in great disorder For Antigonus had placed the GAVLES in the rereward of his army to close it in which were a conuenient number and did valliantly defend the first charge and the skirmishe was so hotte that the most of them were slaine After them the leaders of the elephantes perceiuing they were enuironned on euery side yelded them selues and their beastes Pyrrus seeing his power to be now increased with such a supply trusting more to his good fortune then any good reason might moue him thrust further into the battel of the MACEDONIANS who were all afrayed and troubled for the ouerthrowe of their rereward so as they would not once base their pykes not fight against him He for his parte holdinge vp his hande and callinge the Captaines of the bandes by their names straight wayes made all the footemen of Antigonus turne wholly to his side who flying saued him selfe with a few horsemen and kept certaine of the cities in his realme apon the sea coast But Pyrrus in all his prosperity iudging nothing more toâ—edownde to his honor and glory then the ouerthrow of the GAVLES layed aside their goodliest and richest spoyles and offred vp the same in the temple of Minerua Itonida with this inscription VVhen Pyrrus had subdude the puisant Gaules in fields He caused of their spoyles to make these targets armes and shields The vvhich he hanged vp intemple all on high Before Minerua goddesse here in signe of victory VVhen he had ouercome the vvhole and hugie hoast The vvhich Antigonus did bring into his contries coast Ne maruell should it seeme though victory he vvonne Since valliantnes bringes victory and euermore hath done And valliantnes alvvayes hath constantly kept place From age to age and time to time in AEacus his race Immediatly after this battell all the cities of the realme of MACEDON yelded vnto him but when he had the citie of AEGES in his power he vsed the inhabitantes thereof very hardly specially bicause he left a great garrison of the GAVLES there which he had in pay This nation is extreame couetous as then they shewed them selues for they spared not to breake vp the tombes wherein the kinges of MACEDON lay buried there tooke away all the gold and siluer they could finde and afterwards with great insolency cast out their bones into the open winde Pyrrus was tolde of it but he lightly passed it ouer and made no reckening of it either bicause he deferred it till an other time by reason of the warres he had then in hande or else for that he durst not meddle with punishing of these barbarous people at that time But whatsoeuer the matter was the MACEDONIANS were very angry with Pyrrus blamed him greatly for it Furthermore hauing not yet made all thinges sure in MACEDON nor being fully possest of the same new toyes and hope came into his head and mocking Antigonus sayd he was a mad man to goe apparrelled in purple like a king when a poore cloke might become him like a priuate man Now Cleonymus king of SPARTA being come to procure him to bring his army into the contry of LACEDAEMON Pyrrus was very willing to it This Cleonymus was of the blood royall of SPARTA but bicause he was a cruell man and would do all thinges by authority they loued him not at SPARTA nor trusted him at all and therefore did they put him out made Areus king a very quiet man. And this was the oldest quarrell Cleonymus had against the coÌ„mon wealth of SPARTA but besides that he had an other priuate quarrel which grewe vppon this cause In his olde yeares Cleonymus had maried a fayer younge Lady called Chelidonide which was also of the blood royall and the daughter of Leotychides This Lady being fallen extreamely in loue with Acrotatus king Areus sonne a goodly young gentleman and in his lusty youth she greatly vexed and dishonored her husbande Cleonymus who was ouer heade and eares in loue and iealousie with her for there was not one in all SPARTA but plainely knewe that his wife made none accompt of him And thus his home sorowes being ioyned with his outwarde common greues euen for spight desiring a reuenge in choller he went to procure Pyrrus to come vnto SPARTA to restore him againe to his kingdome Hereupon he brought him into LACEDAEMONIA forthwith with fiue and twenty thowsand footemen two thowsand horse and foure and twenty elephantes by which preparacion though by nothing else the worlde might plainely see that Pyrrus came with a minde not to restore Cleonymus againe vnto SPARTA but of intent to conquer for him selfe if he could all the contrie of PELOPONNESVS For in wordes he denied it to the LACEDAEMONIANS them selues who sent Ambassadors vnto him when he was in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where he tolde them that he was come into PELOPONNESVS to sette the townes and cities at libertie which Antigonus kept in bondage that his true intent and meaning was to send his young sonnes into SPARTA so they would be contented to the end they might be trained after the LACONIAN manner and from their youth haue this aduantage aboue all other kinges to haue bene well brought vp But faining these thinges and abusing those that came to meete him on his way they tooke no heede of him till he came within the coast of LACONIA into the which he was no sooner entred but he beganne to spoyle and wast the whole contry And when the Ambassadors of SPARTA reproued and founde fault with him for that he made warres vpon them in such sorte before he had openly proclaimed it he made them aunswer no more haue you your selues vsed to proclaime that which you purposed to do to others Then one of the Ambassadors called Mandricidas replied againe vnto him in the LACONIAN tongue If thou be a god thou wilt doe vs no hurt bicause we haue not offended thee and if thou be a man thou shalt meete with an other that shal be better then thy selfe Then he marched directly to SPARTA where Cleonymus gaue him counsell euen at the first to assault it But he would not so do fearing as they sayd that if he did it by night his souldiers would sacke the city and sayd it should be time enough to assault it the next day at broad day light bicause there were but few men within the towne and beside they were very ill prouided And furthermore king Areus him selfe was not there but gone into CRETA to aide the GORTYNIANS who had warres in their owne contry And doutlesse that only was the sauing of SPARTA from taking that they made no reckening to assault it hotly bicause they thought it was not able to make resistaunce For Pyrrus camped before the towne throughly perswaded with him selfe that he should finde none to fight with him and Cleonymus frends and seruauntes also did prepare his lodging there as if Pyrrus should haue come to supper to him
gallant grace as in a conuoye where the mourners doe knocke their breastes at the foote of euery verse But that which most made the people of CORINTHE to weepe and lament which ranne to the peere and all alongest the shore side to see it was Antigonus whom they sawe all beblubbored with teares apparrelled as a mourner in blackes Nowe after they had brought a wonderfull number of garlands and nosegayes and cast them vppon the funerall pot and had solemnized all the honors possible for the funeralls at CORINTHE Antigonus caried away the pot to burye it in the citie of DEMETRIADE the which bare the name of Demetrius that was deade and was a newe citie that had bene replenished with people and built of litle townes which are about IOLCOS Demetrius left two children by his first wife Phila to wete Antigonus and Stratonice and two other sonnes both of them named Demetrius the one surnamed the leane of a woman of ILLYRIA and the other king of the CYRENIANS of his wife Ptolemaeide and another by Deidamiae called Alexander who liued in AEGYPT And it is reported also that he had another sonne called Corrhabus by his wife Eurydice and that his posteritie raigned by succession from the father to the sonne vntil the time of Perseus who was the last king of MACEDON whome the ROMANES ouercame by Paulus AEmylius wanne all the Realme of MACEDON vnto the Empire of ROME Now that the MACEDONIAN hath played his part giue the ROMANE also leaue to come vppon the stage THE LIFE OF Marcus Antonius ANTONIVS grandfather was that famous Orator whome Marius slue bicause he tooke Syllaes parte His father was an other Antonius surnamed Cretan who was not so famous nor bare any great sway in the common wealth howbeit otherwise he was an honest man and of a very good nature and specially very liberall in giuing as appeareth by an acte he did He was not very wealthie and therefore his wife would not let him vse his liberalitie and francke nature One day a friend of his comming to him to praye him to helpe him to some money hauing great neede Antonius by chaunce had no money to giue him but he commaunded one of his men to bringe him some water in a siluer basen after he had brought it him he washed his beard as though he ment to haue shauen it and then found an arrant for his man to send him out and gaue his friend the siluer basen and bad him get him money with that Shortly after there was a great sturre in the house among the seruaunts seeking out this siluer basen Insomuch as Antonius seeing his wife maruelously offended for it that she would examine all her seruaunts one after another about it to know what was become of it at length he confessed he had giuen it away prayed her to be contented His wife was Iulia of the noble house and familie of Iulius Caesar who for her vertue chastitie was to be compared with the noblest Lady of her time M. Antonius was brought vp vnder her being married after her first husbands death vnto Cornelius Lentulus whom Cicero put to death with Cethegas and others for that he was of Catilines conspiracie against the common wealth And this seemeth to be the originall cause and beginning of the cruell and mortall hate Antonius bare vnto Cicero For Antonius selfe sayth that he would neuer giue him the body of his father in law to bury him before his mother went first to intreat Ciceroes wife the which vndoubtedly was a flat lye For Cicero denied buriall to none of them whom he executed by law Now Antonius being a fayer younge man and in the pryme of his youth he fell acquainted with Curio whose friendship and acquaintance as it is reported was a plague vnto him For he was a dissolute man giuen ouer to all lust and insolencie who to haue Antonius the better at his commaundement trayned him on into great follies and vaine expences vpon women in rioting banketing So that in short time he brought Antonius into a maruelous great det too great for one of his yeres to wete of two hundred fifty talents for all which summe Curio was his suertie His father hearing of it did put his sonne from him and for bad him his house Then he fell in with Clodius one of the desperatest and most wicked Tribunes at that time in ROME Him he followed for a time in his desperate attempts who bred great sturre and mischiefe in ROME but at length he forsooke him being weary of his rashnes and folly or els for that he was affraid of them that were bent against Clodius Therevppon he left ITALY and went into GRAECE and there bestowed the most parte of his tyme sometime in warres and otherwhile in the studie of eloquence He vsed a manner of phrase in his speeche called Asiatik which caried the best grace and estimation at that time and was much like to his manners and life for it was full of oftentation foolishe brauerie and vaine ambition After he had remayned there some tyme Gabinius Proconsul going into SYRIA perswaded him to goe with him Antonius tolde him he would not goe as a priuate man Wherefore Gabinius gaue him charge of his horsemen and so tooke him with him So first of all he sent him against Aristobulus who had made the IEVVES to rebell was the first man him selfe that got vp to the wall of a castell of his and so draue Aristobulus out of all his holds and with those few men he had with him he ouercame al the IEVVES in set battel which were many against one and put all of them almost to the sword and furthermore tooke Aristobulus him selfe prisoner with his sonne Afterwards Ptolomy king of AEGYPT that had bene driuen out of his contry went vnto Gabinius to intreate him to goe with his armie with him into AEGYPT to put him againe into his kingdom and promised him if he would goe with him tenne thowsand talents The most part of the Captaines thought it not best to goe thither Gabinius him selfe made it daintie to enter into his warre although the couetousnes of these tenne thowsand talents stucke sorely with him But Antonius that sought but for oportunitie and good occasion to attempt great enterprises and that desired also to gratifie Ptolomyes request he went about to perswade Gabinius to goe this voyage Now they were more affrayd of the way they should goe to come to the citie of PELVSIVM then they feared any daunger of the warre besides bicause they were to passe through deepe sandes desert place where was no freshe water to be had all the marisses thorough which are called the marisses Sethonides which the AEGYPTIANS call the exhalations of sume by the which the Gyant Typhon breathed But in truth it appeareth to be the ouerflowing of the red sea which
make them gouernors and heades of the same Pitheus grandfather to Theseus on the mothers side was one of his sonnes and founded the litle city of TROEZEN and was reputed to be one of the wisest men of his time But the knowledge and wisedom which onely caried estimacion at that time consisted altogether in graue sentences and morall sayinges As those are which wanne the Poet Hesiodus such fame for his booke intituled The workes and dayes in the which is read euen at this present this goodly sentence which they father vpon Pitheus Thou shalt performe thy promise and thy pay to hyred men and that vvithout delay And this doth Aristotle the Philosopher himselfe testifie and the Poet Euripides also calling Hippolytus the scholler of the holy Pitheus doth sufficiently declare of what estimacion he was But AEgeus desiring as they say to know how he might haue children went vnto the city of DELPHES to the oracle of Apollo where by Apolloes Nunne that notable prophecy was geuen him for an aunswer The which did forbid him to touch or know any woman vntill he was returned againe to ATHENS And bicause the words of this prophecy were somewhat darke hard he tooke his way by the city of TROEZEN to tell it vnto Pitheus The wordes of the prophecy were these O thou vvhich art a gemme of perfect grace plucke not the tappe out of thy trusty toonne Before thou do returne vnto thy place in Athens tovvne from vvhence thy race doth roonne Pitheus vnderstanding the meaning perswaded him or rather cunningly by some deuise deceiued him in such sorte that he made him to lye with his daughter called AEthra AEgeus after he had accompanied with her knowing that she was Pitheus daughter with whom he had lyen and douting that he had gotten her with child left her a sword and a payer of shoes the which he hidde vnder a great hollow stone the hollownes wherof serued iust to receiue those things which he layed vnder it and made no liuing creature priuy to it but her alone straightly charging her that if she happened to haue a sonne when he were come to mans state of strength to remoue the stone and to take those things from vnder it which he left there that she should then sende him vnto him by those tokens as secretly as she could that no body els might knowe of it For he did greatly feare the children of one called Pallas the which laye in wayte and spyall by all the meanes they could to kill him only of despight bicause he had no children they being fiftie brethern and all begotten of one father This done he departed from her And AEthra within fewe moneths after was deliuered of a goodly sonne the which from that time was called Theseus and as some say so called bicause of the tokens of knowledge his father had layed vnder the stone Yet some others write that it was afterwardes at ATHENS when his father knewe him and allowed him for his sonne But in the meane time during his infancie childehood he was brought vp in the house of his grādfather Pitheus vnder the gouernmēt teaching of one called Cōnidas his schoolemaster in honour of whom the ATHENIANS to this daye doe sacrifice a weather the daye before the great feaste of Theseus hauing more reason to honour the memorye of this gouernour then of a Silanion and of a Parrhesius to whom they doe honour also bicause they paynted and caste mowldes of the images of Theseus Now there was a custome at that time in GRECE that the yong men after their infancie and growth to mans state went vnto the cittie of DELPHES to offer parte of their heares in the temple of Apollo Theseus also went thither as other did and some saye that the place where the ceremonie of this offering was made hath euer sence kept the olde name and yet continueth Theseia Howbeit he dyd not shaue his head but before only as Homer sayeth like the facion of the ABANTES in olde time and this manner of shauing of heares was called for his sake Theseida And as concerning the ABANTES in trothe they were the very first that shaued them selues after this facion neuertheles they learned it not of the ARABIANS as it was thought of some neither dyd they it after the imitation of the MISSIANS But bicause they were warlike and valliant men which did ioyne neere vnto their enemie in battell and aboue all men of the worlde were skilfullest in fight hande to hande and woulde keepe their grounde as the Poet Archilochus witnesseth in these verses They vse no slynges in foughten fields to have nor bended bovves but svvords and trenchant blades For vvhen fierce Mars beginneth for to raue in bloody field then euery man inuades His fiercest foe and fighteth hand to hand then doe they deeds right cruell to reconpt For in this vvise the braue and vvarlike bande Doe shevv their force vvhich come from Negrepont The cause why they were thus shauen before was for that their enemies should not haue the vauntage to take them by the heares of the head while they were fighting And for this selfe same consideration Alexander the great commaunded his captaines to cause all the MACEDONIANS to shaue their beards bicause it is the easiest holde and readiest for the hande a man can haue of his enemie in fighting to holde him fast by the same But to returne to Theseus AEthra his mother had euer vnto that time kept it secret from him who was his true father And Pitheus also had geuen it out abroade that he was begotten of Neptune bicause the TROEZENIANS haue this god in great veneration and doe worshippe him as patron and protector of their cittie making offerings to him of their first fruites and they haue for the marke and stampe of their money the three picked mace which is the signe of Neptune called his Trident But after he was comen to the prime and lustines of his youth and that with the strength of his bodie he shewed a great courage ioyned with a naturall wisedome and stayednes of wit then his mother brought him to the place where this great hollowe stone laye and telling him truely the order of his birth and by whom he was begotten made him to take his fathers tokens of knowledge which he had hidden there gaue him counsell to goe by sea to ATHENS vnto him Theseus easilye lyft vp the stone and tooke his fathers tokens from vnder it Howbeit he answered playnely that he would not goe by sea notwithstanding that it was a great deale the safer waye and that his mother and grandfather both had instantly intreated him bicause the waye by lande from TROEZEN to ATHENS was very daungerous all the wayes being besett by robbers and murderers For the worlde at that time brought forth men which for strongnesse in their armes for swyftnes of feete and for
that Theseus also should enioye it after his death Whereupon they determined to make warre with them both and diuiding them selues into two partes the one came openly in armes with their father marching directly towardes the cittie the other laye close in ambushe in the village GARGETTVS meaning to geue charge vpon them in two places at one instant Nowe they brought with them an Heraulde borne in the towne of AGNVS called Leos who bewrayed vnto Theseus the secret and deuise of all their enterprise Theseus vpon this intelligence went forth and dyd set on those that laye in ambushe and put them all to the sworde The other which were in Pallas companie vnderstanding thereof dyd breake and disparse them selues incontinently And this is the cause as some saye why those of Pallena doe neuer make affinitie nor mariadge with those of AGNVS at this daye And that in their towne when any proclamation is made they neuer speake these wordes which are cryed euery where els through out the whole countrye of ATTICA Aconete Leos which is as muche to saye as Hearken O people they doe so extreamely hate this worde Leos for that it was the Herauldes name which wrought them that treason This done Theseus who woulde not liue idelly at home and doe nothing but desirous there withall to gratifie the people went his waye to fight with the bull of Marathon the which dyd great mischieues to the inhabitants of the countrye of TETRAPOLIS And hauing taken him aliue brought him through the citie of ATHENS to be seene of all the inhabitants Afterwardes he dyd sacrifice him vnto Apollo Delphias Nowe concerning Hecale who was reported to haue lodged him and to haue geuen him good enterteinment it is not altogether vntrue For in the olde time those townes and villages thereaboutes dyd assemble together and made a common sacrifice which they called Hecalesion in the honour of Iupiter Hecalian where they honoured this olde woman calling her by a diminutiue name Hecalena bicause that when she receyued Theseus into her house being then but very younge she made muche of him and called him by many prety made names as olde folkes are wont to call younge children And forasmuche as she had made a vowe to Iupiter to make him a solemne sacrifice if Theseus returned safe from the enterprise he went about and that she dyed before his returne in recompence of the good chere she had made him she had that honour done vnto her by Theseuscommaundement as Philochorus hathe written of it Shortely after this exployte there came certaine of King Minos ambassadours out of CRETA to aske tribute being nowe the thirde time it was demaunded which the ATHENIANS payed for this cause Androgeus the eldest sonne of king Minos was slayne by treason within the countrye of ATTICA for which cause Minos pursuing the reuenge of his death made very whotte and sharpe warres vpon the ATHENIANS and dyd them greate hurte But besides all this the goddes dyd sharpely punishe and scourge all the countrye aswell with barrennes and famine as also with plague and other mischieues euen to the drying vp of their riuers The ATHENIANS perceyuing these sore troubles and plagues ranne to the oracle of Apollo who aunswered them that they shoulde appease Minos and when they had made their peace with him that then the wrathe of the goddes woulde cease against them and their troubles should haue an ende Whereupon the ATHENIANS sent immediately vnto him and intreated him for peace which he graunted them with condition that they should be bounde to sende him yerely into CRETA seuen younge boyes and as many younge gyrles Nowe thus farre all the Historiographers doe very well agree but in the reste not And they which seeme furdest of from the trothe doe declare that when these yonge boyes were deliuered in CRETA they caused them to be deuowred by the Minotaure within the Laberinthe or els that they were shut within this Laberinthe wandring vp and downe and coulde finde no place to gett out vntill suche time as they dyed euen famished for hunger And this Minotaure as Euripides the Poet sayeth was A corps combynd vvhich monstrous might be deemd A Boye a Bull both man and beast it seemd But Philochorus writeth that the CRETANS doe not confesse that but saye that this Laberinthe was a gayle or prisone in the which they had no other hurre sauing that they which were kept there vnder locke and keye coulde not flye not starte awaye and that Minos had in the memorye of his sonne Androgeus instituted games and playes of prise where he gaue vnto them that wanne the victorie those younge children of ATHENS the which in the meane time notwithstanding were carefully kept and looked vnto in the prisone of the Laberinthe and that at the first games that were kept one of the Kings captaines called Taurus who was in best creditt with his master wanne the prise This Taurus was a churlishe and naughtie natured man of condition and very harde and cruell to these children of ATHENS And to verifie the same the philosopher Aristotle him selfe speaking of the common wealth of the BOTTIEIANS declareth very well that he neuer thought that Minos dyd at any time cause the children of ATHENS to be put to death but sayeth that they poorely toyled in CRETA euen to crooked age earning their liuing by true and painefull seruice For it is written that the CRETANS to satisfie an olde vowe of theirs which they had made of auncient time sent somtimes the first borne of their children vnto Apollo in the cittie of DELPHAS and that amongest them they also mingled those which were descended of the auncient prisoners of ATHENS and they went with them But bicause they coulde not liue there they directed their iorney first into ITALIE where for a time they remained in the realme of PVGLIA and afterwardes from thence went into the confines of THRACIA where they had this name of BOTTIEIANS In memory whereof the daughters of the BOTTIEIANS in a solemne sacrifice they make doe vse to singe the foote of this songe Lett vs to ATHENS goe But thereby we maye see howe perilous a thing it is to fall in displeasure and enmitie with a cittie which can speake well and where learning and eloquence dothe florishe For euer sence that time Minos was allwayes blased and disgraced through out all the Theaters of ATHENS The testimonie of Hesiodus who calleth him the most worthie King dothe nothing helpe him at all nor the prayse of Homer who nameth him Iupiters famillier friende bicause the tragicall Poets gott the vpper hande in disgracing him notwithstanding all these And vpon their stages where all the tragedies were played they still gaue forth many ill fauored wordes and fowle speaches of him as against a man that had bene most cruell and vnnaturall Yet most men thincke that Minos was the King which established the lawes and Radamanthus
the iudge and preseruer of them who caused the same also to be kept and obserued The time nowe being comen about for payment of the thirde tribute when they came to compell the fathers which had children not yet maried to geue them to be put forth to take their chaunce and lotte the citizens of ATHENS beganne to murmure against AEgeus alledging for their grieues that he who onely was the cause of all this euill was onely alone exempted from this griefe And that to bring the gouernment of the Realme to fall into the handes of a straunger his bastard he cared not though they were bereft of all their naturall children and were vnnaturally compelled to leaue and forsake them These iust sorrowes and complaintes of the fathers whose children were taken from them dyd pearce the harte of Theseus who willing to yelde to reason and to ronne the selfe same fortune as the cittizens dyd willingly offered him selfe to be sent thither without regarde taking to his happe or aduenture For which the cittizens greatly esteemed of his corage and honorable disposition and dearely loued him for the good affection he seemed to heare vnto the communaltye But AEgeus hauing vsed many reasons and perswasions to cause him to turne and staye from his purpose and perceyuing in the ende there was no remedye but he woulde goe he then drue lottes for the children which should goe with him Hellanicus notwithstanding dothe write that they were not those of the cittie which drewe lottes for the children they should sende but that Minos him selfe went thither in persone and dyd chuse them as he chose Theseus the first vpon conditions agreed betwene them that is to wit that the ATHENIANS shoulde furnishe them with a shippe and that the children should shippe and imbarke with him carying no weapons of warre and that after the death of the Minotaure this tribute should cease Nowe before that time there was neuer any hope of returne nor of safetie of their children therefore the ATHENIANS allwayes sent a shippe to conuey their children with a blacke sayle in token of assured losse Neuertheles Theseus putting his father in good hope of him being of a good corage and promising boldly that he woulde sett vpon this Minotaure AEgeus gaue vnto the master of the shippe a white sayle commaunding him that at his returne he should put out the white sayle if his sonne had escaped if not that then he should sett vp the blacke sayle to shewe him a farre of his vnlucky and vnfortunate chaunce Simonides notwithstanding doeth saye that this sayle which AEgeus gaue to the master was not white but redde dyed in graine and of the culler of scarlett and that he gaue it him to signifie a farre of their deliuerie and safety This master was called Phereclus Amaâ—siadas as Simonides sayeth But Philochorus writeth that Scirus the SALAMINIAN gaue to Theseus a master called Nausitheus and another marriner to tackle the sayles who was called Phaeas bicause the ATHENIANS at that time were not greatly practised to the sea And this did Scirus for that one of the children on whom the lott fell was his nephewe and thus muche the chappells doe testifie which Theseus buylt afterwardes in honour of Nausitheus and of Phaeas in the village of Phalerus ioyning to the temple of Scirus And it is sayed moreouer that the feaste which they call Cybernesia that is to saye the feaste of Patrons of the shippes is celebrated in honour of them Nowe after the lotts were drawen Theseus taking with him the children allotted for the tribute went from the pallace to the temple called Delphinion to offer vp to Apollo for him and for them an offering of supplication which they call Hiceteria which was an olyue boughe hallowed wreathed about with white wolle After he had made his prayer he went downe to the sea side to imbarke the sixt daye of the moneth of Marche on which daye at this present time they doe seude their younge girles to the same temple of Delphinion there to make their prayers and petitions to the goddes But some saye that the oracle of Apollo in the cittie of DELPHES had aunswered him that he should take Venus for his guyde and that he should call vpon her to conduct him in his voyage for which cause he dyd sacrifice a goate vnto her vpon the sea side which was founde sodainly turned into a ramme and that herefore they surnamed this goddesse Epitragia as one would saye the goddesse of the ramme Furthermore after he was arriued in CRETA he slewe there the Minotaure as the most parte of auncient authors doe write by the meanes and helpe of Ariadne who being fallen in fansie with him dyd geue him a clue of threede by the helpe whereof she taught him howe he might easely winde out of the turnings and cranckes of the Labyrinthe And they saye that hauing killed this Minotaure he returned backe againe the same waye he went bringing with him those other younge children of ATHENS whom with Ariadne also he caried afterwardes awaye Pherecides sayeth moreouer that he brake the keeles or bottomes of all the shippes of CRETA bicause they should not sodainely sett out after them And Demon writeth that Taurus the captaine of Minos was killed in a fight by Theseus euen in the very hauen mowthe as they were readye to shippe awaye and hoyse vp sayle Yet Philochorus reporteth that king Minos hauing sett vp the games as he was wont to doe yerely in the honour and memorye of his sonne euery one beganne to enuye captaine Taurus bicause they euer looked that he should carye awaye the game and victorie as he had done other yeres before ouer and that his authoritye got him much ill will and enuye bicause he was proude and stately and had in suspition that he was great with Queene Pasiphäe Wherefore when Theseus required he might encounter with Taurus Minos casely graunted it And being a solemne custome in CRETA that the women shoulde be present to see these open sportes and sights Ariadne being at these games amongest the rest fell further in loue with Theseus seeing him so goodly a persone so stronge and inuincible in wrestling that he farre exceeded all that wrestled there that daye King Minos was so glad that he had taken awaye the honour from captaine Taurus that he sent him home francke and free into his countrye rendring to him all the other prisoners of ATHENS and for his sake clearely released and forgaue the cittie of ATHENS the tribute which they should haue payed him yerely Howbeit Clidemus searching out the beginning of these things to thutmost reciteth them very particularly and after another sorte For he sayeth about that time there was a generall restraint through out all GRECE restrayning all manner of people to beare sayle in any vessell or bottome wherein there were aboue fiue persones except only Iason who
woulues is as comon to the females as the males so it might perhappes be called by reason of the woulfe that brought vp Romulus For we see those which ronne vp down the cittie that daye they call Luperci doe beginne their course in the very place where they saye Romulus was cast out Howbeit many things are done whereof the originall cause were hard now to be coniectured For goates about a certaine time of the yere are killed then they bring two young boyes noble mens sonnes whose foreheads they touch with the knife bebloudied with the bloude of the goates that are sacrificed By by they drye their forheads with wolle dipped in milke Thē the yong boyes must laughe immediately after they haue dried their forheads That done they cut the goates skinnes make thongs of thē which they take in their hands ronne with them all about the cittie starck naked sauing they haue a clothe before their secrets and so they strike with these thonges all they mete in their waye The yonge wiues doe neuer shonne them at all but are well contēted to be striken with them beleeuing it helpeth them to be with childe and also to be easely deliuered There is another thing yet in this feast that these LVPERCIANS which ronne about the cittie doe also sacrifice a dogge Cōcerning this feast the Poet named Butas dothe write somewhat in his elegies where shewing the occasion of the fond customes and ceremonies of the Romaines he dothe saye that Romulus after he had slayne Amulius did runne straight with great ioye to the very place where the wolfe gaue him his brother sucke in memory of which rūning he sayeth this feast of Lupercalia was celebrated that the noble mens younger sonnes doe runne through the cittie striking laying on them which they meete in their way with their goate thongs in token that Remus and Romulus ranne from ALBA vnto that place with their drawen swordes in their hāds And that the touching of their forehead with a bloudy knife is in remēbrance of the daunger they stoode in at that time to haue bene slaine Last of all the drying of their foreheads with wolle dipped in milke is in memorie of the milke they sucked of the woulfes But Caius Acilius writeth that Remus and Romulus before Rome was built did happen to lose their beasts on a daye after they had made certaine prayers vnto Faunus for the finding of them they ranne here there starcke naked as they went a seeking of thē for feare they should haue bene troubled with ouermuch heate sweatīg And this is the cause he sayeth why the LVPERCIANS doe at this daye ronne about naked And if it be true they make this sacrifice for a purging a man might saye they might offer vp a dogge for that purpose like as the Graecians in their sacrifices of purgatiō doe vse to carie out all their doggs And in many places they doe obserue this ceremonie to driue out the doggs which they call Periscylacismes Otherwise if it be of a thanckfullnes to the woulfe that gaue Romulus sucke saued him from perishing that the Romaines doe solemnise this feast it is not impartinēt they sacrifice a dogge bicause he is enemie to the woulues Onles a man would saye it was to punishe this beast which troubleth and letteth the LVPERCIANS when they runne Some saye also it was Romulus who first instituted it a religion to kepe holy fire that first ordeined holie virgines which are called Vestales other doe ascribe it to Numa Pompilius Notwithstanding it is most certaine otherwise that Romulus was a very deuoute man greatly skilfull in telling of things to come by the flying of birds for which cause he did ordinarilie carie the augurs crooked staffe called in Latin Lituus It is a rodde crooked at the end wherewith the augurs or soothsayers when they sit down to behold the flying of birds doe poynte out marke the quarters of the heauen They carefully kept it within the pallace howbeit it was lost in the time of warres with the GAVLES when the cittie of ROME was taken Afterwards when these barbarous people were chased and driuen out it was founde againe as it is sayed all whole within a great hill or heape of ashes hauing no māner of hurte where all things els about it had bene consumed and marred with the fire He is sayd to haue made certaine lawes among which there is one that seemeth somewhat harde which is that the man is suffered to put awaye his wife and in some case to geue her nothing and like libertie is not geuen to the wife to put awaye her husband As if she maye be proued to haue consented to the poysoning of her children or to haue counterfaited her husbands keyes or to haue committed adulterie But if he put her awaye for any other cause then the one halfe of the goodes is adiuged to the wife and the other moytie to the goddesse Ceres and he that putteth away his wife after this sorte is commanded further to sacrifice to the goddes of the earth This also was notable in Romulus who hauing ordeined no payne nor punishement for parricides that is for those that kill their parents called yet all murder parricide to shewe how detestable that murder was and as for parricides he thought it vnpossible And it seemed a great while he had reason to thincke so that such wickednes would neuer happen in the worlde For in sixe hundred yeres together it was not knowen that any man in ROME committed suche an offence and the first parricide with them was Lucius Ostius after the warres of Hanniball But enough touching this matter Furthermore in the first yere of the reigne of Tatius some of his kynsemen and friendes met by chaunce on the waye certeine ambassadours comming from the citie of LAVRENTVM vnto ROME whom they set vpon and ment to haue robbed them The ambassadours resisting them and not willing to deliuer their money they made no more a doe but slewe them This haynous deede being thus committed Romulus was of opinion they shoulde be executed openly in the highe waye for example But Tatius deferred it still from daye to daye and dyd allwayes excuse the matter vnto him which was the only cause they fell out one with the other For in all things els they caried them selues as honestly as might be the one to the other ruling and gouerning together with a common consent and good accorde But the parents kynsefolkes of those who were murdered when they sawe they could haue no iustice bicause of Tatius watched him one daye as he sacrificed with Romulus in the cittie of Lauinium and stabbed him in without offering Romulus any violence but rather praysed him for a good and righteous prince Romulus caused the bodye of Tatius to be straight taken vp and buried him very honorably in mount Auentine about the
we ought to consider in them the diuersities of manners and passions seeing anger is vnreasonable and wrathe rashe and passionate then can we not clere the one nor excuse the other of extreme rage and passion in the facte committed by the one against his brother and by the other against his naturall sonne Howbeit the occasion and beginning of anger doth muche excuse Theseus who moued with the greatest cause that might be was put into suche choller and passion But if Romulus variaunce with his brother had proceeded of any matter of counsell or cause of the common weales there is none so simple to thincke that his wisdome would so sodainely haue set vpon him Where as Theseus in contrarie manner killed his sonne prouoked by those passions that fewe men can auoyde to wit loue ielousie and false reporte of his wife Moreouer Romulus anger went to the effect whereof the issue fell out very lamentable Theseus anger stretched no further then to roughe wordes and olde folkes curses in their heate For it seemeth cursed fortune and nought els was the cause of his sonnes only mishappe as forespoken and wished for somewhat by his father These be the speciall things maye be alledged for Theseus But for Romulus this was a noble thing in him First his beginning being very lowe and meane and his brother and he taken for bonde men and the children of hoggeheards before they were them selues all free they set at libertie in manner all the LATINES winning at one instant many titles of glorie and honour as distroyers of their enemies defenders of their parents Kings of nations founders of newe citties and no ouerthrowers of the olde where as Theseus of many habitations and houses made onely one and dyd ouerthrowe and plucke downe diuers states bearing the names of auncient Kings princes and halfe goddes of ATTICA All these also dyd Romulus afterwards and compelled his enemies whom he had ouercome to distroye their owne houses and to come and dwell with their conquerours And in the beginning he neuer chaunged nor increased any cittie that was buylt before but buylt him selfe a newe cittie out of the grounde getting all together land countrie kingdome kinred and mariages without losing or killing any man and to the contrarie rather he dyd good to many poore vacabonds who had neither countrie lands nor houses and desired nothing els but to make a people amongest them and to become cittizens of some cittie Also Romulus bent not him selfe to follow theeues and robbers but subdued by force of armes many mightie and puissant people he tooke citties and triumphed ouer Kings and Princes which he had vanquished in battell And touching the murder of Remus it is not certainely knowen of whose hands he dyed The most parte of authors doe charge other with the death of him But it is certaine that Romulus deliuered his mother from apparant death and restored his grandfather to the royall throne of AEneas who before was deposed and brought from a King to seruill obedience without any regarde of honour or dignitie to whom he dyd many moe great pleasures and seruices Besides he neuer offended him willingly no not so muche as ignorantly Contrarylie I thincke of Theseus who fayling by negligence to put out his white sayle at his returne cannot be cleared of parricide howe eloquent an oration soeuer could be made for his excuse yea though it were before the most fauorable iudges that could be Wherefore an ATHENIAN very well perceyuing that it was an harde thing to excuse and defend so fowle a faulte dothe fayne that the good olde man AEgeus hauing newes brought him that his sonnes shippe was at hand dyd ronne in so great haste to his castell to see his sonne arriue a farre of that as he ranne his foote hit against some thing and ouerthrewe him as though he had none of his people about him or that neuer a man seeing him ronne so hastely to the sea side dyd make haste to attende and wayte vpon him Furthermore Theseus faults touching women and rauishements of the twaine had the lesse shadowe and culler of honestie Bicause Theseus dyd attempt it very often for he stale awaye Ariadne Antiope and Anaxo the Troezenian Againe being stepped in yeres and at later age and past mariage he stale awaye Helen in her minoritie being nothing neere to consent to marye Then his taking of the daughters of the TROEZENIANS of the LACEDAEMONIANS and the AMAZONES neither contracted to him nor comparable to the birthe and linadge of his owne countrie which were at ATHENS and descended of the noble race and progenie of Erichtheus and of Cecrops dyd geue men occasion to suspect that his womannishenes was rather to satisfie lust then of any great loue Romulus nowe in a contrarie manner when his people had taken eight hundred or thereabouts of the Sabyne women to rauishe them kept but onely one for him selfe that was called Hersilia as they saye and deliuered the reste to his best and most honest cittizens Afterwardes by the honour loue and good entertainment that he caused them to haue receyue of their husbands he chaunged this violent force of rauishement into a most perfect bonde and league of amitie which dyd so knyt and ioyne in one these two nations that it was the beginning of the great mutuall loue which grewe afterwards betwext those two people and consequently of the ioyning of their powers together Furthermore time hath geuen a good testimonie of the loue reuerence constancie kyndenes and all matrimoniall offices that he established by that meanes betwext man and wife For in two hundred and thirtie yeres afterwards there was neuer man that durst forsake or put awaye his wife nor the wife her husband And as among the GRECIANS the best learned men and most curious obseruers of antiquities doe knowe his name that was the first murderer of his father or mother euen so all the ROMAINES knewe what he was which first durst put away his wife It was one called Spurius Caruilius bicause his wife was barren and had no children The effects also doe agree with the testimonie of the time For the Realme was common vnto Kings of both nations and through the alliance of these mariages that beganne first of rauishements both nations liued peaciblie and in equalitie vnder one ciuill policie and well gouerned common weale The ATHENIANS contrariewise by Theseus mariages dyd get neither loue nor kynred of any one persone but rather they procured warres enmities the slaughter of their citizens with the losse in the ende of the cittie of APHIDNES and yet very hardely and by the mercie of their enemies whom they honored as godds they escaped for him the daunger which the TROIANS suffered afterwards for the self acte done by Alexander Paris So it fell out at the last that his mother was not only in daunger but euen feelingly suffered like miserie and captiuitie which Hecuba dyd
with expounding of the same by them Those which shal be founde attained and conuicted of any matter that hath bene heard before the counsaill of the Areopagites the Ephetes or the gouernours of the cittie when this lawe shall come forth shall stand condemned still and all other shal be pardoned restored and set at libertie Howsoeuer it is sure that was his intent and meaning Furthermore amongest the rest of his lawes one of them in deede was of his owne deuise for the like was neuer stablished els where And it is that lawe that pronounceth him defamed and vnhonest who in a ciuill vprore among the cittizens sitteth still a looker on and a neawter and taketh parte with neither side Whereby his minde was as it should appeare that priuate men should not be only carefull to put them selues their causes in safety nor yet should be careles for others mens matters or thincke it a vertue not to medle with the miseries and misfortunes of their countrie but from the beginning of euery sedition that they should ioyne with those that take the iustest cause in hande and rather to hazarde them selues with such then to tarie looking without putting themselues in daunger which of the two should haue the victorie There is another lawe also which at the first sight me thinketh is very vnhonest and fond That if any man according to the lawe hath matched with a riche heire inheritour and of him selfe is impotent and vnable to doe the office of a husband she maye lawfully lye with any whom she liketh of her husbands nearest kinsemen Howbeit some affirme that it is a wise made lawe for those which knowing themselues vnmeete to entertaine wedlocke will for couetousnes of landes marye with riche heires and possessioners and minde to abuse poore gentlewomen vnder the colour of lawe and will thincke to force and restraine nature For seeing the lawe suffereth an inheritour or possessioner thus ill bestowed at her pleasure to be bolde with any of her husbands kynne men will either leaue to purchase such mariages or if they be so careles that they will nedes marye it shal be to their extreme shame and ignominie and so shall they deseruedly paye for their greedy couetousnes And the lawe is well made also bicause the wise hath not scope to all her husbands kynsemen but vnto one choyce man whom she liketh best of his house to the ende that the children that shal be borne shal be at the least of her husbands bloude and kynred This also confirmeth the same that such a newe maryed wife should be shut vp with her husband and eate a quince with him and that he also which maryeth such an inheritour should of duety see her thryse a moneth at the least For although he get no children of her yet it is an honour the husband doth to his wife arguing that he taketh her for an honest woman that he loueth her and that he esteemeth of her Besides it taketh awaye many mislikings and displeasures which oftentimes happen in such cases and keepeth loue and good will waking that it dyenot vtterly betweene them Furthermore he tooke awaye all ioynters and dowries in other mariages and willed that the wiues should bring their husbands but three gownes only with some other litle moueables of small value and without any other thing as it were vtterly forbidding that they should buye their husbands or that they should make marchaundise of mariages as of other trades to gaine but would that man and woman should marye together for issue for pleasure and for loue but in no case for money And for proofe hereof Dionysius the tyranne of SICILE one daye aunswered his mother which would needes be maried to a young man of SYRACVSA in this sorte I haue power saieth he to breake the lawes of SYRACVSA by hauing the Kingdome but to force the law of nature or to make mariage without the reasonable compasse of age that passeth my reache and power So is it not tolerable and much lesse allowable also that such disorder should be in well ordered citties that such vncomely and vnfit mariages should be made betweene coples of so vnequall yeres considering there is no meete nor necessary ende of such matches A wise gouernour of a cittie or a iudge and reformer of lawes and manners might well saye to an olde man that should marye with a young mayde as the Poet sayeth of Philoctetes Ah seely vvretche hovv trymme a man arte thou at these young yeres for to be maryed novve And finding a young man in an olde riche womans house getting his liuing by riding of her errants and waxing fat as they saye the partridge doth by treading of the hennes he maye take him from thence to bestowe him on some young mayde that shall haue neede of a husband And thus much for this matter But they greatly commend another lawe of Solons which forbiddeth to speake ill of the dead For it is a good and godly thing to thinke that they ought not to touche the dead no more than to touche holy things and men should take great heede to offende those that are departed out of this world besides it is a token of wisedome and ciuillitie to beware of immortall enemies He commaunded also in the selfe same lawe that no man should speake ill of the liuing specially in Churches during diuine seruice or in counsaill chamber of the cittie nor in the Theaters whilest games were a playing vpon payne of three siluer Drachmes to be payed to him that was iniured two to the common treasurie For he thought it to much shameles boldnes in no place to keepe in ones choller and moreouer that such lacked ciuillitie and good manners and yet altogether to suppresse and smother it he knewe it was not only a harde matter but to some natures vnpossible And he that maketh lawes must haue regarde to the common possibilitie of men if he will punishe litle with profitable example and not much without some profit So was he maruelously well thought of for the lawe that he made touching willes and testaments For before men might not lawfully make their heires whom they would but the goodes came to the childrē or kynred of the testatour But he leauing it at libertie to dispose their goods where they thought good so they had no children of their owne dyd therein preferre friendship before kynred and good will and fauour before necessitie and constrainte and so made euery one lorde and master of his owne goodes Yet he dyd not simply and a like allowe all sortes of giftes howsoeuer they were made but those only which were made by men of sound memorie or by those whose wittes fayled them not by extreme sicknes or through drincks medicines poysonings charmes or other such violence and extraordinarie meanes neither yet through the intisements and persuasions of women As thincking very wisely there was no difference at all
man of the world that he was iustly driuen out of his countrie Tarquine sharpely aunswered that he would make no man his iudge and Porsena least of all other for that hauing promised him to put him againe in his Kingdome he was nowe gone from his worde and had chaunged his minde Porsena was very angrie with this aunswer iudging this a manifest token that his cause was ill Wherefore Porsena being solicited againe by his owne sonne Aruns who loued the ROMAINES dyd easely graunte them peace vpon condition that they should redeliuer backe againe to him the lands they had gotten before within the countrie of THVSCAN with the prisoners also which they had taken in this warre in liew thereof he offered to deliuer to them againe the ROMAINES that had fled from them vnto him To confirme this peace the ROMAINES deliuered him ostages tenne of the noblest mens sonnes of the cittie so many of their daughters emōg which was Valeria Publicolaes owne daughter Peace being thus concluded Porsena brake his armie withdrewe his strength trusting to the peace cōcluded The ROMAINES daughters deliuered for ostages came downe to the riuers side to washe them in a quiet place where the streame ranne but gently without any force or swiftnes at all When they were there and saw they had no garde about them nor any came that waye nor yet any botes going vp nor down the streame they had a desire to swime ouer the riuer which rāne with a swift streame was maruelous deepe Some saye that one Claelia swamme the riuer vpon her horse backe that she did imbolden incorage the other to swimme hard by her horse side recouering the other bancke and being past all daunger they went presented themselues before Publicola the Consul Who neither commended them nor liked the parte they had played but was maruelous sorie fearing least men would iudge him lesse carefull to keepe his faith then was king Porsena that he might suspect the boldnes of these maidens was but a crafty slight deuised of the ROMAINES Therefore he tooke them all againe sent them immediatly vnto king Porsena Whereof Tarquine hauing intelligence he layed an ambushe for them that had the conduction of them Who so soone as they were paste the riuer did shew them selues brake vpon the ROMAINES they being farre fewer in number that the other did yet very stowtely defend them selues Now whilest they were in earnest fight together Valeria Publicolaes daughter and three of her fathers seruants escaped through the middest of them and saued them selues The residue of the virgines remained in the middest among their swordes in great daunger of their liues Aruns king Porsenas sonne aduertised hereof ranne thither incōtinently to the rescue but when he came the enemies fled and the ROMAINES held on their iorney to redeliuer their ostages Porsena seeing them againe asked which of them it was that beganne first to passe the riuer and had encouraged the other to followe her One pointed him vnto her and told him her name was Claelia He looked vpon her very earnestly and with a pleasaunt countenaunce and commaunded they should bring him one of his best horse in the stable and the richest furniture he had for the same and so he gaue it vnto her Those which holde opinion that none but Claelia passed the riuer a horse backe doe alledge this to proue their opinion true Other doe denie it saying that this THVSCAN king did onely honour her noble courage Howsoeuer it was they see her image a horse backe in the holy streete as they goe to the palace some saye it is the statue of Valeria other of Claelia After Porsena had made peace with the ROMAINES in breaking vp his campe he shewed his noble minde vnto them in many other things and specially in that he commaunded his souldiers they should carie nothing but their armour and weapon only leauing his campe full of corne vittells and other kynde of goodes From whence this custome came that at this daye when they make open sale of any thing belonging to the common weale the sergeant or common crier crieth that they are king Porsenas goodes and taken of thankefullnes and perpetuall memorie of his bowntie and liberalitie towards them Further Porsenas image standeth adioyning to the palace where the Senate is vsed to be kept which is made of great antike worke Afterwardes the SABYNES inuading the ROMAINES territorie with a great force Marcus Valerius Publicolaes brother was then chosen Consul with one Posthumius Tubertus Howbeit all matters of weight and importaunce passed by Publicolaes counsell and authoritie who was present at any thing that was done and by whose meanes Marcus his brother wanne two great battells in the last whereof he slewe thirteene thousand of his enemies not losing one of his owne men For which his victories besides the honour of triumphe he had the people also at their owne charges built him a house in the streete of mounte Palatine and graunted him moreouer that his doore should open outwards into the streete where all others mens doores dyd open inwards into their house signifying by graunte of this honour and priuiledge that he should allwayes haue benefit by the common weale It is reported that the GRECIANS doores of their houses in olde time dyd all open outwards after that facion they doe cōiecture it by the comedies that are played Where those that would goe out of their houses dyd first knocke at their doores and make a noyse within the house least in opening their doore vpon a sodaine they might ouerthrowe or hurte him that taried at the streete doore or passed by the waye who hearing the noyse had warning straight to auoyde the daunger The next yere after that Publicola was chosen Consul the fourth time bicause they stoode in great doubt that the SABYNES and LATINES would ioyne together to make warres vpon them besides all this there was a certaine superstitious feare ranne through the cittie of some ill happe toward it bicause most parte of the women with childe were deliuered of vnperfect children lacking some one limme or other all of them came before their time Wherfore Publicola looking in some of Sybillaes books made priuate sacrifice vnto Pluto did set vp againe some feastes solemne games that were left of had bene commaunded before time to be kept by the oracle of Apollo These meanes hauing a litle reioyced the cittie with good hope bicause they thought that the anger of the goddes had bene appeased Publicola then begāne to prouide for the daūgers that they were threatned withall by men for that newes was brought him that their enemies were vp in all places made great preparation to inuade them Nowe there was at that time amongest the SABYNES a great riche man called Appius Clausus very strong and actiue of bodie otherwise a man of great reputation eloquence
their voyces also there in deede are they most bounde and subiect bicause they doe but obaye the rich in all they doe commaund But yet in this acte there is a thinge more wonderfull and worthie to be noted That commonly discharging of dettes was wont to breede great tumultes and seditions in common weales And Solon hauing vsed it is a very good time as the phisitian ventring a daungerous medecine dyd appease the sedition already begonne and did vtterly quenche through his glorie and the common opinion they had of his wisdome and vertue all the infamie and accusation that might haue growen of that acte As for their first entrie into the gouernment Solons beginning was farre more noble For he went before and followed not another and him selfe alone without any others helpe dyd put in execution the best and more parte of all his notable and goodly lawes Yet was Publicolaes ende and death much more glorious and happie For Solon before he dyed sawe all his comon wealthe ouerthrowen but Publicolaes common weale continued whole as he left it vntill the broyle of ciuill warres beganne againe among them Solon after he had made his lawes and written them in wodden tables leauing them without defence of any man went his waye immediatly out of the cittie of ATHENS Publicola abiding continually in ROME gouerning the state dyd throughly stablishe confirme the lawes he made Furthermore Solon hauing wisely forseene Pisistratus practises aspiring to make him selfe King he could neuer let him for all that but was himselfe ouercome and oppressed with they tyrannie he sawe stablished in his owne sight and in dispight of him Where Publicola ouerthrewe and dyd put downe a mightie Kingdome that had continued of long time and was throughly stablished his vertue and desire being equall with Solons hauing had besides fortune fauorable and sufficient power to execute his vertuous and well disposed minde But as for warres and marshall deedes there is no comparison to be made betweene them For Daimachus Plataian doth not attribute the warres of the MEGARIANS vnto Solon as we haue written it where Publicola being generall of an armie and fighting himselfe in persone hath wonne many great battels And as for matters of peace and ciuill gouernment Solon neuer durst present him self openly to persuade the enterprise of SALAMINA but vnder a counterfeat madnes and as a soole to make sporte Where Publicola taking his aduenture from the beginning shewed him selfe without dissimulation an open enemie to Tarquine and afterwardes he reuealed all the whole conspiracie And when he had bene the only cause and autor of punishing the traitours he dyd not only driue out of ROME the tyrannes selues in persone but tooke from them also all hope of returne againe Who hauing allwayes thus nobly valiantly behaued him self without shrinking backe or flying from ought that required force a manly corage or open resistaunce dyd yet shewe him selfe discreete where wisedome was requisite or reason and persuasion needefull As when he conningly wanne king Porsena who was a dredfull enemie vnto him and inuincible by force whom he handled in such good sorte that he made him his friend Peraduenture some might stand in this and saye that Solon recouered the I le of SALAMINA vnto the ATHENIANS which they would haue lost Publicola to the contrarie restored the lands vnto Porsena againe which the ROMAINES had conquered before within the countrie of THVSCAN But the times in which these things were done are allwayes to be considered of For a wise gouernour of a Realme and politicke man doth gouerne diuersely according to the occasions offred taking euery thing in his time wherein he will deale And many times in letting goe one thing he saueth the whole and in losing a litle he gayneth much As Publicola dyd who losing a litle pece of another mans countrie which they had vsurped saued by that meanes all that was assuredly his owne And whereas the ROMAINES thought he should doe very much for them to saue their cittie only he got them moreouer all the goodes that were in their enemies cāpe which dyd besiege them And in making his enemie iudge of his quarrell he wāne the victorie winning that moreouer which he would gladly haue geuen to haue ouercome and haue sentence passe of his side For the King their enemie dyd not only make peace with them but dyd also leaue them all his furniture prouision and munition for the warres euen for the vertue manhood and iustice which the great wisedome of this Consul persuaded Porsena to beleeue to be in all the other ROMAINES The end of Publicolaes life THE LIFE OF Themistocles THEMISTOCLES parentage dyd litle aduaunce his glorie for his father Neocles was of small reputation in ATHENS being of the hundred of Phrear tribe of Leontis of his mother an allien or straunger as these verses doe witnesse Abrotonon I am yborne in Thracia and yet this highe good happe I haue that into Grecia I haue brought forth a sonne Themistocles by name the glorie of the Greekishe bloods and man of greatest fame Howbeit Phanias writeth that his mother was not a THRACIAN but borne in the countrie of CARIA and they doe not call her Abrotonon but Euterpé And Neanthes sayeth furthermore that she was of HALICARNASSVS the chiefest cittie of all the Realme of CARIA For which cause when the straungers dyd assemble at Cynosargos a place of exercise without the gate dedicated to Hercules which was not a right god but noted an alien in that his mother was a mortall woman Themistocles persuaded diuers youthes of the most honourable houses to goe down with him to annointe them selues at Cynosargos conningly thereby taking away the differēce betwene the right alien sorte But setting a parte all these circumstaunces he was no doubt allied vnto the house of the Lycomedians for Themistocles caused the chappell of this familie which is in the village of PHLYES being once burnt by the barbarous people to be buylt vp againe at his owne charges and as Simonides sayeth he dyd set in forth and enriche it with pictures Moreouer euery man doth confesse it that euen from his childhood they dyd perceyue he was geuen to be very whotte headed sturring wise and of good spirite and enterprising of him selfe to doe great things and borne to rule weighty causes For at such dayes and howers as he was taken from his booke and had leaue to playe he neuer played nor would neuer be idle as other children were but they allwayes founde him conning some oration without booke or making it alone by him selfe and the ground of his matter was euer comonly either to defend or accuse some of his companions Whereupon his schoolemaster obseruing him ofte sayed vnto him suer some great matter hangeth ouer thy head my boye for it cannot be chosen but that one daye thou shalt doe some notable good thing or some extreme mischief Therefore when they went about to
to be strong by sea was it that dyd mainteine the authoritie of the popular state And that contrariwise they which liue by the labour and toyle of the earthe doe more willingly like the gouernment of Nobilitie Themistocles called to minde another matter also of greater importance to make the cittie of ATHENS of a greater power by sea For after the retire of Xerxes and that all the fleete and nauie of the GRAECIANS wintered in the hauen of PAGASES he sayed one daye in an open assembly of the people that he had thought of a thing which would be very profitable and beneficiall for them but it was not to be tolde openly The people willed him then to imparte it to Aristides and if he thought it good they would execute it speedely Themistocles then tolde Aristides the thing he had considered of was to burne the Arcenal where the GRAECIANS nauy laye and to set on fire all their shippes Aristides hearing his purpose returned to the people and tolde them howe nothing could be more profitable but with all more vniust then that which Themistocles had deuised The ATHENIANS then willed Aristides it should be let alone altogether Furthermore when the LACEDAEMONIANS had exhibited their petition to the counsell of the Amphictyons that is the generall counsaill of all the states of GRAECE assembled howe the townes and citties of GRAECE which had not bene parties with the GRAECIANS to the league against the barbarous people should be put of wholy from this counsaill Themistocles dowting of the ARGIVES the THESSALIANS and the THEBANS also should by this meanes be exempted that the LACEDAEMONIANS would be then the greater number in voyces and by this meanes might doe what they would in this counsell he spake so consideratly for the citties which they would haue thus discharged that he made the petitioners in the assembly vtterly to chaunge their opinion Declaring howe there were but one and thirtie citties comprised only the league and yet that some of them were very weake and small and howe it were no reason that reiecting all the rest of GRECE the greatest authoritie of this counsaill should fall into the handes of two or three of the chiefest citties alone For this cause chiefly the LACEDAEMONIANS dyd euer beare him extreme hatred and dyd set vp Cimon all they could to be allwayes aduersary opposite vnto him and as it were to bearde him in all matters of state and the gouernment of ATHENS They procured him besides the ill will and displeasure of all the friendes and confederates of the ATHENIANS for that he went sayling still to and fro alongest the Iles exacting money of the inhabitants of the same And this is to be knowen by the matter propounded by him to the ANDRIANS of whom he would haue had money and by the aunswer they made him as Herodotus writeth Which was howe he had brought them two mightie goddes Loue and Force And they aunswered him againe that they also had two great goddesses which kept them from geuing of him any money Pouertie and Impossibilitie And to make this good also Timocreon the Rhodian poet galled him to the quicke when he sharpely taunted him for calling many home againe for money that were banished and howe for couetousnes of money he had betrayed and forsaken his hoste and friende The verses wherein this matter is mentioned are to this effecte VVho list commend vvorthy Pausanias Xanthippus or good Leotychides yet shall I seeme but light thereof to passe compared vvith valliant Aristides For yet vvas naye the like in Athens tovvne nor neuer shall come none of like renovvne Themistocles by right and due deserte is hated of Latons for his lyes and for he bare a traitrous vvicked harte vvho like a vvretche nigard did deuise for small revvardes his host Timocreon to holde out of his countrie Ialison He tooke for bribe vniustly yet therevvhile of redy coyne three talents fayre and bright revoking such as pleased him from exile and banishing full many a vvorthy vvight Or putting them to death vvithout cause tolde he gate thereby great heapes of coyne and golde But in the ende ôright revvarde for such this bribing vvretch vvas forced for to holde a tipling bovvthe most like a clovvne or fâ—â—â—he at holy feastes and pastimes manifold vvhich vvere amongest the people in those dayes Istmiciane folke dyd vse the like allvvayes And there he serued his gests vvith cold meat still vvhilest they that tasted of his cookerie gan vvishe that they to ease their vveary vvill had neuer liued to see the treccherie of false Themistocles and that he might no longer liue vvhich vvrought them such despight After this he dyd more openly blase him to the worlde when he was banished and condemned in a songe that had beginning thus O Muse let these my verses be disperst throughout all Grace since they deserue no lesse and since the truthe vvhich is in them rehearst deserueth fame vvhom no man should suppresse They saye the cause was why this Timocreon was banished the friendshippe which he had with the Barbarous people and for geuing them intelligence Whereof Themistocles was one that iudicially condemned him Wherefore when Themistocles him selfe was accused afterwards of the same faulte Timocreon then made these verses following against him Timocreon vvas not vvithout his pheere vvhich did conferre vvith Medes priuely Since others mo the selfe same blame might beare mo foxes lurke in dennes as vvell as I. Besides these verses Themistocles owne citizens for the ill will they bare him were contented to heare him ill spoken of Therefore while he fought wayes to redresse all this he was driuen to vse such meane which more increased their hatred toward him For in his orations to the people he dyd ofte remember them of the good seruice he had done them and perceyuing howe they were offended withall he was driuen to saye Why are ye weary so ofte to receyue good by one man Many of them were very angry with him also when he surnamed Diana in the dedication of her temple he made vnto her Aristobule as much to saye as the good counseller meaning thereby howe he had geuen graue and wise counsell both vnto his cittie and to all the rest of the GRECIANS He built this temple also neere his house in a place called Melita where the hangemen doe cast the dead bodies of those that were executed and throwe the ragges and halters endes of those that were hanged or otherwise put to death by lawe There was also in our dayes in the temple of Diana Aristobule a litle image of Themistocles which shewed plainely that he was not only wise and of a noble minde but also of a great maiestie and countenaunce in face In the ende the ATHENIANS banished him ATHENS for fiue yere bicause they would plucke downe his ouergreat corage and authoritie as they dyd vse to serue those whose greatnes they thought to be more then common equalitie
mens good and ill worckes you knowe right well that we haue not willingly without wrong and cause offered vs begonne this warre but iustly and by compulsion to be reuenged of a cittie our enemie which hath done vs great iniuries But if to conteruayle this our great good prosperitie and victorie some bitter aduersitie and ouerthrowe be predestined vnto vs I beseeche you then most mercifull goddes in sparing our cittie of ROME and this her army you will with as litle hurte as maybe be let it all fall and light vpon my persone alone And as he had spoken these wordes and was turning on his right hande according to the manner of the ROMAINES after they haue prayed vnto the goddes he fell downe flat before them all The standers by taking this fall for an ill token were somwhat troubled with the matter but after he got vp on his feete againe he tolde them that the thing he requested of the goddes was happened vnto him And that was a litle hurte in exchaunge of a great good fortune So the whole cittie being spoyled and rifled he was also desirous to carie Iunos image to ROME to accomplishe the vowe he had made And hauing sent for worckemen for this purpose he dyd sacrifice first vnto the goddesse beseching her to accept well of the ROMAINES good will that she would willingly vowchesafe to come and dwell with the other goddes who had the protection of the cittie of ROME Some saye that the image aunswered she was contented But Liuius writeth that Camillus made this prayer as he touched the image and that the assistants aunswered she was contented and would goe with a goodwill Yet they which doe affirme it was the image selfe that spake doe fauour this miracle grounding their proofe vpon the opinion of the fortune of ROME the which from so base and meane beginning had impossibly attained vnto so highe glorie and power as it had without the singular fauour of the goddes and that hath manifestly appeared vnto the world by sundry great proofes and examples They bring forth also such other like wonders As that images haue heretofore let fall droppes of swet from them that they haue bene heard to sighe that they haue turned and that they haue made certen signes with their eyes as we finde written in many auncient stories And we could our selues also tell such like wonders which we haue heard men of our time affirme which are not vncredible nor lightly to be condemned But for such matters it is as daungerous to geue to much credit to them as also to discredit them to much by reason of the weaknes of mans nature which hath no certen boundes nor can rule it self but ronneth somtimes after vanitie and superstition and otherwhile also dispiseth and contemneth holy and diuine matters and therefore the meane is the vertue not to goe to farre in this as in all other things besides it is the best Nowe Camillus whether his late enterprise performed in winning a cittie that stoode out with ROME helde siege with them tenne yeres together had put him into an ouerwening or conceipt of him selfe or that the wordes of the people which dyd blesse and prayse him had made him looke highe and presume vpon him selfe more then became the modestie of a ciuill magistrate and gouernour of the common weale one that was subiect to the lawe he shewed a stately triumphe set forth with all riche furniture specially for that him self was caried through ROME vpon his triumphant charret drawen with foure fayer white coursers This neuer captaine nor generall before him durst vndertake to doe neither any euer after him attēpted it for they thinke it is a sacred cariage and only mete for the King and father of the goddes This bred him much enuy amongest the citizēs which had not bene acquainted with so great statelynes There was another occasion also that made them mislike him much which was bicause he stood against the lawe put forth that they should deuide the cittie of ROME For the Tribunes of the people dyd set out an Edict that the Senate people of ROME should be deuided into two partes and that those on whom the lotte should fall should abide still in ROME and the other should goe dwell in the newe wonne cittie of VEIES These were the reasons to persuade this that both the one and the other sorte should be richer then they were before should more easely keepe their lands and goodes from the inuasion of their enemies by meanes of these two great citties The people which were multiplied nowe into great numbers had serued duetifully daūgerously thought it the best waye in the worlde Therefore they still cried out and thronged with great tumulte about their pulpit for orations praying that this lawe might be put vnto the voyces of the people But the whole Senate and wisest citizens among them iudging this motion of the Tribunes would be the destruction and not the diuision of the cittie of ROME could in no wise abide it should goe any further Whereupon they went prayed Camillus helpe who fearing to bring it to the pointe whether the lawe should passe or no dyd allwayes seeke new occasions and letts still to delaye put of the matter staye the confirmation of this lawe For these causes he was hated of the common people But the originall apparant cause of the peoples ill will towards him was for taking from them the tenth parte of their spoyles and it was not altogether without some reason and to saye truely the people dyd him much wrong to beare him such malice for that For before he went to the cittie of VEIES he made a solēne vowe to offer the tenth parte vnto the goddes of the spoyles of the cittie if he wāne the same But when it was taken and sacked whether it was that he was lotheto trouble the cittizens or hauing a worlde of busines in his head that he easely forgate his vowe he suffered the souldiers to deuide the spoyle amongest them to take the benefit to them selues Shortely after he was discharged of his charge he dyd enforme the Senate of his vowe Furthermore the soothesayers made reporte at that very time howe they know by certaine signes and tokens of their sacrifices that the goddes were offended for somwhat and howe they must of necessitie be pacified againe Whereupon the Senate presently made an order where it was vnpossible euery man should bring in againe the selfe same things he had gotten to make a new diuision of euery mans share that euery one therefore vpon his othe should present the tenthe parte of his gaynes he had gotten by that bootie There was great trouble about it They were driuen to vse great extremitie to the poore souldiers which had traueled sore and taken great paynes in the warres to make them to restore backe such a coloppe out of their gaine and
and to let them in any case from putting their men in order of battell and he at the breake of daye came downe into the plaine and dyd set his other men being well armed in good arraye which were a great number and lustie fellowes and were not as the barbarous people thought fewe and fearefull This at the very first discoraged the hartes of the GAVLES maruelously bicause they thought them selues dishonored that the ROMAINES should charge vpon them first Afterwardes also Camillus vantgarde dyd set vpon the GAVLES and that on a sodaine before they had leysure to put them selues in battell or to order their troupes compelling them to fight without order as they met out of order by chaunce In the ende also Camillus came vpon the neckes of them with all his whole force and army together against whom they ranne notwithstanding holding vp their naked swordes alofte in their handes But the ROMAINES thrusting with their armed iauelinges receaued their enemies blowes vpon them and thereby so rebated the edges of their swordes their blades being very sharpe and thinne grounde and of so softe a temper that they bowed againe and stoode crooked vnreasonably and furthermore hauing persed their shieldes through with their punchingstaues the GAVLES armes were so clogd and wearied with them the ROMAINES plucking them backe to them againe that they threw away their swordes and shieldes and flying in closed with the ROMAINES and caught holde of their iauelines thincking by plaine force to haue wrested them out of their handes Howbeit they perceauing then the GAVLES were naked fell straight to their swordes and so was the slaughter of their first ranckes very great The other fled scatteringly here and there all about the plaine bicause Camillus had caused all the hilles and mountaines about them to be occupied and possessed Neither dyd they retire towardes their campe for that it was vnfortified and also knewe well enough it would be easely taken This battell as they saye was thirteene yeres after their taking of ROME before But after that fielde the ROMAINES corages were good enough against these barbarous GAVLES whom they stoode in feare of before thincking the first time they came that they had not ouercomed them by force but by reason of the plague that fell amongest them or through some other straunge chaunce For they dyd so feare them at that time that they made a lawe howe their priestes should be exempted from warres so it were not against the GAVLES This ouerthrowe was the last marshall acte Camillus dyd in the warres For the taking of the cittie of VELITRES was an accident depending vpon this iorney bicause they yelded straight vnto him without striking any stroke But the seditiousnes of the people of ROME about gouernment and the choosing of the yere Consuls was the hardest matter he euer had in hande For they returning home to ROME stronge and of greate power by their late obteined victorie woulde in any case haue one of the Consuls to be chosen of a commoner which was directly against their auncient custome But the Senate stowtely withstoode it and would not suffer Camillus to be put out of office hoping the better by meanes of his authoritie which was greate then that they should mainteine and continue their auncient dignitie and prerogatiue of their nobilitie But as Camillus was set in his chayer in the market place where he hearde and dispatched causes there came a sergeante to him sent from the Tribunes of the people who commaunded him to followe him and there withall layed violent handes vpon him as he woulde haue caried him awaye by force This made suche a terrible tumulte and vprore that the like was neuer seene before in the market place For Camillus friendes draue the sergeaunte backe behinde the chayer The common people cried out againe to the sergeant from beneath pull him out of his chayer This so amazed Camillus that he knew not well what to saye to the matter Notwithstanding he would not resigne vp his office but taking those Senatours he had about him he went vnto the place where the Senate was wont to be kept And there before he would goe into it he returned backe againe vnto the Capitoll made his prayer vnto the goddes that it would please them to bring his troubles againe to a quiet and so made a solemne vowe and promise if these tumultes and troubles might be pacified that he woulde builde a temple of Concorde When this matter came to debating before the Senate there fell great contention and diuersitie of opinions among them yet in the ende the easiest waye dyd carie it and that was to graunt the common peoples desire that a commoner should be chosen Consul with a noble man. The Dictator hauing openly published to the people the Senates decree confirming their desire the common people were so ioyfull that at that presence they let fall all their malice against the Nobilitie and Senate and brought Camillus home to his house with greate showtes of ioye and clapping of handes The next morning all the people being assembled together in the market place it was there decreed that the temple of concorde should be built at the common wealthes charge according to the vowe Camillus had made in such a place as it might be seene from the market place selfe where all the assemblies for matters of counsell were made And further it was ordered that one daye more should be added to the feastes of the LATINES that from thenceforth they should solemnise foure festiuall dayes should presently make generall sacrifices vnto the goddes in euerie temple of the cittie to geue them thanckes and in token of ioye they should all weare garlands vpon their heades for this reconciliation So Camillus proceeding to election there were chosen two Consuls Marcus AEmilius of the noble Patricians and Lucius Sextus of the Plebeians or commoners And this was the laste acte that euer Camillus dyd For the next yere after the plague was in ROME and tooke awaye an infinite number of people that dyed besides many magistrates and officers of the citie that departed among whom Camillus also left his life Who notwithstanding he had liued a long time and had ended a reasonable course of life yet he was as ready to dye and as paciently tooke his death as any man liuing could haue done Moreouer the ROMAINES made more mone and lamentation for his deathe alone then for all the rest the plague had already consumed The ende of Furius Camillus life THE LIFE OF Pericles CAESAR seeing in ROME one daye certen riche wealthy straūgers hauing litle dogges and munkeyes in their armes and that they made maruelous much of them he asked them if the women in their country had no children wisely reprouing them by his question for that they bestowed their naturall loue affection vpon brute beasts which they should with all kindnes and loue bestowe vpon creatures
Pericles the last man vnto him he sayed Truely thou hast novv brought vnto vs here that dvvell the chief of all the captaines that come from darksome hell And as for musicke the most authors write that Damon dyd teache him musicke of whose name as men saye they should pronounce the first syllable shorte Howbeit Aristotle sayeth that he was taught musicke by Pythoclides Howsoeuer it was it is certaine that this Damon was a man of deepe vnderstanding and subtill in matters of gouernment for to hide from the people his sufficiency therein he gaue it out he was a musitian and dyd resorte vnto Pericles as a master wrestler or fenser but he taught him howe he should deale in matters of state Notwithstanding in the ende he could not so conningly conuey this matter but the people sawe his harping and musicke was only a viser to his other practice wherefore they dyd banish him ATHENS for fiue yeres as a man that busilie tooke vpon him to chaunge the state of things and that fauored tyrannie And this gaue the Comicall poets matter to playe vpon him finely among which Plato in a comedie of his bringeth in a man that asketh him O Chiron tell me first art thou in deede the man vvhich dyd instruct Pericles thus make aunsvver if thou can He was somtime also scholler to the philosopher Zenon who was borne in the cittie of ELEA taught naturall philosophie as Parmenides dyd but his profession was to thwarte and contrary all men and to alledge a world of obiections in his disputation which were so intricate that his aduersarie replying against him knewe not howe to aunswer him nor to conclude his argument The which Timon Phliasius witnesseth in these wordes Zenon vvas subtill sure and very eloquent and craftilie could vvinde a man by vvaye of argument if so he vvere disposed his cunning to descrie or shovve the sharpenes of his vvitt to practise pollicie But Anaxagoras Clazomenian was he that was most familliar and conuersaunt with him and dyd put in him the maiestie and grauity he shewed in all his sayings and doings who dyd farre excell the common course of ordinarie Orators that pleaded before the people and to be shorte he it was that dyd facion his manners altogether to carie that graue countenaunce which he dyd For they called Anaxagoras in his time Nùśs as much to saye as vnderstanding Either bicause they had his singular wit and capacitie in suche great admiration being growen to searche out the cause of naturall things or that he was the first man who dyd ascribe the disposition and gouernment of this world not vnto fortune or faitall necessitie but vnto a pure simple and vnderstanding minde which doth separate at the first mouing cause the substaunce of suche like partes as are medled and compounded of diuers substaunces in all other bodies through the world Pericles made maruelous touche of Anaxagoras who had fully instructed him in the knowledge of naturall things and of those specially that worke aboue in the ayer and firmament For he grewe not only to haue a great minde and an eloquent tongue without any affectation or grosse countrie termes but to a but to a certen modest countenaunce that scantly smyled very sober in his gate hauing a kynde of sounde in his voyce that he neuer lost nor altered and was of very honest behauiour neuer troubled in his talke for any thing that crossed him and many other suche like things as all that sawe them in him and considered them could but wonder at him But for proofe hereof the reporte goeth there was a naughty busy fellowe on a time that a whole daye together dyd nothing but rayle vpon Pericles in the market place and reuile him to his face with all the villanous wordes he could vse But Pericles put all vp quietly and gaue him not a worde againe dispatching in the meane time matters of importaunce he had in hand vntill night came that he went softly home to his house shewing no alteration nor semblaunce of trouble at all though this lewde varlet followed him at the heeles with wordes of open defamation And as he was ready to enter in at his owne doores being darke night he commaunded one of his men to take a torche and to bring this man home to his house Yet the poet Ion sayeth that Pericles was a very prowde man and a stately and that with his grauity and noble minde there was mingled a certaine scorne and contempt of other and contrarilie he greatly prayseth the ciuillitie humanitie and curtesie of Cimon bicause he could facion him selfe to all companies But letting passe that which the poet Ion sayed who would that vertue should be full of tragicall discipline bringing in with it a certaine saryticall discourse to moue laughture Nowe Zennon contrariwise dyd counsell all those that sayd Pericles grauity was a presumption and arrogancie that they should also followe him in his presumption For to counterfeate in that sorte things honest and vertuous doth secretly with time breede an affection and desire to loue them and afterwardes with custome euen effectually to vse and followe them So Pericles by keeping Anaxagoras company dyd not onely profit him selfe in these things but he learned besides to put awaye all superstitious feare of celestiall signes and impressions seene in the ayer For to those that are ignoraunte of the causes thereof suche sights are terrible and to the godly also feareful as if they were vtterly vndone and all is bicause they haue no certaine knowledge of the reason that naturall philosophy yeldeth which in steade of a fearefull superstition would bring a true religion accompanied with assured hope of goodnes Some saye a man brought Pericles one daye from is farme out of the countrie a rammes head that had but one horne and that the prognosticator Lampon considering this head that had but one strong horne in the middest of his forehead interpreted that this was the signification thereof That being two tribes and seuerall factions in the cittie of ATHENS touching gouernment the one of Pericles and the other of Thucydides the power of both should be brought into one and specially into his parte in whose house this signe dyd happen Further it is sayed that Anaxagoras being present dyd cause the rammes head to be clouen in two peces and shewed vnto them that stoode by that the brayne of this ramme dyd not fill the panne of his naturall place but inclosed it selfe in all partes being narrowe like the poynte of an egge in that parte where the horne tooke his first roote of budding out So Anaxagoras was maruelously esteemed at that present by all those that stoode by but so was Lampon sone after that Thucydides was driuen awaye and that the gouernment of the whole common weale fell into the handes of Pericles alone And it is not to be wondred at in my opinion that the naturall philosopher and the
playe VVherevvith enraged all vvith pepper in the nose the provvde Megarians came to vs as to their mortall foes And tooke by stelthe avvaye of harlots eke a payer attending on Aspasia vvhich vvere both young and fayer But in very deede to tell the originall cause of this warre and to deliuer the trothe thereof it is very harde But all the historiographers together agree that Pericles was the chiefest author of the warre bicause the decree made against the MEGARIANS was not reuoked backe againe Yet some holde opinion that Pericles dyd it of a noble minde and iudgement to be constant in that he thought most expedient For he iudged that this commaundement of the LACEDAEMONIANS was but a triall to proue if the ATHENIANS would graunte them and if they yelded to them in that then they manifestly shewed that they were the weaker Other contrarilie saye that it was done of a selfe will and arrogancie to shewe his authoritie and power and howe he dyd despise the LACEDAEMONIANS But the shrowdest profe of all that bringeth best authoritie with it is reported after this sorte Phidias the image maker as we haue tolde you before had vndertaken to make the image of Pallas and being Pericles friende was in great estimation about him But that procured him many ill willers Then they being desirous to heare by him what the people would iudge of Pericles they intised Menon one of the worke men that wrought vnder Phidias and made him come into the market place to praye assurance of the people that he might openly accuse Phidias for a faulte he had committed about Pallas image The people receyued his obedience and his accusation was heard opeÌ„ly in the market place but no mention was made of any theft at all bicause that Phidias through Pericles counsell deuise had from the beginning so layed on the gold vpon the image that it might be taken of wayed euery whitte WhereupoÌ„ Pericles openly sayed vnto his accusers take of the golde way it The glorie of his works dyd purchase him this enuie For he hauing graueÌ„ vpon the scutchioÌ„ of the goddesse the battel of the AMAZONES had cut out the portraiture of him self maruelous liuely vnder the persone of an olde balde man lifting vp a great stone with both his handes Further he had cut out Pericles image excelleÌ„tly wrought artificially seeming in maÌ„ner to be Pericles self fighting with an AMAZON in this sorte The AMAZONES haÌ„d being lifte vp highe holdeth a darte before Pericles face so passing cunningly wrought as it seemed to shadowe the likenes resemblaunce of Pericles and yet notwithstanding appeareth plainely to be Pericles self on either side of the portraiture So Phidias was clapt vp in prisone there dyed of a sicknes or els of poyson as some saye which his enemies had prepared for him all to bring Pericles into further suspition to geue them the more cause to accuse him But howsoeuer it was the people gaue Menon his freedome set him free for paymeÌ„t of all subsidies following the order Glycon made and gaue the captaines charge they should see him safely kept and that he tooke no hurte And about the same time also Aspasia was accused that she dyd not beleeue in the goddess and her accuser was Hermippus maker of the comedies He burdened her further that she was a hawde to Pericles and receyued citizens wiues into her house which Pericles kept And Diopithes at the same time made a decree that they should make searche and enquirie for heretickes that dyd not beleeue in the goddes and that taught certaine newe doctrine and opinion touching the operations of things aboue in the element turning the suspition vpon Pericles bicause of Anaxagoras The people dyd receyue and confirme this inquisition and it was moued also then by Dracontides that Pericles should deliuer an accompt of the money he had spent vnto the handes of the Prytanes who were treasorers of the common fines and reuenues and that the iudges deputed to geue iudgement should geue sentence within the cittie vpon the altar But Agnon put that worde out of the decree and placed in stead thereof that the cause should be iudged by the fifteene hundred iudges as they thought good if any man brought this action for thefte for batterie or for iniustice As for Aspasia he saued her euen for the verie pittie and compassion the iudges tooke of him for the teares he shed in making his humble sute for her all the time he pleaded her case as AEschines writeth But for Anaxagoras fearing that he could not doe so muche for him he sent him out of the cittie and himselfe dyd accompany him And furthermore seeing he had incurred the ill will of the people for Phidias facte and for this cause fearing the issue of the iudgement he set the warres a fyre againe that allwayes went backeward and dyd but smoke a litle hoping by this meanes to weare out the accusations against him and to roote out the malice some dyd beare him For the people hauing waightie matters in hande and very daungerous also he knewe they would put all into his handes alone he hauing wonne already suche great authoritie and reputation among them And these be the causes why he would not as it is sayed suffer the ATHENIANS to yeld vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS in any thing howbeit the trothe cannot certenly be knowen But the LACEDAEMONIANS knowing well that if they could wede out Pericles and ouerthrowe him they might then deale as they would with the ATHENIANS they commaunded them they should purge their cittie of Cylons rebellion bicause they knew well enough that Pericles kynne by the mothers side were to be touched withall as Thucydides declareth But this practise fell out contrarie to their hope and expectation that were sent to ATHENS for this purpose For wening to haue brought Pericles into further suspition and displeasure the cittizens honoured him the more and had a better affiaunce in him then before bicause they sawe his enemies dyd so much feare and hate him Wherefore before king Archidâ—mus entred with the armie of the PELOPONNESIANS into the countrie of ATTICA he tolde the ATHENIANS that if king Archidamus fortuned to waste and destroye all the countrie about and should spare his landes and goodes for the olde loue and familiaritie that was betweene them or rather to geue his enemies occasion falsely to accuse him that from thenceforth he gaue all the landes and tenements he had in the countrie vnto the common wealthe So it fortuned that the LACEDAEMONIANS with all their friends and confederates brought a maruelous armie into the countrie of ATTICA vnder the leading of king Archidamus who burning spoyling all the countries he came aloÌ„gest they came vnto the towne of ACHARNES were they incamped supposing the ATHENIANS would neuer suffer them to approche so neere but that they would giue them battell for the honour and defence of their
to be but becommeth dismembred in two factions which mainteines allwayes ciuill dissention and discorde betwene vs and will neuer suffer vs againe to be vnited into one bodie Martius dilating the matter with many such like reasons wanne all the young men and almost all the riche men to his opinion in so much they range it out that he was the only man and alone in the cittie who stoode out against the people neuer flattered them There were only a fewe olde men that spake against him fearing least some mischief might fall out apon it as in dede there followed no great good afterward For the Tribunes of the people being present at this consultation of the Senate when they sawe that the opinion of Martius was confirmed with the more voyces they left the Senate and went downe to the people crying out for helpe and that they would assemble to saue their Tribunes Hereupon the people ranne on head in tumult together before whom the wordes that Martius spake in the Senate were openly reported which the people so stomaked that euen in that furie they were readie to flye apon the whole Senate But the Tribunes layed all the faulte and burden wholy vpon Martius and sent their sergeantes forthwith to arrest him presently to appeare in persone before the people to aunswer the wordes he had spoken in the Senate Martius stowtely withstoode these officers that came to arrest him Then the Tribunes in their owne persones accompanied with the AEdiles went to fetche him by force and so layed violent hands vpon him Howbeit the noble Patricians gathering together about him made the Tribunes geue backe and layed it sore apon the AEdiles so for that time the night parted them the tumult appeased The next morning betimes the Consuls seing the people in an vprore ronning to the market place out of all partes of the cittie they were affrayed least all the cittie would together by the eares wherefore assembling the Senate in all hast they declared how it stoode them vpon to appease the furie of the people with some gentle wordes or gratefull decrees in their fauour and moreouer like wise men they should consider it was now no time to stande at defence and in contention nor yet to fight for honour against the communaltie they being fallen to so great an extremitie and offering such imminēt daunger Wherefore they were to consider temperately of things to deliuer some present and gentle pacification The most parte of the Senatours that were present at this counsaill thought this opinion best gaue their consents vnto it Whereupon the Consuls rising out of counsaill went to speake vnto the people as gently as they could and they dyd pacifie their furie anger purging the Senate of all the vniust accusations layed vpon them and vsed great modestie in persuading them and also in reprouing the faultes they had committed And as for the rest that touched the sale of corne they promised there should be no disliking offred them in the price So the most parte of the people being pacified and appearing so plainely by the great silence and still that was among them as yelding to the Consuls and liking well of their wordes the Tribunes then of the people rose out of their seates and sayed Forasmuche as the Senate yelded vnto reason the people also for their parte as became them dyd likewise geue place vnto them but notwithstanding they would that Martius should come in persone to aunswer to the articles they had deuised First whether he had not solicited and procured the Senate to chaunge the present state of the common weale and to take the soueraine authoritie out of the peoples handes Next when he was sent for by authoritie of their officers why he dyd contemptuously resist and disobey Lastely seeing he had driuen and beaten the AEdiles into the market place before all the worlde if in doing this he had not done as muche as in him laye to raise ciuill warres and to set one cittizen against another All this was spoken to one of these two endes either that Martius against his nature should be constrained to humble him selfe and to abase his hawty and fierce minde or els if he continued still in his stowtnes he should incurre the peoples displeasure and ill will so farre that he should neuer possibly winne them againe Which they hoped would rather fall out so then otherwise as in deede they gest vnhappely considering Martius nature and disposition So Martius came and presented him selfe to aunswer their accusations against him the people held their peace and gaue attentiue eare to heare what he would saye But where they thought to haue heard very humble and lowly wordes come from him he beganne not only to vse his wonted boldnes of speaking which of it selfe was very rough and vnpleasaunt and dyd more aggrauate his accusation then purge his innocencie but also gaue him selfe in his wordes to thunder and looke there withall so grimly as though he made no reckoning of the matter This stirred coales emong the people who were in wonderfull furie at it their hate and malice grewe so toward him that they could holde no lenger beare nor indure his brauery and careles boldnes Whereupon Sicinius the cruellest and stowtest of the Tribunes after he had whispered a litle with his companions dyd openly pronounce in the face of all the people Martius as condemned by the Tribunes to dye Then presently he commaunded the AEdiles to apprehend him and carie him straight to the rocke Tarpeian and to cast him hedlong downe the same When the AEdiles came to laye handes vpon Martius to doe that they were commaunded diuers of the people them selues thought it to cruell and violent a dede The noble men also being muche troubled to see such force and rigour vsed beganne to crie alowde helpe Martius so those that layed handes of him being repulsed they compassed him in rounde emong them selues and some of them holding vp their handes to the people besought them not to handle him thus cruelly But neither their wordes nor crying out could ought preuaile the tumulte and hurly burley was so great vntill suche time as the Tribunes owne friendes and kinsemen weying with them selues the impossiblenes to conuey Martius to execution without great slaughter murder of the nobilitie dyd persuade and aduise not to proceede in so violent and extraordinary a sorte as to put such a man to death without lawfull processe in lawe but that they should referre the sentence of his death to the free voyce of the people Then Sicinius bethinking him self a litle dyd aske the Patricians for what cause they tooke Martius out of the officers handes that went to doe execution The Patricians asked him againe why they would of them selues so cruelly and wickedly put to death so noble and valliant a ROMAINE as Martius was and that without lawe or iustice Well then sayed Sicinius if
them selues of their troubles and most miserable and straight life But we must not wonder though the SYBARITANS being womanish men and altogeather geuen to pleasure did so thinke that those men hated their liues who feared not death for the desire they had to doo good and goodwill they had to doo their duetie Which was contrarie in the LACEDAEMONIANS For they were of opinion that to liue and die willingly was a vertue as these funerall verses doo witnesse The dead vvhich here doe rest did not in life esteeme that life or death vvere of them selues or good or bad to deme But euen as life did end or death vvas brought to passe so life or death vvas good or bad this their opinion vvas And in deede to flye death is no shame so it proceede not of a cowardly hart nether to desire death is commendable if it be with contempt and hate of life This is the reason why Homer saith the valliantest men are euer best armed when they come to battaile The lawe makers among the GREECIANS doo euer punishe him that castes away his target but neuer him that casteth away his sworde or lawnce For euery man must first thinke to defende him selfe before he seeke to hurt his enimie and specially such as haue the whole state of a realme in their handes and be generalles of the feeld For if the comparison be true that Iphicrates the ATHENIAN captaine made that in an armie of men the light horsemē resemble the handes the men of armes the feete the battaill of footemen the stomake brest the captaine the head of a mans body it seemeth then that the venturous captaine putting him selfe in daunger with out cause is not onely careles of his owne life but also of all theirs whose liues depende vpon his saftie As contrarily he being carefull of his owne person cannot but be carefull of his souldiers that serue vnder him Therefore Callicratidas a LACEDAEMONIAN captaine and a woorthie man otherwise did vnwisely aunswere a soothsaier that bad him take hede to him selfe for the signes and tokens of the sacrifices did threaten his death Sparta said he standeth not vpon one man alone It is true that to fight by sea or by land man for man Callicratidas was but one man of him selfe but as captaine or lieuetenaunt generall he had the whole power and force of the armie in his person For he was not a man alone when so manie mens liues were lost with his Now olde Antigonus was of a contrary minde For he being redie to geue battell by sea about the I le of ANDRO's made a better aunswer to one that said vnto him his enemies had moe shippes then him selfe For how many shippes doest thou recken then my selfe said he Therein he did wisely to make great accompt of the worthines of a generall specially when it is ioyned with hardines and experience For the chiefest poynte of seruice is to saue him that saueth all other For when Chares on a time shewed the ATHENIANS openly the sundrie woundes and cuttes he had receiued apō his body his target also thrust through with many piks Timotheus straight said vnto him Chares I am not of thy minde For when I did besege the citie of SAMOS I was ashamed to see a darte throwne from the walles light hard by me for that I shewed my selfe a rashe young man and more venturous then became a generall of so great an armie For when it standeth much apon the whole armie and that it is necessarie the generall thereof doo put him selfe in daunger then he should put him selfe forwarde and occupie both handes and body without respect not regarding their wordes that say a good wise captaine should die for age or at the least old But where there is smal honor to be woone by very good successe and contrariewise muche losse and distruction by great misfortune no man of wisedome or iudgement would wish a generall to fight as a priuate souldier to hazard the losse of a generall I thought good therefore to make this preface before the liues of Pelopidas and of Marcellus both which were woorthie men and died otherwise then they shoulde For they both were valliant souldiers in the fielde and did both of them honor their contrie with famous victories and specially against great and dreadfull enemies For the one was the first as they saie that ouerthrewe Hanniball who was neuer ouercome by any before And the other also ouercame the LACEDAEMONIANS in battell that ruled al GREECE at that time both by sea and by land Yet they both carelesly lost their liues by venturing to boldely when their contrie stoode in greatest neede of suche men and captaines as they were This is the cause why we folowing the resemblaunce that was betweene them haue compared their liues together Pelopidas the sonne of Hippoclus came of one of the noblest houses of the citie of THEBES as Epaminondas did He being brought vp in great wealth his father left him heire of all his landes and goodes being but a young man So he straight shewed him selfe willing to doo good with his monie to those that needed helpe and were worthie to let the worlde see that his monie was not his maister For as Aristotle saith of these rich men the most part of them do not vse their goods for extreame couetousnes other againe doo abuse them as being geuen to ouermuche pleasures So riche men became slaues all their life time some to pleasure other to profit Now al Pelopidas other frendes woulde be beholding to him and take very thanckfully his curtesie and liberalitie towardes them But Epaminondas could neuer be brought to any thing at his handes Howbeit Pelopidas selfe folowed Epaminondas maner for he tooke a pride and pleasure to goe simply appareled to fare meanely to labor willingly and to make warres openly as he did He was euen such another as Euripides the Poet described Capaneus to be when he said of him He rich and vvelthie vvas yet vvas he there vvithall no vvight that purchast vvorldly hate nor insolent at all For he would haue been ashamed that the poorest man of the cittie of THEBES shoulde haue worne meaner apparell apon his backe then himselfe As for Epaminondas his pouertie was not daintie to him bicause his parentes were euer poore and yet for all that he passed it ouer more easely by studie of Philosophie which he gaue him selfe vnto and for that from his youth he liked to leade a spare life without excesse Where Pelopidas matched in a noble house and maryed highly and had two children by his wife neuerthelesse he had no minde to keepe or increase his goodes the more for that but gaue him selfe altogeather to serue the common weale as long as he liued By reason whereof his wealth decaied and his best frendes grewe angrie with him telling him how he did not well to make no more reckoning of a thing that was
the least if those thinges be to be credited which so many graue and auncient writers haue left in writing to vs touching so great and holy things The THEBANS returning backe from ORCHOMENE and the LACEDAEMONIANS on the other side returning also from LOCRIDE both at one time they fortuned both armies to mete about the citty of TEGYRA Now so sone as the THEBANS had discouered the LACEDAEMONIANS passing the straite one of them ranne sodainely to Pelopidas and tolde him Sir we are fallen into the handes of the LACEDAEMONIANS Nay are not they rather fallen into ours aunswered Pelopidas againe with these wordes he commaunded his horsemen that were in the rereward to come before and sett apon them and him selfe in the meane time put his footemen immediately into a pretie squadron close togeather being in all not aboue three hundred men hoping when he should come to geue charge with his battell he should make a lane through the enemies though they were the greater nomber For the LACEDAEMONIANS deuided them selues in two companies and euery company as Ephoreus writeth had fiue hundred mens and as Callistenes sayed seuen hundred Polybius and diuers other authors saye they were nyne hundred men So Theopompus and Gorgoleon the Captaynes of the LACEDAEMONIANS lustely marched agaynst the THEBANS and it fell out so that the first charge was geuen where the chiefetaynes or generalles were of either side with great furie on eyther parte so as both the generalls of the LACEDAEMONIANS which sett vppon Pelopidas together were slayned They being slayne and all that were about them being either hurt or killed in the fielde the rest of the armie were so amased that they deuided in two and made a lane on either side for the THEBANS to passe through them if they would But when they saw Pelopidas ment not to take the passage they offered him and that he came on still with his men to set apon those that were yet in battel raye and slue all them that stoode before him then they turned tayle and tooke them to their legges Howbeit the THEBANS did not chase them farre fearing the ORCHOMENIANS who were not farre from them and the new garrison besides that were come from LACEDAEMON not long before And this was the cause they were contented that they had ouercomed them by force and had passed through their armie in despite of them and broken and ouerthrowen them So when he had set vp markes of triumphe and spoyled their slayne enemies they returned home againe glad men for their obteyned victorie For in all the warres the LACEDAEMONIANS euer made as well with the GRAECIANS as with the barbarous people also there was neuer chronicle mencioned at any tyme that their enemies being so fewe did ouercome them that were so many nor that they were ouercome also by any number equall in battell Whereuppon they grewe so coragious and terrible that no man durst once abyde them for their onely same did so terrifie their enemies that came to fight agaynst them that they thought with no equall force to be able to performe asmuche as they had done But this battell of TEGYRA was the first that made both them and the other GREECIANS knowe that it was not the ryuer of EVROTAS alone nor the valley that lyeth betweene the tyuers of CNACION and of BABYCE that breedeth the valiant and hardy fighting men but that it is in all places else where they learne young men to be ashamed of dishonest and vyle thinges and to venter their liues for honest causet◠fearing more dishonorable reproche then honorable daunger These are the people most to be feared are most terrible also to their enemies And for the holy bād we mēcioned before it is saide Gorgidas was the first erector of the same They were three hundred chosen men entertained by the state and they alwaies kept within the castell of CADMEA and the bande was called the townes bande for at that time and specially in that part of GREECE they called the castels and great holdes in citties the townes Other say it was a bande of fooremen that were in loue one with another And therefore Pammenes pleasaunt wordes are noted saiying that Nestor coulde no skyll to set an armie in battell raye seeing he gaue the GREECIANS counsell in the ILIADES of HOMER that they should set them in battell raye euery countrie and tribe by them selues That by affections force and lynkes of kyndly loue that one might alvvaise helpe at hande that other to behoue For saide he one frende should rather be set by another that loues togeather bicause in daunger men commonly do litle regarde their contrie men or suche as are of their tribe But men that doo loue one another can neuer be broken nor ouercome for the passion of loue that entertaineth eche others affection for affection sake dothe kepe them from forsaking one another And those that are beloued being ashamed to doo any vyle or dishonest thing before those that loue them for very loue will sticke one by another to the death And sure3 the reason is good if it be true that louers doo in deede more regard them they loue though they be absent then other that be present As appeareth by the example of hym that being striken downe to the ground his enemie lifting vp his swoorde to kyll him he praied him he woulde geue him his deathes wounde before lest his frende that loued him seeing a wounde on his backe shoulde be ashamed of him It is reported also that Iolaus being beloued of Hercules did helpe and accompanie him in all his labors and quarrels Whereupon Aristotle writeth that vnto his time such as loued hartily togeather became sworne brethren one to another apon Iolaus tombe And therefore me thinkes it is likely that this bande was first called the holy bande by the selfe same reason that Plato calleth a louer a diuine frende by goddes appointment It is written also that this bande was neuer broken nor ouerthrowen before the battel of CHAERONEA After that battel Philip taking vewe of the slaine bodies he stayed in that place where the foure hundred men of that bande laye all dead on the grounde one harde by another and all of them slayne and thrust through with pikes on their brestes whereat he wondred muche and being tolde him that it was the louers bande he fel a weeping for pittie saying Wo be to them that thinke these men did or suffered any euyll or dishonest thing And to be short the misfortune of Laius that was slaine by his owne brother Oedipus was not the first originall cause of this custome that the THEBANS beganne to be in loue one with an other as the POETS write but they were their first lawmakers who perceiuing them to be a stout fierce natiō of nature they sought euen frō their youthe to make them gentell and ciuill and therefore in all their actions both of sport and earnest they
maruelous plaine man without pride and of a good nature Then they tolde him what notable wise sayinges and graue sentences they heard him speake Valerius Flaccus hearing this reporte of him willed his men one day to pray him to come to supper to him Who falling in acquaintance with Cato and perceiuing he was of a very good nature and wel giuen that he was a good griffe to be set in a better ground he perswaded him to come to ROME and to practise there in the assembly of the people in the common causes and affayres of the common weale Cato followed his counsail who hauing bene no long practiser among them did grow straight into great estimacion and wanne him many frends by reason of the causes he tooke in hand to defend and was the better preferred and taken also by meanes of the speciall fauour and countenaunce Valerius Flaccus gaue him For first of all by voyce of the people he was chosen Tribune of the souldiers to say colonell of a thousand footemen afterwards was made treasorer and so went forwards and grew to so great credit authority as he became Valerius Flaccus cōpanion in the chiefest offices of state being chosen Consul with him then Censor But to begin withal Cato made choise of Quintus Fabius Maximus aboue all the Senators of ROME gaue him selfe to follow him altogether not so much for the credit estimacion Fabius Maximus was of who therein exceded all the ROMAINES of that time as for the modesty and discrete gouernment he sawe in him whome he determined to followe as a worthy myrror and example At which time Cato passed not for the malice and euil will of Scipio the great who did striue at that present being but a young man with the authoritie and greatnesse of Fabius Maximus as one that seemed to enuy his risinge and greatnesse For Cato being sent treasorer with Scipio when he vndertooke the iorney into AFRIKE and perceiuing Scipioes bountifull nature and disposition to large giftes without meane to the souldiers he tolde him plainly one day that he did not so much hurt the common wealth in wasting their treasure as he did great harme in chaūging the auncient maner of their auncesters who vsed their souldiers to be contented with litle but he taught them to spende their superfluous money all necessaries prouided for in vaine toyes and trifles to serue their pleasure Scipio made him aunswere he woulde haue no treasorer shoulde controll him in that sorte nor that should looke so narrowly to his expences for his intent was to go to the wars with full sayles as it were and that he woulde and did also determine to make the state priuie to all his doinges but not to the money he spent Cato hearing this aunswer returned with spede out of SICILE vnto ROME crying out with Fabius Maximus in open Senate that Scipio spent infinitely and that he tended playes commedies and wrestlinges as if he had not bene sent to make warres inuasions and attemptes apon their enemies Apon this complaint the Senate appointed certeine Tribunes of the people to goe and see if their informations were true and finding them so that they should bring him backe againe to ROME But Scipio shewed farre otherwise to the commissioners that came thither and made them see apparaunt victorie through the necessary preparacion and prouision he had made for the warres and he confessed also that when he had dispatched his great businesse and was at any leasure he would be priuately mery with his frends and though he was liberall to his souldiers yet that made him not negligent of his duety and charge in any matter of importance So Scipio tooke shippinge and sayled towards AFRIKE whether he was sent to make warre Now to returne to Cato He daily increased still in authority and credit by meanes of his eloquence so that diuerse called him the Demosthenes of ROME howbeit the maner of his life was in more estimacion then his eloquence For all the youth of ROME did seeke to attaine to his eloquence and commendacion of wordes and one enuied an other which of them should come nearest but few of them woulde fyle their handes with any labor as their forefathers did and make a light supper and dinner without fire or prouision or woulde be content with a meane gowne and a poore lodging finally woulde thinke it more honorable to defye fansies pleasures then to haue and enioy them Bicause the state was waxen now of such power wealth as it could no more retaine the auncient discipline and former austeritie and straitnes of life it vsed but by reason of the largenes of their dominion and seigniory and the numbers of people and nations that were become their subiects it was euen forced to receiue a medley of sundry contry facions examples and maners This was a cause why in reason men did so greatly wonder at Catoes vertue when they sawe other straight wearyed with paines and labor tenderly brought vp like pulers and Cato on the other side neuer ouercommen either with the one or with the other no not in his youth when he most coueted honor nor in his age also when he was gray headed and balde after his Consullship and triumphe but like a conqueror that had gotten the maistery he would neuer geue ouer labor euen vnto his dying day For he writeth him selfe that there neuer came gowne on his backe that cost him aboue a hundred pence that his hyndes and worke men alwayes dronke no worse wine when he was Consull and generall of the armie then he did him selfe and that his cater neuer bestowed in meate for his supper aboue thirty Asses of ROMAINE money and yet he sayed it was bicause he might be the stronger and apter to do seruice in the warres for his contry and the common wealth He sayd furthermore that being heire to one of his frends that dyed he had a peece of tapestry by him with a deepe border which they called then the babilonian border and he caused it straight to be solde and that of all his houses he had abroade in the contry he had not one wall-plastered nor rough cast Moreouer he would say he neuer bought bondeman or slaue dearer then a thowsande fiue hundred pence as one that sought not for fine made men and goodly personages but strong fellowes that could away with paynes as carters horsekepers neatheardes and such like and againe he woulde sell them when they were olde bicause he would not keepe them when they coulde do no seruice To conclude he was of opinion that a manne bought any thinge deere that was for litle purpose yea though he gaue but a farthing for it he thought it to much to bestow so litle for that which needed not He would haue men purchase houses that hadde more store of errable lande and pasture then of fine orteyardes or gardeins
taking away his horse to put any of the Senate whom they saw liue dissolutely and disorderly It was their office also to ceasse and rate euery citizen accordinge to the estimacion of their goodes to note the age genealogie and degrees of euery man and to kepe bookes of them besides many other prerogatiues they had belonging to their office Therefore when Cato came to sue for this office among other the chiefest Senators were all bent against him Some of them for very enuy thinkinge it shame and dishonor to the nobility to suffer menne that were meanely borne and vpstartes the first of their house and name that euer came to beare office in the state to be called preferred vnto the highest offices of state in all their common wealth Other also that were ill liuers knowing that they had offended the lawes of their contry they feared his cruelty to much imagining he would spare no man nor pardon any offence hauing the law in his owne hands So when they had consulted together about it they did set vp seuen competitors against him who flattered the people with many fayer wordes and promises as though they had neede of magistrates to vse them gently and to doe thinges for to please them But Cato contrariwise shewinge no countenaunce that he would vse them gently in the office but openly in the pulpit for orations threatning those that had liued naughtily and wickedly he cried out that they must reforme their citie and perswaded the people not to choose the gentlest but the sharpest phisitions and that him selfe was such a one as they needed among the PATRICIANS Valerius Flaccus an other in whose company he hoped they two beinge chosen Censors to do great good vnto the common wealth by burninge and cutting of like Hydras heades all vanity and voluptuous pleasures that were crept in amongest them and that he sawe well enough how all the other suters sought the office by dishonest meanes fearing such officers as they knew would deale iustly vprightly Then did the people of ROME shew them selues nobly minded and worthy of noble gouernours For they refused not the sowernesse of seuerity of Cato but reiected these meale mouthed men that seemed ready to please the people in all thinges and thereupon chose Marcus Cato Censor and Valerius Flaceus to be his fellow and they did obey him as if he hadde bene present officer and no suter for the office being in themselues to giue it to whom they thought good The first thing he did after he was stalled in his Censorship was that he named Lucius Valerius Flaccus his frend and fellow Censor with him prince of the Senate among many other also whom he thrust out of the Senate he put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate that had bene Consull seuen yeares before and was brother also vnto Titus Quintius Flaminius that ouercame Philip king of MACEDON in battell which was greater glory to him then that he had bene Consull But the cause why he put him of the Senate was this This Lucius Quintius caried euer with him a younge boy to the warres whom he gaue as good countenaunce and credit vnto as to any of his best familiar frendes he had about him It fortuned on a time whilest Lucius Quintius was Consull and gouernour of a prouince that he made a feast and this boy being set at his table hard by him as his maner was he beganne to flatter him knowing how to handle him when he was pretily mery soothing him told him he loued him so dearely that vpon his departing from ROME when the Swordeplaiers were ready to fight for life and death with vnrebated swords to shew the people pastime he came his way and left the sight of that he neuer saw that was very desirous to haue seene a man killed Then this Lucius Quintius to make him see the like sayed care not for the sight thou hast lost boy for I will let thee see as much And when he had spoken these wordes he commaunded a prisoner condemned to dye to be fetched and brought into his hall before him and the hangman with his axe Which was forthwith done according to his commaundement Then asked he the boy if he would straight see the man killed yea sir sayd the boy and with that he bad the hangman strike of his head Most wryters reporte this matter thus And Cicero to confirme it also wrote in his booke de Senectute that the same was wrytten in an oration Cato made before the people of ROME Now Lucius Quintius beinge thus shamefully put of the Senate by Cato his brother Titus beinge offended withall coulde not tell what to doe but besought the people they woulde commaunde Cato to declare the cause why he brought such shame vnto his house Whereuppon Cato openly before the people made recitall of all this feast And when Lucius denied it affirminge it was not so Cato would haue had him sworne before them all that it was not true they had burdened him withall But Lucius prayed them to pardon him who sayed he woulde not sweare Whereupon the people iudged straight that he deserued well that shame So not longe after certaine games beinge shewed in the Theater Lucius came thither and passinge beyonde the ordinary place that was appointed for those that had bene Consuls he went to sit aloofe of amongest the multitude The people tooke pity on him and made such a do about him as they forced him to rise and to go sit among the other Senators that had bene Consuls saluing the best they could the shame and dishonor happened vnto so noble a house Cato put out of the Senate also one Manilius who was in great towardnes to haue bene made Consull the next yere following only bicause he kissed his wife to louingly in the day time before his daughter and reprouing him for it he tolde him his wife neuer kissed him but when it thundered So when he was disposed to be mery he would say it was happy with him when Iupiter thundered He tookeaway Lucius Scipioes horse from him that had triumphed for the victories he had won against the great king Antiochus which wan him much ill wil bicause it appeared to the world he did it of purpose for the malice he did beare Scipio the AFRICAN that was dead But the most thing that greeued the people of all other extreamities he vsed was his putting downe of all feastes and vaine expences For a man to take it cleane away and to be openly seen in it it was vnpossible bicause it was so common a thinge and euery man was giuen so to it Therefore Cato to fetche it about indirectly did praise euery citizens goodes and rated their apparell their coches their litters their wiues chaines and iuells and all other moueables and household stuffe that had cost aboue a thousand fiue hundred Drachmes a peece a tenne times as
this young maide went somewhat boldly by the chamber of young Cato to go into his father the young man sayd neuer a word at it yet his father perceiued that he was somewhat ashamed and gaue the maide no good countenaunce Wherefore findinge that his sonne and daughter in lawe were angry with the matter sayinge nothinge to them of it nor shewinge them any ill countenaunce he went one morninge to the market place as his maner was with a traine that followed him amongest whome was one Salonius that had bene his clearke and wayted vpon him as the rest did Cato calling him out alowde by his name asked him if he hadde not yet bestowed his daughter Salonius aunswered him he had not yet bestowed her nor woulde not before he made him priuie to it Then Cato tolde him againe I haue founde out a husbande for her and a sonne in lawe for thee and it will be no ill matche for her vnlesse she mislike the age of the man for in deede he is very olde but otherwise there is no faulte in him Salonius tolde him againe that for that matter he referred all to him and his daughter also prayinge him euen to make what matche he thought good for her for she was his humble seruaunt and relyed wholly vppon him standinge in neede of his fauor and furtheraunce Then Cato beganne to discouer and tolde him plainely he woulde willingely mary her him selfe Salonius therewith was abashed bicause he thought Cato was too olde to mary then and him selfe was no fitte manne to matche in any honorable house speciallie with a Consull and one that hadde triumped howebeit in the ende when he sawe Cato ment good earnest he was very glad of the matche and so with this talke they went on together to the markette place and agreed then vpon the mariage Now while they went about this matter Cato the sonne taking some of his kinne and frendes with him went vnto his father to aske him if he had offended him in any thinge that for spight he shoulde bringe him a steppe mother into his house Then his father cried out sayd O my sonne I pray thee say not so I like well all thou doest and I finde no cause to complaine of thee but I do it bicause I desire to haue many children and to leaue many such like citizens as thou art in the common wealth Some say that Pisistratus the tyran of ATHENS made such a like aunswere vnto the children of his first wife which were men growen when he maried his seconde wife Timonassa of the towne of ARGOS of whom he had as it is reported Iophon and Thessalus But to returne againe to Cato he had a sonne by his second wife whom he named after her name Cato SALONIAN and his eldest sonne died in his office beinge Praetor of whome he often speaketh in diuerse of his bookes commendinge him for a very honest man And they say he tooke the death of him very paciently and like a graue wise man not leauing therefore to do any seruice or businesse for the state otherwise then he did before And therein he did not as Lucius Lucullus Metellus surnamed Pius did afterwards who gaue vp medling any more with matters of gouernment and state after they were waxen olde For he thought it a charge and duety wherevnto euery honest man whilest he liued was bounde in all piety Nor as Scipio AFRICAN hadde done before him who perceiuing that the glory fame of his doings did purchase him the ill will of the citizens he chaunged the rest of his life into quietnes and forsooke the citie and all dealings in common wealth and went dwelt in the contry But as there was one that told Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA as it is wrytten that he could not die more honorably then to be buried in the tyranny euen so did Cato thinke that he could not waxe more honestlie olde then in seruing of the common wealth vnto his dying day So at vacant times when Cato was desirous a litle to recreate and refresh him selfe he passed his time away in makinge of bookes and lookinge vppon his husbandry in the contry This is the cause why he wrote so many kindes of bookes and stories But his tillage and husbandry in the contry he did tende and followe all in his youth for his profit For he sayed he had but two sortes of reuenue tillage and sparinge but in age whatsoeuer he did in the contry it was all for pleasure and to learne some thinge euer of nature For he hath wrytten a booke of the contry life and of tillage in the which he sheweth howe to make tartes and cakes and how to keepe frutes He woulde needes shew such singularity and skill in all thinges when he was in his house in the contry he fared a litle better then he did in other places and would oftentimes bid his neighbours and such as had lande lying about him to come and suppe with him and he would be mery with them so that his company was not onely pleasaunt and likinge to olde folkes as him selfe but also to the younger sorte For he had seene much and had experience in many thinges and vsed much pleasaunt talke profitable for the hearers He thought the bord one of the chiefest meanes to breede loue amongest men and at his owne table woulde alwayes praise good men and vertuous citizens but would suffer no talke of euill men neither in their praise nor dispraise Now it is thought the last notable acte and seruice he did in the common wealth was the ouerthrow of CARTHAGE for in deede he that wanne it and rased it vtterly was Scipio the seconde but it was chiefely through Catoes counsell and aduise that the last warre was taken in hand against the CARTHAGINIANS and it chaunced apon this occasion Cato was sent into AFRICKE to vnderstande the cause and controuersie that was betwene the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa kinge of NVMIDIA which were at great warres together And he was sent thither bicause king Massinissa had euer bene a frend vnto the ROMAINES and for that the CARTHAGINIANS were become their confederates since the last warres in the which they were ouerthrowen by Scipio the first who tooke for a fyne of them a great parte of their Empire and imposed apon them besides a great yearely tribute Now when he was come into that contrie he founde not the citie of CARTHAGE in miserie beggerie and out of harte as the ROMAINES supposed but full of lusty youthes very riche and wealthie and great store of armour and munition in it for the warres so that by reason of the wealth thereof CARTHAGE caried a high sayle and stowped not for a litle Wherefore he thought that it was more then time for the ROMAINES to leaue to vnderstande the controuersies betwext the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa and rather to prouide betimes to destroye CARTHAGE that hadde beene euer an
LACEDAEMONIANS againe labored all that they could possible to let them But in this great broyle one perceiued Pyrrus a horse backe to haue lept the trenche past ouer the strength of the cartes and make force to enter into the city Wherfore those that were appointed to defende that parte of the trench cried out straight and the women fell a shreeking and running as if all had bene lost And as Pyrrus passed further striking downe with his owne handes all that stoode before him a CRETAN shot at him strake his horse through both sides who leapinge out of the prease for paine of his wounde dying caried Pyrrus away and threw him vppon the hanging of a steepe hill where he was in great daunger to fall from the toppe This put all his seruauntes and frendes about him in a maruelous feare and therewithall the LACEDAEMONIANS seeing them in this feare and trouble ran immediatly vnto that place and with force of shotte draue them all out of the trenche After this retyre Pyrrus caused all assault to cease hoping the LACEDAEMONIANS in the end would yeelde consideringe there were many of them slaine in the two dayes past and all the rest in maner hurt Howbeit the good fortune of the citie whether it were to proue the valliantnes of the inhabitantes them selues or at the least to shew what power they were of euen in their greatest nede and distresse when the LACEDAEMONIANS had small hope left brought one Aminias Phocian from CORINTHE one of king Antigonus Captaines with a great band of men and put them into the city to aide them and straight after him as soone as he had entred king Areus arriued also on thother side from CRETA and two thowsand souldiers with him So the women went home to their houses makinge their reckening that they should not neede any more to trouble them selues with warres They gaue the olde men liberty also to goe and rest them selues who being past allage to fight for necessities sake yet were driuen to arme them selues and take weapon in hande and in order of battell placed the newe come souldiers in their roomes Pyrrus vnderstanding that newe supplies were come grewe to greater stomake then before and inforced all that he could to winne the towne by assault But in the end when to his cost he founde that he wanne nothing but blowes he gaue ouer the siege and went to spoyle all the contry about determining to lye there in garrison all the winter He coulde not for all this auoide his destenie For there rose a sedition in the city of ARGOS betwene two of the chiefest citizens Aristeas and Aristippus and bicause Aristeas thought that kinge Antigonus did fauor his enemy Aristippus he made hast to sende first vnto Pyrrus whose nature and disposition was such that he did continually heape hope vppon hope euer taking the present prosperity for an occasion to hope after greater to come And if it fell out he was a loser then he sought to recouer him selfe and to restore his losse by some other newe attempts So that neither for being conqueror nor ouercomen he would euer be quiet but alwayes troubled some and him selfe also by reason whereof he sodainly departed towardes ARGOS But king Areus hauing layed ambushes for him in diuerse places and occupied also the straightest and hardest passages by the which he was to passe gaue a charge vppon the GAVLES and MOLOSSIANS which were in the tayle of his army Now the selfe same day Pyrrus was warned by a Soothsayer who sacrificing had founde the liuer of the sacrificed beast infected that it betokened the losse of some most neere vnto him But when he heard the noyse of the charge geuen he thought not of the forwarning of his Soothsayer but commaunded his sonne to take his household seruauntes with him and to go thither as he him selfe in the meane time with as great hast as he could made the rest of his army marche to get them quickely out of this daungerous way The fraye was very hotte about Ptolomie Pyrrus sonne for they were all the chiefe men of the LACEDAEMONIANS with whome he had to doe led by a valliant Captaine called Eualcus But as he fought valliantly against those that stoode before him there was a souldier of CRETA called Oraesus borne in the citie of APTERA a man very ready of his hande and light of foote who running alongest by him strake him such a blowe on his side that he sell downe dead in the place This prince Ptolomie being slaine his company began straight to flie and the LACEDAEMONIANS followed the chase so hottely that they tooke no heede of them selues vntill they sawe they were in the plaine field farre from their footemen Wherefore Pyrrus vnto whom the death of his sonne was newly reported being a fire with sorow and passion turned so dainly vpon them with the men of armes of the MOLOSSIANS and being the first that came vnto them made a maruelous slaughter among them For notwithstanding that euery where before that time he was terrible and inuincible hauing his sword in his hande yet then he did shewe more proofe of his valliantnes strength and corage then he had euer done before And when he had sette spurres to his horse against Eualcus to close with him Eualcus turned on the toe side and gaue Pyrrus such a blowe with his sword that he missed litle the cutting of his bridle hande for he cut in deede all the raines of the bridle a sunder But Pyrrus straight ranne him through the body with his speare and lighting of from his horse he put all the troupe of the LACEDAEMONIANS to the sword that were about the body of Eualcus being all chosen men Thus the ambition of the Captaines was cause of that losse vnto their contry for nothing considering that the warres against thē were ended But Pyrrus hauing now as it were made sacrifice of these poore bodies of the LACEDAEMONIANS for the soule of his dead sonne and fought thus wonderfully also to honor his funeralls conuerting a great parte of his sorow for his death into anger and wrath against the enemies he afterwardes held on his way directly towardes ARGOS And vnderstanding that king Antigonus had already seased the hills that were ouer the valley he lodged neere vnto the city of NAVPLIA and the next morning following sent a heraulde vnto Antigonus and gaue him defyance calling him wicked man and chalenged him to come downe into the valley to fight with him to trye which of them two should be king Antigonus made him aunswer that he made warres as much with time as with weapon furthermore that if Pyrrus were weary of his life he had wayes open enough to put him selfe to death The citizens of ARGOS also sent Ambassadors vnto them both to pray them to departe sith they knew that there was nothing for them to see in the city of ARGOS and that they would let
the Senate by the next Censors and many iudge that he was worthy of this infamy for that he was periured in iudgement or bicause he was so subiect and geuen to his pleasure Caius Herennius was also called for a witnesse against Marius but he did alleage for his excuse that the law and custome did dispense with the Patrone to be a witnesse against his follower client and he was quit by the iudges For the ROMAINES alwayes call those Patrons who take the protection of meaner then them selues into their handes saying that Marius predecessors and Marius him selfe had euer bene followers of the house of the HERENNIANS The iudges receiued his aunswere and allowed thereof But Marius spake against it alleaging that since he had receiued this honor to beare office in the common wealth he was now growen from this base condicion to be any more a follower of any man the which was not true in all For euery office of a Magistrate doth not exempt him that hath the office nor yet his posterity to be vnder the patronage of an other nor doth discharge him from the duety of honoring them but of necessity he must be a Magistrate which the law doth permit to sit in the crooked chayer called Curulis that is to say caried vppon a charet through the city But notwithstanding that at the first hearing of this cause Marius had but ill successe and that the iudges were against him all they could yet in the ende for all that at the last hearing of his matter Marius contrary to all mens opinions was discharged bicause the iudges opinions with and against him fell to be of like number He vsed him selfe very orderly in his office of Praetorshippe and after his yeare was out when it came to deuide the prouinces by lot SPAINE fell vnto him which is beyond the riuer of Baetis where it is reported that he skowred all the contrie thereabouts of theeues and robbers which notwithstanding was yet very cruell and sauage for the rude barbarous and vnciuill manner and facion of life of the inhabitantes there For the SPANYARDS were of opinion euen at that time that it was a goodly thinge to liue apon thefte and robbery At this returne to ROME out of SPAYNE desiring to deale in matters of the common wealth he saw that he had neither eloquence nor riches which were the two meanes by the which those that were at that time in credit and authority did cary the people euen as they would Notwithstanding they made great accompt of his constancy and noble minde they found in him of his great paynes and trauell he tooke continually and of the simplicity of his life which were causes to bring him to honor and preferment insomuch as he maried very highly For he maried Iulia that was of the noble house of the Caesars and aunte vnto Iulius Caesar who afterwardes came to be the chiefest man of all the ROMAINES and who by reason of that allyance betwene them seemed in some thinges to followe Marius as we haue wrytten in his life Marius was a man of great temperaunce and pacience as may be iudged by an acte he did puttinge him selfe into the handes of surgeons For his shanckes and legges were full of great swollen veynes and being angrie bicause it was no pleasaunt thinge to beholde he determined to put him selfe into the handes of surgeons to be cured And first laying out one of his legges to the surgeon to worke vpon he would not be bound as others are in the like case but paciently abode all the extreame paines a man must of necessity feele being cut without sturring groning or sighing still keeping his countenaunce and sayed neuer a word But when the surgeon had done with his first legge and would haue gone to the other he would not geue it him nay sayd he I see the cure is not worth the paine I must abide Afterwardes Caecilius Metellus the Consull being appointed to go into AFRICKE to make warre with king Iugurthe tooke Marius with him for one of his Lietenauntes Marius being there seeing notable good seruice to be done and good occasion to shew his manhoode was not of minde in this voyage to increase Metellus honor and reputacion as other Lieutenauntes did and thought that it was not Metellus that called him forth for his Lieutenaunt but fortune her selfe that presented him a fit occasion to raise him to greatnes and as it were did lead him by the hand into a goodly field to put him to the proofe of that he coulde doe And for this cause therefore he endeuored him selfe to shew all the possible proofes of valliantnesse and honor he could For the warres being great continually there he neuer for feare refused any attempt or seruice how daungerous or painfull so euer it were neither disdained to take any seruice in hand were it neuer so litle but exceeding all other his fellowes and companions in wisedome and foresight in that which was to be done and striuing with the meanest souldiers in liuing hardly and painefully wanne the goodwill and fauor of euery man For to say truely it is a great comforte refreshing to souldiers that labor to haue companiōs that labor willingly with them For they thinke that their company laboring with them doth in manner take away the compulsion and necessity Furthermore it pleaseth the ROMAINE souldier maruelously to see the Generall eate openly of the same bread he eateth or that he lyeth on a hard bed as he doth or that him selfe is the first man to set his hande to any worke when a trenche is to be cast or their campe to be fortified For they doe not so much esteeme the Captaines that honor and reward them as they doe those that in daungerous attempts labor and venture their liues with them And further they do farre better loue them that take paines with them then those that suffer them to liue idlely by them Marius performing all this and winning thereby the loue and goodwills of his souldiers he straight filled all LIBYA and the city of ROME with his glory so that he was in euery manns mouth For they that were in the campe in AFRICKE wrote vnto them that were at ROME that they should neuer see the ende of these warres against this barbarous king if they gaue not the charge vnto Marius and chose him Consull These thinges misliked Metellus very much but specially the misfortune that came apon Turpilius did maruelously trouble him which fell out in this sorte Turpilius was Metellus frende yea he and all his parentes had followed Metellus in this warre being master of the workes in his campe Metellus made him gouernor ouer the city of VACCA a goodly great city and he vsing the inhabitantes of the same very gently and curteously mistrusted nothing till he was fallen into the handes of his enemies through their treason For they had brought king
very well armed wearing a lawrell garland and Sylla after he had saluted him and his souldiers made an oration vnto them exhorting them to do their duty in fighting And as he was in his oration there came two citizens of CHAERONEA to him one his name was Omoloichus and the other Anaxidemus who promised him to driue the enemies from mount Thurium which they had taken if he would but geue theÌ„ some small number of souldiers For there was a litle path way which the barbarous peoples mistrusted not beginning at a place called Petrochus hard by the temple of the Muses by the which they might easily go to the toppe of this mountaine Thuriumâ— so that following that pathe it would bring them ouer the barbarous people heads and they might easily kill them with stones or at the least they should driue them mawgre their heads downe into the valley Gabinius assuring Sylla that they were both very valliant men and such as he might boldly trust vnto Sylla gaue them men and commaunded them to execute their enterprise and he him selfe in the meane season went and set his men in order of battell in the plaine deuiding his horsemen on the winges placed him selfe in the right wing appointinge the left vnto Muraena Galba Hortensius his Lieutenauntes were placed in the tayle with certaine bandes of the reregard which they kept vpon the hils to watch and let that the enemies should not inclose them behinde bicause they perceiued a farre of that the enemies put forth a great number of horsemen and footemen light armed in the wings to th end that the poyms of their battell might the more easily bowe and enlarge them selues to compasse in the ROMAINES on the backe side Now in the meane time these two CHAERONEIANS whome Sylla had sent vnder Hircius their Captaine hauing compassed about the mountaine Thurium before the enemies were aware of them sodainly came to shew them selues vppon the toppe of the mountaine which did so feare the barbarous people that they began immediatly to â—iâ— one of them for the most parte killing an other There was no resistaunce but flying downe the mountaine fell apon the pointes of their owne partisans and pykes and one of them thrusting in an others necke tombled hedlong downe the mountaine together hauing their enemies besides on their backes which draue them from the hill and strake them behinde where they lay open vnto them so as they were slaine a three thowsande of them about this mountaine Thurium And as for them that sought to saue them selues by flight Muraena that was already set in battell ray met with some cut them of by the way and slue them downe right The other fled directly to their campe and came in great companies thrusting into the battell of their footemen put the most parte of them quite out of order maruelously troubled their Captaines before they could set them againe in order which was one of the chiefest causes of their ouerthrowe For Sylla went and gaue a charge vppon them in this trouble and disorder and had quickely wonne the ground that was betwene both armies wherby he tooke away the force of all their armed cartes with sythes which are then of greatest force when they haue the longest course to geue them a swift and violent stroke in their chase whereas when their course is but short the blow is so much the weaker and of lesse strength euen as arrowes are that a farre of enter not deepe into the thing they be shot at as at that time it fell out with the barbarous people For their first cartes set foorth so faintly and came on with so feeble a force that the ROMAINES sent them backe easily repulsed them with great slaughter and clapping of handes one to an other as they commonly vse in the ordinarie games of horse running at ROME When they had thus repulsed the cartes the battell of Syllaes footemen beganne to charge the barbarous people who basing their pykes stoode close one to an other bicause they would not be taken the ROMAINES on thother side bestowed first their dartes among them and then sodainly drewe out their swordes in the heate they were in and put a side the enemies pykes whereby they might come neerer to their bodies There were fifteene thowsand slaues in the fronte of the battell of the barbarous people whom Mithridates Lieutenaunt had made free by open proclamation and had deuided them by bandes amongest the other footemen By occasion whereof there was a ROMAINE Centurion spake pleasauntly at that time saying that he neuer saw slaues before haue liberty to speake and do like free men but only at Saturnes feastes Neuerthelesse they against the nature of slaues were very valliant to abide the shocke and the ROMAINE footemen could not so readily breake not enter into them nor make them geue backe bicause they stoode very close one to an other and their ranckes were of such a length besides vntill such time as the ROMAINES that were behinde the first ranckes did so pelt them with their slinges hurling stones bestowing their dartes arrowes apon them that in th end they compelled them all to turne their backes and â—ie a maine And when Archelaus did first thrust out the right wing of his army supposing to inclose the ROMAINES behinde Hortensius straight wayes caused the bands he had with him to run charge vpon the flanckes Which Archelaus perceiuing made the horsemen he had about him turne their faces forthwith which were in nuÌ„ber aboue two thowsand insomuch as Hortensius being set apon with all his trowpe was compelled to retyre by litle and litle towardes the mountaine perceiuing him selfe farre from the battell of his footemen and enuironned round about with his enemies Sylla seeing that being in the right wing of his battell and hauing not yet fought went straight to the rescue of Hortensius But Archelaus coniecturing by the dust which the horses raised what the matter was left Hortensius there and with speede returned againe towardes the right wing of his enemies from whence Sylla was gone hoping he had left it vnfurnished of a sufficient Captaine to coÌ„maund them Taxilles on thother side caused his copper targets also to march against Muraena so as the noyse they made on both sides caused the mountaines to ring againe wherewithall Sylla stayed standing in dout which way to take At the last he resolued to returne to the place froÌ„ whence he came sent Hortensius with foure ensignes to aide Muraena and him selfe with the fift in great speede went towardes the right wing of his army the which was now already bickering and ioyned with their enemies fighting hand to hand with Archelaus By reason whereof when Sylla as comen with his aide they did easily distresse them and after they had broken their array they chased them flying for life to the riuer vnto the mountaine Acontium But Sylla notwithstanding forgate
loued and esteemed that they called him the kinges father Mithridates at the beginning of his warres had sent him Ambassador vnto Tigranes to pray ayde of him against the ROMANES At which time Tigranes sayd vnto him â—â—â— what sayest thou to it Metrodorus what aduise wilt thou geue me Metrodorus either bicause he had regard vnto Tigranes profit or else bicause he was loth Mithridates should escape aunswered him againe As Ambassador O king I would wish you should do it but as a counsellor that you should not do it Tigranes now reported this speache vnto Mithridates not the king he would haue hurt Metrodorus for it though in deede he presently put him to death vpon it Whereat Tigranes was hartely sorie and repented him greatly to haue tolde him so much although he was not altogether the occasion of his casting away hauing but only â—uiued Mithridates euill will before conceiued against him For he had borne him displeasure of a long time as appeared amongst his secret papers and writings that were taken from him where he had ordained that Metrodorus should be put to death but in recompence thereof Tigranes buried his body honorably sparing no cost at all vnto the dead body of him whom liuing he had betrayed There dyed in king Tigranes courte also an Orator called Amphicrates if he deserue that mention should be made of him for the citie of ATHENS sake whereof he was borne for it is sayd that when he was banished out of his contrie he fled into the city of SELEVCIA which standeth vpon the riuer of Tigris When the inhabitaÌ„ts of the same praied him to teache them the arte of eloquence in their contrie he would not vowchesaue it but aunswered them prowdly that a platter was too litle to holde a Dolphine in meaning that their citie was too small a thing to containe it From thence he went vnto Cleopatra Mithridates daughter and king Tigranes wife where he was quickely suspected and accused so that he was forbidden to frequent the GRAECIANS coÌ„pany any more which grieued him so much that he famished him selfe to death and would eate no meate And that man was also very honorably buried by the Queene Cleopatra nere vnto a place called Sapha as they call it in that contry Now when Lucullus had quieted all thinges in ASIA and had established good laâ—â—â— among them he was not carelesse also of games and pleasaunt pastimes but while he was at leasure in the city of EPHESVS he made many games feastes wrestlinges and fence playes at the sharpe for ioy of his victory delighting all the cities of ASIA with them the which in recompence therof did institute a solemne feast also in the honor of him which they called Lucullea and did celebrate it with great ioy shewing a true and no fained frendshippe and good will towardes him which pleased him better and was more to his contentation then all the honor they could deuise to geue him But after that Appius Clodius was returned from his Ambassade and had tolde Lucullus that he must make warres with Tigranes Lucullus went backe againe vnto the realme of PONTVS where he tooke his armie which he had left in garrison and brought it before the city of SINOPE to lay siege vnto it or rather to besiege certaine CILICIANS that were gotten into the city in the behalfe of Mithridates But when they sawe Lucullus come against them they slue a great number of the citizens and setting fire on the city fled their way by night Lucullus being aduertised of it entred the citie put eight thowsande of the CILICIANS to the sword which he found there and restored the naturall citizens and inhabitantes thereof to all that was theirs But the originall cause that made him to be carefull to preserue the city was this vision he had He thought in his nightes dreame that one came to him and sayd goe a litle further Lucullus for Autolycus commeth who is desirous to speake with thee This dreame awaked him but being awake could not imagine what the vision ment It was the selfe same day on the which he tooke the city of SINOPE where following the CILICIANS that escaped by flying he found an image lying on the ground vpon the sea side which the CILICIANS would haue caried away but they were taken and followed so neere that they had no leasure to shippe it This statue as it is reported was one of the goodliest and notablest workes of Sthenis the Image grauer And some say that it was the image of Autolycus who founded the city of SINOPE For Autolycus was one of the princes that went out of THESSALIE with Hercules to go against the AMAZONES and he was the sonne of Deimachus And they reporte that at the returne from this voyage the shippe in the which Autolycus was imbarked with Demoleon Phlogius made shippewracke vpon a rocke on the coast of CHERRONESVS where she was cast away howbeit that he his meÌ„ scaping with all their furniture came to the city of SINOPE which he tooke from certaine SYRIANS who came as they say of one Syrus the sonne of Apollo and of the nimphe Sinope Asopus daughter Lucullus vnderstanding this matter called a saying of Sylla to minde which he wrote in his commentaries that nothing is more certaine nor that we may geue more credit vnto then that which is signified to vs by dreames In the meane season he was aduertised that Tigranes Mithridates were ready to come downe into LYCAONIA and CILICIA bicause they might first enter ASIA Lucullus marueled much at Tigranes counsell that sithence he was minded to warre with the ROMANES he did not vse Mithridates ayde in his warres at such time as when he was in his best strength and force and that he did not then ioyne his power with Mithridates rather then suffer him to be destroyed and ouerthrowen and afterwards with a cold hope go now to begin a new warre hazarding him selfe with those that could not helpe them selues While these thinges paffed in this sorte Machares king Mithridates sonne that kept the realme of BOSPHORVS sent a crowne of golde vnto Lucullus of the waight of a thowsande crownes praying him that he would name him a frende and confederate of the ROMANES Whereupon Lucullus thought he was then at the very last ende of his first warre and leauing Sornatius with sixe thowsand men to keepe the realme of PONTVS he departed with twelue thowsand footemen and lesse then three thowsand horsemen to go to the second warres And herein all the world condemned him and thought it too rash and light a parte of him to goe with so small a company to fight with so many warlike nations and to put him selfe vnto the hazard of so many thowsandes of horsemen in a maruelous large contry and of a wonderfull length enuironned round about with deepe riuers and mountaines couered with snowe all the yeare through so
the way as they went in his procession so nobly set forth euen vnto the very temple of Apollo And when the sacrifice the feast and games that were to be played were finished he gaue a goodly palme tree of copper which he offered vp to Apollo bought landes besides that cost him tenne thowsande Drachmas which he consecrated also vnto the god Pâ—â—â—on of the Ileâ— and ordained that the profittes of the same should be yearely bestowed by the Dâ—LIANS apon an open sacrifice and feast in the which they should pray to their god for the health and prosperity of Nicias and so caused it to be wrytten and grauen apon a piller be left in DELOS as a perpetuall monument and keeper of his offring and foundation Afterwards this copper palme tree being broken by windes it fell apon the great image of the NAXIANS gift and threw it downe to the ground Surely in this ceremony and act of his there was a maruelous pompe great shew of popular ambition neuerthelesse he that shall consider of his life and actions may easely perswade him selfe that aboue all he did it of very pure zeale deuotion and secondly to geue pleasure and pastime to the people For by Thucydides reporte of him he was one that feared the gods with trembling and was wholly geuen to religion We finde wrytten in one of the dialogues of Pasiphoon that Nicias did sacrifice dayly to the goddess and kept a soothsayer continually in his house geuing out abroade that it was to counsayle with him what should happen about the affayers of the common wealth but in troth it was to inquier of his owne busines and specially of his mynes of siluer For he had many great mynes about LAVRION side that were very profitable to him but withall they digged with great daunger and he was driuen continually to kepe a maruelous number of slaues at worke there The most parte of Nicias riches was in ready money and thereby he had many crauers and hangers on him whome he gaue money vnto for he gaue as well vnto wicked people that might doe mischiefe as vnto them that deserued reward and were worthie of his liberalitie Thus was his feare a rent to the wicked as his liberalitie was also a reuenue to the good and hereof the comicall Poets doe deliuer vs auncient testimony For Teleclides speaking of a certaine informer sayth thus Charicles did refuse to geue one Mina for to stay The bruting of his secret birth conueyed close avvay But Nice the sonne of Nicerate did vvillingly bestovv A brace of Minaze doble told And though I vvell doe knovv The cause of his so doing yet I vvill not him bevvray For vvhy The man is my good frend and vvise I dare vvell say And he whom Eupolis mocketh in his comedy intituled Maricas bringing a plaine simple man apon the stage doth aske him The informer Hovv long is it a goe since thou didst speake vvith Nicias The plaine man. I savv him standing euen right novv vpon the market place The informer This man affirms be savv him there And vvherefore should be say He savv him but of some intent his levvdnes to bevvray Novv sâ—rs ye see hovv Nicias here is taken in the trip For all his vvalking close in clovvdes to geue the priuy-slip The Author O foolish folke suppose ye that so good a man as he In any fault or shamefull fact vvill tardy taken be And Cleon threatning in the comedie of Aristophanes intituled the Knightes sayth these wordes The Orators if by the throte I take Then sure I am that Nicias streit vvill quake Phrynichus selfe also telleth vs glaunsingly that he was so timorous and easie to be frayed when he sayd speaking of an other man A good stovvt man I knovv full vvell he vvas And not a covvard like to Nicias Now Nicias being thus timerous of nature and fearing to geue any litle occasion to the Orators to accuse him kept himselfe so warely that he neither durst eate nor drinke with any man in the city nor yet put foorth him selfe in companie to talke or passe the time amongest them but altogether auoyded such sportes and pleasures For when he was in office he would neuer out of the counsayle house but still busied him selfe in dispatching causes from morning till night and was euer the first that came and last that went away And when he had no matter of state in hande then was he very hardly to be spoken withall and would suffer no accâ—sse vnto him but kept close in his house and some of his frendes did euer aunswere them that came to his gate and prayed them to pardon him saying that he was busie then about affayers of the common wealth One Hieron whom Nicias had brought vp in his house and had him selfe taught him both learning musicke was his greatest procurer and instrument to keepe him from speech with any man and brought him to this reputation of greatnes and grauety This Hieron as it is reported was the sonne of Dionysius Chalcus of whom they finde certaine Poeticall workes at this day who being Captaine of a certaine number of men that were sent to dwell in ITALIE did build there the citie of THVRIES Hieron I say did serue his turne and holpe his secretly to inquier what he would vnderstande of the Soothsayers and gaue out these wordes among the people that Nicias led too miserable and painefull a life for the ouergreat care he tooke to serue the common wealth insomuch as though he was in his hotte house to wash him or at his table at meate his minde ranne still of some matters about the common wealth and to serve the state did neglect his owne priuate affayers so that he scant beganne to sleepe take rest when others commonly had slept their first sleepe and that he looked like no body Furthermore that he was growen crabbed and vncurteous euen to such as before had bene his familiar frendes So that sayd he he loseth them together with his goodes and all for seruice of the common wealth where others grow rich and win frendes by the credit they haue to be heard to the people and can make mery among them and sporte with the matters of state which they haue in their handes Now in troth such was Nicias life that he might truely say that which Agamemnon spake of him selfe in the tragedie of Euripides called Iphigenie in AVLIDE In outvvard shovv of stately pompe all others I exceede And yet the peoples vnderling I am in very deede And Nicias perceiuing that the people in some thinges did serue their turnes with the experience of them that were eloquent wiser then others although they yet mistrusted their sufficiency and had a speciall eye to them plucking downe their corage by taking their authority from them as for proofe the condemnation of Pericles the banishment of Damon and the mistrust they had of Antiphon
and others also brake their neckes falling from the rockes The rest that were dispersed abroade in the fieldes were the next morning euery man of them put to the sworde by the horsemen So the account made two thowsand ATHENIANS were slaine and very few of them escaped by flight that brought their armors backe againe Wherefore Nicias that alwayes mistrusted it would thus come to passe was maruelously offended with Demosthenes and condemned his rashnes But he excusing him selfe as well as he could thought it best to imbarke in the morning betimes and so to hoyse sayle homewardes For sayd he we must looke for no new aide from ATHENS neither are we strong enough with this armie to ouercome our enemies and though we were yet must we of necessity auoide the place we are in bicause as it is reported it is alwayes vnholsome for an army to campe in and then specially most contagious by reason of the automne and season of the yeare as they might plainly see by experience For many of their people were already sicke and all of them in maner had no minde to tary Nicias in no case liked the motion of departing thence bicause he feared not the SYRACVSANS but rather the ATHENIANS for their accusations condemnation And therefore in open counsell he told them that as yet he saw no such daunger to remaine and though there were yet that he had rather dye of his enemies hands than to be put to death by his owne contrymen Being therin of a contrary minde to Leo BIZANTINE who after that sayd to his citizens I had rather suffer death by you than to be slaine with you And furthermore as for remouing their campe to some other place they should haue leasure enough to determine of that matter as they thought good Now when Nicias had deliuered this opinion in counsell Demosthenes hauing had ill lucke at his first cōming durst not contrary it And the residue also supposing that Nicias stucke not so hard against their departure but that he relied apon the dust and confidence he had of some within the city they all agreed to Nicias But when newes came that there was a new supply come vnto the SYRACVSANS and that they saw the plague encreased more and more in their campe then Nicias selfe thought it best to departe thence and gaue notice to the souldiers to prepare them selues to shippe away Notwithstanding when they had put all thinges in readines for their departure without any knowledge of sthenemy or suspicion thereof the moone beganne to eclipse in the night and sodainly to lose her light to the great feare of Nicias and diuers others who through ignoraunce and supersticion quaked at such sightes For touching the eclipse and darkening of the sunne which is euer at any coniunction of the moone euery common person then knew the cause to be the darkenes of the body of the moone betwixt the sunne and our sight But the eclipse of the moone it selfe to know what doth darken it in that sorte and howe being at the full it doth sodainly lose her light and chaunge into so many kinde of colours that was aboue their knowledge and therfore they thought it very straunge perswading them selues that it was a signe of some great mischiefes the goddes did threaten vnto men For Anaxagoras the first that euer determined and deliuered any thing for certaine and assured concerning the light and darkenesse of the moone his doctrine was not then of any long continuance neither had it the credit of antiquity nor was generally knowē but only to a few who durst not talke of it but with feare euen to thē they trusted best And the reason was for that the people could not at that time abide them that professed the knowledge of natural Philosophy inquired of the causes of things for them they called then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much to say as curious inquirers and tatlers of things aboue the reach of reason done in heauen and in the ayer Bicause the people thought they ascribed that which was done by the goddes only vnto certaine naturall and necessarie causes that worke their effectes not by prouidence nor will but by force and necessary consequences For these causes was Protagoras banished from ATHENS and Anaxagoras put in prison frō whence Pericles had much a do to procure his deliuery And Socrates also though he did not medle with that parte of Philosophy was notwithstanding put to death for the suspicion thereof In fine the doctrine of Plato being receiued and liked as well for his vertuous life as also for that he submitted the necessity of naturall causes vnto the controlement disposition of diuine power as vnto a more excellent and supreame cause tooke away all the ill opinion which the people had of such disputations and gaue open passage and free entry vnto the Mathematicall sciences And therefore Dion one of Platoes schollers and frendes an eclipse of the moone chaunsing euen at the very same time that he was weying vp his anckers to sayle from ZACYNTHE to make warre with the tyran Dionysius being nothing a frayed nor troubled therewithall made sayle notwithstanding and when he came to SYRACVSA draue out the tyran But then it fell out vnfortunatly for Nicias who had no expert nor skilful soothsayer for the party which he was wont to vse for that purpose and which tooke away much of his superstition called Stilbides was dead not long before For this signe of the eclipse of the moone as Philochorus sayth was not hurtfull for men that would flie but contrarily very good for sayd he thinges that men doe in feare would be hidden and therefore light is an enemy vnto them But this notwithstanding their custome was not to kepe them selues close aboue three dayes in such eclipses of the moone and sunne as Autoclides selfe prescribeth in a booke he made of such matters where Nicias bare them in hande that they should tary the whole and full reuolution of the course of the moone as though he had not seene her straight cleere againe after she had once passed the shadow and darkenes of the earth But all other thinges layed a side and forgotten Nicias disposed him selfe to sacrifice vnto the gods vntil such time as the enemies came againe as well to besiege their fortes and all their campe by lande as also to occupy the whole hauen by sea For they had not onely put men aborde into their gallies able to weare armor but moreouer young boyes into fisher botes and other light barkes with the which they came to the ATHENIANS and shamefully reuiled them to procure them to fight among the which there was one of a noble house called Heraclides whose bote being forwarder than his companions was in daunger of taking by a gallie of the ATHENIANS that rowed against him Pollichus his vncle being afrayed of it launched forward with tenne gallies of
them howbeit they gaue no credit vnto him Yet Cicero in an oration of his doth plainly accuse Crassus Caesar as confederats with Catiline howbeit this oration came not forth till they were both dead And in the oration he made also when his office and authority of Consul ceased he sayd that Crassus came one night to him shewed him a letter touching Catiline certainly confirming the conspiracy then in examination For which cause Crassus euer after hated him and that he did not openly reuenge it the let was by meane of his sonne For Publius Crassus much fauoring eloquence and beinge geuen to his booke bare great good will vnto Cicero in such sorte that apon his banishment he put on chaunged garmentes as Cicero did and procured many other youthes to do the like also and in fine perswaded his father to become his frend Caesar now returning to ROME from the prouince he had in gouernment intended to sue for the Consulshippe and perceiuing that Pompey Crassus were againe at a iarre thought thus with him selfe that to make the one of them his frend to further his sute he should but procure thother his enemy and minding therfore to attaine his desire with the fauor of them both sought first the meanes to make thē frendes perswaded with them that by their controuersie th one seeking thothers vndoing they did thereby but make Cicero Catulus and Cato of the greater authority who of them selues were of no power if they two ioyned in frendshippe together for making both their frendes and factions one they might rule the state and common wealth euen as they would Caesar hauing by his perswasion reconciled Crassus and Pompey ioyning their three powers in one made them selues vnuincible which afterwardes turned to the destruction of the people and Senate of ROME For he made them not only greater than they were before the one by the others meanes but him selfe also of great power through them For when they beganne to fauor Caesar he was straight chosen Consull without any deniall and so behaued him selfe in the Consulship that at the length they gaue him charge of great armies and then sent him to gouerne the GAVLES which was as a man may say euen them selues to put him into the castell that should kepe all the citie in subiection imagining that they two should make spoyle and good booty of the rest sithence they had procured him such a gouernment Now for Pompey the cause that made him commit this error was nothing els but his extreame ambition But as for Crassus besides his old vice of couetousnes rooted in him he added to that a newe a uarice and desire of triumphes and victories which Caesars fame for prowes and noble actes in warres did throughly kindell in him that he being otherwise his better in all thinges might not yet in that be his inferior which furie tooke such holde as it neuer left him till it brought him vnto an infamous end and the common wealth to great misery Thus Caesar being come out of his prouince of GAVLE vnto LVCA diuers ROMANES went thither to see him and among other Pompey and Crassus They hauing talked with him in secret agreed among them to deuise to haue the whole power of ROME in their handes so that Caesar should kepe his armie together and Crassus and Pompey should take other prouinces and armies to them Now to attaine to this they had no way but one that Pompey and Crassus should againe sue the second time to be Consulls and that Caesars frendes at ROME should stand with them for it sending also a sufficient number of his souldiers to be there at the day of choosing the Consulls Thereupon Pompey and Crassus returned to ROME to that ende but not without suspicion of their practise for there ranne a rumor in the citie that their meeting of Caesar in LVCA was for no good intent Whereupon Marcellinus and Domitius asked Pompey in open Senate if he ment to make sute to be Consull Pompey aunswered them peraduenture he did peraduenture he did not They asking him againe the same question he aunswered he would sue for the good men not for the euill Pompeyes answers were thought very prowde hawty Howbeit Crassus aunswered more modestly that if he saw it necessary for the common wealth he would sue to be Consull if not that he would nor stand for it Vpon these words some were so bold to make sute for the Consulshippe as Domitius among other But afterwardes Pompey and Crassus standing openly for it all the rest left of their sute for feare of them Domitius only excepted whom Cato so prayed and intreated as his kinseman and frend that he made him to seeke it For he perswaded him that it was to fight for the defense of their libertie and how that it was not the Consulshippe Crassus and Pompey looked after but that they went about to bring in a tyranny that they sued not for the office but to get such prouinces and armies into their handes as they desired vnder colour and countenaunce of the Consulship Cato ringing these words into their eares beleuing it certainly to be true as he sayd brought Domitius as it were by force into the market place where many honest men ioyned with thē bicause they wondred what the matter ment that these two noble men should sue the second time to be Consulls and why they made sute to be ioyned together and not to haue any other with them considering there were so many other worthy men meete to be companion with either of them both in that office Pompey fearing he should be preuented of his purpose fell to commit great outrage and violence As amongest other when the day came to choose the Consulls Domitius going earely in the morning before day accōpanied with his frends to the place where the electiō should be his man that caried the torch before him was slaine by some whom Pompey had layed in waite many of his companie hurt and among others Cato And hauing thus dispersed them he beset a house rounde about whether they fled for succour and inclosed them there vntill they were both chosen Consulls together Shortly after they came with force to the pulpit for orations and draue Cato out of the market place slue some of them that resisted would not flye They also then prolonged Caesars gouernment of the GAVLES for fiue yeres more and procured for them selues by decree of the people the contries of SYRIA and SPAYNE Againe when they drew lottes together SYRIA fell to Crassus and SPAYNE to Pompey Euery man was glad of their fortune For the people on the one side were loth Pompey should goe farre from ROME him selfe also louing his wife well was glad he had occasion to be so neere her that he might remaine the most of his time at ROME But Crassus of all other reioyced
he would rise and put of his cappe to him which he did not vnto many other noble men about him All this notwithstanding Pompey gloried nothing the more in him selfe Wherefore when Sylla would straight haue sent him into GAVLE bicause Metellus that was there was thought to haue done no exployte worthie of so great an armie as he had with him Pompey answered him againe that he thought it no reason to displace an auncient Captaine that was of greater same and experience than him selfe Yet if Metellus of him selfe were contented and would intreate him that he would willingly goe and helpe him to ende this warre Metellus was very glad of it and wrote for him to come Then Pompey entring GAVLE did of him selfe wonderfull exploytes and did so reuiue Metellus olde corage and valliantnes to fight which now beganne to faint like boyling copper that being poored vpon the colde and hard copper doth melt and dissolue it as fast or faster then fire it selfe For like as of a wrestler who hath bene counted very strong and the chiefest in all games hauing euer burne the price away where he hath wrestled they neuer recorde among them his childishe victories and wrestlinges as thinges of no account euen so I am affrayed to speake of the wonderfull deedes that Pompey did in his childhoode bicause they are obscured in respect of the infinite great warres and battells which he had wonne afterwardes For I am affrayed that whilest I should go about particularly to acquaint you with his first beginnings I should too lightly passe ouer his chiefest actes and most notable enterprises which do best declare his naturall disposition and singular wit. Now when Sylla had ouercome all ITALIE and was proclaimed Dictator he did reward all his Lieutenaunts and Captaines that had taken his parte and did aduance them to honorable place dignity in the common wealth frankely graunting them all that they requested of him But for Pompey reuerencing him for his valliantnes thinking that he would be a great stay to him in all his warres he sought by some meanes to allie him to him Metella his wife being of his opinion they both perswaded Pompey to put away his first wife Antistia and to marrie AEmylia the daughter of Metella and of her first husband the which also was an other mans wife and with childe by her husbande These mariages were cruell and tyrannicall fitter for Syllaes time rather then agreable to Pompeys nature and condicion to see AEmylia this new maried wife taken from her lawfull husbande to marrie her great with childe and shamefully to forsake Antistia who not long before had lost her father and for respect of her husbande that did put her away For Antistius was murdered within the very Senate house being suspected to take parte with Sylla for his sonne in lawe Pompeys sake and her mother voluntarily put her selfe to death seeinge her daughter receiued such open wrong By these apparant causes these vnfortunate mariages fell out into a miserable tragedie by meanes of the death of AEmylia who shortly after miserably dyed with childe in Pompeys house Then came newes to Sylla that Perpenna was gotten into SICILE and that he had made all that Ilande at his deuotion as a safe place to receiue all Syllaes enemies that Carbo also kept the sea thereaboutes with a certaine number of shippes that Domitius also was gone into AFRICKE and diuers other noble men that were banished that had scaped his proscriptions and outlawryes were all in those partes Against them was Pompey sent with a great armie Howebeit he no sooner arriued in SICILE but Perpenna left him the whole Ilande and went his way There he fauorably delt with all the cities which before had abidden great trouble and miserie and set them againe at libertie the MAMERTINES only excepted which dwelt in the citie of MESSINA They despising his tribunall and iurisdiction alleaged the auncient order priuiledge of the ROMANES set downe in times past amongest them But Pompey aunswered them in choller what doe ye prattle to vs of your law that haue our swords by our sides It seemeth also that Pompey delt too cruellie with Carbo in his miserie For sith he must needes dye as there was no remedie but he should then it had bene better they had killed him when he was taken For then they would haue imputed it to his malice that so had commaunded it But Pompey after he was taken made him to be brought before him that had bene thrise Consull at ROME to be openly examined and he sitting in his chaire of state or tribunall condemned him to dye in presence of them all to the great offence and misliking of euery one that was present So Pompey bad them take him away and carie him to execution When Carbo came to the scaffold where he should be executed and seeing the sword drawen that should strike of his head he prayed thexecutioners to geue him a litle respit and place to vntrusse a poynt for he had a paine in his bellie Caius Oppius also one of Iulius Caesars frends wryteth that he delt verie cruelly in like maner with Quintus Valerius For Pompey sayd he knowing that he was excellently well learned as any man could be and fewe like vnto him when he was brought vnto him he tooke him a side and walked a fewe turnes about then when he had questioned with him and learned of him what he could he commaunded his gard to carie him away and to dispatche him Howbeit we may not geue too light credit to all that Oppius writeth speaking of Iulius Caesars frendes or foes For Pompey in deede was compelled to make away the greatest personages of Syllaes enemies that fell into his handes being notoriously taken but for the rest all those that he could secretly suffer to steale away he was contented to winke at it and would not vnderstand it and moreouer did helpe some besides to saue them selues Nowe Pompey was determined to haue taken sharpe reuenge of the citie of the HIMERIANS which had stowtly taken the enemies parte But Sthenis one of the Gouernours of the citie crauing audience of Pompey tolde him he should doe them wrong and iniustice if he should pardon him that committed all the fault and should destroy them that had not offended Pompey then asking him what he was that durst take vppon him to father the offence of them all Sthenis aunswered straight that it was him selfe that had perswaded his frendes and compelled his enemies to doe that which they did Pompey being pleased to heare the franke speech boldnes of this man first forgaue him the fault he had committed and consequently all the other HIMERIANS Pompey vnderstanding that his souldiers did kill diuers men in the high wayes he sealed vp all their swordes whose seale soeuer was broken he was well fauoredly punished Pompey being busie about these matters in SICILE
the gate Thereuppon the gates were opened they comming in their gownes went vnto his bed side to see him That selfe day Python Seleucus were appointed by the kings friends to go to the temple of the god Serapis to knowe if they should bringe king Alexander thither The god aunswered them that they should not remoue him from thence The eight and twenty day at night Alexander dyed Thus it is written word for word in manner in the houshold booke of remembrance At that present tyme there was no suspition that he was poysoned Yet they say that six yeares after there appeared some proofe that he was poisoned Whereupon his mother Olympias put many men to death and cast the ashes of Iolas into the wind that was dead before for that it was said he gaue him poyson in his drinke They that thinke it was Aristotle that counselled Antipater to do it by whose meane the poyson was brought they say that Agnothemis reporred it hauing heard it of king Antigonus owne mouth The poyson as some say was cold as Ise and falleth from a rocke in the territory of the citie of NONACRIS it is gathered as they would gather a deawe into the horne of the foote of an asse for there is no other kinde of thinge that wil keepe it it is so extreme cold percing Others defend it say that the report of his poysoning is vntrue for proofe therof they alleage this reason which is of no smal importance that is That the chiefest Capteines fel at great variance after his death so that the corps of Alexander remained many dayes naked without buriall in a whot dry contry yet there neuer appeared any signe or token apon his body that he was poysoned but was still a cleane and faire corps as could be Alexander left Roxane great with childe for the which the MACEDONIANS did her great honor but she did malice Statira extreamely did finely deceiue her by a counterfeat letter she sent as if it had comen from Alexander willing her to come vnto him But when she was come Roxane killed her and her sister and then threw their bodies into a well and filled it vp with earth by Perdiccas helpe and consent Perdiccas came to be king immediatly after Alexanders death by meanes of Aridaeus whom he kept about him for his gard and safety This Aridaeus beeing borne of a common strumpet and common woman called Philinna was halfe lunaticke not by nature nor by chaunce but as it is reported put out of his wits when he was a young towardly boy by drinkes which Olympias caused to be geuen him and thereby continued franticke The end of Alexanders life THE LIFE OF Iulius Caesar. AT what time Sylla was made Lord of all he would haue had Caesar put away his wife Cornelia the daughter of Cinna Dictator but when he saw he could neither with any promise nor threate bring him to it he tooke her ioynter away from him The cause of Caesars ill will vnto Sylla was by meanes of mariage for Marius thelder maried his fathers own sister by whom he had Marius the younger whereby Caesar he were cosin germaines Sylla being troubled in waightie matters putting to death so many of his enemies when he came to be cōqueror he made no reckoning of Caesar but he was not contented to be hidden in safety but came and made sute vnto the people for the Priesthoodshippe that was voyde when he had scant any heare on his face Howbeit he was repulsed by Syllaes meanes that secretly was against him Who when he was determined to haue killed him some of his frendes told him that it was to no purpose to put so young a boy as he to death But Sylla told them againe that they did not consider that there were many Marians in that young boy Caesar vnderstanding that stale out of ROME and hidde him selfe a long time in the contrie of the SABINES wandring still from place to place But one day being caried from house to house he fell into the handes of Syllaes souldiers who searched all those places and tooke them whom they found hidden Caesar bribed the Captaine whose name was Cornelius with two talentes which he gaue him After he had escaped them thus he went vnto the sea side and tooke shippe and sailed into BITHYNIA to goe vnto king Nicomedes When he had bene with him a while he tooke sea againe and was taken by pyrates about the I le of PHARMACVSA for those pyrates kept all vppon that sea coast with a great fleete of shippes and botes They asking him at the first twentie talentes for his ransome Caesar laughed them to scorne as though they knew not what a man they had taken of him selfe promised them fiftie talents Then he sent his men vp and downe to get him this money so that he was left in maner alone among these theeues of the CILICIANS which are the cruellest butchers in the world with one of his frends and two of his slaues only and yet he made so litle reckoning of them that when he was desirous to sleepe he sent vnto them to commaunde them to make no noyse Thus was he eight and thirtie dayes among them not kept as prisoner but rather waited vppon by them as a Prince All this time he woulde boldly exercise him selfe in any sporte or pastime they would goe to And other while also he woulde wryte verses and make orations and call them together to say them before them and if any of them seemed as though they had not vnderstoode him or passed not for them he called them blockeheades and brute beastes and laughing threatned them that he would hang them vp But they were as merie with the matter as could be and tooke all in good parte thinking that this his bold speach came through the simplicity of his youth So when his raunsome was come from the citie of MILETVM they being payed their money and he againe set at libertie he then presently armed and manned out certaine ships out of the hauen of MILETVM to follow those theeues whom he found yet riding at ancker in the same Iland So he tooke the most of them had the spoile of their goods but for their bodies he brought them into the city of PERGAMVM there committed thē to prison whilest he him selfe went to speake with Iunius who had the gouernment of ASIA as vnto whom the execution of these pirats did belong for that he was Praetor of that contrie But this Praetor hauing a great fancie to be fingering of the money bicause there was good store of it answered that he would consider of these prisoners at better leasure Caesar leauing Iunius there returned againe vnto PERGAMVM and there hung vp all these theeues openly vpon a crosse as he had oftentimes promised them in the I le he would doe when they thought he did but ieast
in speech Phocion was very wittie For like as coynes of gold or siluer the lighter they waye the finer they be of goodnes euen so the excellencie of speeche consisteth in signifying much by fewe wordes And touching this matter it is reported that the Theater being full of people Phocion walked all alone vpon the scaffold where the players played and was in a great muse with him selfe whereuppon one of his friendes seeing him so in his muses said vnto him Surely Phocion thy minde is occupied about somewhat In deede so is it sayd he for I am thinking with my selfe if I could abridge any thing of that I haue to say to the people For Demosthenes selfe litle esteming all other Orators when Phocion rose vp to speake he would round his friendes in their eares and told them See the cutter of my wordes riseth Peraduenture he ment it by his maners also For when a good man speaketh not a word onely but a wincke of an eye or a nod of his head doth counteruaile many artificiall words speeches of Rethoritians Furthermore when he was a young man he went to the warres vnder Captaine Chabrias and followed him of whom he learned to be a persit souldier and in recompence thereof he reformed many of his Captaines imperfections and made him wiser then he was For Chabrias otherwise beeing very dull and slothfull of him selfe when he came to fight he was so hotte and corageous that he would thrust himselfe into daunger with the desperatest persons therefore for his rashnes it afterwards cost him his life in the citie of CHIO where launching out with his gally before the rest he pressed to land in despite of his enemies But Phocion being wise to loke to him selfe and very quicke to execute on the one side quickned Chabrias slownes and on the other side also by wisedom cooled his heate and furie Chabrias therefore being a good man curteous loued Phocion very well and did preferre him in matters of seruice making him famous amongest the GRAECIANS and employed him in his hardiest enterprises For by his meanes he atchieued great fame and honor in a battell by sea which he wanne by the I le of NAXOS giuing him the left winge of his armie on which side the fight was sharpest of all the battell and there he soonest put the enemies to flight This battel being the first which the citie of ATHENS wanne with their owne men onely after it had bene taken gaue the people cause to loue Chabrias and made them also to make accompt of Phocion as of a noble souldier worthy to haue charge This victory was gotten on the feast day of the great misteries in memory whereof Chabrias did yearly on the sixtenth day of the moneth Boedromion now called August make all the people of ATHENS drinke After that time Chabrias sending Phocion to receiue the tribute of the Ilanders their confederats and the shippes which they should send him he gaue him twenty gallies to bringe him thither But Phocion then as it is reported said vnto him if he sent him to fight with his enemies he had neede to haue moe shippes but if he sent him as an Ambassador vnto his friendes then that one shippe would serue his turne So he went with one gallie onely and after he had spoken with the cities and curteously dealt with the gouernors of euery one of them he returned backe furnished of their confederats with a great fleete of shippes and money to cary vnto ATHENS So Phocion did not onely â—â—uerence Chabrias while he liued but after his death also he tooke great care of his friendes and kinsmen and sought to make his sonne Ctesippus an honest man whom though he sawe way wilde and vntoward yet he neuer left to reforme him and hide his fault It is fayde also that when this young man did trouble him much with vaine friuolous questions seruing then vnder him he being Captaine and taking vpon him to giue him counsell to reproue him and to teache him the dutie of a Captaine he could not but say O Chabrias Chabrias now doe I paye for the loue thou didest beare me when thou wertaliue in bearing with the folly of thy sonne But when he saw that the heads of the citie of ATHENS had as it were by lot deuided amonge them selues the offices of warre and peace and that some of them as Eubulus Aristophon Demosthenes Lycurgus and Hyperides were common speakers and preferrers of matters in counsells and Senate and that others as Diopithes Menestheus Leosthenes and Chares became great men by the warres and had charge of armies he determined rather to follow the manner of gouernment of Pericles Aristides Solon as being mingled of both For either of them seemed as the Poet Archilotus sayth To bee both Champions stovvt of Marsis vvarlyke band And of the Muses eke the artes to vnderstand He knew also that Pallas the goddesse and protector of ATHENS was called Folemica and Politica to wit skilfull to rule both in warre and peace So hauing thus disposed of him selfe in gouernment he alwaies perswaded peace and quietnes and yet was often chosen Captaine and had charge of armies being the onely man that of all the Captaines afore him and in his time did neuer sue for charge neither yet refused it at any time when he was called to serue the common wealth It is certen that he was chosen fiue and forty times Praetor and was alwaies absent at the elections but yet sent for Whereuppon all the wise men wondred to see the manner of the people towards him considering that Phocion had neuer done nor sayd any thing to flatter them withall but commonly had bene against their desires and how they vsed other gouernours notwithstanding that were more pleasant and delightfull in their orations like men to sport at as it is sayd of kings who after they haue washed their handes to goe to their meate doe vse to haue Ieslers and flatterers to make them mery but on thother side when they had occasion of warres in deede how then like wise men they could bethinke them selues and choose the wisest and slowtest man of the citie that most would withstand their mindes and desires For on a time an oracle of Apollo Delphias beeing openly red before them which sayd that all the other ATHENIANS being agreed yet there was one amonge them that was contrary to all the rest of the citie Phocion stepping forth before them all bad them neuer seeke further for the man for it was he that liked none of all their doings Another time he chaunced to say his opinion before all the people the which they all praised and approued but he saw they were so sodeinly become of his minde he turned backe to his friendes and asked them alas hath not some euill thing slipped my mouth vnwares Another time a generall collection being gathered of the people at ATHENS towardes the
the bare name of a gouernor But in deede the perfect good and honest man should neuer couer outward glory but as a meane to bringe him to noble attempts whereby he might procure the better credit of his doings And for a younge man that coueteth honor by vertue giue him leaue a litle to glory in his well doing for as Theophrastus sayth vertue buddeth and florisheth in youth and taketh fast roote by prayses giuen as wit corage groweth in them But ouermuch praise is daungerous in euery person but chiefly in ambicious gouernors For if they be men of great power it makes them commit many desperat partes for they wil not allow that honor proceedes of vertue but that honor is vertue it selfe But in deed they should say as Phocion did vnto Antipater that requested an vnlawfull matter of him Thou canst not said he haue Phocion a friend and a flatterer both This or the very like may be sayd vnto the people you can not both haue one a Maister and a seruaunt that can commaunde and obey together Or els the mischiefe spoken of in the tale of the Dragon must needes happen which was the taile on a time fell out with the head and complained saying it would an other while go before would not alwaies come behind The head graunted the taile which fell out very ill for it not knowing howe to guide the heade and besides that the head thereby was tormented euery way beeing compelled against nature to follow that part and member which could nether heare nor see how to guide it The like matter haue we seene happen vnto many which in the administracion of the common wealth did seeke to please the humors of the multitude For when they haue once put their heads vnder their girdles to please the common people which without cause reason doe soone rebell they can by no possible meanes afterwards bridle their furie insolencie Now the reason that made vs to enter into discourse against the ambition and vaine glorye amongest the people was the consideracion I had of their greate power remembring the misfortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchi bothe the which comming of a noble house and hauing bene maruelous well brought vp maneging also the affayres of the common wealth with a good desire were notwithstanding in the ende cast away not so much through couetousnes of glorye as for feare of dishonor which came also of no base mind For they hauing receiued great pleasures and friendships of the people were ashamed to be indetted to them and therefore earnestly sought to exceede the people in good will by new decrees and deuises which they preferred for common benefit and the people also for their partes contended to honor them the more by how much they striued to shewe them selues thankefull So with like strife on either side they go gratifie the common people and the people also to honor them were vnwares so entangled with publike causes that they could no more follow the common prouerbe which sayth Although our deedes discent from equitie Yet can vve not desist vvith honestie This thou shalt easily finde by the declaracion of the historie With these we doe compare two other popular men both kinges of LACEDAEMON Agis and Cleomenes For they as the Gracchi seeking to increase the power of the common people and to restore the iust and honest gouernment againe of the common wealth of LACEDAEMON which of long time had bene out of vse did in like manner purchase the hate of the nobilitie which were loth to lose any part of their wonted couetousnes In deed these two LACONIANS were no brethreÌ„ borne but yet did both follow one selfe course forme of gouernment which had beginning in this sort After that couetousnes of gold and siluer crept againe into the citie of SPARTA and with riches couetousnes also and miserie and by vse voluptuousnes and licentious life SPARTA then was void of all honor and goodnes and was long time drowned in shame and dishonor vntill king Agis and Leonidas came to raigne there Agis was of the house of the Eurytiontides the sonne of Eudamidas the sixt of lineall descent after Agesilaus who had beene the greatest Prince of all GRAECE in his time This Agesilaus had a sonne slaine in ITALY by the MESSAPIANS called Archidamus before the citie of MANDONIVM Archidamus had issue two sonnes Agis and Eudamidas that was king who succeeded his brother Agis whom Antipater slue before the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and left no children behind him Eudamidas begat Archidamus which Archidamus begat another Eudamidas which Eudamidas also begat Agis whose life we now write of Leonidas also the sonne of Cleonymus was of the other familie of the Agiades the right of succession after Pausanias who slue Mardonius the kings Lieuetenant general of PERSIA in a battell fought before the citie of PLATâ—â—S This Pausanias had a sonne called Plistonax and Plistonax also an other called Pausanias who flying from SPARTA vnto the citie of TEGEA his eldest sonne Agesipolis was made king in his fathers roome who dying without issue his yonger brother Cleombrotus succeeded him in the kingdoÌ„ Cleombrotus had two sonnes Agesipolis and Cleomenes of the which Agesipolis raigned not long king and dyed without issue Then Cleomenes his brother who was king after him had two sonnes Acrotatus the elder that dyed in his fathers life time and Cleonymus the yonger which suruiued him and was not king but one Areus his Nephewe the sonne of Acrotatus This Areus dyed before the citie of CORINTHE who hauing an other Acrotatus to his sonne he succeeded him in the kingdome He also dyed at a battell before the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and was slayne there by the tyrant Aristodemus leauing his wife great with childe She beeing brought to bedde after his death of a sonne whome Leonidas the sonne of Cleonymus taught and brought vp the childe dying very young the crowne by his death was cast apon Leonidas him selfe Howbeit his maners conditions neuer liked the people For though all men generally were corrupted through the coÌ„mon wealth and cleane out of order yet Leonidas of all other exceeded deforming most the auncient LACONIAN life bicause he had bene long time brought vp in Princes houses followed also Seleucus Court from whence he had brought all the pride and pompe of those Courts into GRAECE where law reason ruleth Agis on the contrary part did not onely farre excel Leonidas in honor and magnanimitie of mind but all other almost also which had raigned in SPARTA from the time of Agesilaus the great So that when Agis was not yet twenty yeare old and being daintily brought vp with the finenes of two women his mother Agesistrata and Archidamia his grandmother which had more gold and siluer then all the LACEDAEMONIANS els he began to spurne against these womanish delights pleasures in making him selfe fayer to
his vncle by the mothers side Such place tooke wrath in them as they regarded to kinred nor blood and to speake more properly they shewed that no brute or sauage beast is so cruell as man if with his licentiousnes he haue liberty to execute his will. While these matters were a brewing Cicero was at a house of his in the contrie by the city of THVSCVLVM hauing at home with him also his brother Quintus Cicero Newes being brought them thither of these proscriptions or outlawries appointing men to be slaine they determined to goe to ASTYRA a place by the sea side where Cicero had an other house there to take sea and from thence to goe into MACEDON vnto Brutus For there ran a rumor that Brutus was verie strong and had a great power So they caused them selues to be conueyed thither in two litters both of them being so weake with sorow and griefe that they could not otherwise haue gone their wayes As they were on their waye both their litters going as neere to ech other as they could they bewailed their miserable estate but Quintus chiefly who tooke it most grieuously For remembring that he tooke no money with him when he came from his house and that Cicero his brother also had verie litle for him selfe he thought it best that Cicero shoulde holde on his iorney whilest he him selfe made an arrant home to fetche suche thinges as he lacked and so to make hast againe to ouertake his brother They both thought it best so and then tenderly imbracing one an other the teares falling from their eyes they tooke leaue of ech other Within few dayes after Quintus Cicero being betrayed by his owne seruaunts vnto them that made search for him he was cruelly slaine and his sonne with him But Marcus Tullius Cicero being caried vnto ASTYRA and there finding a shippe readie imbarked immediatly and sayled alongest the coast vnto mount Circe hauing a good gale of winde There the mariners determining forthwith to make sayle againe he came a shore either for feare of the sea or for that he had some hope that Caesar had not altogether forsaken him and therewithall returning towardes ROME by lande he had gone about a hundred furlong thence But then being at a straight howe to resolue and sodainly chaunging his minde he woulde needes be caried backe againe to the sea where he continued all night maruelous sorowfull and full of thoughts For one while he was in minde to goe secretly vnto Octauius Caesars house to kill him selfe by the hearth of his chimney to make the furies of hell to reuenge his blood but being affraied to be intercepted by the way cruelly handled he turned from that determination Then falling into other vnaduised determinations being perplexed as he was he put him selfe againe into his seruauntes handes to be conueyed by sea to an other place called CAPITES There he had a very proper pleasaunt sommer house where the North winds called Etesiae doe geue a trimme fresh ayer in the sommer season In that place also there is a litle temple dedicated vnto Apollo not farre from the sea side From thence there came a great shole of crowes making a maruelous noyse that came flying towardes Ciceroes shippe whiche rowed vpon the shore side This shole of crowes came and lighted vpon the yard of their saile some crying and some pecking the cords with their bills so that euery man iudged straight that this was a signe of ill lucke at hand Cicero notwithstanding this came a shore and went into his house and layed him downe to see if he coulde sleepe But the most parte of these crowes came and lighted vpon the chamber windowe where he lay making a wonderfull great noyse and some of them got vnto Ciceroes bedde where he lay the clothes being cast ouer his head and they neuer left him till by litle and litle they had with their bills pluckt of the clothes that couered his face His men seeing that saying to them selues that they were too vile beasts if they would tarie to see their maister slaine before their eyes considering that brute beasts had care to saue his life seeing his so vnworthily intreated and that they should not doe the best they coulde to saue his life partely by intreatie and partely by force they put him againe into his litter to carie him to the sea But in the meane time came the murderers appointed to kill him Herennius a Centurion and Popilius Laena Tribune of the souldiers to wit Colonell of a thowsande men whose cause Cicero had once pleaded before the Iudges when he was accused for the murther of his owne father hauing souldiers attending vpon them So Ciceroes gate being shut they entred the house by force and missing him they asked them of the house what was become of him They aunswered they could not tell Howbeit there was a young boy in the house called Philologus a slaue infranchised by Quintus Cicero whom Tullius Cicero had brought vp in the Latin tongue and had taught him the liberall sciences he told this Herennius that his seruauntes caried him in a litter towards the sea through darke narrowe lanes shadowed with wodde on either side Popilius the Colonell taking some souldiers with him ranne about on the outside of the lane to take him at his comming out of them and Herennius on thother side entred the lanes Cicero hearing him comming commaunded his men to set downe his litter and taking his beaâ—e to his left hande as his manner was he stowtly looked the murderers in the faces his heade and beard being all white and his face leane wrinckled for the extreame sorowes he had taken diuers of them that were by helde their handes before their eyes whilest Herennius did cruelly murder him So Cicero being three score and foure yeares of age thrust his necke out of the litter and had his head cut of by Antonius commaundement and his hands also which wrote the Orations called the Philippians against him For so did Cicero call the Orations he wrote against him for the malice he bare him do yet continue the same name vntill this present time When these poore dismembred members were brought to ROME Antonius by chaunce was busily occupied at that time about the election of certain officers who when as heard of them saw them he cried out alowde that now all his outlawries and prosecutions were executed and thereuppon commaunded his head and his hands should straight be set vp ouer the pulpit for Orations in the place called Rostra This was a fearefull and horrible fight vnto the ROMANES who thought they saw not Ciceroes face but an image of Antonius life and disposicion who among so many wicked deedes as he committed yet he did one act only that had some shew of goodnes which was this He deliuered Philologus into the handes of Pomponia the wife of Quintus Cicero and when she had
one Varius a companion of his that would drinke lustely with him and therefore in mockery was surnamed Cotylon to wit a bibber So Octauius Caesar would not leane to Cicero when he saw that his whole trauail and endeuor was onely to restore the common wealth to her former libertie Therefore he sent certaine of his friends to Antonius to make them friends againe and thereuppon all three met together to wete Caesar Antonius Lepidus in an Iland enuyroned round about with a litle riuer there remayned three dayes together Now as touching all other matters they were easily agreed did deuide all the Empire of ROME betwene them as if it had bene their owne inheritance But yet they could hardly agree whom they would put to death for euery one of them would kill their enemies and saue their kinsmen and friends Yet at length giuing place to their gredy desire to be reuenged of their enemies they spurned all reuerence of bloud and holines of friendship at their feete For Caesar left Cicero to Antonius will Antonius also forsooke Lucius Caesar who was his Vncle by his mother and both of them together suffred Lepidus to kill his owne brother Paulus Yet some writers affirme that Caesar Antonius requested Paulus might be slain that Lepidus was contēted with it In my opinion there was neuer a more horrible vnnatural crueller chaunge then this was For thus chaunging murther for murther they did aswel kill those whom they did forsake leaue vnto others as those also which others left vnto them to kil but so much more was their wickednes cruelty great vnto their friends for that they put them to death being innocents hauing no cause to hate them After this plat was agreed vpon betwene thē the souldiers that were thereabouts would haue this friendship league betwixt them cōfirmed by mariage that Caesar should mary Claudia the daughter of Fuluiae Antonius wife This mariage also being vpon they condēned three hūdred of the chiefest citizens of ROME to be put to death by proscriptiō And Antonius also cōmaūded thē to whō he had geuen cōmission to kil Cicero that they should strik of his head right hand with the which he had written the inuectiue Orations called Philippides against Antonius So whē the murtherers brought him Ciceroes head hand cut of he beheld them a long time with great ioy laughed hartily that oftentimes for the great ioy he felt Then when he had taken his pleasure of the sight of them he caused them to be set vp in an open place ouer the pulpit for Orations where when he was aliue he had often spoken to the people as if he had done the dead man hurt and not bleamished his owne fortune shewing him selfe to his great shame and infamie a cruell man and vnworthie the office and authoritie he bare His vncle Lucius Caesar also as they sought for him to kill him and followed him hard fledde vnto his sister The murtherers comming thither forcing to breake into her chamber she stoode at her chamber dore with her armes abroade crying out still you shall not kill Lucius Caesar before you first kill me that bare your Captaine in my wombe By this meanes she saued her brothers life Now the gouernment of these Triumuiri grewe odious and hatefull to the ROMANES for diuers respects but they most blamed Antonius bicause he being elder then Caesar and of more power and force then Lepidus gaue him selfe againe to his former riot and excesse when he left to deale in the affaires of the common wealth But setting aside the ill name he had for his insolencie he was yet much more hated in respect of the house he dwelt in the which was the house of Pompey the great a man as famous for his temperaunce modestie and ciuill life as for his three triumphes For it grieued them to see the gates commonly shut against the Captaines Magistrates of the citie and also Ambassadors of straunge nations which were sometimes thrust from the gate with violence and that the house within was full of tomblers anticke dauncers iuglers players ieasters and dronkards quaffing and goseling and that on them he spent and bestowed the most parte of his money he got by all kind of possible extorcions briberie and policie For they did not onely sell by the crier the goods of those whom they had outlawed and appointed to murther slaunderously deceiued the poore widowes and young orphanes also raised all kind of imposts subsidies and taxes but vnderstanding also that the holy vestall Nunnes had certaine goods money put in their custodie to keepe both of mens in the citie and those also that were abroade they went thither and tooke them away by force Octauius Caesar perceiuing that no money woulde serue Antonius turne he prayed that they might deuide the money betwene them and so did they also deuide the armie for them both to goe into MACEDON to make warre against Brutus and Cassius and in the meane time they left the gouernment of the citie of ROME vnto Lepidus When they had passed ouer the seas and that they beganne to make warre they being both camped by their enemies to wit Antonius against Cassius and Caesar against Brutus Caesar did no great matter but Antonius had alway the vpper hand and did all For at the first battell Caesar was ouerthrowen by Brutus and lost his campe and verie hardly saued him selfe by flying from them that followed him Howebeit he writeth him selfe in his Commentaries that he fled before the charge was geuen bicause of a dreame one of his frends had Antonius on the other side ouerthrewe Cassius in battell though some write that he was not there him selfe at the battell but that he came after the ouerthrowe whilest his men had the enemies in chase So Cassius at his earnest request was slaine by a faithfull seruaunt of his owne called Pindarus whom he had infranchised bicause he knewe not in time that Brutus had ouercomen Caesar. Shortly after they fought an other battell againe in the which Brutus was ouerthrowen who afterwardes also slue him selfe Thus Antonius had the chiefest glorie of all this victorie specially bicause Caesar was sicke at that time Antonius hauing found Brutus body after this battel blaming him muche for the murther of his brother Caius whom he had put to death in MACEDON for reuenge of Ciceroes cruell death and yet laying the fault more in Hortensius then in him he made Hortensius to be slaine on his brothers tumbe Furthermore he cast his coate armor which was wonderfull rich and sumptuous vpon Brutus bodie and gaue commaundement to one of his slaues infranchised to defray the charge of his buriall But afterwards Antonius hearing that his infranchised bondman had not burnt his coate armor with his bodie bicause it was verie riche and worth a great summe of
the king referred him to be iudged by his peeres For the king him selfe would not be present to geue iudgement of him but deputed other in his place to accuse him howbeit he commaunded his secretaries to set downe in writing the opinion and sentence of euerie one of the Iudges and to bring it him In fine they all cast him and condemned him to dye Then the officers layed hold on him and brought him into a chamber of the prison where the hangman came with a raser in his hande with the which he vsed to cut mens throates so condemned to dye So the hangman comming into the chamber when he saw it was Darius he was affrayed and came out of the chamber againe his hart failing him and durst not lay handes vpon the person of the king But the Iudges that stoode without the chamber bad him goe and doe it vnlesse he would haue his owne throate cut So the hangman then came in and tooke Darius by the heare of the head and made him hold downe his head and so cut his necke with his raser he had in his other hand Others doe write that this sentence was geuen in the presence of king Artaxerxes selfe and that Darius seeing him selfe conuicted by manifest proofes brought in against him he fell downe at his fathers feete and besought him to pardon him and then that his father being angrie rose vp and drew out his curtelax and wounded him in so many places withall that at lenght he slue him Then returning into the Court he worshipped the sunne and turning him to his Lords that were about him he sayd vnto them My Lordes God be with you and be merie at home in your houses and tell them that were not here how the great Oromazes hath taken reuenge of them that practised treason against me This was the end of Darius treason Now Darius being dead Ochus his brother stoode in good hope to be next heire to the crowne the rather through the meanes and frendshippe of his sister Atossa but yet of his legitimate brethren he feared him called Ariaspes who was onely left of all the rest that were legitimate and of his bastard brethren Arsames not bicause Ariaspes was elder than he but for that he was of a soft plaine nature the PERSIANS desired he might be their king On the other side Arsames was wise and valliant and Ochus sawe that his father loued him dearely So he determined to intrappe them both Now Ochus being a suttle and malicious natured man he first shewed his crueltie vpon Arsames and his malice vpon Ariaspes his legitimate brother For bicause he knewe he was but simple and plaine he sent dayly some of the kings Euenukes vnto him who brought him threatning words and messages as from the king telling him that he had determined to put him to a shamefull and cruell death So forging these newes continuallie as things verie secret they did so terrifie poore Ariaspes telling him that the king was fullie bent to put some of his threats in execution out of hand that he was put in such feare and dispaire of his life that he prepared him selfe apoyson and dranke it to ridde him selfe of his life King Artaxerxes vnderstanding of his death tooke it very heauily began to mistrust the cause that made him to make him selfe away howebeit he coulde not seeke the proofe of it for his extreame age But this chaunce made him loue Arsames better then before shewing plainly that he trusted him better then Ochus and did make him priuie to all things Ochus could no lenger abide to deserte his intent and therefore entised Harpaces Tiribazus sonne to kill his bastard brother Arsames the which he did Now Artaxerxes was so extreame olde that he was as good as done with age but after he heard his sonne Arsames was murdered he coulde beare it no lenger but tooke it so to his hart for sorow that when he had liued foure score and fouretene yeares and raigned three score and two he dyed When he was dead they then found that he had bene a gratious curteous Prince and one that loued his people and subiectes when they saw the proofe of his successor Ochus that passed all men liuing in crueltie and seuerity THE LIFE OF Dion LIke as Simonides ô Sossius Senecio saith that the city of ILIVN was not offended with the CORINTHIANS for that they came to make warre with them with other GRAECIANS bicause Glaucus whose first auncesters came from CORINTHE had taken armes louingly fought for the same euen so me thinkes that neither the GRAECIANS nor ROMANES haue cause to complaine of the Academy sith they be both alike praised of the same in this present booke in the which are conteined the liues of Dion and Brutus Of the which the one of them hauing bene verie familiar with Plato him selfe and the other from his childhoode brought vp in Platoes doctrine they both as it were came out of one selfe schoolehouse to attempt the greatest enterprises amongest men And it is no maruell if they two were muche like in many of their doinges prouing that true which their schoolemaister Plato wrote of vertue that to do any noble act in the gouernment of a common wealth which should be famous and of credit authoritie and good fortune must both meete in one selfe person ioined with iustice and wisedom For as a certaine fenser called Hippomachus said that he knewe his schollers farre of if he did but see them comming from the market with meate in their handes so it must needes follow that men hauing bene vertuously brought vp must nedes be wise in all their doings and beside that it bringeth them to ciuilitie and honesty euen so it frameth their condicions muche like one vnto an other Furthermore their fortunes hauing also fallen out both alike more by chaunce then by any reason do make their liues verie like to eache other For they were both of them slaine before they coulde bring their enterprises to passe which they had determined But the greatest wonder of all is this that their deathes were foreshewed vnto them both by a wicked spirit that visible appeared vnto either of them albeit there be some that can not abide those opinions and doe maintaine that these sights and euill spirits doe neuer appeare to any man that hath his right wits but that they are fancies of litle children or old women or of some men that their wits are weakened by sickenes and so haue a certaine imagination of suche straunge sightes being of this superstitious minde that they haue a wicked spirit and an euill angell in them But if Dion and Brutus both of them graue and learned Philosophers and verie constant men not ouercome by any sodaine passion or imagination of minde haue bene moued by such sights and spirits and haue also tolde it vnto their frendes I can not tell whether we shall inforced to
and vprore it was thought then that Brutus woulde take parte with Caesar bicause Pompey not long before had put his father vnto death But Brutus preferring the respect of his contrie and common wealth before priuate affection and perswading himselfe that Pompey had iuster cause to enter into armes then Caesar he then tooke parte with Pompey though oftentimes meting him before he thought scorne to speake to him thinking it a great sinne and offence in him to speake to the murtherer of his father But then submitting him selfe vnto Pompey as vnto the head of the common wealth he sailed into SICILIA Lieutenant vnder Sestius that was Gouernor of that prouince But when he saw that there was no way to rise nor to do any noble exployts and that Caesar Pompey were both camped together and fought for victory he went of him selfe vnsent for into MACEDON to be partaker of the daunger It is reported that Pompey being glad and wondering at his comming when he sawe him come to him he rose out of his chaire and went and imbraced him before them all and vsed him as honorablie as he could haue done the noblest man that tooke his parte Brutus being in Pompeys campe did nothing but studie all day long except he were with Pompey not only the dayes before but the selfe same day also before the great battell was fought in the fieldes of PHARSALIA where Pompey was ouerthrowen It was in the middest of sommer and the sunne was verie hotte besides that the campe was lodged neere vnto marishes and they that caried his tent taried long before they came whereuppon being verie wearie with trauell scant any meate came into his mouth at dinner time Furthermore when others slept or thought what woulde happen the morrowe after he fell to his booke and wrote all day long till night wryting a breuiarie of Polybius It is reported that Caesar did not forgette him and that he gaue his Captaines charge before the battell that they shoulde beware they killed not Brutus in fight and if he yeelded willinglie vnto them that then they shoulde bring him vnto him but if he resisted and woulde not be taken then that they shoulde lette him goe and doe him no hurte Some saye he did this for Seruiliaes sake Brutus mother For when he was a young man he had bene acquainted with Seruilia who was extreamelie in loue with him And bicause Brutus was borne in that time when their loue was hottest he perswaded him selfe that he begat him For proofe hereof the reporte goeth that when the waightiest matters were in hande in the Senate about the conspiracie of Catiline which was likelie to haue vndone the citie of ROME Caesar and Cato sate neere together and were both of contrarie mindes to eache other and then that in the meane time one deliuered Caesar a letter Caesar tooke it and red it softlie to him selfe but Cato cried out vpon Caesar and sayd he did not well to receiue aduertisementes from enemies Whereuppon the whole Senate beganne to murmure at it Then Caesar gaue Cato the letter as it was sent him who red it and founde that it was a loue letter sent from his sister Seruilia thereuppon he cast it againe to Caesar and sayde vnto him holde dronken soppe When he had done so he went on with his tale and maintayned his opinion as he did before so commonlie was the loue of Seruilia knowen which she bare vnto Caesar. So after Pompeys ouerthrowe at the battell of PHARSALIA and that he fledde to the sea when Caesar came to beseege his campe Brutus went out of the campe gates vnseene of any man and lept into a marishe full of water and reedes Then when night was come he crept out and went vnto the citie of LARISSA from whence he wrote vnto Caesar who was verie glad that he had scaped and sent for him to come vnto him When Brutus was come he did not onelie pardon him but also kept him alwayes about him and did as muche honor and esteeme him any man he had in his companie Nowe no man coulde tell whether Pompey was fledde and all were maruelous desirous to knowe it wherefore Caesar walking a good waye alone with Brutus he did aske him which way he thought Pompey tooke Caesar perceiuing by his talke that Brutus gessed certainlie whether Pompey shoulde be fledde he left all other wayes and tooke his iorney directlie towardes AEGYPT Pompey as Brutus had coniectured was in deede fledde into AEGYPT but there he was villanouslie slayne Furthermore Brutus obteyned pardon of Caesar for Cassius and defending also the king of LYBIAES cause he was ouerlayed with a worlde of accusacions against him howebeit intreating for him he saued him the best parte of his realme and kingdome They say also that Caesar sayd when he hearde Brutus pleade I knowe not sayd he what this young man woulde but what he woulde he willeth it vehementlie For as Brutus grauetie and constant minde woulde not graunt all men their requests that sued vnto him but being moued with reason and discretion did alwayes encline to that which was good and honest euen so when it was moued to followe any matter he vsed a kinde of forcible and vehement perswasion that calmed not till he had obteyned his desire For by flattering of him a man coulde neuer obteyne any thing at his handes nor make him to doe that which was vniust Further he thought it not meete for a man of calling and estimacion to yeelde vnto the requestes and intreaties of a shamelesse and importunate suter requesting thinges vnmeete the which notwithstanding some men doe for shame bicause they dare deny nothing And therefore he was wont to say that he thought them euill brought vp in their youth that coulde deny nothing Nowe when Caesar tooke sea to goe into AFRICKE against Cato and Scipio he left Brutus Gouernment of GAVLE in ITALIE on this side of the Alpes which was a great good happe for that prouince For where others were spoyled and polled by the insolencie and couetousnesse of the Gouernours as if it had bene a contrie conquered Brutus was a comforte and rest vnto their former troubles and miseries they susteyned But he referred it whollie vnto Caesars grace and goodnesse For when Caesar returned out of AFRICKE and progressed vp and downe ITALIE the things that pleased him best to see were the cities vnder Brutus charge and gouernment and Brutus him selfe who honored Caesar in person and whose companie also Caesar greatlie esteemed Now there were diuers sortes of Praetorshippes at ROME and it was looked for that Brutus or Cassius would make sute for the chiefest Praetorshippe which they called the Praetorshippe of the citie bicause he that had that office was as a Iudge to minister iustice vnto the citizens Therefore they stroue one against the other though some say that there was some litle grudge betwext them for other matters before and
that this contencion did sette them further out though they were allyed together For Cassius had maried Iunia Brutus sister Others say that this contencion betwext them come by Caesar himselfe who secretly gaue either of them both hope of his fauour So their sute for the Praetorshippe was so followed and laboured of either partie that one of them put an other in sute of lawe Brutus with his vertue and good name contended against many noble exploytes in armes which Cassius had done against the PARTHIANS So Caesar after he had heard both their obiections he told his frendes with whom he consulted about this matter Cassius cause is the iuster sayd he but Brutus must be first preferred Thus Brutus had the first Praetorshippe and Cassius the second who thanked not Caesar so much for the Praetorshippe he had as he was angrie with him for that he had lost But Brutus in many other thinges tasted of the benefite of Caesars fauour in any thing he requested For if he had listed he might haue bene one of Caesars chiefest frendes and of greatest authoritie and credit about him Howebeit Cassius frendes did disswade him from it for Cassius and he were not yet reconciled together sithence their first contencion and strife for the Praetorship and prayed him to beware of Caesars sweete intisements and to flie his tyrannicall fauors the which they sayd Caesar gaue him not to honor his vertue but to weaken his constant minde framing it to the bent of his bowe Now Caesar on the other side did not trust him ouermuch nor was not without tales brought vnto him against him howbeit he feared his great minde authority frends Yet on the other side also he trusted his good nature fayer condicions For intelligence being brought him one day that Antonius and Dolabella did conspire against him he aunswered that these fat long heared men made him not affrayed but the leane and whitely faced fellowes meaning that by Brutus and Cassius At an other time also when one accused Brutus vnto him and bad him beware of him What sayd he againe clapping his hand on his brest thinke ye that Brutus will not tarie till this bodie dye Meaning that none but Brutus after him was meete to haue suche power as he had And surelie in my opinion I am perswaded that Brutus might in dede haue come to haue bene the chiefest man of ROME if he could haue contented him selfe for a time to haue bene next vnto Caesar to haue suffred his glorie and authoritie which he had gotten by his great victories to consume with time But Cassius being a chollericke man and hating Caesar priuatlie more then he did the tyrannie openlie he incensed Brutus against him It is also reported that Brutus coulde euill away with the tyrannie and that Cassius hated the tyranne making many complayntes for the iniuries he had done him and amongest others for that he had taken away his Lyons from him Cassius had prouided them for his sportes when he should be AEdilis and they were found in the citie of MEGARA when it was wonne by Calenus and Caesar kept them The rumor went that these Lyons did maruelous great hurt to the MAGARIANS For when the citie was taken they brake their cages where they were tied vp and turned them loose thinking they would haue done great mischiefe to the enemies and haue kept them from setting vppon them but the Lyons contrarie to expectacion turned vpon them selues that fled vnarmed did so cruelly tare some in peces that it pitied their enemies to see them And this was the cause as some do report that made Cassius conspire against Caesar. But this holdeth no water For Cassius euen frō his cradell could not abide any maner of tyrans as it appeared when he was but a boy went vnto the same schoole that Faustus the sonne of Sylla did And Faustus bragging among other boyes highly boasted of his fathers kingdom Cassius rose vp on his feete and gaue him two good wlirts on the eare Faustus gouernors would haue put this matter in sute against Cassius But Pompey woulde not suffer them but caused the two boyes to be brought before him and asked them howe the matter came to passe Then Cassius as it is wrytten of him sayd vnto the other goe to Faustus speake againe and thou darest before this noble man here the same wordes that made me angrie with thee that my fistes may walke once againe about thine eares Suche was Cassius hotte stirring nature But of Brutus his frendes and contrie men both by diuers procurementes and sundrie rumors of the citie and by many bills also did openlie call and procure him to doe that he did For vnder the image of his auncester Iunius Brutus that draue the kinges out of ROME they wrote O that it pleased the goddes thou wert nowe aliue Brutus and againe that thou wert here amonge vs nowe His tribunall or chaire where he gaue audience duringe the time he was Praetor was full of suche billes Brutus thou art a sleepe and art not Brutus in deede And of all this Caesars flatterers were the cause who beside many other exceeding and vnspeakeable honors they dayly deuised for him in the night time they did put Diadeames vppon the heades of his images supposinge thereby to allure the common people to call him kinge in steade of Dictator Howebeit it turned to the contrarie as we haue wrytten more at large in Iulius Caesars life Nowe when Cassius felt his frendes and did stirre them vp against Caesar they all agreed and promised to take parte with him so Brutus were the chiefe of their conspiracie For they told him that so high an enterprise and attempt as that did not so muche require men of manhoode and courage to drawe their swordes as it stoode them vppon to haue a man of suche estimacion as Brutus to make euerie man boldlie thinke that by his onelie presence the fact were holie and iust If he tooke not this course then that they shoulde goe to it with fainter hartes and when they had done it they shoulde be more fearefull bicause euerie man woulde thinke that Brutus woulde not haue refused to haue made one with them if the cause had bene good and honest Therefore Cassius considering this matter with him selfe did first of all speake to Brutus since they grewe straunge together for the sute they had for the Praetorshippe So when he was reconciled to him againe and that they had imbraced one an other Cassius asked him if he were determined to be in the Senate house the first day of the moneth of Marche bicause he heard say that Caesars frendes shoulde moue the counsell that day that Caesar shoulde he called king by the Senate Brutus aunswered him he would not be there But if we be sent for sayd Cassius howe then For my selfe then sayd Brutus I meane not to holde my peace but to
cold and paynes he had taken This sicknes chaunceth often both to men beasts that trauaile when it hath snowen Either bicause the naturall heate being retyred into the inward parts of the body by the coldnes of the ayer hardening the skinne doth straight disgest and consume the meate or els bicause a sharpe suttell wind comming by reason of the snow when it is molten doth pearce into the body and driueth out the naturall heate which was cast outward For it seemeth that the heate being quenched with the cold which it meeteth withall comming out of the skinne of the body causeth the sweates that follow the dissease But hereof we haue spoken at large in other places Brutus being very faynt and hauing nothing in his campe to eate his souldiers were compelled to goe to their enemies comming to the gates of the citie they prayed the warders to helpe them to bread When they heard in what case Brutus was they brought him both meate and drinke in requitall whereof afterwards when he wanne the citie he did not onely intreate and vse the Citizens thereof curteously but all the inhabitants of the citie also for their sakes Now when Caius Antonius was arriued in the citie of APOLLONIA he sent vnto the souldiers thereabouts to come vnto him But when he vnderstoode that they went all to Brutus and furthermore that the Citizens of APOLLONIA did fauor him much he then forsooke that citie and went vnto the citie of BVTHROTVS but yet he lost three of his enseignes by the way that were slayne euery man of them Then he sought by force to winne certaine places of strength about BYLLIS to driue Brutus men from thence that had taken it before and therefore to obtayne his purpose he fought a battell with Cicero the sonne of Marcus Tullius Cicero by whome he was ouercome For Brutus made the younger Cicero a Captaine and did many notable exploytes by his seruice Shortly after hauing stolen vpon Caius Antonius in certein marishes farre from the place from whence he fled he would not set on him with furie but onely road round about him commaunding his souldiers to spare him his men as reckoning them all his own without stroke striking and so in deede it hapned For they yelded them selues and their Captaine Antonius vnto Brutus so that Brutus had now a great army about him Now Brutus kept this Caius Antonius long time in his office and neuer tooke from him the markes and signes of his Consulship although many of his friends Cicero among others wrote vnto him to put him to death But when he sawe Antonius secretly practised with his Captaines to make some alteracion then he sent him into a shippe and made him to be kept there When the souldiers whome C. Antonius had corrupted were gotten into the citie of APOLLONIA and sent from thence vnto Brutus to come vnto them he made them aunswer that it was not the maner of ROMANE Captaines to come to the souldiers but the souldiers to come to the Captaine and to craue pardon for their offences committed Thereuppon they came to him and he pardoned them So Brutus preparing to goe into ASIA newes came vnto him of the great chaunge at ROME For Octauius Caesar was in armes by commaundement and authoritie from the Senate against Marcus Antonius But after that he had driuen Antonius out of ITALY the Senate then began to be affrayd of him bicause he sued to be Consul which was contrary to the law and kept a great army about him when the Empire of ROME had no neede of them On the other side Octauius Caesar perceiuing the Senate stayed not there but turned vnto Brutus that was out of ITALY and that they appoynted him the gouernment of certaine prouinces then he began to be affrayd for his part and sent vnto Antonius to offer him his friendship Then comming on with his armye neare to ROME he made him selfe to be chosen Consul whether the Senate would or not when he was yet but a strippling or springal of twenty yeare old as him selfe reporteth in his owne commentaries So when he was Consul he presently appoynted Iudges to accuse Brutus and his companions for killing of the noblest person in ROME and chiefest Magistrate without law or iudgement and made L. Cornificius accuse Brutus and M. Agrippa Cassius So the parties accused were condemned bicause the Iudges were compelled to giue such sentence The voyce went that when the Herauld according to the custom after sentence giuen went vp to the chaier or pulpit for orations proclaymed Brutus with a lowd voyce summoning him to appeare in person before the Iudges the people that stoode by sighed openly and the noble men that were present honge downe their heads durst not speake a word Among them the teares fell from Publius Silicius eyes who shortly after was one of the proscripts or outlawes appoynted to be slayne After that these three Octauius Caesar Antonius and Lepidus made an agreement betwene them selues and by those articles deuided the prouinces belonging to the Empire of ROME amonge them selues and did set vp billes of proscription and outlary condemning two hundred of the noblest men of ROME to suffer death and among that number Cicero was one Newes being brought thereof into MACEDON Brutus being then inforced to it wrote vnto Hortensius that he should put Caius Antonius to death to be reuenged of the death of Cicero and of the other Brutus of the which the one was his friend and the other his kinsemen For this cause therefore Antonius afterwards taking Hortensius at the battell of PHILIPPES he made him to be slayne vpon his brothers tombe But then Brutus sayd that he was more ashamed of the cause for the which Cicero was slayne then he was otherwise sory for his death and that he could not but greatly reproue his friendes he had at ROME who were slaues more through their owne fault then through their valliantnes or manhood which vsurped the tyranny considering that they were so cowardly and faynt harted as to suffer the sight of those things before their eyes the report whereof should onely have grieued them to the hart Nowe when Brutus had passed ouer his army that was very great into ASIA he gaue order for the gathering of a great number of shippes together aswell in the coast of BITHYNIA as also in the citie of CYLICVM bicause he would haue an army by sea and him selfe in the meane time went vnto the cities taking order for all things and giuing audience vnto Princes and noble men of the contry that had to doe with him Afterwards he sent vnto Cassius in SYRIA to turne him from his iorney into AEGYPT telling him that it was not for the conquest of any kingdom for them selues that they wandred vp and downe in that sort but contrarily that it was to restore their contry againe to their libertie and that the
otherwise by open force it was impossible to be had Wherefore after the death of Alexander that kept castell being poysoned as it is reported by Antigonus practise the castell being left in the handes of his wife Nicaea who gouerned the state of CORINTHE and did carefully cause the Acrocorinthe to be kept he immediately sent his sonne Demetrius thither and put Nicea in good hope to mary her with this young Prince a thing that pleased this Lady well though she was very olde So for her selfe she was wonne straight by meanes of his young sonne Demetrius whome he vsed as a stale to intrappe her Howbeit Nicaea for all this goodly offer forsooke not her castell but alwayes made it straightly to be looked vnto Antigonus seemed to make no accompt of it but dayly gaue him selfe to make sumptuous sacrifices feasts and playes to the gods within the citie of CORINTHE for the marriage as though he had ment no other thing but bancketing and iolitie all that might be When the hower was come to see these sportes and that the Musition Amaebeus began to singe he him selfe made as though he would accompany Nicaea vnto the Theater being conueyed thither in a sumptuous riche lytter as it had bene for a Queene She was very glad of this honor and thought nothing lesse then of that which happened her But when Antigonus came to the ende of the streete that turned to goe vp the hill towards the castell he had her keepe on still to the Theater and him selfe in the meane time left Amoebeus there with his singing and all the feast of the mariage and went straight vp to the castell forcing him selfe aboue his strength and yeares When he was at the toppe of the hill and found the gates shut he knocked with his staffe and commaunded the garrison to open him the gates They wondring to see him there in person did let him in When he was gotten into the castell he was so exceding ioyfull of it that he had no reason to moderate his ioye but would bancket in the middest of streetes and in the market place hauing minstrells to playe vpon their instruments at his table wearing garlands of flowers on their heads for ioye and did so fondly and lightly behaue him selfe as if he had bene a light young man and not as he was an olde man who had proued such sundry chaunges of fortune and yet suffered him selfe to be thus caried away with pleasure that he imbraced and spake to euery man he met Whereby it is easie to iudge that ioy possessing a man without wit or discretion it maketh him besides him selfe and doth more trouble his wits then payne or feare Now Antigonus hauing wonne the castell of the Acrocorinthe as you haue heard he put into the hands of those he trusted best to be safely kept and therefore made Persaus the Philosopher Captaine or the castell But in deede Aratus was in mind to haue attempted to taking of the castell in Alexanders life tyme yet he let it alone bicause he ioyned him selfe with the ACHATANS But at that tyme there was offered him another occasion againe to attempt it and this it was At CORINTHE there were foure brethren borne in SYRIA of the which one of them being called Diocles was a souldier of the garrison of the castell and the rest hauing robbed the kings treasure went straight vnto SICYONE to AEgias the banker whome Aratus imployed in his facultie These three brethren immediately told him part of the gold they had robbed and afterwards one of them called Erginus comming often to see him by litle and litle told him all the rest By this meanes AEgias fell into famillier acquaintance with him and talked with him of the garrison of the castell of the Acrocorinthe Erginus told him that going vnto his brother vp those steepe and highe rockes he found a path as it were cut out of the rocke that went to a place of the wall of the castell which was very lowe AEgias hearing that auswered him smyling also my friend what meane you to steale a litle peece of golde to hinder the king when in one howers space you can sell such a great masse of money together for aswell shall you dye if you be apprehended for this felony as if you were otherwise attained for treason Erginus with that fell a laughing and promised that he would feele his brother Diocles minde in it for he did not greatly trust his other brethren So returning shortly after he bargayned with Aratus to bring him to a place of the wall that was not aboue fifteene foote highe promising that he would helpe him to execute the rest with his brother Diocles. Aratus promised then to giue him fifty talents if he brought his enterprise to passed and if he sayled that he would then giue either of them a house and a talent Erginus would haue the whole 50. talents put into AEgias the bankers handes Aratus had not so much ready money and besides he would not take it vp at vsery for feare of giuing cause to suspect his enterprise Wherefore he tooke all his place of gold and siluer and his wiues iewells and layed them to gage to AEgias to disburse the sayd summe But Aratus had so great and noble a mind in him and was so bent to doe notable acts that knowing howe Phocion and Epaminondas had bene esteemed for the iustest and honestest men of GRAECE bicause they had refused great giftes that were offered them and would neuer sell nor stayne their honor for money he yet surpassing them was contented to spend his owne to bring any good enterprise to passe did put his life in daunger for the common benefit of his contry men they them selues knowing nothing of his enterprise which turned all to their benefit What is he then that will not wonder at the great magnanimitie and corage of such a man and that will not euen nowe as it were be willing to ayde him considering how dearely he bought so great a daunger of his person and howe he laied his plate and all the riches he had to gage to be brought the night among the middest of his enemies where he was to fight for his owne life hauing no other gage nor pledge but the hope of such a noble enterprise and nothing els But now though the enterprise of it self was daungerous an error chauncing through ignorance at the first made it yet more daungerous For Aratus had sent Technon one of his men before with Diocles to viewe the wall This Technon had neuer spoken with Diocles howbeit he thought in his minde what manner of man he was by the markes that Erginus had giuen him of him that he had a blacke curled heare that his face was blacke and that he had no beard Nowe Technon being come to the place where Erginus sayd he would be with Diocles he stayed before the towne in a place called ORNIS
of them had the better Howbeit in the end the ROMANES seeing the Consul hurt and also that the horsemen of the NVMIDIANS by litle and litle came to compasse them in they were driuen to geue ground and so pretily retyred defending the Consul the best they could to saue him and so at length recouered their campe It is reported that Publius Cornelius Scipio was saued at that time through his sonnes helpe who afterwardes was called AFRICAN and at that time was but a young stripling whose praise though it was wonderfull in so greene a youth yet it is likelie to be true bicause of the famous and valliant actes he did afterwardes Nowe Scipio hauing proued how much his enemie was stronger then him selfe in horsemen he determined to place his campe so as his footemen might be in best safety also fight with greatest aduantage And therefore the next night following he passed the riuer of Po and made as litle noyse as he coulde and went vnto PLACENTIA The like shortlie after did T. Sempronius Longus who had bene restored from banishment by the Senate and sent for out of SICILIA bicause both the Consuls should gouerne the common wealth by one selfe authoritie Annibal also followed them both with all his armie and pitched his campe neere vnto the riuer of Trebia hoping that bicause both campes lay so neere together some occasion would be offred to fight the which he chieflie desired both bicause he coulde not long maintaine warre for lacke of vittells as also that he mistrusted the fickelnes of the GAVLES Who like as they soone fell in league and frendship with him drawen vnto it with hope of chaunge and with the same also of his victorie obtained so he mistrusted that vpon any light occasion as if the warre should continue any long time in their contrie they would turne all the hate they bare vnto the ROMANES against him as the only author of this warre For these respectes therefore he deuised all the meanes he could to come to battell In the meane time Sempronius the other Consul met with a troupe of the enemies loden with spoyle stragling vp and downe the fieldes whom he charged and put to flight So imagining the like successe of all battell by this good fortune he had met withall he had good hope of victorie if once both the armies might come to fight Therefore being maruelous desirous to doe some noble enterprise before Scipio were recouered of his hurt and that the new Consul should be chosen he determined to ioyne battell against the will of his other colleague and fellowe Consul Scipio who thought nothing could be to lesse purpose then to put all the state and common wealth in ieopardie speciallie hauing all the whole GAVLES in maner in the field against him Now Annibal had secret intelligence of all this variance by spialls be had sent into the enemies campe Wherefore he being politike and suttle as he was found out a place straight betwene both campes couered ouer with bushes and briers and there he placed his brother Mago to lye in ambush with a companie of chosen men Then he commaunded the horsemen of the NVMIDIANS to scurrie to the trenches of the ROMANES to intise him to come to battell and thereupon made the residue of his armie to eate and so put them in verie good order of battell to be readie vpon any occasion offered Now the Consul Sempronius at the first tumult of the NVMIDIANS sodainly sent his horsemen to encounter them and after them put our six thowsande footemen and in the ende came him selfe out of his campe with all his armie It was then in the middest of winter and extreame cold and speciallie in the places inclosed about the Alpes and the mountaine Appenine Nowe the NVMIDIANS as they were commaunded intised the ROMANES by litle and litle on this side the riuer of Trebia vntill they came to the place where they might discerne their ensignes and then they sodainlie turned vpon the enemies which wereout of order For it is the manner of the NVMIDIANS oftentimes to flie of set purpose and then to stay vpon the sodaine when they see time to charge their enemie more hottely and fiercely then before Whereuppon Sempronius incontinently gathered his horsemen together and did set his men in battell ray as time required to geue charge vpon his enemie that stayed for him in order of battell For Annibal had cast his men into squadrons readie vpon any occasion The skirmish beganne first by the light horsemen afterwards increased hotter by supplie of the men of armes howbeit the ROMANE Knights being vnable to beare the shocke of the enemies they were quickelie broken So that the legions maintained the battell with such furie noble cotage that they had bene able to haue resisted so they had fought but with footemen onely But on the one side the horsemen and Elephants made them affraied and on the other side the footemen followed them â—â—â— lusâ—ely and fought with great furie against famished and frozen men Wherefore the ROMANES notwithstanding suffring all the miseries that vexed them on euerie side with an vnspeakable corage and magnanimitie such as was aboue their force and strength they fought still vntill that Mago comming out of his ambush came and sodainly assailed them with great show â—â—s and cries and that the middle squadron of the CARTHAGINIANS also through Annibals coÌ„maundement flew vpon the CENOMANIANS Then the ROMANES seeing their confederats flie their harts were done and vtterly discoraged It is sayd that there were tenne thowsande footemen of the ROMANES got to PLACENTIA and came through the enemies The rest of the armie that fledde were most parte of them slaine by the CARTHAGINIANS The Consul Sempronius also scaped verie narowlie from the enemies The victorie cost Annibal the setting on also for he lost a great number of his men and the most parte of all his Elephantes were slaine After this battell Annibal ouercame all the contrie and did put all to fire and sworde and tooke also certaine townes and with a few of his men made a great number of the contrie men flie that were disorderlie gathered together in battell Then at the beginning of the spring he brought his army into the field sooner then time required meaning to goe into THVSCAN he was driuen backe by a great tempest at the verie toppe of the height of the Appenine and so compelled to bring his armie about PLACENTIA howbeit shortly after he put him selfe againe into the fields for diuers vrgent necessary causes For had he not saued him selfe by that policie he had almost bene taken tardie by the ambush of the GAVLES who being angry with him that the warre continued so long in their contry they sought to be reuenged of him as the only author occasion of the warre Therefore perceiuing it was time for him to auoyde this daunger he made all the hast
Annibal was but would by voluntary banishment dye out of the citie The ende of the whole volume of Plutarkes liues Three things necessary for a Magistrate or Captaine Prouerbe Sossius Senecio a Senator of Rome Theseus and Romulus very like The linage of Theseus Pelops king of Peloponnesus Pitheus the grandfather of Theseus The wisedom of Pitheus AEgeus the father of Theseus AEthra the daughter of king Pitheus the mother of Theseus The Palla 〈…〉 tides Pallas had fiftie sonnes VVhy Theseus vvas so called Connidas Theseus schoolemaster A custome to offer heares at Delphes Theseia Theseus manner of shauing The Abantes The cause of shauing their heares before Alexander Magnus made the Macedonians shaue their beardes Theseus said to be Neptunes sonne The Troezenians coyne stamped vvith Neptunes three picked mace Theseus youthe Great robbing in Theseus time Thucid. lib. 2. Hercules a destroyer of theeues Hercules serueth Omphale Theseus foloweth Hercules â—â—she of saue pricketh men forward to great enterprises Theseus and Hercules nere kynsemen Periphetes Corinetes a famous robber slayne of Theseus Theseus caried the clubbe he wanne of Periphetes at Hercules did the lions skin Sinnis Pityocamtes a cruel murtherer slaine Perigouna Sinnis daughter Theseus begaâ—te Menalippus of Perigouna Ioxus Menalippus sonne Ioxides Phaea the wilde sowe of Crommyon slaine Phaea a woman theefe Sciron a notable robber throweÌ„ downe the rocks by Theseus AEacus Cychreus Cercyon the Arcadian slaine of Theseus by wrestling Damastes Procrustes a cruel murtherer slaine of Theseus Hercules doinge Termerus euill Cephisus aviâ—er of Caâ—â—â— The Phytalides the first men that feasted Theseus in their houses This sacrifice Pâ—â—â—che calleth Milâ—â—â—â—â—hia Medea perswaded AEgeus to poyson Theseus AEgeus acknowledgeth Theseus for his sonne The Pallantides take ernes against AEgeus and Theseus Leos an Herauld bewrayeth their treason to Theseus Theseus killeth the Pallantides The bull of Marathon taken aliue by Theseus Apollo Delphias Iupiter Hecalian The Athenians payed tribute to Minos king of Creta for the death of Androgeus his sonne The manner of the tribute conditioned The Minotaure what it was The Laberinthe a prison in Creta Taurus one of Minoes captaines Of the Bottieians Plin. lib. 4. cap. 2. King Minos defated by the Poets in the theaters as Athens RadamaÌ„thus The thirde time of payment of the tribute The Atheniâ—â—e are grieued to depart with their children Theseus offereth to goe with the children into Creta Lotts dreâ—m for the children that should goe The Athenians sent their children into Creta in a shippe with a blacke sayle AEgeus geueth the master of the shippe a white sayle to signifie the safe returne of Theseus Cybernesia games Hiceteria offering Theseus taketh shippe with the tribute childreÌ„ the sixt of Marche and sayleth into Creta Venus Epitragia Theseus slewe the Minotaure by meanes of Ariadne king Minoes daughter Theseus returne â—â—e of Creta Taurus ouercome of Theseus was a men Taurus suspected with Pasiphäe king Minoes wife How Ariadne fell in loue with Theseus Minos sendeth Theseus home with his prisoners and releaseth the Athenians of their tribute 〈…〉 Daedalus 〈…〉 King Minos dyed in Sicile Deucalion King Minoes sonne sent to Athens to demaunde Daedalus Theseus sayled into Creta and a anne the cittie of Gnosvs and slewe Deucalion Diuers opinions of Ariadne O Enopion Staphylus Theseus sonnes Theseus leaueth Ariadne in Cyprus Ariadne dieth wish childe in Cyprus The ceremonie of the sacrifice done to Ariadne in Cyprus Venus Ariadne Two Minoes and two Ariadnees Corcyna Ariadnes nurce Theseus returneth out of Creta into the I le of Delos Theseus daunce called the Crane Palme a tokeÌ„ of victory Theseus master of his shippe forgate to see out the white sayle AEgeus death Theseus arriueth safe with the tribute children in the hauen of Phalerus The Herauld bare a rodde in his hand The feast Oscophoria October called Pyanepsion in the Aâ—ucan tongue Persd of Iresione in the life of Homer and Suidas Theseus went into Creta with the tribute children in the galliot of 30. owers Disputation about increase The galliot alleaged for a doubt Theseus thanksfullnes to the Phytalides â—hâ— were the first that frosted him in their houses Theseus brought the â—â—cabiâ—ants of the contrie of Arciâ—â— into cue cin Asty the towne house of the Athenians The feastes Panathenea and Metaecia Theseus resigneth his kingdome maketh Athiâ— a common wealth The oracle of Apollo in Delphes Theseus maketh differeÌ„ce of states and degrees in his coÌ„mon weals Theseus the first that gaue ouer regall power framed a populer state An oxe stamped in Theseus coyne Hecatomboeon Decaboeon Olympia Theseus erected the games Isthmia in the honour of Neptune Theseus iornye into mare Maior Antiopa the Amazone rauished by Theseus Solois fell in loue with Antiopa Solois droâ—â—ed him selfe for loue Pythopolis built by Theseus Solois fl The cause of the warres of the Amazones against the Athenâ—â—s Bosphorus Cimmericus an arme of the sea Theseus fighteth a battell with the Amazones The order of the Amazones battell Peace concluded as feâ—â—e moneths ende by meanes of Hyppolita Oreemosion the name of a place Auncient toÌ„bes of losenge facion Thermodon nowe called Haâ—monst Hippolytus Theseus senne by Antiopa Phâ—dra Theseus wife and Minos daughter king of Creta Theseus mariages Theseus battels Prouerbe Nots witheus Theseus Prouerbe This is another Theseus Theseus valliantnes the cause of Pirithous friendshippe with him Pirithous Theseus sworne brethern in the field Pirithous maried Deidamia The Lapithae ouercomen the Centauari Theseus and Hercules met at Trathina Theseus fiftie yere olde wheÌ„ he rauished Hellen. The manner of Hellens rauishement Diana Orâ—hia Theseus lefte Hellen in the cittie of Aphidnes Theseus went with Pirithous into Epirus to steale Proserpina Aidonius daughter Pirithous terne in peces with Cerberus Theseus close prisoner The warre of the Tyndarides against the AtheniaÌ„s Academia why so called Marathon Aphidnes wonne raced by the Tyndarides Alycus Scirons sonne slayne at the battell of Aphidnes The Tyndarides honoured at godds and called Anaces Cicer. de Nasdeâ—r lib 3. King called Anactes Anaces why so called AEthra takeÌ„ prisoner and caried to Lacedaâ—mon Diuers opinions of Homers verses Sperchius â— Theseus deliuered one of prison by Hercules meanes The AstheniaÌ„s disdaine to obey Theseus Theseus fled from Athens into the I le of Sciros Theseus cruelly slayne by Lycomedes Menestheus king of Athens Theseus sonnes Cimon taketh the I le of Sciros and bringeth Theseus bones to Athens Theseus tumbe Neptune why called Asphalius and Gaiochus Diuers opinions about the name of Rome Tybria st The beginning of kissing their kinsefolkes in the mouthe came from the Troian women Fables of Romulus byrthe An oracle of Thetis in 〈…〉 Thuscans See the fragments of Fabius Pictor and of Cato See also Haelitarnasseus T. Linius Romulus kinred Romulus mother Faustulus Cermanum Ruminalis The goddesse Rumilia Acca Laurentia Faustulus wife that nurced the twynnes The Greeke soâ—â—â— Larentia Lâ—reÌ„tia fâ—â—t Laurentia a curtisan Tarrutius Vâ—labrum
whereof Liuie deca 3. lib. 7. Romulus and Remus education Romulus a godly man. Remus taken of Numitors heardmen Gods providence Remus oration declaring the birth of himself his brother Romulus Numitors wisdome Faustulus care to saue Remus Amulius perplexed in his minde Manipulares whereof so called Amulius slayne The building of Rome Asylaus temple a sanctuarie for all banished persones and fugitiues Strife betwixt Romulus and Remus Remonium Rignarium The Romains obserue the flying of vulters Remus slayne by Romulus or Celer Celeres wherfore so called Q. Metellus Celer The world Pomoerium why so called The walles holye The feast day of Romes fouÌ„dation the 21. Aprill The feast Palilia An eclypse of the moone at the laying of the foundatioÌ„ of Rome Varro a philosopher Tarutius a mathematician The hower of a mans natiuitie maye be calculated by his accidents Romulus natiuitie calculated by Tarutius An eclypse of the sunne when Romulus was conceiued in his mothers wombe The Romaine legion 3000 footemen 300 horsemeÌ„ Romulus instituteth a coÌ„mon wealth VVhat the Patricians Senatâ— were Patres Conscripti Patroni Clientes The shame of the Romaines to take gifteâ— of poore men The rauishement of the Sabynes comen Romulus crafte about the rauishement of the Sabynes daughters Consus a god Neptune the god of horsemen The executioÌ„ of the rauishment The number of the Sabyne women rauished Hersilia Romulus wife Romulus first daughter called Prima His sonne was called Aollius Abillius The cause why the Romaines dog synge the name of Talasius in â—â—â—â—ages Talassia Matrimoniall ceremonie at Rome Sextillis August Plutat in his proble Consualia The Sabynes what they were Acron king of the Ceninenses maketh warre with Romulus Acron slaine in the field Romulus triumphe The beginning of triumphe Iupiter Feretrian Spolia opima Three Romaines onely obteined spolia opima Tarquinius Priscus the first that triumphed in charet The citties of Fidena Crustumerium Antemna rose all â—â—gast Romulus The Sabynes led by Tatius went to besiege the cittie of Rome Tarpeia betrayeth the castell and letteth in the Sabynes Antigonus Augustus Caesarâ— words of traytors A fit similitude Note the reward of treason Tarpeia pressed to deathe The place of the fight betwext Romulus Tatius Curtius the Sabyne Curtius Lake The Sabynes geue battell to Romulus Hostilius slayne Romulus hit on the head with a stone Iupiter Stâ—tor A wonderfull boldnes of women The wordes of Hersilia and other Sabyne women vnto both armies Romulus and Tatius imparle together Peace betwene the Romaines and Sabynes Quirites why so called Comitium The Romaine legion 6000. footemen 600 horsemeÌ„ The Romaine tribes Honours geueÌ„ to women Tatius and Romulus palaces The holy cornell tree The Sabynes vsed the Romaines moneths Feasts Matronalia Carmentalia Carmenta Lupercalia The Lupercians doe sacrifice a dogge VVhy the Lupercians roÌ„ne through the cittie naked The Vestall Nunnes and holy fire instituted by Romulus Lituus Romulus Lawes Parricides No parricide knowen in Rome sixe huÌ„dred yeres together Lucius Ostius the first man that slewe his owne father at Rome Ambassadours slaine comming to Rome The death of Tatius in Lauinium ArmilustriuÌ„ The Sabines obedience to Romulus Romulus tooke the cittie of Fidena Plague at Rome It rained bloude at Rome Camerinum taken of Romulus The incredible valiaÌ„tnes of Romulus Romulus â—â—â—â—eth peace with the Veians Prosperitie increase of pryde and stomake Celeres Romulus garde Lictores wherefore so called Romulus conurteth the kingdome of Alba to a comon weale Romulus vanished awaye no man knew howe The 17. daye of Iuly an vnfortunate daye to the 〈…〉 The death Africanus Diuers opinions of Romulus death The goate marshe Iulius Proculus â—â—â— with Romulus after his vanishing Romulus oracle vnto Proculus Romulus called Quirinus and honored as a god Aristeas a Proconnesian taken out of mens fight after bâ—â—us dead Cleomedes Asâ—ypaisis vanished strauÌ„gely out of mens sights being fast locked in a chest Alemenes body vanished out of the beere The soule eternall Heraclitus saying of the soule VVhy Romulus was called Quirinus The bill Quirinus Nonae Capravine The warre of the Latines Posthumius generall Philotia a warning maeydes sodaine deuise Romulus age and reigne By what meanes men are provoked to great anteryriser Plato in Phaèdone Loue the minister of the goddes The office of a prince VVherein Romulus was to be preferred before Theseus Romulus loue to his kyuns Theseus detected for obliuion Theseus detected for his rauishements of women Romulus rauishement of women excused No diuorse made in Rome for 230. yeres space Val. Max. sayeth 520. The first wife put awaye in Rome Theseus mariages cause of warres and troubles Romulus more acceptable to the godds then Theseus Xenophon in lib. de Lacedaemon Rep. Of the Heraclides Pausanias Diodorus and Cleme Strom. lib. 1. Lycurgus kinred A subtill promise Prodicos Regents or protectours of yong Kings in minoritie Charilaus king of the Lacedaemonians Herod lib. 1. Dionysius Halic lib. 2. Lycurgus trauelled countryes Thales a poet harper Lycurgus iorney into Asia The prayse of Homers workes Homers poemes vnknoweÌ„ to the Grecians brought to light by Lycurgus Lycurgus returneth and chaungeth all the coÌ„mon wealth Lycurgus counselleth with the oracle of Apollo as Delphes Chalceoecos Iunos brasen temple Lycurgus instituteth a Senate of the Lacedaemonians Plato de leg 3. 28. were the number of the Senatours Retra of Lycurgus Cnacion st The open seith appointed for place of Counsaill The inflimation of the Ephores Lycurgus wisdome Lycurgus maketh equall diuision of landes vnto the citizens All the lands throughe the countrie of Laconia deuided into 30000. parts All the lands about Sparta into 9000 partes VVhat barley euery parte did yelde Lycurgus chaungeth all golde siluer into iron coyne Lycurgus washe all sellers croftes of an value Câ—thon a strauÌ„ge kinde of cuppe of the Lacedaemonian souldiers Lycurgus appointeth order for dyes vnto the Lacedaemonians Alcander strooke out Lycurgus eye Lycurgus pacience and gentlenes Minerua optiletide Andria and Phiditia meales why so called Children were brought to these meales The propertie of a Lacedaemonian The order of receiuing any man into their company at meales The blacke broth Cicero calleth the King. Dionysius theâ— tyran Tusc. 5. Lycurgus would not haue his lawes written otherwise then in mens myndes Retra for excesse of ryeâ— Epaminondas saying King Leontychidas saying Retra for warres Antalcidar saying The discipline of womeÌ„ amongest the Lacedaemonians Arist. polis lib. 7. cap. 17. The exercises and discipline of maydes The saying of a Latonian woman Men that would not marye Lycurgus repused infamous by lawe Matrimoniall ceremonies in Lacodaemon Holsome rules for maried couples Lycurgus regard to auoyd iealousie in the common wealth No adultrie showen in Sparta The education of children with the Lacedaemonians Lesche Apothetes Young babes washed with wine The Spartan nurces Pluto of the first Alcibiades Howe the Lacedaemonians children were brought vp It is a kinde of thistle in the Mosseâ—d tongueâ— reads Holythias
against offices of perpetuity Cato woulde punish him selfe for offending That is to say vnderstanding For they iudged that the seate of reason was placed in the hart following Aristotles opinion Blushinge in younge man is a better taken then palenes A louer liueth in an other body Cato and Valerius Flaccus Consuls Catoes doings in Spayne Catoes abstinence from spoyle and bribery Discorde betwext Cato Scipio Cato ouercame the Lacetanians Catoes actes after his Consullshippe and triumphe The power of Antiochus the great Cato mocked Posthumius Albinus a Romaine for writing a story in the Greeke tongue Kinge Antiochus army Catoes doings against king Antiochus Mount Callidromus Catoos oration to his souldiers The boldenes and valliant attempt of Catoes souldiers Cato advertised of the streÌ„gth of king Antiochus campe Cato tooke the straight of Thermopyles Kinge Antiochus hurt in the face with a stone Catoes victory of kinge Antiochus Cato woulde praise his owne doings Manius sendeth Cato to Rome to cary newes of the victory Cato an accuser of men Cato fifty times accused The dignity and office of the Consor How the Censors were chosen The Senators and nobility bent all against Catoes sute Cato chosen Censor Catoes acts in his censorship Cato put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate The cause why Cato put Quintius of the Senate Lucius Quintius Flaminius wickednes cruelty Manilius put of the Senate for kissing his wife before his daughter Mery with maried men when Iupiter shundereth Banketing feastes put downe by Cato Catoes counsel for reforminge excesse at Rome Superfluous things reckened for riches Scopas goodes were all in toyes that did him no good Basilica Porcia built by Cato Catoes image set vp in the temple of the goddesse of health Honor chaungeth condition No maÌ„ should abide to be praised how for the common wealth VVhat Cato was at home in his house and towarded his wife and children Cato iudgeth the noble borne gentlewomen the best wiues Socrates patience commended bearinge with the sherwduts of his wife Catoes wife was nource to her owne childe Cato taught his sonne Chilo a grammarian VVhat exercises Cato brought vp his sonne in Catoes sonne was valiant Cato and younger maried Tertia Paulus AEmylius daughter Scipio the second was AEmylius naturall sonne Catoes discipline to his slaues Catoes opinion for sleepy meÌ„ Note how Cato altered his maner and opinion by wealth Catoes good husbandry for increasing his wealth Cato a great vserer He tooke extreame vsery by sea Carneades Diogenes Philosophers sent Ambassadors to Rome Cato misliked the Greeke tongue Catoes Phisicall booke Cato talketh with Salonius his clarke about the mariage of his daughter Catoes aunswere to his sonne of his seconde mariage Cato maried Salonius daughter being a very old man and had a sonne by her How Cato passed his age Catoes wrytinges and monuments Catoes reuenue Catoes company pleasant both to old young The table a good meane to procure loue and how table talke should be vsed Cato author of the last warres against the Carthaginians Scipio Nasica against Cato for the destroying of Carthage Catoes death Catoes posterity Aristides and Catoes accesse to the common wealth Cato in marshall affaires excelled Aristides Aristides and Catoes displeasures in the common wealth The power of innocency eloquence Oeconomia houserule The nature of oyle No man wise that is not wise to him selfe VVhether pouerty be an ill thing VVhether Aristides factes or Catoes did most benefit their contry Ambition a hatefull thing in the commoÌ„ wealth Cato reproued for his second wife Crausis Philopoemenes father Cassander Philopoemenes schoolemaister Ecdemus and Demophanes red Philosophy to Philopoemen Philopoemen the last famous maÌ„ of Greece Philopoemen taken for a seruinge man. Philopoemen hasty and wilfull Philopoemen delighted in warre martiall exercises Philopoemen did reproue wrestling Philopoemenes gaines how they were employed Philopoemenes study and care in tillage Philopoemenes delite to read Euangelus bookes of the discipline of warres Philopoemen saued the Megalopolitans from Cleomenes king of Sparta Philopoemen very sore hurt King Antigonus came to aide the Achaiads against Cleomenes king of Lacedaemon Philopoenes noble fact in the 〈…〉 against kinge Cleomenes Philopoemen hurt in fight Antigonus saying of Philopoemenes skill of a souldier Philopoemen chosen Generall of the horsemen of the Achaians Philopoemen slue Demophantus Generall of the horsemen of the AEtolians The praise of Philopoemen Aratus raised Achaia to greatnes Philopoemen and Aratus compared Aratus a sofe man in warres Philopoemen chaungeth tho Achaians order and discipline of wars Philopoemen turned all curiosity and dainty fare into braue riche armors Brauet armor incorageth mens mindes to serue nobly Philopoemen made warres with Machanidas tyran of Lacedaemon Battell fought betwene Philopoemen and Machanidas Philopoemen ouercame Machanidas army tyran of the Lacedaemonians Philopoemen slue Machanidas The onely name of Philopoemen made the Boeotians flee for feare Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon wanne the city of Messina Nabis fleeth Philopoemen Philopoemen deliuered the city of Messina from Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon Philopoemenes seconde iorney into Creta discommanded Philopoemen made diuerse cities to rebell against the Achaians The Cretans politicke men of warre Philopoemen made Generall of the Achaians against Nabis Philopoemen ouercome by sea Nabis besiegeth the city of Gythium Philopoemen ouer came Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon in battell Titus Quintius emâ—ieth Philopoemen Nabis slaine by the AEtolians Philopoemen free from couetousnes Philopoemenes wise counsell to the Lacedaemonians howe they should bestowe their giftes Diophanes T. Quintius Flaminius do inuade Lacedaemonia Philopoemenes noble act Philopoemenes cruelty to the Spartans Philopoemen made the Spartans forsake Lycurgus law Antiochus solace and mariage as Chalcis Philopoemenes counsell against the Romaines Philopoemen chosen the eight time Generall of the Achaians being 70. yere olde Philopoemenes iorney against Dinocrates Mons Euander Philopoemenes misfortune Philopoemen taken Philopoemen poysoned by Dinocrates Philopoemenes last words Philopoemenes death The AchaiaÌ„s did reuenge Philopoemenes death Dinocrates slue him selfe Philopoemenes funerall Note the humanity of the Romaines keepinge their enemies monuments from defacing Titus Quintius first charge in warre Degrees of offices before one came to be Consull T. Q. Flaminius Sextius AElius Consulls T. Q. Flaminius maketh warre with Philip king of Macedon Titus curtesie ranne the Greecians more than his force T. Q. landed in Epirvs Apsus fâ—â— The descriptioÌ„ of the contry of Epirvs Charopus Machatas sonne the chiefe man of the Epirots T. Q. possessed the straightes of the mouÌ„taine The Macedonians flee Philips flying king of Macedon T. Q. Flaminius modesty sorbearing spoyle wanne him many frendes Pyrrus saying of the Romaines army King Attalus death The Boeotians yeld vnto the Romaines Quintius army King Philip and Quintius met with their armies neere Scotvsa Battell betwene Quintius and Philip kinge of Macedon The propertie of the Macedonian battell Quintius overcome Philippes army Mutinie betwixt the AEtolians the Romaines Alcaeus verses in disgrace of
kinge Philip Philips verses against Alcaeus Priuy grudge betwixt Quintius and the AEtoliaÌ„s T. Quintius graunted Philip peace Hannibal was with kinge Antiochus Chalcide Corinthe Demetriade called by Philip of Macedon the Chaines of Greece Isthmia Crowes flying fell downe by the sounde of mens voices Quintinâ—care to stablish the liberty of the Greecians The feast Nemea kept at Argos Lycurgus the orator rescued Zenocrates the Philosopher saued him from prison Nero did set Greece at liberty VVhy Quintius made peace with Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon The honor of Philopoemen Twelue hundred Romaines solde for slaues The Achaians redeemed the Romaines that were solde for slaues in Greece The ceremony of slaues maâ—onised T. Quintius triumphe Manius Acilius Consud T. Quintius Lieutenaunt sene into Greece Antiochus ouerthrowen in Thermopyles by Manius the Consull Quintius intreateth for the AEtoliaÌ„s King Antiochus maried Cleoptolemus daughter in the city of Chalcide Honors done vnto T. Quintius for sauing the Chilcidians and the Greecians Quintius curtesie and good nature Emulation betwixt T. Quintius and Philopoemen T. Quintius sayinges Antiochus Ambassadors doe boast of their kinges great army Titus Quintius witty ansâ—ere to the Ambassadors braggeâ— T. Quintius chosen Censor with Marcellus P. Scipio and M. P. Cato great enemies Secret grudge betwixt Titus and Cato A cruell dede of Lucius Quintius Cato beinge Censor did put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate T. Quintius vnworthy acts against Caro. Lucius Quintius restored to his place by the people T. Quintius ambition T. Quintius cause of Hanniballs death Titus sent Ambassador vnto Prusias king of Bithynia Hannibal deceiued by an oracle concerning his death Hanniball kept at Libyssa in Bithynia Hanniballs death Midas and Themistocles poysoned them selues Hanniballs last wordes Looke in Pyrrus life for the story as large Scipio Africans clemency commended Talke betwixt Scipio African Hannibal Hannibals iudgement of Captaines Aristonicus Mithridates Marius To be meane or great in this life is nothing but death bringeth the estimacion T. Quintius benefits vnto Greece Philopoemenes malice Titus Quintius wiser theÌ„ Philopoemen Quintius coÌ„maunded good souldiers Philopoemen made good souldiers A Generall must nes be at his prayers wheÌ„ he should occupy his sword Quintius clemency to the Greecians Philopoemenes liue to the Romaines Pyrrus kinred and beginning of the kingdome of Epirus Pyrrus redd How Pyrrus being an infant was saued Megares a city of Macedon Glaucias king of Illyria Pyrrus countenaunce and teeth Pyrrus healed them that were sicke of the splene The fier could not burnt Pyrrus great set Pyrrus realme taken froÌ„ him in his absence Pyrrus valliantnes at the battell of Hipsus Pyrrus behauior Pyrrus maried to Antigona the daughter of Philip king of Macedon and of his wife a Berenice Pyrrus restored to his kingdome againe Pyrrus deuideth the realme of Epirus with Neopulemus Pyrrus slue Neoptolemus Berenicida a city of Epirus in the I le of Preseque Pyrrus first iorney into Macedon King Lysimachus craft to deceiue Pyrrus Theodotus iudgement a Soothsayer Pyrrus quarrell and warre with Demetrius Pantauchus Demetrius Lieutenant in AErolis Pyrrus fight with Pantauchus Pyrrus victory of Pantauchus Pyrrus likened to Alexander the great Pyrrus skil in warlike discipline Hanniballs iudgement of Captaines Pyrrus wise answer Pyrrus goodnes and curtesie Certaine witty sayinges of Pyrrus Pyrrus wiues and children Pyrrus called an Eagle Pyrrus inuadeth Macedon Demetrius army both by land and sea Demetrius maried Lanassa Pyrrus wife Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus secoÌ„de iorney into Macedon Pyrrus praises Her Pyrrus ware his head peece Pyrrus proclaimed kinge of Macedon Macedon deuided betwene Pyrrus and Lysimachus Couetousnes hath no ende Peace and warre vsed lyke money Pyrrus ayded the Graecians against Demetrius Lysimachus maketh warre with Pyrrus The Tarentines hauinge a warre wish the Romaines determine to make king Pyrrus their Generall Meton counterfeating the foole wisely perswaded the Tarentines not to send for Pyrrus Tarentum a city in Italie Metons counsell to the Tarentines The Tarentines sende Ambassadors to Pyrrus Cineas the orator a Thessalian borne and attending in Pyrrus courte Cineas great talke with Pyrrus to moderate his ambitious minde Pyrrus iudgemeÌ„t of orators corruption A daungerous thing to withstande the Princes mind Pyrrus iorney into Italy Pyrrus daunger by tempest on the sea Pyrrus cast on shoare apon the contry of the Messapians Pyrrus being receiued of the TereÌ„tines reformed their vaine voluptoâ—s life Marshall discipline Leuinus Consul sent against Pyrrus Pyrrus camped in the plaine betwene Pandosia and Heraclea Siris fl Pyrrus Battel Pyrrus first conflict with the Romaines Pyrrus wisedom foresight in battell Pyrrus changed his armor cloke Megacles slaine taketh for Pyrrus Pyrrus victory of Leuinus the Consull Cineas sent Ambassador to Rome The noble minde of the Romaines Appius Claudius disswated the Romaines from making peace with Pyrrus Appius Claudius oration to the Senate The maiestie of the Senate at Rome Caius Fabricius Ambassador to Pyrrus Caius Fabricius a noble Captaine but very poore Fabricius refused king Pyrrus giftes The opinion of the EpicuriaÌ„s touchinge felicity King Pyrrus Phisitian wryeth to Fabricius offereth to poyson his master Fabricius letter to Pyrrus aduertising him of his Phisitians treason Pyrrus sendeth the Romaines their prisoners without raunsome Pyrrus second battel with the Romaines by the caty of Asculum Pyrrus victory of the Romaines The wyters agree not about Pyrrus battell Ambassadors out of Sicilia to pray aide of Pyrrus Pyrrus iorney into Sicilia Pyrrus wanne the city of Erix in Sicilia Homer of valliantnes The Mamertines why so called Pyrrus cruelty in Sicilia The Samnites and Tarentines sone ser Pyrrus to returne into Italie Pyrrus returne into Italy out of Sicile Pyrrus hurt on his head with a sworde Pyrrus with a blow of his sword claue his enemies head in the middest and layed it on his shoulders Manius Curius Consull Pyrrus thirde battell with the Romaines Pyrrus ouerthrowen by Manius Curius in battell Pyrrus compared to a dyce player Pyrrus returne into Epirus out of Halie Pyrrus victory of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus flieth from kinge Pyrrus The couetousnesse of the Gaules Areus made king of Sparta and Cleonymus pus downe The cause of Pyrrus inuading Peloponnesus Pyrrus stratageame to the Spartans Mandricidas stowe aunswer to king Pyrrus Pyrrus besiegeth Lacedaemon The corage of the women of Sparta VVomen wrought in the trench VVomen encoraged their men to fight Pyrrus battel Acrotatus valliantnes Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus in daunger of his life at the siege of Sparta King Areus arriued in Sparta with new aide Sedition in the city of Argos Pyrrus repulsed from Sparta goeth to Argos Ptolomie kinge Pyrrus sonne slaine by Oraesus Cretan Pyrrus slue Eualcus Antigonus aunswere to Pyrrus chalenge Tokens of Pyrrus death Pyrrus fight in the city of Argos Aspides the Castell in Argos A bull and wolfe in copper set up in the â—ity of Argos fighting together Danaus wan the â—â—ty of Argos from king Gelanor Apollo Lycias Gelanor king
of the Argiues Helenus Pyrrus sâ—nne The straunge loue of an Elephant to his keeper Kinge Pyrrus slaine with a tyle throwen by a woman Alcyoneus king Antigonus sonne Antigonus courtesie towards Pyrrus body and frendes Of the names of the Romaines Marius fauor Marius could no skill of the Greeke tongue Platoes saying to Xenocrates Marius parents maners and contry Marius first iorney vnto the warres Scipio Asricous iudgement of Marius Marius Tribune of the people Costa Consull Two sortes of AEdiles AEdilitas Curulis AEdilitas popularis Marius denyed to be AEdilis Marius chosen Praetor Sabacon put of the Senate Caius Herennius pleaded in Marius behalfe touching the patron client Marius actes in Spayne The opinioÌ„ of Spanyards in olde time Eloquence riches raised men to authority How Marius credit and estimacion grew Iulia Marius wife Marius temperaunce and pacience Caecilius Metellus Consull The Labours presence of the Generall maketh the souldiers worke willingly Marius the author of Turpilius false accusation death Vacca a great city The cause of the supposed treason against Turpilius Turpilius wrongfully put to death Displeasure betwixt Metellus Marius Marius first time of being Consull Marius offended the nobility Marius depriued Metellus of the honor of conquering of king Iugurthe Bocchus kinge of Numidia deliuereth Iugurthe vnto Sylla Lucius Sylla Quaestor vnder Marius The originall cause of the ciuill warres betwixt Marius and Sylla The comming into Italie of the Teutons and Cimbres The army of the Tevtons and Cimbres 300000 men Cimbri Cimmerij Marius chosen Consull the second time against the law Law must giue place for common benefit Marius triumphe into Rome for king Iugurthe How Marius trained his souldiers Marius moyles Marius commended for his iustice Marius third Consullshippe Manius Acilius Lieutenant of the army vnder Marius Lucius Saturninus Tribune Marius fourth Consullshippe with Catulus Luctatius Rhodanus fl Marius channell The Cimbres went through Germanie into Italie The Teutons and Ambrons fall apon Marius to passe into Italie through the territory of Genua Martha a wise woman or prophetesse The attier of Martha in time of sacrifice A wonder of the Vultures shewed to Marius VVonders seene Batabaces the priest of the mother of the goddes Aulus Pompeius Tribune The enemies campe were removing sixe dayes together Marius bolde wordes to his souldiers and their aunswer Battell betwixt the Ambrons Marius Marius ouercome the Ambrons The mannishnes of the women Marius seconde battell with the Teutons Marius victory of the Teutons and Ambrons Much veine followeth after great battells Marius the fift time Consull Athesis flu Catulus Luctatius the Consull flieth from the Cimbres Marius refused to enter in triumphe Marius goeth towardes Catulus Luctatius to helpe him Po flu Marius mocke to the Cimbres The Cimbres march against Marius Marius deuise for alteringe the darte in fight Baeorix king of the Cimbres Two and fiftie thowsand and three hundred men betwene Marius and Catulus The Romaines battell The battell of the Cimbres A dust raised that neither army could see one another The sunne ful in the Cimbres faces The fielde fought the 27. of Iuly Horrible cruelty of women Prisoners 60. thowsand Men slaine six score thowsand Might ouercoÌ„meth right Metellus against people pleasers Valerius Flaccus Consull with Marius the sixt time Valerius Coruinus sixe times Consull The law Agraria An article for the othes of the Senate to confirme what the people should passe by voyce Marius duble dealing To lye cunningly Marius taketh it for a vertue Timorous policy causeth periury Metellus constant in vertue Metellus wise saying touching well doing Metellus banishment Marius doble dealing betwene the nobilitie and people Marius procureth sedition at Rome No trust on the faith of the coÌ„mon people Metellus returne from banishement Marius iorney into Cappadocia and Galatia Marius prowd wordes to Mithridates The cause of the dissension betwene Marius Sylla The warre of the confederates Siloes stowts chalenge and Marius answer Mons Misenum Marius ambition Sulpitius gard of sixe hundred knightes Sulpitius boldness Marius sedition Marius flieth from Rome Marius the sonne flieth into Africke Marius found an ayrie of Eagles How many egges the Eagle layeth Liris fl Marius set a land and forsaken of the mariners Marine hidden in the marisses Marius takeÌ„ Fanniaes curtesie vnto Marius One hiered to kill Marius The Minturnians suffered Marius to go his way with sefety Marica Sylua Marius the elder flieth into Africke Marius wise answere of surtimes inconstancy Marius the younger esâ—apeth Hyempsals hands Cinna driuen out of Rome by Octauius Marius ioyneth force with Cinna Octauius negligence in defence of the citie of Rome against Cinna Marius Octauius too much geuen to Southsaiere Octauius vertue and imperfection Octauius slaine by Marius souldiers Agreas contrariety in astronomy Cinna and Marius entry into Rome Bardini Marius caused great murder in Rome Marius crueltie Small trust of frendes in aduersitie The faithfulnes of Cornutus seruaunts to their master M. Antonius the Orator betrayed by a tauerner The force of eloquence Catulus Luctatius killed himselfe The Bardiaeians slaine of their Captaines for their crueltie Marius seuenth Consulship Marius thoughtes and feare Deuise to winne sleepe Marius the fathers death Marius mad ambition a note against the ambitious Platoes words at his death note that in Syllaes life following to appeareth that Marius the younger was besieged in the city of Preneste and not in Perusia as ye rende here So as the city seemeth to be mistakeÌ„ in one of these liues Lysanders image Licurgus the anchor of wearing longe heare The commoditie of wearing longe heare Lysanders kinred The education of the Laconian children Lysanders manners VVise man he euer melancholye Lysander a despisor of riches Lysanders words of Dionysuis liberalitie Lysander admirall for the Lacedaemonians by sea Lysander enlargeth the citie of Ephesus Sardis a citie in Lydia Lysander tooke money for paye of his souldiers Lysanders victorie of the Athenians by sea Cherronesus a contrye in Thracia Callicratidas Lysanders successor in his office of admyraltie Playnenes coÌ„mended for a vertue but liked as an olde image of a god that had bene excellent faier The spighte of Lisander to Callicratidas Nothing estemed with the Barbarians but money Callicratidas pacience The death of Callicratidas Lysander crafty and deceitfull A wise saying of Lysander The wicked dissembling and double dealing of Lysander Lysander regarded no periâ—rie following the example of Polycrates the tyran of Somos Cyrus liberaâ—itie to Lysanders Lysanders artes by sea Philocles cruel advise vnto the Athenians Lysanders craft in marine fight Alcibiades gaue good aduise to the Captaines of the AtheniaÌ„s A copper target lift vp the signe of battell by sea Conon Admirall of the Athenians Lysanders victory of the Athenians Paralos the holy galley of Athens The starres of Castor and Pollux A stone fell out of the element AEgos st Anaxagoras opinion of the starres VVhat falling starres be Damachus testimonie of the fiery stone seene in the element
An other opinion of the stone that fell Philocles coÌ„stancy Captaine of the Athenians Lysanders cruelty Theopompus the Comicall Poets sayinge of the Lacedaemonians The Athenians yeelde vp Athens_to Lysander The maner of peace offered by the Lacedaemonians to the AtheniaÌ„s A notable saying for the walle of cities Erianthus cruell aduise against the Athenians The sweete musicke so frened their cruell hearts and moued them in pity Lysander ouerthrew the walles of the city of AtheÌ„s Callibius Captaine of the Castell of Athens Autolycus as cunninge wrestler Autolycus pus to death Lysander sent money to Sparta by Gylippus Gylippus robbed parte of the money be caried to Sparta The Grekishe coyne was marked with an owle Gyllippus banishment Couetousnes of money corrupted Gylippus one of the chiefest men of LacedaemoÌ„ The iron money of Lacedaemonia At what time the Lacedaemonians receiued gold and siluer againe The ill life of the Magistrate the cause of disorder in a commoÌ„ weale A galley of gold and Iuory Lysanders honors and pride Platoes saving of the ignorant Ignoraunce coÌ„pared with blindenes Lysanders ambition pride and 〈…〉 Lysander brake his word othe and procured the deads of eight hundred people 〈…〉 Eteocles wordes of Lysander Thorax put to death for offending the law The LaconiaÌ„ Scytala what maner thing it is and how vsed Lysander carieth letters against him selfe Lysander goeth to Iupiter Ammon King Pausanias reconciled the Athenians with the Spartans Lysanders terrible words The death of king Agis Lysander depriueth Leotychides of his kingedomes Through Lysanders working Agesilaus â— was made king Ambition abideth no equalles Agesilaus priâ—ie grudge to Lysander Lysanders wisedome Lysander surueiour of the vittells Lysanders talke with king Agesilaus after the Laconian maner of speaking Lysander seeketh innouation in the state of Sparta The Families of the kinges of Lacedamon Lysander deuiseth false oracles corrupted soathsayers with money Lysanders fained deuise to possesse the kingdome The warres of Boeotia Diuers causes sâ—â—â—â—used of the beginning of these wars An edict against the banished men from Athens An edict made by the Thebans in fauor of the banished meÌ„ Lysanders iorney vnto Boeotia Cithaeron mons Cissusa sons Lysander staine by the Thebans To aske leaue of thenemie to burye the deade is dishonorable Lysanders tombe Oplites A. destinie menitable Phliarus A. Hoplia Isomantus Neochorus slâ—e Lysander Orchalide â—â—â—s Helicon moons Pausanias exile Lysanders cleane handes and pouertie commended after his deathe Lysanders counsell for altering of the kingdom Lacratidas wisdom forbearing to shewe extremitie to the deade Lysander honored by the Spartans after his death Singlenes of life late mariage and ill mariage punished by the Lacedaemonians Syllaes kinred Syllaes honesty reproued by meanes of his great wealth Syllaes flauore That is bicause that Syl in laten signifieth oker which becometh red when it is put to the fire and therfore Syllaceus color in virusâ—ia signifieth purple colour Syllace skeffing Syllaes voluptuosnes Sylla Quaestor The cause of Bocchus freÌ„dshippe vnto Sylla Iugerthe deliuered vnto Sylla by kinge Bocchus Thenor of Iugurthes takinge ascribed vnto Sylla Syllaes noble deedes vnder Marius Sillaes doings vnder Catulus Ambition is to be fled as a mortall furie Sylla chosen Praetor Orobazus Ambassador from the king of the Parthians vnto Sylla Sylla accused of extorcion Ciuill warres Timotheus Athenians would not tribune the glory of his doinges to fortune Sylla gaue fortune the honor of all his doinges Syllaes belefe in dreames A straunge fight appeared to Sylla Sylla straunge of conditions Sylla chosen Consull Metellus chiefe bishop of Rome a maried Syllaes wiues Marius fonde ambition VVonderfull signes seene before the ciuill warres The ThuscaÌ„s opinion of eight worldes The wickednes of Sulpitius the Tribune Marius and Sulpitius sedition All lawe ceased for a time by reason of Sulpitius oppressions and wicked lawes Sylla marcheth towards Rome with six legions Posthomius the deuine did prognosticate victory vnto Sylla Syllas vision on his dreams Sylla set the houses a fire in Rome Marius and Sulpitius condemned to death Treason lustly rewarded The ingrailtude of Sylla reproved Lucius Cinna Consull Cinna sware to be Syllaes frende Sylla went against Mithridates Mithridates power Sylla befiegeth the city of Athens Sylla tooke the smells and roady money out of all the temples of Greece and brought it to him to AtheÌ„s Caphis supersticion for touching the holy thinges The commendacion of the auncient Romaine Captaines for ordering of their souldiers and also for their modest expences Sylla the first man that spob led all good seruice of souldiers by ouermuch libertie and sufferauoco The wickednes of the tyran Arision The greue valianmes of Marcus Teius Athens taken by Sylla The slaughter of the Athenians after the taking of the eisit Anthesterion Marche The time of Noes flood Aristion the tyran yeelded The hauen of Piraea wonne Philoes armory burnt by Sylla Taxilles army a hundred thowsande footemen Tenne thowsand horsemen Foure score ten thowsand cartes with Sythes The force of the BarbariaÌ„s consisted in horsemen and in their carts with Sythes The straight of Thermopyles Pqrnassus hill The city of Tithora Sylla Hortensius met at Patronide The plaine of Elatea Philobaeotus mont Their whole army together 1500. horse 15000. footemen The braue armor and furniture of the Thracians MacedoniaÌ„s seruing vnder Taxilles king Mithridates lieutenaunt Many commanders make disobediens souldiers Cephisus fl Syllaes straightnes to his souldiers A good policie to weary feare full souldiers with extreame labor whereby to make them desirous to fight Edylium moÌ„t Assus fl Sylla sendeth Gabinius with a legion to aide Chaeronea Oldeles met propheths of victory vnto Sylla Saluenius aSouldiers Iupiter Olympias Acotuim Edylium mountaines Thurium mons aliue Orthopagues Morion fl Apollo Thurial Chaeron the founder of the city of Charonea Sylla ordereth his battell Sylla droue Archelaus aide from the hill The force of the armed cartes with Sythes consist in long course Syllaes conflict with Archelaus as Thurium Slaues made free by authority of the Lieutenaunts in the fielde Syllaâ—â— victory of Mithridates Lieutenauntes The field was wonne in the plaine of Elatea Molus fl Apollo Pythias Iupiter Olympias Flaccus Consull went against Sylla Dorylaus Mithridates generall against Sylla The goodly plaine before the city of Orchomene The riuer of Melas and nature therof Syllaes words to animate his souldiers Diogenes slaine Syllae victory of Mithridates Lieutenauntes as Orchomene Sylla â—â—revâ—â—â—ne â—trelâ—â— Live in the famous battells at Chaeronea and at Orchomene Talke betwixt Sylla and Archelaus at the meeting Peace concluded betwext Sylla Archelaus in Mithridates behalfe apon condicions Archelaus suspected of treason Aristion tyran of Athens poysoned by Sylla Mithridates exception to the condicioÌ„s Archelaus sene from Sylla to Mithridates Sylla Mithridates meete at DARDANE The stowtnes of Sylla Mithridates excuseth him selfe to Sylla Syllaes aunswer to Mithridates Nicomedes king of Bithynia Ariobarzanes king of Coppadocia A hundred fifty thowsand Romanes slaine in one day
man. The nature of the people Nicias liberality magnificence Nicias superstitions Nicias mynes of siluer Nicias for feare gaue to the wicked Nicias warenes to offende Nicias Hierons schoole master Dionysius Chalcus founder of the city of Thuries Nicias life Notable actes done by Nicias The lawe of armes A least of Cleon. Cleons victory of the Lacedaemonians The immoderate liberty of Cleon. Cleons lewd and light ieastures in his Orations Alcibiades diuers wit. Cleon Brasidas the two peacebreakers generally of all Graece Nicias reconcileth the Spartans with the AtheniaÌ„s Nicias peace Ambassadors sent froÌ„ Spartan to Athens Alcibiades craft and deceit The earthquake holpe Nipias Nicias sent Ambassador vnto Sparta The vse of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus Nicias and Alcibiades ioyned tribes against Hyperbolus Hyperbolus banished for tenne yeares The taking away of tenne yeres banishment Nicias chosen Captaine for the warres of Sicila Signerâ—o feare the AtheniaÌ„s not to attempt the enterprise of Sicile Statues mangled AtheÌ„s The madness of Meton the Astronomer Nicias foolish fearefullnes Nicias counsell for inuading the Syracusans Lamachus valliant buâ— simple Lais the courtisan caried out of Sicile into Peloponnesus Nicias notable strategeame Nicias winneth the hauen of Syracvsa Nicias forbeareth to spoyle the temple of Iupiter Nicias besiegeth Syracvsa Nicias wall as the siege of Syracvsa The death of Lamachus Nicias sole Captaine of the whole army Gyllipus a Lacedaemonian aideth the Syracusans Gongylus a Corinthian Gylippus arriuall at Syracvsa Gongylus the Corinthian slaine Nicias good fortune chauÌ„ged Euthydemus and Menander chosen Captaines with Nicias Demosthenes arriuall at Syracvsa Demosthenes rashnes Nicias counsell vnto Demosthenes Demosthenes rashnes The slaughter of the Athenians as Syracusa The corage of Leo Bizantine The eclipse of the moone The eclipse of the moone not knoweÌ„ of long time Anaxagoras the first that wrote of the eclipse of the moone The Athenians do persecute the Philosophers Socrates put to death for Philosophy Dyon very skilfull in naturall causes Nicias ignorant of naturall causes The Syracusans ouercome the AtheniaÌ„s by sea The soothsayers do promise victory to the Syracusans The Athenians againe ouercome on the sea by the Syracvsans Nicias deceiued by Hermocrates The miserable state of the Athenians departing from Syracusa Nicias extreame misery Demosthenes taken of the Syracusans Nicias moueth treaty of peace Nicias army ouercome at the riuer of Asinarus Nicias words yelding him selfe vnto Gylippus Gylippus sheweth mercy to Nicias The Syracusans enter into the Syracusa with triumphe Asinarus feast The Captaines of the Athenians coÌ„demned to dye Gylippus a couetous man. Cleandrides condemned for extorcion Nicias and Demosthenes slue them selues Euripides verses saued many of the Athenians liues The AtheniaÌ„s doe torment the bringer of the newes of their ouerthrow Nicias foreshewed the miseries of the AtheniaÌ„s Marcus Crassus kinred youth Crassus couetousnes Crassius riches How Crassus came by his goodes Crassus saying of builders Crassus care about seruauntes VVhat belongeth to good husbandry and in whom it consistes Crassus iudgement who was a riche man. Archidamus saying of warre Crassus faâ—â—â— at his boâ—â—de Crassus eloquence Crassus flieth Marius and Cinna Vibius curtesie â—â—to Crassus Crassus came Crassus viage into Africke Crassus sent by Sylla into the contry of the Marsians The emulation beâ—â—â—â—â— Crassus and Pompey Sylla called Pompey Imperator Crassus tooke the city of Tvder The valliantnes of Crassus Crassus enuieth Pompey The Romanes called Pompey the great Crassus industry and cause of rising in the common wealth Three factioÌ„s at Rome Crassus inconstancies Sicinius prouerbe The warre of the bondmen called Spartacus warre The wit and behauior of Spartacus the chiefe Captaine of the bondemens warre Clodius a Romane Praetor sent against Spartacus with 3000 men Clodius the Preator ouercome of Spartacus Publius Varinus Praetor sent against Spartacus Spartacus victory of P. Varinus Gellius and Lentulus both Consulls sent against Spartacus Cassius ouercomen by Spartacus Crassus sent against Spartacus Mummius Crassus Lieutenant Mummius ouerthrowen by Spartacus The Romanes maner of punishinge cowardly souldiers Crassus wonderfull trench and wall A wonderfull nature of the water of the lake of Lucania Ambush laied by Crassus The valiaÌ„tnes of Spartacus souldiers Spartacus retyred to the mountaines of Petelie The noble corage of Spartacus Spartacus slaine Pompeyes triumphe for Spayne Ouatio see Marcellus life Crassus made Consull with Pompey Crassus great feasting of the people of Rome The dreame of Onatius Aurelius Crassus and Pompey made frendes Crassus Censor with Catulus Crassus suspected for Catilines conspiracie Crassus and Caesar confederates with Catiline Crassus Cicero as enemie Caesar reconciled Crassus and Pompey together Pompey Crassus and Caesar al three ioyned in frendshippe Pompey and Crassus did meete with Caesar at Luca Pompeyes stout aunswer Crassus modest aunswere Pompey made him selfe and Crassus Consulls by force Pompey and Crassus Consulls the second time Crassus had the gouernment of Syria Atteius the Tribune against Crassus departure Obseruations of cursinges among the Romanes Crassus iorney into Syria Deiotarus king of Galatia Crassus passeth ouer the riuer of Euphrates Zenodotia taken by Crassus Publius Crassus came to his father in Syria Great faultes committed by Crassus The first signes of Crassus ill luâ—ke This name of Arsaces or Arsacides was common to all the kings of the Parthians Ambassadors of the Parthians sent to Crassus Vagises words shewing Crassus the palme of his hande Hyrodes king of the Parthians Cassius treasorer vnder Crassus Crassus forewarned by the Soothsayers of his ill successe Artabazes king of Armenia came to Crassus campe VVonderfull signes and tokens to Crassus Crassus armie was fifty thousand men Ariamnes a Captaine of the Arabians Ariamnes deceiueth Crassus Surena and Sillaces Arsaâ—es Lieutenauntes Surena sent against Crassus Surena what he was Surenaes courte and traine Surena a young man but very wise Artabazes sent an Eâ—bassage vnto Crassus Crassus wilfulnes Crassus army against the Parthians Sureâ—â—s stratageame for the hiding of his great army Crassus battell with the Parthians The ParthiaÌ„s kettle droÌ„mes The person of Surena Generall of the Parthians described The ParthiaÌ„s fought veryrâ—ng The maner of the Parthians fight The praise of Censorinus Megabacchus The miserable fight of the Romanes against the Parthians Carres a city of Mesopotamia Ischnes a citie The death of Publius Crassus Crassus oration to his souldiers wiâ—â— his bare was full of sorrow Crassus an example of fortunes inconstancie Crassus flying Coponius Gouernor of Carres in Mesopotamia The valliantnes of twentie Romanes A stratageame of Surena Andromachus treason to Crassus The ParthiaÌ„s do noâ—refight by night Cassius gentle aunswere in the straightes The worthines of the Romane souldiers to their chiefetaine An other stratageame of Surena Surenaes crafty speeche to Crassus Crassus words to the Romanes going to his death Surenaes craft to Crassus Octauius slaine Crassus slaine The number of the Romanes that were slaine and taken Sureneth triumph of Crassus Aristides bookes intituled the Milesians AEsope wise saying
vnto the gods Darius army of tenne hundred thowsand fighting men against Alexander at the riuer of Euphrates The magnanimity of Alexander Alexanders third battell with Darius The armor of Alexander An Eagle flewouer Alexanders head when he went so fight with Darius The flying of Darius Alexanders third victory of Darius and liberalithe of all men * The strength and power of Nepina in the contry of Ecbatania VVhat Medaes enchantment was * In this place there lacke certaine lynes in the Greeks originall No lâ—â—e in the countrie of Babylon Tresure found by Alexander at the citie of Susa. * Is seemeth that he meaneth of silke dyed in purple whereof the best that was in Europe was made in the citie of Hermiona in Laconia Alexanders iorney into Persia. Alexander found a maruelous measure in Persia The insoleus boldnes of Thais the herles Persopolls set a fire by Alexander Alexanders prodigalitie reproued by his mother Olympias Alexander reproueth the finenes and curiositie of his frendes Alexander enemy to idlenes Alexanders care of his frendes and wonderfull curtesie towards them Alexander keps one eare for the condeÌ„med person Alexander would not pardon ill wordes spoken of him Alexanders painefull iorney in following of Darius The loue of Alexander to his souldiers and abstinence Alexander regarded not the spoyle of gold siluer in respect of pursuing his flying enemy The death of Darius The punishment and execution of Bessus The sea Hyrcanium or Caspium Alexander goeth after the maner of the Persians Some faultes are to be borne with in a man of great vertues Orexartes fl Alexander with one word of his mouth brought the Macedonians to obedience Alexander maried Roxane a Persian Quarrell betwext Hephaestion and Craterus VVhy Philotas was suspected and enuied of Alexander Limnus traizerously seeketh to kill Alexander Philotas and his father Partmenio put to death Antipater was affrayed of Alexander VVVhy Alexander slue Clitus Alexanders dreame of Clitus The malapertnes of Clitus against Alexander Alexander slue Clitus grieuously repented him Callisthenes and Anaxarchus do comfort Alexander The cause why Callisthenes was envyed Aristotle thought Callisthenes eloquent but not wise Callisthenes suspected of treasoÌ„ against Alexander Alexander offended with Aristotle The death of Callisthenes the rethoritian The iourney of Demaratus CorinthiaÌ„ vnto Alexander and his death Alexanders iourney into India Alexander burnt his cariages The crueltie of Alexander towardes his men A monsterous lamme appeared vnto Alexander A spring of oyle found by the riuer of Oxus Oyle refresheth wearynes The citie of Nisa Acuphis wise aunswer vnto Alexander King Taxiles talke with Alexander Alexanders aunswer to Taxiles Alexander dishonorably brake the peace he had made Alexanders actes against king Porus. Hydaspes fl The statute of king Porus. The quick-wit and catâ— of the ElephaÌ„t to saue the king his master Alexanders conquests in the Indiaes The death of Bucephal Alexanders horse Bucephalia a great citie built by Alexander apon the riuer of Hydaspes why so named Peritas Alexanders dogge Ganges fl Gangaridae and Prosij people of India Alexanders returne out of India Alexanders vaine deuises to make him selfe immortall King Androcottus Alexander in daunger at the citie of the Mallians The wise men of India Alexanders questions propounded to the ten Philosophers of India Alexander rewarded the ten wise men and did let them goe Onesicritus a Philosopher Calanus other wise called Sphines Dandamis Calanus a wise man of India The 〈…〉 of a kingdom shewed by a peece of leather Psitulcis an Iland Alexanders nauie in the sea Oceanum Alexanders armie going in to India Sheepe fed with fishe The contry of Gedrosia The contry of Carmania The riot of Alexanders souldiers The citie of Thapsacus The prouinces conquered by Alexanders rebelled against him The death of Polymachus Pelleian Calanus the Indian did sacrifice him selfe aliue Alexander made men drinke to wyn a game and price The Macedonians maried vnto the Persians The wonderfull giftes of Alexander Alexander payed the soldiers dets Antigenes with one eye a valiant Captaine banished the court for making a lye Thirty thowsand boyes of the Persians taught the discipline of wars by Alexanders commauÌ„dement The clemencie and liberalitie of Alexander vnto his soldiers The death of Hephaestion Alexanders sorow for the death of Hephaestion Stasicrates an excellent image maker Diuers signes before Alexanders death Alexander feared Antipater Alexander fell sicke of an agew Arsitobulus report of the sicknes and death of Alexander The death of Alexander the great Aristotle suspected for the poysoning of Alexander Statira slaine by Roxane Aridaeus Alexanders bastard brother Caesar ioyned with Cinna Marius Caesar tooke sea and went vnto Nicomedes king of Bithynia Caesar taken of pirate Iunius Praetor of Asia Caesar eloquence Caesar loued hospitalitie Caesar a follower of the poeple Ciceroes iudgement of Caesar. The loue of the people in Rome was Caesar. Caesar chosen Tribunus militum Caesar made the funerall oration at the death of his aunt Iulia. Caesar the first that praised his wife in funerall oration Caesar made Questor Pompeia Caesars third wife Caesars prodigality Caesar accused to make a rebellion in the state The death of Metellus chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar made chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar suspected to be coÌ„federate with Catiline in his conspiracy Caesar went about to deliuer the conspirators Catoes oration against Caesar. The loue of P. Clodius vnto Pompeia Caesars wife The good goddesse what she was and her sacrifices Clodius taken in the sacrifices of the good goddesse Clodius accused for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar putteth away his wife Pompeia Clodius quit by the Iudges for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar Praetor of Spaine Crassus surety for Caesar to his creditors Caesars actes in Spayne Caesar order betwext the creditor and detter Caesar souldiers called him Imperator Caesar reconÌ„cileth Pompey and Crassus together Catoes foresight and prophecy Caesars first Consulship with Calphurnius Bibulus Caesars lawes Lex agraria Caesar maried his daughter Iulia vnto Pompey Caesar maried Calphurnia the daughter of Piso. Pompey by force of armes authorised Caesars lawes Caesar sent Cato to prison Caesar by Clodius draue Cicero out of Italy Caesar a valliant souldier and a skillfull Captaine Caesars conquestes in Gaule The loue and respect of Caesars souldiers vnto him The wonderfull valliantnes of Acilius Cassius Scaua diuers others of Caesars souldiers Granius Petronius Caesar had the falling sickenes The temperance of Caesar in his dyet Caesar ciuilitie not to blame his frend The Tigurinians slaine by Labienus Arax fl Caesar refused his horse wheÌ„ he sought a battell The Heluetians slaine by Caesar. Rheynus fl Caesar made warre with king Ariouistus The wise women of Germany how they did foretell thinges to come King Ariouistus ouerthrowen by Caesar. The Belgae ouercome by Caesar. Neruij the slowtest warriers of all the Belgae The Neruij slaine by Caesar The great Lordes of Rome come to Luca to Caesar Ipes
then power to ayde him The army power of Octauius Caesar against Antonius Antonius dominions Octauius Caesars dominions Antonius we which ruled by Cleopatra Antonius rode at anker at the head of ActioÌ„ where the citie of Nicopolis standeth * The grace of this taâ—â—â—it can not properly be expressed in any other tongue bicause of the equivocation of this word Toryne which signifieth citie Albania and also a Ladell to scoome the pot with as if she ment Caesar sat by the fire side scomming of the pot Domitius forsaketh Antonius goeth vnto Octauius Caesar. Amyntas and Deiotarus do both reuolt from Antonius and goe vnto Caesar. Antonius in daunger of taking as Actâ—um Antonius regardeth not the good counsell of his souldier Battel by sea as Actium betwixt Antonius and Caesar. A lucky signe vnto Octauius Caesar. Eutychus Nicon fortunate Conquerer Cleopatra flyâ—th The soule of a louer liueth in another body Antonius flyeth after Cleopatra Antonius lycenceth his friends to depart and giueth there a shippe loden with gold and siluer Antonius nauy ouerthrowen by Caesar. Antonius legions doe yeld them selues vnto Octauius Caesar Lucilius spokâ— of in Brutus life The fidelitie of Lucilius vnto Antonius The wonderful attempt of Cleopatra Antonius followeth the life and example of TimoÌ„ Misanthropus the Athenian Plato Aristophanes testimony of Timon Misanthropus what he was The epitaphe of Timon Misanâ—hropus Antonius rioting in Alexandria after his great losse ouerthrew Toge virilis Antillus the eldest sonne of Antonius by his wife Fuluia An order erected by Antonius and Cleopatra called Synapothanumenon reuoking the former called Amimetobion Cleopatra verie busie in prouing the force of poyson The property of the biting of an Aspick Antonius and Cleopatra send Ambassadors vnto Octauius Caesar Alexas treason iustly punished Pelusium was yeelded vp to Octauius Caesar. Cleopatraes monuments set vp by the temple of Isis. Straunge noises heard and nothing seene Antonius nauie doe yeeld them selues vnto Caesar. Antonius ouerthrowen by Octauius Caesar. Cleopatra flieth into her tombe or monument Eros Antonius seruant slue him selfe Antonius did thrust his sword into him selfe but died not presently Antonius caried vnto Cleopatraes tombe A lamentable sight to see Antonius and Cleopatra The death of Antonius Octauius Caesar lamenteth Antonius death Proculeius sent by Octauius Caesar to bring Cleopatra aliue Cleopatra taken Caesar tooke the citie of Alexandria Caesar greatly honored Arrius the Philosopher Philostratus the eloquentest Orator in his time for present speech vpon a sodaine Antyllus Antonius eldest sonne by Fuluia slaine The saying of Arrius the Philosopher CaesarioÌ„ Cleopatraes sonne put to death Cleopatra burieth Antonius Olympus Cleopatraes Phisition Caesar came to see Cleopatra Cleopatra a martired creature through her owne fassion and fury Seleucus out of Cleopatraes Treasorers Cleopatra bet her treasorer before Octauius Caesar Cleopatraes wordes vnto Caesar. Cleopatra finely deceiueth Octauius Caesar although she desired to liue Cleopatraes lamentation ouer Antonius tombe The death of Cleopatra Cleopatraes two waiting woman dead with her Cleopatra killed with the biting of an Aspicke The image of Cleopatra caried in triumphe at Rome with an Aspicke biting of her arme The age of Cleopatra and Antonius Of Antonius issue came Emperors The power of Demetrius Antonius Demetrius Antonius ambition to gouerne The liberalitie and bountie of Demetrius and Antonius Demetrius Antonius time Canobus and Taphosiris fl Demetrius Antonius wiues Antonius the first Romane that euer maried two wiues together Demetrius lasciuiousnes Dogges not suffred in Athens castle bicause of bitcherie The loue and impietie the faith falsehoode of Demetrius and Antonius Demetrius Antonius acts in warres The pareÌ„tage of Artaxerxes Mnemon The diuersâ—â— of natures betwixt Cyrus and Artaxerxes Arsicas surnamed Artaxerxes assigned to be king of Persia The maner of the consecrating of the kings of Persia as Pasargades Cyrus accused vnto his brother Artaxerxes Cyrus lay in waite to kill Artaxerxes Note the flatterie and dissimulation of a woman Antaxerxes curteous and easie to haue accesse vnto Artaxerxes liberalitie to apoore man that gaue him a litle water Tiribazus lightnes and Artaxerxes liberalitie Statira king Artaxerxes wife Cyrus maketh warre against his brother Artaxerxes Cyrus wonderfull promises Artaxerxes army of nyne hundred thowsand fighting men against his brother Cyrus Xenophon the Historiographer excellently describeth this battell betwixt Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus Safetie in a generall requisite in battell Clearchus cowardlines reproued Pasacas Cyrus horse Artagerses the gouernor of the prouince of Cadusia giueth charge vpon Cyrus Cyrus slue Artagerses Dinons report of Cyrus death The Cariens be called cocks bicause they weare crests on their headpeeces Ctesias report of Cyrus death Artaxerxes hurt by Cyrus Cyrus hurt Cyrus miserable destiny King Artaxerxes being a thirst dranke stincking puddle water and sayd he neuer tasted sweeter The manner of the Persians in 〈…〉 against a traitor to the king Plutarch reproueth Ctesias for a lyer How Artaxerxes 〈…〉 the good and also punished the euill The punishment of them that slue Cyrus Parysatis straunge crueltie praising the Carian in 〈…〉 See the perill of bastâ—es rash aunswer The terrible death of offenders in boates or troughes among the Persians The miserable death of Mithridates The deuelish craft of Parysatis her great skill cunning at dyce Parysatis craft and cruelâ—ie Tisaphernes betrayeth the Captaines of Graece Clearchus other Captaines of Graece put to death by king Artaxerxes Ctesias vanity The cause of Parysatis hate vnto her Daughter in law Statyra Parysatis practiseth to poyson Queene Statira Ryntaces a bird of Persia that hath no excrements How Statira was poysoned The punishment for poysoners in Persia Agesilaus king of Lacedaemon maketh warre with the Persians The Persian coyne how it is stamped Artaxerxes dâ—aue the Lacedantonians from all their dominion by sea Gnidus Ins. Antalcidas peace Antalcidas Lacedaemonian greatly esteemed of Artaxerxes The persians full of vanitie and curiositie The death of Antalcidas Lacedaemonian Timagoras Athenian brybed by king Artaxerxes Timagoras was put to death for taking brybes and gifts of the king of Persia. King Artaxerxes killeth Tisaphernes Artaxerxes fell in againe with his mother Parysatis sent for her to come to the Court. Artaxerxes maried his eldest Daughter Atossa King Artaxerxes iorney against the Cadusians The contry of the Cadusians very barren Great famyne in Artaxerxes army Tiribazus stratageame saued Artaxerxes and all his army Note that soft apparell and riches maketh not a men cowardly and effeminate but a vile base mind that followeth euill aduise and counsell The corage of king Artaxerxes his great paynes in marching King Artaxerxes curtesie to his souldiers Darius and Ochus king Artaxerxes sonnes Artaxerxes proclaymeth his sonne Darius king Aspasia IuniaÌ„ one of Artaxerxes concubines The barbarous people can not 〈…〉 with â—inalitie in loue Tiribazus incruseth Darius against his father Artaxerxes Tiribazus maners and condicions Darius conspireth against Artaxerxes his father A
that be the matter let there be no more quarrell or dissention against the people for they doe graunt your demauÌ„de that his cause shal be heard according to the law Therfore sayed he to Martius we doe will and charge you to appeare before the people the third daye of our next sitting and assembly here to make your purgation for such articles as shal be obiected against you that by free voyce the people maye geue sentence apon you as shall please them The noble men were glad then of the adiornment and were muche pleased they had gotten Martius out of this daunger In the meane space before the third day of their next cession came about the same being kept euery nineth daye continually at ROME whereupon they call it now in Latin Nundinae there fell out warre against the ANTIATES which gaue some hope to the nobilitie that this adiornment would come to litle effect thinking that this warre would hold them so longe as that the furie of the people against him would be well swaged or vtterly forgotten by reason of the trouble of the warres But contrarie to expectation the peace was concluded presently with the ANTIATES and the people returned again to ROME Then the Patricians assembled oftentimes together to consult how they might stande to Martius and keepe the Tribunes from occasion to cause the people to mutine againe and rise against the nobilitie And there Appius Clodius one that was taken euer as an heauy enemie to the people dyd auowe and protest that they would vtterly abase the authoritie of the Senate and destroye the common weale if they would suffer the common people to haue authoritie by voyces to geue iudgment against the nobilitie On thother side againe the most auncient Senatours suche as were geuen to fauour the coÌ„mon people sayed that when the people should see they had authoritie of life and death in their handes they would not be so cruell fierce but gentle and ciuill More also that it was not for contempt of nobilitie or the Senate that they sought to haue the authoritie of iustice in their handes as a preheminence and prerogatiue of honour but bicause they feared that them selues should be contemned and hated of the nobilitie So as they were persuaded that so sone as they gaue them authoritie to iudge by voyces so sone would they leaue all enuie and malice to condemne anye Martius seeing the Senate in great doubt how to resolue partely for the loue and good will the nobilitie dyd beare him and partely for the feare they stoode in of the people asked alowde of the Tribunes what matter they would burden him with The Tribunes aunswered him that they would shewe howe he dyd aspire to be King and would proue that all his actions tended to vsurpe tyrannicall power ouer ROME Martius with that rising vp on his feete sayed that thereupon he dyd willingly offer him self to the people to be tried apon that accusation And that if it were proued by him he had so muche as once thought of any suche matter that he would then refuse no kinde of punishment they would offer him conditionally ê™ he that you charge me with nothing els besides and that ye doe not also abuse the Senate They promised they would not Vnder these conditions the iudgement was agreed vpon and the people assembled And first of all the Tribunes would in any case whatsoeuer became of it that the people would proceede to geue their voyces by Tribes and not by hundreds for by this meanes the multitude of the poore needy people and all suche table as had nothing to lose and had lesse regard of honestie before their eyes came to be of greater force bicause their voyces were numbred by the polle then the noble honest cittizens whose persones and purse dyd duetifully serue the common wealth in their warres And then when the Tribunes sawe they could not proue he went about to make him self King they beganne to broache a freshe the former wordes that Martius had spoken in the Senate in hindering the distribution of the come at meane price vnto the common people and persuading also to take the office of Tribuneshippe from them And for the third they charged him a newe that he had not made the common distribution of the spoyle he had gotten in the inuading the territories of the ANTIATES but had of his owne authoritie deuided it among them who were with him in that iorney But this matter was most straunge of all to Martius looking least to haue bene burdened with that as with any matter of offence Wherupon being burdened on the sodaine and hauing no ready excuse to make euen at that instant he beganne to fall a praising of the souldiers that had serued with him in that iorney But those that were not with him being the greater number cried out so lowde and made suche a noyse that he could not be heard To conclude when they came to tell the voyces of the Tribes there were three voyces odde which condemned him to be banished for life After declaration of the sentence the people made suche ioye as they neuer reioyced more for any battell they had wonne vpon their enemies they were so braue and liuely went home so iocondly from the assembly for triumphe of this senteÌ„ce The Senate againe in contrary manner were as sad and heauie repenting them selues beyond measure that they had not rather determined to haue done suffered any thing whatsoeuer before the coÌ„mon people should so arrogantly and outrageously haue abused their authoritie There needed no difference of garments I warraÌ„t you nor outward showes to know a Plebeian from a Patrician for they were easely decerned by their lookes For he that was on the peoples side looked cheerely on the matter but he that was sad and honge downe his head he was sure of the noble mens side Sauing Martius alone who neither in his countenaunce nor in his gate dyd euer showe him selfe abashed or once let fall his great corage but he only of all other gentlemen that were angrie at his fortune dyd outwardly shewe no manner of passion nor care at all of him selfe Not that he dyd paciently beare and temper his good happe in respect of any reason he had or by his quiet condition but bicause he was so caried awaye with the vehemencie of anger and desire of reuenge that he had no sence nor feeling of the hard state he was in which the common people iudge not to be sorow although in dede it be the very same For when sorow as you would saye is set a fyre then it is conuerted into spite and malice and driueth awaye for that time all faintnes of harte and naturall feare And this is the cause why the chollericke man is so altered and mad in his actions as a man set a fyre with a burning agewe for when a mans harte is troubled within his pulse will