever the Cause or the Colour may be the Novelty of the procedure makes him pass for Cruel The action of Pope Sixtus-Quintus who order'd a Youth to be put to Death who was under Seventeen years old telling the Governor of Rome that he would give him ten of his own years that he might be of the Age requir'd by the Laws * Leti lib. 1. part 2 of his Life this Action I say ought rather to be forgotten than imitated order'd Libo's Slaves to be sold to the Publick Register that they might be examin'd against him by torture without infringing the Law 2 It ill becomes Princes to use certain tricks and shams of Art to put a colour upon Frauds and real Injustice The manner of the same Sixtus-Quintu●'s dealing with the Author of a Pasquinade upon his Sister Donna Camilla is another action that did no honour to his Pontificate We have promis'd you your Life and 1000 Pistols said he to this Unhappy Man and we freely give you both for coming and making the Discovery your self but we reserv'd in our mind a Power to have your ●ongue and both your Hands cut off to hinder you from speaking or writing any more L●ti lib. 2. part 2. of his Life It is of him that the Pagliari speaks in his 210 Observation where he saith We have seen in our days a Prince who did not invent new Laws but who extended the old ones to all cases which he had a Mind to comprehend under them saying that this was the Intention of the Prince who made them although● these Cases were not expressed in them Not only all Germany but also all Europe detested the Fraud which Charles V. put upon the Landtgrave of Hesse by the help of one word of the Treaty wherein his Ministers slipt in a W instead of an N so that in the Copy which the Landtgrave signed it was written Euvige whereas the Minutes or the rough Draught had Einige which entirely alter'd one of the Essential Conditions of the Treaty which was that the Landtgrave stipulated to be sent back without any Imprisonment ohne einige ge fangus whereas the Emperor on the contrary having caus'd him to be arrested by the Duke of Alva said that by the Treaty he was obliged only not to hold him in perpetual Imprisonment as the Word Euvige signifies Heiss. li 3. part 1. of his History of the Empire Don Iuan Antonio de Vera endeavours to 〈◊〉 Charles V by saying that the 〈◊〉 had no reason ●o 〈…〉 that a Promise to exempt him 〈◊〉 perpetual Imprisonment 〈…〉 that he was 〈…〉 But this doth 〈…〉 the 〈…〉 to the Let●● 〈…〉 written in it yet he can't he excused from breaking his Word seeing he knew that the Landtgrave and his Mediators Maurice Duke of Saxony and the Elector of Brandenburgh had agreed and capitulated for the Contrary Upon which Libo having desir'd that he might have time given him till the next Day for his answer went home and sent by the Hands of his Kinsman P. Q●irinius his last Petition to the Emperor whose Answer was that he must address himself to the Senate XXXI In the mean time his House was beset with Soldiers who made such a Noise in the Porch as if they desir'd to be taken notice of so that perceiving what he was to expect he was Melancholly at this last Feast which he had made to take his farewell of Pleasure and called for some body to kill him laid hold on his Servants and put a Sword into their Hands but they trembling and drawing back threw down the Light that stood on the Table and the Horror of the Darkness suiting with his design he immediately gave himself two stabs in the Belly His Freed man hearing him groan as he fell ran to him and the Soldiers retired at the sad Spectacle The Accusation was still prosecuted in the Senate with the same Heat However Tiberius swore that he would have interceeded with the Senate for his Life notwithstanding his Guilt had he not prevented him by a Voluntary Death XXXII His Estate was divided amongst the Accu●ers and his Prae●orship was given to some of the Senate before the Assembly was held for the Election of Officers At the same time Cotta Messalinus moved that Libo's Image might not be carry'd in the Procession of the Funerals of his Kindred Cneius Lentulus that none of the Family of the Scribonii might take the Sirname of Drusus 1 The Names of Traytors ought to be bury'd in Eternal 〈◊〉 To bear their Name is to partake of their Infamy with them and in some sort to approve of what they have done Iohn II. King of Portugal giving to Emanuel who afterwards succeeded him in the Throne the Con●i●cation of the Duke of Viseu his Brother's Estate made him take the Title of Duke of Beja instead of that of Viseu that this young Prince might not bear the Name of a Tray●or who would have kill'd his King Mariana Cap. ult Lib. 24 of his History And since that time there have never been any Dukes of Vise● notwithstanding Emanuel and

to punish the Injuries which are done to the Memory of his Predecessors for besides that the Honour which he doth herein to them returns directly on himself it is an Example which he leaves his Successors to do the like for him after his Death but he would not have her question'd for what she had spoken against himself 2 The Lashes of Womens Tongues deserv'd to be despised rather than resented If fools have Liberty to say any thing because what they say signifies nothing it is for the Honour of Princes to let some Women eternally enjoy this Privilege And being ask'd by the Consul what should be done in case she should be convicted to have defam'd Livia he return'd no answer at that time but at the next Assembly of the Senate he said That it was his Mother's desire that none should be molested for any words spoken against her and thereby acquitted Apuleia from the Indictment of Treason He also desir'd that her Adultery might not be punish'd with the utmost rigour and obtain'd that she might according to the ancient Custom be only banish'd by her Relations 200 Miles from Rome But Manlius her Gallant was banish'd from Italy and Africk LII A Contest arose about the Election of a Praetor to succeed Vipsanius Gallus deceas'd Germanicus and Drusus for they were yet at Rome employ'd their Interest in favour of Haterius Agrippa who was a Kinsman of Germanicus's but they were oppos'd by a great Party who contended that the Competitor who had most Children ought to be prefer'd as the Law requir'd 1 In the Disposal of great Offices it is for the Interest of the Prince to prefer those Competitors who ●aeteris paribus have the more numerous Families because more persons remain thereby oblig'd to him Tiberius was well enough pleas'd to see the Senate divided betwixt his Children and the Laws 2 A new Prince I mean a Prince whose form of Government is new can't have a greater Pleasure than to see the Laws weakned which had been made in those times when the State was govern'd in the Form of a Common-Wealth Thus when the Senate was divided betwixt the ancient Laws and the Parties of Germanicus and Drusus it was insensibly sinking to that Slavery to which Tiberius design'd to bring it Observe by the way that Germanicus who was the Darling of the People and the Senate for his popular temper did not himself stick to destroy the Liberties and that if ever he had come to the Empire he might possibly have had quite different sentiments from those which he shew'd under another's Reign and it was no wonder that the Laws truckled however it was carry'd 3 In the pursuit of Offices and Honours the support of Princes is of much greater advantage than that of the Laws And it is upon this Maxim that the Cardinal de Richelieu concludes for the selling of Offices because if that be suppress'd the Disorders that will proceed from Competitions and Underhand-practices by which Offices will be obtain'd will be greater than those which arise from the Liberty of buying and Selling them because in that case all would depend on the Favour and Artifice of those who are in the greatest Credit with Kings Sect. 1. Chap. 4. of the first part of his Politick Testament but by few Voices and not without some struggle against the Laws as it us'd to be sometimes when they were in force LIII The same Year a War brake out in Africk in which one Tacfarinas a Numidian was the Leader who had formerly served as an Auxiliary in the Roman Army which having Deserted and drawn together a Company of Vagabonds and Robbers for Plunder and Rapine he afterwards form'd them into a regular Body after a Military manner dividing them into Companies under their respective Colours after which he became General 1 War is the best of all Trades for those to whom Nature hath given great Courage It is the School wherein Fortune hath raised most of her greatest Favourites and whence Men born in Poverty Contempt and the most abject state of Mankind have ascended to the supreme Command of Armies and oftentimes to the Regal Power it self Francis Sforsa from the Son of a poor Shoemaker became General of an Army and his Son Duke of Milan The Constable de Lediguieres and the Mareschals de Toiras de Gassion and de Fabret who all three had no other Estate nor other maintenance but their Sword are Examples of a late Date which like the Trophees of Miltiades ought to rouze the Courage and Industry of so many poor Gentlemen who live in shameful idleness of the Musulans a Potent Nation bordering on the Desarts of Africk living without Cities or Houses who having taken arms against the Romans drew their Neighbours the Moors into the Quarrel whose General was named Mazippas betwixt whom and Tackfarinas the Army was divided The latter had the choice Troops which he arm'd after the Roman Fashion and confin'd them in a Camp to inure them to Discipline and Obedience whilst the Former with a Light-arm'd Body ravag'd the Country with Fire and Sword carrying Terror where-ever he came so that they had compell'd the Cinithii which was no contemptible Nation to enter into their League when Furius Camillus Proconsul of Africk marched against them with a single Legion and what Forces of the Roman Allies which were with him which was a very small Force in comparison of the numbers of the Numidians and Moors who were therefore so confident of the Victory that they feared nothing but that the Romans would not give them Battel but this Confidence prov'd their Ruine for Camillus having plac'd his Legion in the Middle and Light-arm'd Cohorts and two Squadrons of Horse in the Wings he receiv'd Tackfarinas so warmly that he defeated the Numidians 2 An over-confidence of Generals in their strength is oftentimes the Cause of the Defeat of their Armies As there is no little Errors in War we need not wonder that the strongest are sometimes vanquish'd Add hereto on the Occasion of this Diversion which was made betwixt Tuckfarinas and Mazipp●● that a single Head with ordinary Prudence makes better Officers than two brave Generals who are jealous of each other and hereby reviv'd after a long tract of time the Military Glory of the Family of the Camilli 3 It is with Families as with Cities sometimes they flourish sometimes they decline sometimes they are utterly Extinguish'd sometimes they rise again out of their Ashes after they have been whole ages buried in Obscurity and Oblivion This Vicissitude is more rare in Common-Wealths in which they more easily preserve themselves by means of Equality which covers them from Oppression whereas in Monarchy● a thousand of them perish under one reign when the Prince or his principal Ministers are Sanguinary or Covetous which since the famous Deliverer of Rome r It was in the Consulship of Furius Philo or Furius

over Religion Iournal du Regne d' Henry III. 1587. But nothing went nearer Tiberius than the great Affection of the People for Agrippina whom they called The Glory of their Country 6 Those Commendations the People give to one of Royal Birth whose Merit or Power create a Iealousie in the Prince always cost him dear for they not only lose him his Prince's Favour but make the Prince desire to get rid of one to whom the People give the Preference Witness Saul who would kill David because the Women of Israel were so indiscreet as to compare them The Acclamations of the Parisians in Favour of the Duke of Guise that Day he received the Blessed Sword Sixtus Quintus had sent him by a Bishop raised the Iealousie and Suspicion of Henry III. against him And not without Cause for the Ceremony was performed with as much Preparation and Pomp as a King's Coronation 1587. Besides Tiberius whose Maxim it was To moderate the Honours done to Women and even those to his Mother who had given him the Empire could not forbear being much displeased with Agrippina whom the People so much adored the only Blood of Augustus and the last Remains of ancient Probity and prayed the Gods her Children might survive their Enemies V. Some thought these Funerals not pompous enough and compared them with those Augustus made for Drusus Germanicus's Father For he went in the middle of Winter to Pavia and attended the Body to Rome upon the Herse were the Images of the Claudii and Livii d The Latin says Iuliorum but that is a transposing the Letters of Liviorum For at publick Funerals they carried only the Images of their Ancestors The Iulii were not related to Drusius but the Livii were by his Mother And it appears not that the Images of the Livii were omitted in that Ceremony His Funeral-Oration was spoke in the Place of Publick Assemblies he was praised in the Rostra e Rostra a goodly fair Edifice in which was an Orator's Pulpit deck'd and beautify'd with the Beaks of many Ships which the Romans took from the People of Antium in a memorable Sea-●ight and from thence in Latin Rostra hath this Place taken its Name and all Honours done him that either our Ancestors or latter times have invented But Germanicus wanted those that are due to every noble Roman It signified little said they that his Body was burnt without Ceremony in a Foreign Country considering the Difficulty of bringing it so far home but he should have had the greater Honours afterwards in lieu of those this Accident deprived him His Brother went but one Day 's Iourny to meet the Body and his Uncle only to the Gates What is become of the Ancient Customs Why was not his Effigies f The word Effigies ought not to be used here says Fremont de Ablancourt because it is not spoken here of any thing set up and that word cannot properly be used but on such an occasion Nevertheless his Uncle uses this very word in his Translation The late Monsieur Ogier has the same word in his Funeral-Oration upon Lewis XIII when he speaks of the Monuments of the Kings at St. Dennis carried and Verses sung in Honour of his Memory Why was he not praised and lamented with the usual Ceremonies of Mourning 1 If Princes are not really concerned for the Death of those that have done important Service to the Publick they ought at least to seem so And that Tacitus means by these Words Doloris imit●menta When the Duke d' Alva died at Lisbon the Portuguese thought it strange that their new King Phillip II. should appear the next day in publick contrary to the Custom of their Kings who upon the Death of their Ministers and others of inferiour Rank that had faithfully served the Crown kept up some days And to make an odious Comparison some remembred that Emanuel his Mother's Brother lockt up himself for three days upon the Death of a famous Pilor Livre 9. de Histoire de l'Union du Portugal a la Castille VI. These Discourses were carried to Tiberius and to put a stop to them he declares by an Edict That many Illustrious Persons had died in the Service of the Commonwealth but none had been so passionately regretted This was commendable both in him and them if a Mean was observed That the same things were not becoming Princes and private Men 2 It is no wonder the Iudgments of the People are for the most part contrary to those of their Princes For the People not being able to discern right would have the Prince espouse their Passions and accommodate himself to their Humour and he on the contrary would have them leave the Government to him without judging what they understand not The People are not capable of knowing what is fitting or not fitting for the Prince when a weak Prince generally knows what is agreeable to or unbecoming his Dignity for a People that Command the World and those that Govern Petty Commonwealths That the Season for Sorrow is when Grief is fresh but after three Months 't was reasonable to lay it aside as Caesar did upon the Death of his only Daughter and Augustus after he had lost his Children 3 When the Prince would justifie an Action which he knows the People do or may interpret amiss he cannot do it better than by the Example of his immediate Predecessors for the later the Example is it makes the greater Impression on those to whom it is brought That it was not necessary to give ancienter Instances how the People had bore with Constancy the Defeat of their Armies g The loss of the Battels of Cremera and Allia both fought on the 17th of Iuly in different Years and four others that of Ticinum Techia Lago di Perugia and Cannae where so many Roman Knights were killed that Hannibal sent to Carthage two Bushels full of Rings an Account of the number of the Slain by that of their Rings the Death of their Generals h Of the Scipio's in Spain and so many others and the entire Extinction of many noble Families i All the Fabii who were 306 near Relations perished in one Ambuscade the Tuscans had said for them near the River Cremera but by good Fortune there was one staid at home because of his being very young who restored the Family That Princes are Mortal but the Commonwealth Eternal 4 Kingdoms says Ant. Perez are in respect of Kings the same as Species are to their Individuals The Philosophers say the Species are Eternal because naturally they never end though Individuals perish like Accidents Kings make not Kingdoms but Kingdoms make Kings Dans ses secondes Lettres that they should therefore return to their ordinary Employments and enjoy themselves at the Megalensian Games k Games instituted in Honour of the great Goddess called by the Romans Magna Mater Her Statue was brought in great