simple purging medicines are mingled in purging decoctions the manner of preparing is the same for purging medicines convenient for the evacuation of the humours are taken and that for one and more doses yet because in seething their strength will decay or waste they ought to be taken in a greater dose then in the substance the strongest for the most part double but of the milder purgers four-fold Of which before in the doses of medicines Other things are added to these which may either resist and correct the malignant and noxious qualities of the purge or may prevent the mischeives which may befall nature by theuse of strong purgers or which may increase and stir up the dull faculty of a medicine or extimulate them to worke more speedily or may bridle them if they worke too strong and quick or such as have regard to some private part and may leade and direct the purging medicine thither Aromatick powders or species are added to the decoction strained for to please the palate halse an ounce or an ounce of Syrup is appointed and prepared 2. Oftentimes something that purges is added to the decoction as Syrup and Honey of Roses and Violets solutive also Cassia Manna which are dissolved in the decoction which is againe strained 3. Sometimes purging electuaries are mixt and dissolved in the concoction in such quantity that they make one dose when they are mingled with many things that are boyled together 4. But because decoction by the mixture of electuaries become thicker t is not inconvenient if they are strained againe and also clarifyed but then the Electuaries may be used in a larger quantity 5. Sometimes some of the purging powders are added to the Liquor or decoction 6. Or some quantity of a purging extract is dissolved in it 7. Lastly decoctions are oftentimes made of purging and altering medicines together Hereunto belongs decoctions to cause vomits Vomiting things c. sweates Urine examples whereof are extant every where CHAP III. Of Infusions and other purging Potions INfusions are next unto decoctions Infusions and differ only from decoctions simply so called in that they are wont to be prepared only by boyling without macerating them before hand but these are when the medicines are broken or beaten before and put into a convenient Liquor for some certain time that they may leave their vertue in it The mâ—nner of preparing They are prepared of medicines of all sorts but most commonly of Purgers which should be given in somewhat a greater weight then in the substance namely halfe so much in the substance and double in the Infusion with their correcters and directers being cast in also in a due quantity sometimes in a nodule or little bagg of fine linnen shut in a Liquor convenient for the purpose of the Physitian the Chymists at this day that the extract may be made the easier put to the menstruum or prepared matter some drops or spirit of Salt of Vitrioll or Oyle of Vitrioll is added which is made by draining which they call per deliquium The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may cover those things that are macerated and may be something higer then they being infused in this manner fix twelve or twenty foure hours in a warme vessell stopt or shut they being beaten or cut in peices should so long lye in it untill the Liquor hath extracted all their strength which may be known by the taste and smell But if which often happens there be urgent occasion the medicines cannot be macerated for want of time that defect may be supplyed by gentle boyling of them afterwards that which is strained with or without squeazing is appointed for use and indeed without squeazing or pressing that which is strained is more cleansing and pleasing to the taste but weaker but with expression t is more troubled and thicker but more efficacious You may add to the infusion things that sweeten it or other purging things as t is said before of decoctions Sometimes Decoctions and Infusions are given together namely a Decoction is prepared in the same manner as is said before In a sufficient quantity of that decection are infused purgers with their correcters and the rest of the things are afterwards mixt as in other infusions Another way also a Potion is made of insusion and decoction mixt or an infusion with a decoction namely the decoction is prepared by its selfe and the insusion by it selfe both of them according to the method formerly described and these two Liquors are afterward mingled together To these purging decoctions A purging Potion The menner and infusions by reason of their fimilitude we add a purging Potion peculiarly so called by some which is prepared in this manner first a sufficient quantity is taken of any sort of Liquor decoction distilled water Whey water and Honey mixt Broath Wine Juleps of Violets sufficient for a draught namely two 3. or 4. ounces in the Liquor a sufficient quantity of Cassia Manna or a sufficient quantity of any one purging electuary or more is to be dissolved for one dose sometimes of some Syrup half an ounce or 6. drachms or some of the Aromatick powders are added and these potions are taken as the rest which we have spoken of heretofore hot in the morning fasting 2. Secondly as t is spoken of puâ—ging things so here also straining and Clarifying may be appointed but then the electuaries are to be taken in a greater quantity then if they are given without straining 3. Thirdly purging Potions may be prepared of purging extracts but seeing that extracts are wont to be given in a smaller dose they require lesse quantity of Liquor and thâ—rfore are more gratefull to the affected sometimes two or three ounces of other Liquors are taken instead of Muskadine and the extract is dissolved in them and if there be danger of being too hot some Sorrell or Lemons or some other convenient things may be added 4. Lastly purging Potions are prepared of powders as well simples as of compound purging medicines as also with purging Roles but the dose of such powders ought not to be much more then a drachm otherwise the Potion will be too thick and ungratefull and sometimes some powder is mingled with dissolved electuaries In the same manner also Potions and infusions for vomits Infusions and Potions for vomits sweates and medicines provoking of Urine may be prepared CHAP. IV. Of Medicinal Wines drinks of honey and Water sodden together of Wine mingled with Honey of Oxymel of Medicinal Vinegar Decoction or Barley-water also of Clarified Juices OUT of those things which have bin hitherto spoken of Infusions and Decoctions Medicinall wines it will easily appear how medicinal wines are prepared and they are either altering â—r purging and altering together They are prepared either of Must or of Wine that is reâ—ined those that are prepared of Must have a more pleaâ—ant taste and they are thus done The dry
Vitrioll and Salt and distilled Oyles Of Raysins and Pruants that are laxative you may see the Institutions CHAP. XII Of Eclegmaes and Lohochs EClegmaes or Eclectaes from the Greek word Ecleiâ—o Eclegma that is to take up with ones tongue or lick of the Arabicks called Lohoch or Linctns Lohoch and things that are to be licked as they are commonly called are like unto Electuaries nor do they differ from Electuaries only in that they are of a moister consistence and as it were the middle betwixt Syrups and Electuaries and are appointed peculiarly for divers diseases of the Breast and Lungs Species and Powders Conserves thickned juices Honey Manner of preparing Sugar Extracts Muscellages Syrups Juleps Oxymell distilled Oyles the manner of preparing is the same also with that of Electuaries The Powders are taken which are most convenient Gums of Arabick Tragacanth Juice of Liquorish Rice and all things are incorporated in a sufficient quantity of honey or Syrups or Juleps or Muscellages or Juices or Insusions or of some decoction for this purpose prepared of roots herbes seeds fruits But principally of Muscellages and visoid things being strained and expressed and boiled with honey or sugar to the consistence of a syrup or any one or more of these and all of them are to be wrought so long in a Morter with a woodden Pestle untill they are exactly mingled and come to be of the consistence of honey or rather the middle betwixt Honey and Electuaries Eclegmaes may be prepared without the addition of Powders and Species if a juice or Muscellage be boiled with honey or sugar to the consistence of an Eclegma 3. Eclegmaes also may be made according to that manner which is explained last of all amongst the Electuaries so that if it ought to be licked the consistence ought to be the moister 4. And such things are often administred alone to be supt up by the sick or else they are prepared of them other things being mixt a new Eclegma is made for the present occasion for you may take as much as you please of the usuall Eclegma Conserves also are added and convenient Powders Sugar and an Eclegma may be reduced into the forme of a Syrup with a sufficient quantity of Syrup or Juleps or clarified Honey or Sugar dissolved To which sometimes some drops of distilled Oyles are added 5. Sometimes an Eclegma is prepared of Syrups alone Sugar-canded or Penedies being added Hereunto belong medicines which by some are called Saponea Saponea from the similitude of white Soape not yet made hard by others t is called Linctus from a Liniment made of Almonds Sweete Almonds are taken being blanched and are pounded to those that are pounded clarified Sugar or Penedies or Sugar-Candy is added being first dissolved in a convenient Liquor they are boyled to the consistence of Honey a little before they have done boyling a pound of Rice is added to wit unto two ounces of Sugar an ounce of Rice and another of Almonds and a sufficient quantity of Rose water and a little before it be ended some Ginger also or Aromatick may be added Others draw a milke out of Almonds with Rose water or some other convenient Liquor with some portion of milke Sugar is dissolved the Rice is rast in afterwards and the other part also of the mulsion being poured in they are stirred with a gentle fire The composition which is called Leucophagum Leucophagum is so named from its colour and therefore may be referred to this or the precedent head t is prepared of sweeâ— Almonds macerated in Rose water and the flesh of a Capon or Patridge boyled with it being very much wrought in a Marble Morter and strained through a haire seive with a little of the beaten blanched Almonds and Sugar boyled to a due consistence to which according to the severall aimes of the Physitians Aromaticks Corralls and other things may be added CHAP XIII Of Boles A Bolus hath that name because it is a gobbet of Physick in a round figure A Bole. allmost as much as ones mouth will hold whence it is calied Buccilla but the name of Bolus agrees not only to purging but altering Physick Purging Boles are thus prepared The way to prepare purging Boles purging Electuaries are taken and a convenient quantity of Sugar being added they are made up in the forme of a Pyramid not much unlike an Olive lest they should be loathsome they ought not to be made of Electuaries that are ungratefull and for that reason Hiera is scarce ever given in Boles the quantity ought not to exceed an ounce 2. Sometimes some of the Powders or speties are added 3. You may add conserves 4 Or instead of Sugar Conserves either alone or with a little Sugar may be used 5. Instead of Sugar or sometimes with Sugar especially in diseases of the reines licorish-Licorish-Powder or some other may be added so may Turpentine also 6 Moreover in the stead of purging Electuaries Powders of simples that purge use to be taken wherein something also which alters or corrects the violence of purgers or that give a pleasant â—mell or taste to them or else they may be added for some other cause or species of purging Confections or Extracts purging both simple and compound which are taken and incorporated with the pulpe of Cassia the pulpe of Tramarines or Pruants or some Conserve or Rob or some convenient Syrup and with a sufficient quantity of Sugar are made into the forme of a Bolus 7. Sometimes distilled Oyles are ming lediwith a Bolus to corroborate namely of Anniseed Mace Cinamon Cloves some few drops and sometimes the Bolus is covered with Gould Boles to cause vomiting Vomiting boles and they are prepared after thâ— same manner and are made of some Emettick powder sim ple or compound to which sometimes is added some of the things that alter or correct some certaine grains or some Emittick extract with a conserve or some confection of the like consistence and with syrups Boles also may be exhibited for other uses Altering to alter stâ—engthen and provoke sleep but the composition differs not from the former CHAP. XIV Of Powders and Trageis or Comfits BUt as for the formes of dry Medecines Powders and Trageis Powders are the plainest way of compounding amongst them commonly called Trageas without doubt corruptly derived from the word Tragema which consists of one or more Medecines compounded if the tast be ungratefull an equall part of sugar or half so much sugar is to be added But Powders are either thin and subtile which if they confist of pure Aromaticks and Sugar they are wont to be called generally Tragemats or Trageae or else more thick and not so subtile nay sometimes Aromaticks are not pulverised but onely cut asunder and seeds hardned with sugar or candied called Comfits are added to them and Species that are cut are also called grosse Trageaes They are used for severall purposes according
NINE BOOKS OF PHYSICK AND CHIRVRGERY Written by that Great and Learned Physitian Dr SENNERTUS The first five being his Institutions of the whole Body of Physick The other four of Fevers and Agues With their Differences Signs and Cures LONDON Printed by J. M. for Lodowick Lloyd at the Castle in Corn-hill 1658. THE INSTITUTIONS OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art both of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY Divided into five Books Plainly discovering all that is to be known in both as the Subject and end of Physick the Nature of all Diseases their Causes Signs Differences Events and Cures ALSO The Grounds of Chymistry and the way of making all sorts of Salves and preparing of Medicines according to Art nothing of the like nature in English before Written first in Latine by that Great and Learned Phycitian D. Sennertus Doctor and Professor of Physick Made English by N. D. B. P. late of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge London Printed for Lodowick Lloyd and are to be sold at his Shop next door to the Sign of the Castle in Cornhill 1656. To the Lovers of the Study of Physick especially those who desires to attain to the true knowledge thereof OF all the Arts and Sciences that the Sons of Men so much covet after there is none so pleasant and profitable as Physick Physick doth not onely teach thee to preserve thy selfe from the assaults of those manifold Enemies which Nature is liable unto but it teaches thee to restore Health when lost and to heal thy selfe though wounded by thy greatest adversary besides in the Anatomical part it entertains thy fancy with the wonderfull work of Nature where the unsearchable wisdom of the Creator is as legible as in those things we count more sublime and Celestial which if considered Physicians cannot be so Atheistical as the world reports them to be I undertook not this work out of design to prejudice the Colledge by making that English which they would have remain in Latine nor to advantage my self by any private gain but to benefit those who are unskilled in the Latine but lovers of the Study I say for the benefit of such have I put this into English Although by my Profession I am otherwise obliged it s something unsuitable to my spirit to have that Monopolized into the hands of a few which should be in common to all such is the practise of Physick yet would I not have those to Administer who are ignorant of the Institutions of Physick as too many have done of late to their own and others detriment He that can but well digest this Book his understanding will sufficiently be inriched in the very inside of the whole body of Physick and will need no other foundation to go upon being the best that ever the Doctors met with for their own informations I shall not need to acquaint thee with the Authors Method that thou wilt find by the Contents of Chapters before the Book nor of the Authors worth for that thou wilt sufficiently understand by his works which speaks aloud in their Masters praise whose fame and worth is well known to the Common-wealth of Learning throughout the world If thou meetst with any Errata 's in thy reading thou art desired to correct them the Translators absence sometimes from the Press occasioned them The Contents of the Chapters of the five following Books BOOK I. CHAP. I. OF the nature of Physick pag. 1 Of the division of Physick p 2 Of Health p 3 Of Temperaments p 6 Of innate heat p 10 Of Spirits p 12 Of the natural constitution of or ganick parts and the common unity of parts alike and not alike called simular and dissimular parts p 14 Of the faculties of the soul and of the differences of actions in Mans Body ibid Of the natural faculty and first of nutrition and augmentation p 15 Of Generation p 20 Of the vital faculty p 23 Of the animal faculty and first of the external senses p 25 Of the internal senses p 27 Of the intellective faculty p. 29 Of the desire and moving faculty ibid Book 2. Part. I. Of Diseases OF the nature of a disease p 31 Of the differences of diseases p 32 Of diseases of intemperature p 33 Of diseases of the whole substance or of the hidden qualities p 34 Of organick diseases p 35 Of diseases of confirmation p 36 Of diseases of number p 38 Of diseases of magnitude ibid Of diseases of composition p 39 Of diseases of solution of unity p 40. Of the accidental and common differences of diseases ib Of the times of diseases p 44 Book 2. Part. 2. O Of the causes of â—iseases p 46 Of things which are the causes of a disease and first of non-naturals p 49 Of internal causes of diseases and first of fullnesse of blood p 52 Of flegm p 53 Of choller p 54 Of melanâ—holy p 55 Of the serous humor and of wind p 56 Of humors according to the opinion of later Phisicians and of Chymists p 57 Of the generation of stones and worms p 58 Of the causes of diseases of intemperature without matter ibid Of the causes of distemper with matter p 59 Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance p 60 Of the causes of organick diseases p 61 Of the causes of diseases of solution of unity p. 63 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 1. OF Symptomes Of the difference of Symptomes What a Symptome is p. 65 Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general p 66 Of the differences in general of actions hindred p 68 Of the Symptomes of the natural faculty Ibid Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty p 71 Of the Symptomes of the external senses p 72 Of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 73 Of the Symptomes of the motive faculty p 75 Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt p 77 Of the Symptomes of the changeable qualities of the body p 78 Of the Symptomes of excressions and retensions p 79 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 2. Of the causes of Symptomes OF the cause of the Symptomes of the natural faculty p 81 Of the cause of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hinderances of respiration p 95 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses p 97 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 103 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the moving faculty p 108 Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt p 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed p 116 Of the causes of Symptomes in those things which are sent forth and retained p 118 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of signes in general of the difference and Heads of Signs OF the Necessity and benefit of the method of signs p 122 OF the differences of Signs p 123 Of the Heads of signs p 125 Sect. 2. OF knowing the temperature of mans body and of his principal parts of the signs of a
wholesome body p 127 Of the signs of bodies differing from their best constitution p 129 Of the signs of the constitution of the Brain p 132 Of the signs of the constitution of the heart p 136 Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver p 138 Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles p 139 Of the signs of the constitution of the Stomach p 140 Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs p 141 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of Urines OF the abuse of inspection of Urines p 142 Of the difference of Urine and first of the substance of Urine p 143 Of the Conteints in Urine p 145 Of the causes of the various consistency of Vrine p 147 Of the causes of colours in Urines p 148 Of the causes of an oyly Urine and the other differences p 150 Of the causes of smell quantity and such like accidents p 151 Of the causes of Contents in Urines of those that are sick p 152 Of the causes and changes in Urines p 154 What is to be observed in the inspection in Urines p 156 What may be discerned and foretold by Urine p 157 Book 3. Part 3. Sect. 4. Of Pulses WHat a Pulse is p 158 Of the simple differences of Pulses p 159 Of the compound differences of Pulses p 160 Of an equal and unequal Pulse p 161 Of the order and harmony amongst Pulses p 164 Of certain things necessarily requisite to distinguish Pulses by p 165 How to know the differences of simple Pulses p 166 How to know the respective differences of Pulses p 167 Of the causes of Pulses in general p 168 Of the causes of the simple differences of Pulses p 171 Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses p 172 Of the causes of varying of Pulses p 174 What the simple differences of Pulses signify and presage p 176 What the other differences of Pulses signifie and presage p 177 What Pulses presage health or death p 179 Of signs to be observed from the Tongue p 179 Book 3. Part 2. Of the Diagnostick Signs OF the signs of causes in general p 182 Of the Signs of causes and of humours in particular p 184 Of the Signs of Diseases p 187 How to know the parts affected p 189 How to know Symptomes p 194 Book 3. Part 3. Of the Prognostick Signs OF the several kinds of prognostick signs p 195 Of those kinds of signs by which the times of diseases may be known p 196 Of the signs of times of diseases in particular p 198 Of the signs by which we may foretel the events of a disease p 199 How to presage of life and death from the error and faults of actions p 2â—2 Of the signs of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions p 207 Of the signs of health and of death which are taken from the mutations of the qualities of the body p 212 Of knowing the times longitude brevity and event of a Disease p 214 How many mutations there are of Diseases and the manners and what a Crisis is p 215 Of the causes differences manner and time of judgement p 216 Of critical days p 218 Of the causes of critical days p 219 Of the signs of Crisis in general p 221 Of the signs of differences in Crisis p 222 The signs of Crisis to come by excretion and imposthumation Ibid Through what places there will be excretion and where there will be imposthumation p 223 Of the time of the Crisis p 225 Book 4 Part 1. Sect. 1. WHat things appertain to the Doctrine of the preservation of health and how many kinds there are of necessary causes for the preservation and â—efence thereof p 227 Of Aire p 228 Of Meat p 231 Meats from Plants p 232 Meats from living creatures p 239 Of â—rink p 261 Of the passion of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body p 266 Of sleeping and waking p 267 Of hathes Ibid Of Exâ—retions and Retentions and of Venery p 268 Book 4. Part 2 OF those things which are to be observed by all for the preservation of health p 270 Of the cure of little ones not yet born and of the diet of women with child p 272 Of the diet of Infants and thence forwards until twenty one years of age p 274 Of the diet of middle age p 275 Of the diet of old men p 280 Of the diet of such as are out of temper and of Neuters p 282 Book 5. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of the Materials for cure of Medicines VVHat a Medicine is p 285 Of the faculties of medicines in general p 286 Of the first faculties of the medicines p 289 Of medicines proper to every part or of corroborating medicines p 293 Of extenuating and preparing of humours p 297 Of Emollients relaxing rarefying c. p 298 Of medicines easing pain and causing rest p 301 Of drawing and repelling medicines p 302 Of ripening things and such as generate quitture also of such as generate flesh and brawny flesh of such as dry and cleanse green wounds and cause cicatrising and of such as generate Seed and Milk p 303 Of such things as make the skin red of such as cause blisters and of such as cause scabs or pustules of burning things of Corrosives Putrifactives and of such things as take away hair and extinguish milk and seed p 305 Of medicines purging through the paunch p 307 Cholagogues or the milder purger of Choler p 308 Stronger purgers of choller p 310 The milder purgers of flegm p 311 The stronger purgers of flegm Ibid The milder purgers of melancholy and black humours p 313 The stronger purgers of melancholy and adust humours Ibid Hydragogues and such as evacuate Aqueous humours p 314 Of Medicines that cause vomits p 315 Of Medicines causing Urine p 316 Of Medicines causing sweat p 317 Of Diaphoreticks and medicines discussing wind Ibid Of provoking courses expelling the secunâ—ine and a dead child p 318 Of Medicines that break the stone p 319 Of Errbines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes Ibid Of things causing spittle p 320 Of Medicines killing and expelling worms Ibid Of Druggs good against poyson 321 Of the manner of finding out the vertue of Medicines ib. Book 5. Part 1. Sect. 2. Of Chyrurgery OF Chyrurgery in general p 323 Of putting together and binding in general p 325 Of swalling Ibid Of Cerots or Bolsters p 326 Of Splents p 327 Of Binders p Ibid Of fit placing of a member that is bound Ibid Of Coaptation of broâ—en bones p 328 Of restoring of bones that are out of joint p 330 Of the putting together of the soft and fleshy parts p 331 Of correcting of bones that are represt or set awry p 333 Of disjunction in general and of dissection of soft parts p 334 Of Section of bones p 337 Of burning p 339 Of drawing of things out of the body which were sent into the body from without p 340 Of drawing
Office if he have omitted none of those things that are in the power of Nature and Art For out of those two the Excellency and Dignity of Physick is manifested The Excellency of Physick for it is imployed about mans Body of all natural Bodies the most noble The end it aims at is health then which amongst all things that may be called good by Mortals nothing is better and that which alone is sought by it self Whereas all the rest of the Arts aim at nothing themselves but perform all things because of some outward end CHAP. II. Of the Division of Physick SEEing that the end of Physick The division and parts of Physick is to preserve present health and to restore it when it is lost it is properly divided into the Preserving and Curing part yet there are also higher things pertaining to these parts which are necessary to be known by the Physitian and they are to be added For sithence a Physitian cannot heal unlesse he know the Subject whereon he ought to work and since all Arts begin from the knowledge of their end first he should acquire the knowledge of mans body wherein he ought to work and wherein health doth consist 't is necessary he should understand and since that a disease is repugnant to health he ought to know the nature differences causes and effects of a disease and by what rules to find these in every individual And so Physick is conveniently divided into five parts the Physiological Pathological Semeiotical Hygieinal and Therapeutical Physiologie handles the subject and end of Physick Physiologie and so treats of mans body and shews the constitution thereof and all its parts their uses and actions and the faculties of the mind Pathologie teacheth the nature of diseases and Symptomes Pathologie their differences and causes and explains all things whatsoever by which mans body recedes from a natural constitution The Semeiotick part shews the Signs Of signs of sickness and health whereby we may know whether a man be sick or well and by which we may discover diseases and causes that lie hid in mans body and the events of diseases The Hygieinal part shews by what rules present health may be preserved Of preservation of health and how a man may beware before-hand as much as is possible lest he should fall into a disease The Therapeutical part teacheth by what means health is to be recovered and how diseases with their causes and symptomes may be repelled and taken away Of curing diseases If there be any other besides these which are counted parts of Physick they are not principal but lesser into which these are sub-divided such are the Diatetical Chirurgical and Pharmaceutical parts and such like CHAP. III. Of Health FIrst as for the Physiological part indeed very many dispose of it and place it otherwise What Physiologie handles Of things called Naturals and in that comprehend things called Naturals without which our bodies cannot subsist whole and they accompt them seven Elements Temperaments Humours Spirits Parts Faculties Actions but since the handling of them as they are such is properly the work of a Physitian they are considered by a Physitian in this place as they conduce to the knowledge of the subject which is mans body to the explication of the end which is health to which also we are willing to order the handling of them And indeed to it belongs principally the description and knowledge of all the parts of mans body which since it is more copious then to be contained in a Compendium that is to be sought in Anatomical books but especially by seeing bodies dissected afterwards followeth the explication of the end of Physick which is health But since that all men do then think themselves welâ— The definâ—tion of health when they can rightly perform the natural and necessary actions of life Health is defined fitly to be a power of mans body to perform those actions which are according to nature depending on the natural constitution of all the parts for health doth not consist in the action it self since that those who sleep or are quiet in what manner whatsoever and cease from certain actions are sound and as Galen hath it in the 2 cap. of the differences of diseases not to operate is to be well but to be able to operate nor is he onely well who performs his natural actions but also he that doth them not so that he be able to do them And so the formal reason of health is a potency of body to perform natural actions but because Galen in the place above-mentioned makes health to be a natural constitution of all the parts of the body and in the first Chapter of the Differences of Symptomes a framing made according to nature fit for operation or a natural constitution of all the parts of the body having power to undergo those things which are according to nature therefore it comes to passe that that position or constitution is rather subject to the actions of a Physitian then to the power of acting The subject of health is a living body The Subject of health or the parts of a living body as to that to which alone the power of acting belongs but those which live not and have no power to perform natural actions those are neither said to be sick nor well But the cause of health The efficient cause of health or that whereby a body and its parts are said to be sound is a natural constitution of them But seeing there is a twofold constitution of a body and of all its parts the one Essential which consists of matter and substantial form the other accidental which follows the former and is such a disposation of qualities and other accidents in the several parts of the body by which the essential form may exercise all its actions and according to its diversity it acteth variously Health doth not consist in the essential but accidental constitution for the mind cannot be hindred or hurt but remains alwaies the same and unchanged so that it have instruments constituted in the same manner The Essential constitution also so long as a man lives is immutable and at length is changed by death but the accidental constitution of the body is subject to many alterations whence the same soul in the same body acts one way and another way And because the parts of the body are several the natural constitution of them also is not the same The definition of similar and dissimilar parts The parts of the body are two-fold similar and dissimilar Similar parts are such whose particles have the same form and are alike to the whole and to one another and indeed some are truely and exactly such wherein no difference can be found neither by accurate sense nor by reason such are a Bone a. Gristle simple flesh a very small vein Fat Others are so onely to the sense which although at
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
some happen to it from without Those which are in the body are humours and excrements Internal if they contein in them malignant and venomous qualities as putrified Blood Seed and other corrupt humours As for external causes External First venomous and malignant Aire Secondly Virulent and contagious Diseases Thirdly Poyson drunk or after what manner soever taken into the Body Fourthly Poysons which come by the smitings or bitings of venomous creatures or some other way communicated to the body externally Venom is either generated in the Air or else the Air receives it from some other thing Aire It receives it from some other thing by malignant exhalations and vapours from Cattel Marish grounds dead Carkasses and other such like exhalations Poyson is generated in the Aire by reason of its hot and moist constitution or the occult influences of stars Contagion is a Granary or if you please Contagion an Affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another body from a body affected likewise contrary to nature This Infection is twofold either by touch when the body which is infected toucheth that body which is next to it or at distance when a body far distant from another by that which it emits it infects the distant body Poysons taken into the body are either Plants Poysons taken Poysons from without or living Creatures or Minerals or poysonous Metals Poysons which happen externally to the body are the biting of venomous Creatures Stroakes Exhalations or venomous Unguents and Powders CHAP. XII Of the causes of Organick Diseases NOw for the causes of Organick Diseases and first the figure of Conformation is vitiated either by it selfe or by accident By it selfe it is vitiated first in the womb The causes of the figure vitiated through some error of the formative faculty Secondly out of the womb through violent motion either of those things that happen externally or those which are with us or in us or by the errors of our Midwives Nurses or Chyrurgions Thirdly by too great repletion and encrease and on the contrary by Inanition or Defect of Aliment and lesning the due magnitude or in default in number By accident the figure is hurt when any parts grow not as they ought but another way through loosening of Nerves Convulsion Inflammation or swelling a Scyrrhus or hard bunch on the Liver the cutting of a Nerve or Tendon or by some hard skin growing in them Moreover to what belongs to Diseases in the Channels of the Body Diseases in the Channel are either in excesse or defect Diseases of the passages in excesse the passages are too much dilated by something filling them contrary to nature and stretching them sometimes too much But straitness of the passages is either from our first formation when our stomachs are narrower then they ought or by repletion or when in an Empyema an Impostumation or Ulcer is generated in the brest and there broken and flowes and makes it narrower or whilest a stone groweth in some hollow part or by compressure when from what cause soever a hollow member lying under its Cavity is pressed too close or by the closing of its outsides or by constriction when by too much use of binding things the stomach is contracted Diseases of the passages since they are in excess or in defect The causes of Diseases of passages Anastomasis Diaresis An Anastomasis is caused first by the too great quantity or the quality of humours initating the expulsive faculty or the mouth of the vessels opening themselves moreover sometimes by Medicines and other things which have power to relax and loosen the mouths of the vessels A Devision is made by some gnawing or cutting cause such may be sharp humours or fretting Medicines either stretching them too much as too great store of humours Diapedesis or else breaking them as violent motion clamours heavy burthens knocking An opening the Tunicles of the vessels is by moistning and rarefying things The causes of defect and straitnesse of passages Obstruction Constipation Coalescence Compression The causes of the defect of passages or of narrownesse of them are five Obstruction Constipation Cealescence Compressure Subsidence The cause of obstruction is first that which is conteined in a passage and is not generated for such are thick or viscide humours clots of blood quitture hard dung stones worms and too great abouncance of humours The cause of Constipation is hard flesh as when there is a Tumour the flesh growes in the passage Coalescence is caused when after a wound the walls of the passages grow together Compression is made by things externally hapning which have power by weight and violence or otherwise to pâ—esse the passages and have strength to force them inward as divers tumours and bones out of joynt are amongst the internal causes amongst the external Bones Conâ—usions Stroakes and such like Subsidence Subsidence is when the outsides of the passages by too much moisture are made looser then they ought to which some adde Constriction by cooling and astringent things The causes of Diseases on the outside The causes of Diseases in the Superficies or extremities of the body are such as make it rough or smooth rugged things make it rough so does gnawing things and such as dry overmuch as sharp humours and medicines endued with such qualities sharp vapours Wind Smoak sharp Meates things endued with contrary qualities make the body smooth Moistâ—ning things make the body soft contrary to nature drying things make it harder the mixture of black humours and such as give a tincture spoyles the clearnesse of complexion The cause of Diseases of defect Causes of Diseases in number in number are either from a mans birth namely defect of matter or imbecillity of the faculty drawing matter being not able to retain and elaborate the same or error of formation Or else after one is born by outting burning gnawing putrefying and too much cooling either natural things abound contrary to nature and that from our beginning the cause whereof is either too great plenty of profitable matter and the strength and error of the formative faculty or after our birth as is a Membrane a Tubercle the cause whereof is plenty of good matter and by it occasion is given of breeding an Ulcer or somewhat contrary to nature aboundeth as Warts Stones and such like the cause whereof is peccant matter Magnitude is encreased contrary to nature Of Magnitude encreased either according to some dimensions only or according to all First it is encreased by things contrary to nature as by wind as in a Timpany and a windy Tumour or by water as in a Dropsie or by the falling of one part into another as when one is bursten Augmentation is made according to all the dimensions by the spreading of humours over all the substance of the body which comes to passe either by reason of profitable humours which happens to fat people and
shall come to passs and that they may not rail against the best Medicines being given to those that are desperately sick By the name of Signs we do understand all those things which signifie any thing A Sign what ' t is or all evident things which lay open a hidden matter or as the Author of Physical definitions speaks A sign is a manifestation of somewhat hidden or every thing that shews any of those things which are in the Method of healing and can demonstrate them and make them manifest CHAP. II. Of the differences of Signs OF Signs of this kind there are certain differences Differences of signs wholesome and unwholesome first according to varieties of Bodies some Signes are counted wholesome which shew soundnesse and health others unwholesome which shew unsoundnesse others are neutral which shew a disposition to neither Secondly certain Signs are called Diagnosticks and Deloticks demonstrating and demonstrative Diagnostick which demonstrate those things which shew the present constitution of the body whether it be according to nature or contrary to nature certain are Prognosticks Prognostick which foreshew what shall come to passe Anamnestick certain are Anamnesticks which call to memory the state of the body which is newly past Thirdly Proper Common some signs are proper others common proper are such as agree to one disease onely Common are such as are found in many diseases Galen in the first of the differences of Fevers appoints three kinds of proper Signs and the one he calls unfeparable another proper in its kind a third proper and inseparable also he calls those unseparable which cannot be separated from the effect which they shew and agrees to every such effect but not onely proper are such as agree to those alone but not to all Proper and inseparable are such as agree to such an effect alone and to all Out of this division there ariseth other differences of Signs they are called by the Greeks Pathognomonick Synedruors Epiginomens Epephanomens in English â—â—separable sociable concomitant subservient and such as appear afterwards Pathognomonicks are such as follow the disease also and necessary inhere in it Pathognomonicks and therefore prefently in the beginning of a disease is present and cannot be separated from it and agrees to every such disease and alwayes where they are they shew the disease that must necessarily be there present yet it seldom happens that there is one Pathognomonick sign but for the most part the Pathognomonick signs are constituted of more joyned together which if they are taken severally are not Pathognomonicks Synedruons Synedruons that is sociable ones are such as are not inseparable from a disease nor do they necessarily cohere to the essence of a disease nor are alwayes present but besides the Pathognomonicks sometimes they appear presently at the beginning sometimes they follow afterwards and sometimes they are not present at any time of the disease and therefore they do not shew the disease it selfe or its kind but signifie some condition thereof Epiphanomenaes and Epiginomenaes are such as neither shew the kind of a disease Epiphanomenaes and Epiginomenaes nor the condition thereof but shew onely its mutation and they are threefold some signs are of concoction and crudity others signifie health and death others are Critick or decretory which foretell the termination of a disease CHAP III. Of the heads of Signs OF the heads of Signes although there are many Fountains of signs 1 Essentially inhering yet they seem to be reduced to theee the first are taken from the nature and essence its selfe of the thing or as Galen speaks from things essentially enhering in the substance whether it be a disease or a cause of a disease or a Symptome namely when a thing in its own nature is so manifest to the senses that there needs no other signes Secondly signs are sought from diseases that is From the effects from all things which follow health a disease and the causes of diseases accidents and Symptomes whether they be actions or excrements and retentions or qualities of the body Thirdly from causes whether they be external From the cause or internal by themselves or by accident or what other soever Whereunto belongs ability and disposition of body and from hence t is easie or difficult to fall into this or that disease for this shewes alike temper that a contrary such as helpe also and such as hinder as those which encrease a disease are an argument that the disease hath an agreement with the thing which increases it but that which delights and profits is a token that there is in nature something contrary to the disease To these heads of signes some adde such as are alike and disalike understanding by those things Things alike and unlike either a body which is compared to another body or a part which is compared with another part or with it selfe yet others think that similitude and dissimilitude is not a peculiar head of signes but rather a reason of fitly câ—mparing other signes among themselves but the comparison may be right the manners properly and nature of the sick should be known wandring diseases commonly belong to these when if many happen to be sick of one common infirmity and he which is sick begins to be so as the rest were it is to be suspected that he hath the same disease Sect. 2. Of knowing the Temperature of Mans Body and of his Principal Parts CHAP. I. Of the Signs of a wholesome Body AFter we have spoken of the Signs in general we come now to handle the several kinds and because bodies are two-fold Sound and Sick and there is a certain difference and latitude of a sound body which embraces neither of these first we are to speak in what manner the various constitutions of a sound Body and of its parts are to be known and going back from thence even from a natural state may be understood how a diseased and 't is not difficult to discern a sound from a sick and all those that are to be accounted for sound who can perform all those actions which belong to a man Yet how such counterfeit diseases are to be found out Galen teaches in a peculiar Book but since there is a great latitude of health first of all the signs are to be proposed of the best constitution of body which is as it were a rule for the rest and to which as to the statue of Polycletus the natures of men of all of Ages Sexes Countries and Conditions are to be compared The signs of such a Constitution as also of others differing from it Galen in his art of Healing and fifth Chapter draws from two heads first from those which essentially inhere and which according to the nature of the essence are in them Secondly from those which necessarily follow those in their operations and accidents First Signs of a sound body therefore it is
up and Myouri and such as striking double are very evil yet in an uneven pulse that is quickned is less evil then an intermitting because although it signifie the faculty declining yet it shews not it to be extreamly weak A Sistematick inequality Systematical inequality or complication of inequalities unequally made is less dangerous then an equality equally made because that for the most part is caused by default of the instrument but this happens by the imbecility of the faculty Intermitting pulses with imbecility Intermitting fince they proceed from the debility of the faculty are altogether dangerous and indeed the longer they are quiet and the more stroaks they intermit by so much they are the more dangerous yet old men and boyes are in lesse danger in this pulse then young men in whom the faculty is weak and offended by a smal occasion but where the faculty is strong not without a great cause A deficient Pulse is yet more dangerous Deficient because it shews great imbecility An intercurrent pulse is the most secure of all unequal pulses Intercurrent which indeed signifies the strength to be loaden yet hitherto strong and whole and promiseth victory Deficient reciprocal pulses shew great imbecillity of the saculty Reciprocal deficient yet with striving against the preter-natural causes Adescending or a declining pulse Miourus vernâ—iouâ—ar formicant a vermicular shew the faculty to be much weakned but the formicant pulse is a token that the faculty is yet more dejected and if it be perceived in Feavers and quotidian diseases it is a certain token of death A surging pulse signifies that the faculty is burthened Surging and weakned and t is an ill signe if it be changed into a vermicular yet sometimes it signifies that the strength is great and the arteries moistned with the humour and moreover with decretory sweat A serrate pulse is ill token Serrate and signifies an internal great and dangerous inflamation But as for Order since it signifies a fixed Order of pulse what it shews a perpetual cause the perturbation of order being troubled if the pulse be otherwise profitable order signifies firmness of power but inordinate shew that the faculty is oppressed by fuliginous excrements but if the order of the pulse be together unprofitable with the inequality it signifies the highest weakness and is a very ill signe Lastly change of harmony signifies variation of the use Rhythmes CHAP. XV. What Pulses presage health or death ALthough it easily appears from hence what pulses signifie safety or death yet that we may handle them singly What pulses shew a strong faculty great pulses swift vehement double striking surging signifie that the faculty is strong and indeed amongst those the vehement is in the first place afterwards the great hence the swift and surging Lastly the double striking But smal pulses languishing intermitting declining Languishing vermicular formicant and all pulses which descend from mediocrity to the extrcame in defect except the most vehement signifie that the strength is failing and weak and these pulses of themselves do shew that the faculty is weak if they are equal but if they proceed from the faculty burthened they are unequal hence the vermicular formicant intermitting and declining are deficient evils by how much the pulse is fainter and lesser by so much it argues the greater debility of strength Hence it plainly appears that the pulses which promise health Health are those which little decline from the pulses of sound men and are equal ordinate great vehement but amongst the fainting ones little eunqual inordinate those which are least these so that malignity be absent are least dangerous On the contrary seeble pulses little slow and such like Death indicating the faculty weak portend danger or death if together other ill signes also do appear also all those pulses are evil which come to extremity except the most vehement and amongst those the least most faint most slow and most thin are the worst of all but of the unequal those are less dangerous wherein are many great and vehement stroakes the dangerous are the declining intermitting intercurrent vermicular and formicant as is said before Lastly Manner of event pulses conduce to the knowledg of the manner of the event for pulses which are weaker duller and thinner to the Judgement signifie that the disease will not give off but rather by solution wear away by little and little but unequal pulses vehement great swift and frequent informe the Judgement that the disease will soon be at an end and in a critical day or day when there is a conflict of nature and a disease and a change expected the pulses are inordinate and unequal and if they become strong from weak and become great from little it shews the next Crisis or judgement and they presage good if in unequal pulses there are more great then little swift then slow moderate then frequent vehement then faint CHAP. XVI Of signes to be observed from the Tongue BVt besides the urines The tongue a figne of diseases and pulses the Physitian also shal consider sweats excrements of the paunch spittle the Tongue other things but since we have spoken before of the former and hereafter I shall speak again here we will only add something of the tongue which shew certain signes especially in Feavers and as often as any change happens of its own accord either of colour or taste in the tongue it is certain that so often there is some change made in the body But why the tongue should change its natural constitution Causes of the changeing the tongue there are two principal causes humors exhaling out of the veins and arteries of the tongue and principally affecting the coat of the tongue moreover vapours and humors ascending from the inferior parts to which notwithstanding sometimes humours flowing from the head are added The colour of the tongue is changed and is become white with the spittle wherewith it is moistned The colour of the tongue changed and it is dried by heat which often comes to pass in Feavers a white colour is often changed into a yellow mud colour or black whilst other humors are communicated to the tongue and that external skin is changed by the fùliginous feaverish vapours Whence the colour of the tongue may shew both the nature and the time of the Feaver for as Hiprocrate saith in the beginning the tongue is white or yellow in his Third Book of diseases in progress of time it grows black and if it grow black in the beginning of a disease the disease wil the sooner be over but if in the latter end 't wil endure the longer nay oftentimes the tunicle of the tongue is so polluted with fuliginous vapours ascending that sometimes it rots away but when the Feaver declines the colour of the tongue returns to its natural condition and the humour which is spread
about the Tongue is taken away and that which was corrupted is separated and that change first appears in the top of the tongue hence that other paâ—t towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure Lastly the root and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine The taste of the Tongâ—e being changed Savour signifies abundance of humours from choler the taste is bitter from sweet flegme sweete from a salt salt from an acid humor sour or sharp The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humidity which was consumed by the feaverish heat yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only THE THIRD BOOK THE SECOND PART Of the Diagnostick Signes CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall BUt now that we may come to the Kinds Antecedent Signes and that we may explaine the Anamnestick Diagnostick and Prognostick signes concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left or they are known by some profitable or hurtful thing which they occasioned As for the Diagnosticks Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand they are either of a disease neer at hand or present Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule that every mutation in actions accidents and excrements after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome and without any externall cause Of a present threatens a disease for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution they are signes of health as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state it signifies a falling from health into a disease and the same signes if they are gathered together and increased indicate a disease to be now present But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a disease is imminent or that it is present but it is necessary to know what the disease is the signes are to be propounded severally both of Morbifique causes and places affected of diseases as also of symptomes and that we may begin from the signes of causes which lead us unto the knowledg of diseases concerning the necessary signes of causes and by which any thing may be known certainly some are proper others common but collected together by a race or current and are limited within their proper subject Proper signes of humours from the tastâ— The proper signes are savour colour and motion of humors as to tast blood is sweet flegme watrish and unsavory choller bitter salt flegme causeth a salt taste flegme and melancholy an acid a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brackish taste The blood is red as also choler is red From the colour flegme that is white hath a white colour pale choler a pale yellow a yellow Leek colour a greene an Aeruginous is like Verdegrease melancholy hath a black hew troubled black choler black splendid and when one savour or colour agrees with two humors we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned 't is acid by the white colour acid flegme is known by the black melancholy Moreover the humors have their determinate motions several daies the flegme is moved the day between each From the motion choler Melancholy is moved the fourth day if such a motion be wanting the blood offends choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day melancholy in the evening flegme in the night the swiftnesse also and slowness of motion indicate the humours of a disease for a swift disease depends on a thin humor hot and cholerick a slow on a dull and thick But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body so that the humours cannot be known Of the common signes Current a current of common signes then ought to suffice the causes and affects or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes antecedents are supplied by two fountains namely external and evident causes or things not natural and the disposition of the body but the consequences are all symptomes and whatsoever help or hurt Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour Antecedents according as they either heat the body or cool it or make other changes in it of which is spoken before Lib 1 Part 2. Chap 2. Moreover the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors without which those evident causes can do little in producing them Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads First there is an hereditary disposition of the body 2ly age 3ly Constitution of the body 4ly Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour The consequences are symptomes Consequence namely actions hurt excretions and retentions and the qualities of the body changed also diseases arising from humours Lastly all things helping and hurting CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes and of Humours in particular AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before Signes of Plethory signifies that blood doth abound and a plethory as to the vessels is present as is expressed before in the Lib 2. Part 2. chap 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm overspread with an habituous vapour the veins are fuller and especially after exercise and heat swel the muscles are extended the strength of Nature is increased with a certain proportion of blood and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled or fanned enough it grows thick and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine and wearisomness ariseth Respiration is more difficult after labour in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant and their discourse and memory duller their sleep is profound and more durable and pleasing with flattering dreams and of red things and blood the pulse is great and strong all natural actions are excellently performed the urine is more plentiful and moderate in substance and colour and the contents therein are plentiful the colour of the whole body and especially of the face is red and rosie the reins of the cies are red the skin being touched is hot yet that heat is gentle they easily tolerate evacuations of blood by what means soever made sparing diet takes away the wearisomness and quencheth thirst but they are offended by hot and moist things and all things which increase heat idleness and food increasing blood hurts them but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength by gravity of body an unequal pulse signes of crudity and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction begin Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the
generation of flegme if they have preceded Flegme of which above Lib 2. part 2. ch 4. Moreover those which abound with flegme are dul flow lazy and unapt for motion more stupid in their senses dullet of apprehension propense to sleep and sleep more soundly they dream of waters and raine snow haile ice and of drowning their manners are unbeseeming they are not easily angry the pulse is little dul thin and soft they are not troubled with thirst their desire is weaker they are affected with cold diseases moist and durable they send forth many flegmatick excrements and abound with spittle their urine is white pale sometimes thin sometimes thick and troubled their dejected ordure is crude pituitous the whole body is thick white soft and more cold to the touch heating and drying things cutting and atenuating and evacuating flegme advantage them they easily indure fasting On the other side all cooling and moistning things and thickning and those which retaine and increase Flegme offend them if the Flegme be sour all those signes are the more vehement but salt Flegme is known from the preceding causes of which is spoken before thirst is present a salt taste those things which are cast out are crude but withall biting Moderate salt things delight them too much drying and heating things hurt them Choler is known to abound if the causes Of Choller and dispositions of the body have gone before which conduce to the generation of Choler proposed before lib 2. part 2. chap 9 as if a man be not drowsie but watchful if he dreame of fire thunder and lightning and contentions and is ful of activity in motion and rash or precipitate in consultation is easily angry the pulse vehement swift frequent hard if his concoction be depraved and turned into a nitrous crudity if the appetite of meat be less then the appetite of drink hot and dry diseases afflict him and those which have a swift motion and symptomes arising from choler if the urine be yellow and splendid the excrements coloured with cholour the habit of the body is dry and leane and carries with it lively heat the colour of the body is yellow cold and moist things and such as purge choller as also acid things delight them hot and dry things as also fasting hurts them Melancholy is known to abound from the causes and dispositions going before Melancholy propounded aboue lib 2. part 2. chap 6. For what belongs to the consequences those which abound with a melancholy humour are silent full of thoughts stable and pertinacious and slow to anger who nevertheless are not easily pacified their sleep is turbulent perplext with horrid and terrible dreams they are sad and fearful without any manifest cause they have a little pulse dul thin and indifferent hard their colour is yellow dun or duskie almost black they desire meat and Venery moderately they are void of thirst and abound with spittle they make much Urine and if none of the melancholy be evacuated therewith it is thin and white or if some of it flow with it it is thick and black and they sweat plentifully in their sleep the Hemorhoids either flow or are suppressed much wind is in the body and they are apt to four belchings the habit of the body is lean sharp and hard the colour yellow the spleen sometimes swels and grows hard within them tubercles appear in the veins and they are affected with other melancholy diseases Black choler is a signe of yellow choler and melancholy mixed together Black Choler and the indications of melancholy appear but joyned with manifest signes of heat whence madness a canker a Leaprosie and such like diseases arise Aboundance of serous Humours are collected Of the serous humor not only from the antecedent causes whereof we have spoken before but also from a somewhat moist and pale body and the Urine is crude and aqueous Moreover Winde winds discover themselves by those signes which are reckned above in the lib 2 part 2 chap 7 moreover fluctuations rumblings tumblings in the guts and Hypochondrias are perceived and switching pains without gravity wandring such as suddenly arise suddenly vanish also a humming and buzzing in the ears pantings of some parts of the body belching breaking wind backward or in the paunch are discovered and the Urines are frothy Malignant and pestilent humors Poysons how they may be known is spoken amongst fevers but the signes that poison is drank are if any biting happen in the stomack or guts to any sound man after eating and drinking and if the belly or stomack be moved to expel and their colour within six hours turn yellow and spottie if the extream parts of the body grow cold and swounding palpitation of the heart and swelling happens but if one be hurt by the biting of any living creature or with a prick or sting or froth and the offended part should mortifie become putred should be inflamed and swel and the paine be great and those symptomes before mentioned appear it is a token that the living creature was venemous CHAP. III. Of the Signes of Diseases SOme signes of diseases indicate the kind of diseases Causes what diseases they shew others the magnitude others the manner and they are taken from those three fountains the causes those things which necessarily inhere and the effects of the causes and what force each hath is spoken of in lib 2. part 2 Disposition of the body and therefore if any causes are present or hath gone before it is a signe of a disease which that cause is apt to produce but amongst the causes the dispositions or inclinations of the body are to be weighed which are apt to produce this or that kinde of disease for every body either fals into a disease like its own constitution sooner then contrary to it and that disposition depends on the age sex course of life and manner of dyet Neither are those things to be past over which help and hinder for if hot things are advantagious cold things are mischeivous and a cold disease is understood the contrary comes to pass if the disease be hot the same reason is of other tempers also Out of those things essentially inhering Essentially inhering or in the proper essence diseases are easily known in the external parts and are obvious to the senses but diseases of the internal parts although they may be known by those things which essentially inhere yet not immediatly but others coming between so a tumour of the bowels is known by the skin mediating which is lifted up by the subjacent parts and it self is become swolne As for what belongs to the effects and symptomes Effects and symptomes an action that is hurt if it be not by some external error it signifies that a disease is present in that part whence the action is hindred and indeed an action abolished and diminished signifies a cold distemper
that a greater this a lesser but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper and since an alteration cannot be made suddenly nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the alteration is introduced if the action be suddenly taken away and suddenly restored it doth not indicate a disease of intemperature Excretion and retentions but an organnick but if the actions are presently taken away and remain absent long either obstructions occasioned by thick matter or a cold intemperature is signified the excrements too much coloured signifies a hot disease as also doth dry ordure but clammy thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper Qualities changed qualities also changed indicate diseases softness signifies a moist distemper a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper but a red colour a hot As for the magnitude of a disease Signes of a great disease if a great cause and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever without doubt 't wil generate a great disease the proper nature of a disease wil easily betray it self for by how much the more the pathognomick signes or the signes that discover a disease shal be greater or lesser by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected for by how much the part affected is more noble or can draw more noble parts into consent by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be to which this happens that if the disease do not give way to exquisite and great remedies by so much the greater the disease shal be it is deservedly accounted great A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant venemous causes preceding Of a Malignant Moreover 't is the nature of certain diseases that in the same manner is they are known they indicate malignity such are the Morbus Gallicus Leaprosie and such like Thirdly malignity discovers it self by the effects for when no dangerous or vehement symptome is present which might trouble the sick nevertheless is unquiet and weak and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly and vehemently exasperated by sweats and other excrements and the sick perceives no manner of ease especially if frigidity of the extream parts or watchings should happen if in the beginning of sleep sleep seemetroublesome if the sick without a cause be afraid waxeth exceeding hot drops blood and the other ill signes be present which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers it argues amalignant disease Acute diseases are known from hence Of Acute diseases that they are suddenly moved and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known Signes of places affected Galen in his first Book of the places affected Chap the 5th accounts five the actions hurt excrerions scituation proper accidents and propriety of paine which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed Amongst the causes the first are those things which are taken in whereof some have power of hurting this Causes others of offending that part moreover to those things which are carried about us belong arts and course of life from whence it happens that sometimes this sometimes that part is more hurt as sleeping and watchings which principally offend the braine anger which principally hurts the heart as also other passions of the mind Thirdly those things which are retained they more offend that part wherein they are detained 4ly Those things which happen and befal us externally they also shew the part affected if any one use mercuriall vunctions it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt which is manifest doth labour in other sick persons By things essentially inhearing here are understood both the proprieties of the parts and the diseases themselves inhearing for although diseases are not of the essence of a part as it is a part yet as it is an effect centrary to nature diseases themselves seem to be in a part essentially inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected or the part which is placed above it and the scituation and figure of the Tumour and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde a falling of the guts into the codds signifies a rupture of the peritoneum or rim of the belly gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine or marrow the propriety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts so if we see stones come forth with Urine without doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affected As for the effect Effects actions hurt first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended unless it be hurt by some external error so ratiocination being hurt imagination memory they signifie the brain to be affected as likewise by sleep watchfulness exercise of the whole body The visive faculty is hurt by an affect of the eye the hearing of the ear the smelling of the nose the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue if the urine be suppressed the cause is to be sought in the reines uriters bladder or urinary passages if yellow choller be not purged from the blood blood it is a token that the bladder of the gall is distempered Paine Hitherto belongs paines which shews that some sensible part is affected yet a differing paine may be a signe of divers parts a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes a striking paine is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed containing arteries a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels lungs liver spleen reines inward deep and profound paines as it were breaking the part signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected a broad paine spreading it self every way about is a token that the membrances are affected streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart labours Lastly natural actions hurt in what part soever shew a signe of that part which is affected but more manifestly in publick parts more obscurely in private parts Excretions Secondly in excrements which also afford signes more things are to be considered namely the kinds qualities manner of casting them out quantity order the kinds of excrements are two-fold for either something is cast out of the substance of some part signifies that part to be affected as if a little skin orflake or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth it shews the lungs the wind-pipe the Epiglotis the gullet or ventricle to be corroded and if it be cast out by a cough it is a signe that it comes from the brest but if it be cast out by vomit it
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
is hindred which is known by the leannesse of the body and flux of the belly fourthly a perception of gravity in the right Hypocondrie as also a tumour encompassing the liver When the stomach is ill disposed t is known by its Of the Stomach actions hindred such are the appetite hurt the concoction vitiated which is perceived because those that are sick either are sensible of paine after meate or the stomach is blown up with wind or are troubled with belching loathing vomiting also if the dejection be slower or swifter without any fault of the liver then is fit the stomach is to be suspected Of the brest The first signe that the brest is affected is difficulty of breathing the second a cough the third paine lastly those things which come out by coughing as blood quitture Lastly Of the windpipe the signes of the affects of the Windpipe are the same but principally they are taken from the change of the voice somtimes also a cough is joyned more may be read of these things in the practicall part CHAP V. How to know Symptomes ALthough Symptomes for the most part are obvious to the senses Signes of Symptomes Of the naturall faculty lying hid yet somtimes they lye hid and had need have signes which are taken from causes and effects nutrition if it be not rightly performed the body is extenuated and growes leane if augmentation be not rightly perfected the body is lesse nourished if the generative faculty be hurt either none or weake Children are generated attraction and retention being hurt are known from their effects especially digestion is known by the excrements of its concoction so that which is in the stomach by the dregs of the belly that which is in the liver and veines by the urine those excrements which are in the brest by the spittle lastly the expulsive faculty is known to be hurt if those things are retained which ought to be expelled The vitall faculty is known to be hurt by the changed pulse of the heart and Arteries Of the vitall Of the animall As for the animall faculty the Physitian knows the depravation of the principall faculties from the words and deeds which are different from comlinesse and congruity In the same manner also other animall actions may be known to be hurt from their effects THE THIRD BOOK PART THE THIRD Of the Prognostick SIGNS CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come Of what things are to be foreknown in the sick which may happen to thesick For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient First what the event or the end of the disease will be Secondly at or about what time the disease will have an end Thirdly how or by what means Of Prognostick signs Of each of these before we speak in particular we must speak in generall of the Prognostick Signs and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases Namely some signs are of crudity and concoction others of life and death others criticall or judicatory The signs of concoction and crudity are Urines Of concection of crudity of life and death Criticall Excrements of the Paunch spirtings and spaulings and catharrous matter The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch also swears easie and difficult respiration easie or difficult induring of the disease the pulse the face and comly lying down like unto what they were wont and the contrary to these Moreover criticall signs are such as shew sudden mutation and perturbation and some of these are both signs and causes as Vomit Excrements of the Paunch much Urinc blood flowing from the Nose the Parotides or swelling of the Gumms or about the Chops setling of humours in one place and then in another which are called dissolving by Hippocrates because they put away the disease some are only signes of a Delirium watching stupidity paine of the head difficulty of perception out of quiet difficulty of breathing and darkness arising and appearing before the eyes a noise of the eares shinings before the eyes unvoluntary teares a troublesome night without any reason agitation of the lower lip great stifness the face and eyes looking red a retraction of the Hypocondries a loathing but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare nay the sooner they appear the betterr but judicatory Signes are not accounted good unless in the height or state of a Disease so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Disease Signes of concoction some are proper to one sort of diseases as spittle to the diseases of the breast others are common to many kind of diseases such as Hyppocrates 1. Aphor. 12. reckons the Urine excrements of the Paunch sweats The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass as of the Reines Arteries Bladder Yard we must have a care least we are deceived in univerfall and acute diseases by those particular and proper signes of those parts and what is spoken of Urines may also be said of excrements of the Paunch CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Diseases may be known IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases Signs of the times of diseases but especially the state but the signes of times are taken first from the form and Idea secondly from the time of the year and other such like things Thirdly from the comings or fits and circuits increasing and decreasing Fourthly from the Symptomes of diseases or from the Essence and Idea the causes and those things that precede the disease and by the Symptomes and those things that accompany a Disease As to the form of a Disease From the Idea of a disease by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter by so much it is nigher to its height and is a token that the Disease will be shorter but by how much the flower the Disease is moved by so much the more remote it is from the state Secondly Time of the year Region Temperant of bodies In respect of dyet that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height that which happens in the Winter is more remote In hot Regions Diseases are more acute and short but in cold longer those that are hotter by nature are subject to hotter Diseases and so shorter those that are colder to more cold and consequently more lasting hotter and dryer Victuals generate hot humours and thereby shorter Diseases colder and moister
dyet generates pituitous humours and so more lasting Diseases great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall Strength of nature shewes that the Disease is short but weaknesse shewes it will continue longer but strength in a disease that is mortall shewes that it will continue longer but weakness signifies that it will be shorter Thirdly From the course of fits in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes the time of duration and the vehemency of Symptomes for if the fits returne sooner and the latter be longer then the former and more vehement it is a token the disease is increased on the contrary if the latter fits return slower and endure a shorter time and are not so violent it is a signe the disease abates but sometimes Paroxysmes enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre which most commonly is a sign of a long disease but sometimes they come not equally but at severall houres which shewes that the disease will be shorter and is neerer to the state Moreover if the fits come sooner and that equally the signs of concoction not appearing it is the beginning but if they anticipate more hours then before it is in the increase when they observe equality again a good while it is the state when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various it is the declination If the order of the fits so that sometimes they come too soon sometimes too late and sometimes equally and at certain times When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction t is the beginning but when they anticipate not t is the augmentation when they observe equality it is the estate And lastly when the coming late happens again t is the declination but if the order of fits be various so that sometimes the Paroxysmes invade equally sometimes anticipate and sometimes come later when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction the beginning is when they come too soon no more the state is but when they come too late the declination is As for the longitude and magnitude of fits In longitude if the time of intermission or declination be short and they are neither plainly intollerable nor altogether free from Symptomes it is a signe of the increase On the other side if the abating or the intermission be long easie to be indured and free from all Symptomes absent declination is shewn But the most certain signes of the times of diseases are digestion and crudity for whensoever a sign of concoction appears suddenly it shews the disease will be short and terminate in health but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long or even prove deadly and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick so that they come with signes of concoction they need to trouble no man but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudity they portend danger CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude Signes of the beginning of a disease of augmentation of the height An evident and manifest concoction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild but in the augmentation all of them increase and in the state when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease all of them are most vehement but this comes to passe sometimes soon sometimes late for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in generall now we are to speak of those three The event of a disease fourefold which use to be presaged namely the event of a disease the time of the end and the manner but the event of a disease is fourfold for some diseases kill the diseased others plainly leave them off so that the sick returne to their perfect health others neither kill the sick nor leave them off but accompany them even to deaths doore others are changed into other diseases and somtimes into worse somtimes into milder The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease and by the longitude of a disease When it may be known or the state with the time to come for if the sick passe over the state there is no need that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes and effects Signes of strength and debility of nature the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts And this by how much the neerer it is to the naturall temperature constitution and naturalll unity by so much it signifies the firmerstrength by how much the more remote by so much the weaker For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament whereunto belongs age also and sex for in men and youths the strength is firmer in women old men and boyes weaker Remote causes are all those things which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall constitution is increased or preserved or diminished such are those things that are taken in which are carried about which happen externally and that are evacuated and retained for if all these things have been moderate heretofore and are moderate it shewes strength of nature if immoderate imbecility Amongst the effects are first actions which by how much the more they are observed according to nature by so much the more they signifie health on the contrary by how much the more or more noble they are or by how much the more they are hurt by so much the more they shew the strength to be weakned Secondly Excrements signifie nature to be powerfull when in their substance quantity and quality they are most like to naturall but they signifie the contrary if they are contrary Lastly qualities changed by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased by how much they differ from them by so much the more imbecillity The strength of a Disease is known from things essentiall Signs of a strong discase inhering causes and effects or consequent Symptomes As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature the difference which follows the form of a Disease or the causes or the subject afford signes of the event if the Difease be great it indicates danger and death if little health and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symptomes
softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
body when changed contrary to nature From the colour and especially in the yellow Jaundice is a good signe In Feavers if it come to passe by natures driving the cholerick humours critically to the out side of the body and the skin but that which is contrary is to be adjudged evill Those signes which are in the face are of great force From the face but that face is best which is like to theirs which are in health but if it be contrary t is vitious Hip. 1. Prog. 5. but a face may be unlike to their faces that are well many waies and by how much the more it recedeth from the face of sound people by so much the greater evill it denotes All which signes Hippocrates in his description of a face Hippo. face which differs from a face of a sound person produceth which therefore is called an Hippocraticall face 2. Prog. 6 7. sharp Nose hollow Eyes the Temples streightned or narrow the Eares cold and contracted and their fibres inverted the skin also about the Forehead hard fixed and dry and the colour of the whole countenance green or black which change of the countenance is very deadly especially in the beginning of a disease unlesse it so happen to be from some evident cause and mends night and day but that face which is of a purple colour mixt with blew unlesse the Hemerodes of the Nose or an Imposthumation behind the Eares be to follow after is an ill figne and denotes a very hot disease of the brain As the eyes are affected so the body By the eyes and principally the head 6. Edip. Comm. 4. tom 28. for if the eyes are like to theirs that are well have a naturall colour are full splendid and indure the light without trouble if they open their eye lids well and shut them without teares and without excrements they are good signes But there are divers mutations in the eyes and as Hippo. 1. Prog 10. writes if the eyes avoid the light or shed tears against the will of the sick or are perverted or one shall be lesse then the other and the white become reddish or of the colour of lead or black Veines or phlegme appears about the sight or look divinely upward or are hollow or the colour of the whole countenance varies all these are to be accounted evill and destructive but worst of all if the sick see not hear not and if this happen in a weak body death is nigh at hand A sharp Nose and a Nose that is turned or wreathed By the Nostrill after what manner soever is an ill signe if the Nose itch contrary to custome unlesse it indicate a flux of blood imminent it shewes that a Delirium will follow The Eares if they are of a wan colour By the ears black contracted and cold t is a signe of death The grinding of the teeth is an ill signe By the teeth t is an ill signe also when any glutinous humours sticks to the teeth When the Tongue is like theirs who are in health By the Tongue t is a very good signe but t is very evill if it be green black and exceeding dry cleaved or chopped rough and as it were burnt But principally dry hard and black Tongues indicate danger if they appeare with other ill signs most of all if when the Tongue is rough and dry the sick be not thirsty The Chops ulcerated with a Feaver is hard to be cured By the Cheps 3. Prog 15. and if in acute diseases of the Chops if paines and abjectnesse and stoppings without a tumour happen they are pernitious 1. Prorrh 11. and if the Feaver being detained he suddenly turn his neck awry and can scarce swallow no tumour being present t is mortiferous 4. Apho 35. T is a good signe if the Hypocondries are without paine By the Hypocondries if they are soft and equall on either part if they are not extenuated yet somtimes when the Hypocondries are stretched it shewes a crisis to come but then also other criticall signes are present on the contrary t is an ill signe if the Hypocondries are troubled with inflamation or paine or are stretched or unequally affected on the right or left part also when extenuated By the extremities of the body and beating unlesse a Crisis be present Lastly as to the extremities of the body if in intermitting feavers the extreame parts grow cold and the internall burne and they thirst t is mortall 7. Apho. 1. but t is very good if all the body be equally hot and soft it is evill also and for the most part deadly if all the body be heavy and especially if the nailes and fingers are black and blue or black if the genitalls and stones are drawn up together also filthy smells indicate great putrifaction and danger CHAP. VIII Of knowing the time longitude brevity and event of a disease THe length Which diseases are ended in the fi st quartarnary brevity time and event of a disease are known principally by the signes of concoction and crudity and the vehemency of a disease by the celerity and tardity for if in the first day in an acute feaver the signes of concoction are present in the urine and no danger be perceived it argues the disease will end about the first quartarnary third fourth or fifth day if the disease be contrary to this and presently after the beginning have the worst Symptomes Which are extended to the second the fifth day or before he will dye But if signes of concoction appeare the first and second dayes and the disease be neither benigne nor vehement the disease may be extended to the second quarternary but as long as such seavers can continue the first day it can scarce be known but afterwards each quartarnary are to be considered and the signes of concoction in them are to be wieghed compared with the vehemency of the disease towit if in the fourth day signes of concoction appear in the urine t is a signe that the matter is apt to be concocted and that the disease will terminate on the seventh day on the contrary if in such a feaver on the fourth day there appeare no signes of concoction but ill signes are also increased t is an argument that the sick growes worse and may dye about the seventh day unlesse some error be committed or some other cause of change be present But if the signes of crudity remaine till the fourth or Which to the third seventh day the disease shall indure beyond the third quartarnary but if on the fourteenth day it shall have an end the eleventh which is the index of the fourteenth will shew it for if then signes of concoction appeare either before the fourteenth day judgment may be given or on the seventeenth day but if on the eleventh day there appeare not as yet sufficient signes of concoction there is no hopes that the
a remedie that stenches blood but it is stopt two wayes either by prohibiting that the blood cannot returne to the place out of which it came or if the vessells suffer it not to flow which will be done if they are shut or closed and sometimes one of them only sufficeth and sometimes when there is a great flux of blood both are necessary That the blood may not flow back to the place out of which it came is to be brought to passe if it be not drawn back by it if it be repelled if it be drawn to another place tâ—s not drawn back if the causes by reason of which t is drawn back be taken away as heat pain troublesome thirst t is repelled by the use of the Refrigeratives and astringents t is drawne into another part by Revelling or Deriving but that the blood may not flow back is prohibited when the end is shut which is done when the way is obstructed and stopped through which it flowed We cure a swooning by refreshing the Spirits Fainting or swooning although it cannot be done presently by removing the cause for this purpose the most fâ—â— things are pure Aire excellent and O doriferous Wine and spirits distilled of it But not only actions hurt but other Symptomes also sometimes trouble if the Arme pits stink and smell ranke that inconveniency is remided by the use of sweet things if the breath stinks that imperfection is hid by the chewing of sweet smelling things THE FIFTH BOOK PART II. SECT III. Of the vitall Indication CHAP. I. What doth Indicate Dyet in those that are sick SIth hence it is spoken by what means things preternaturall are to be taken away now it remains that we speake how that which remains in a sick man according to nature may be kept or preserved but those things which are according to nature commonly come under the name of strength or force and Indication which is taken from thence is called vitall and Conservatory because it preserves those things which are hitherto in the sick according to nature and those things which can preserve the strength of our body by themselves and are according to nature are called vitall and Preservatory Indicates But since as above in the 4. Booke part 2. Chap. 1. it is said there are three vitall or Preservatory Indicants health the cause of health and sound actions as we are to endeavour that in a sound condition all these may be preserved so it is to be aimed that as much as it is possible they may be kept in such as are sick and this is to preserve strength namely to preserve the native heat in the whole and in all the parts and the right use and observation of things called non-naturalls Namely the strength shews the Aliment The strength what it shews in this respect because 't is placed in spirituous solid and fleshy parts having a just quantity and doth use them as an Instrument and the vitall Indication is busied only about keeping the substance of the spirituous solld and fleshy parts But although the strength only Indicate Aliment Things prohibiting yet it may be prohibited from others for oftentimes the giving of meate increaseth the morbifique constitution and also to regard this that 't is not to Indicate Aliment but to prohibit it for when meate is given nature is called away from concoction and evacuation of morbifique matter and therefore when the powers Indicate their preservation which is performed by exhibiting nourishment in that quantity which the substance to be preserved wanteth but the morbifique cause indicates its Evacuation and therefore commands nature to be at leasure for it selfe alone and so prohibits Aliment whereby nature would be called away and hindred from its worke you must be carefull what urgeth more In breife strength only Indicates Aliment the morbifique cause permits or probibits the rest as age custome Time of the year the state of Heaven and such like are the signes of firme strength or of weaknesse or such as may shew the force and greatnesse of the morbifique cause CHAP. II. What things belongs to Dyet ALthough Dyet consists principally of meate and drink Things prohibiting to Dyet yet other things also called non-naturalls as Aire sleep and watchings exercise and rest and accidents of the mind belong thereunto but amongst these there are some things out of which primarily and by themselves Aliment is generated such is Aire meate and drink but others are accounted amongst the matter of food in this respect not because really out of those as the matter Aliment of the body is generated but as they are the causes of Aliment by accident and helpe that those things which are the true materialls of Aliments may be more commodiously turned into Aliment such are sleep and watchings exercises and rest Repletion and Inanition and passions of the mind of which is spoken above in the 4. Book CHAP III. How many sorts there are of Dyet and which agrees to which diseases BUt Dyet is threefold Dyet threefold Thick Indifferent Thin thick thin indifferent or betwixt both thick or full Dyet is that which can preserve not only the strength which is present but also can increase it indifferent is that which preserves the strength as it finds it the thin is that which preserves the strength yet somewhat abated Of thick and full Dyet again some is simple which agrees to those that are sick and is made by a ptisan with the Barley whole another is fuller and thicker which is made with fish and Eggs another which is the fullest of all which gives way to flesh of creatures that are gelded Simply thin is threefold simply such and is made by the juice of ptisan the thick juice or creame of ptisan or ptisan strained the thinner is that wherein water and Honey is mixt the thinnest Dyet was that of Hippo. wherein nothing was put the middle sort was made with bread dipt in broath or also with the flâ—sh of fowles But regard is to be had of custome places and Countries since in some Countries full Dyet is more in use in others more sparing and according to that the matter of thin Dyet is to be moderated But what kind of Dyet agrees to what diseases the comparing of the strength which Indicates food and the morbifique causes What food is fit for what diseases which hinder the same do shew for by how much the more nature is busied in opposing the morbifique cause by so much the more sparing Dyet is convenient but by how much the lesse it is busied by so much the more plentifull Dyet may be given but by so much the lesse it is oppressed by so much the state of a disease is nigher and therefore also by how much the disease is more acute by so much the Dyet is to be more sparing so that the strength can endure with it untill the state but t is known when the strength can endure
quantity is taken of simples agreeable to every ones disease Way of preparing t is boiled and three or foure ounces of the decoction or instead thereof distilled water is taken and two or three ounces of Oyle are added and powders to the quantity of three drachms and of those mixt together three ounces are injected into the Womb. For the same causes Pâ—ssaries for the most part for which Clysters as they call them are injected into the Womb Pesses and Pessaries barbarously called Nascalia are put in 1. The manner of preparing There are many waies of preparing Pessaries the first is cotten or wooll that is shore and well carded and are mixt with a juice or some liquor either alone or with some convenient powders mixt twisted or wreathed about the bignisse and length of a finger t is wet in it and applied to the generative parts of women the quantity of Medecines that are pounded for the most part is an ounce 2. Moreover Medecines that are pounded are taken in convenient liquors as with oyl fat wax Galbanum Storax honey and are made up and mingled into a masse and fashioned in the figure of a Pessary to which a thred is tied which also may be covered with fine linnen or a thin peece of silk 3. Sometimes green herbs and such as are full of juice are a little bruised and tied about with a thred and bound in the form of a Pessary 4. There is a time also when Powders onely being taken in fine wooll or cotten being made round are put into a thin bagg made of a fine ragg Nascalies Nascasia as they are barbarously called are compounded of the same Medecines which are taken with cotton or soft wooll and applied to the externall orifice of the womb especially in Virgins to whom you may not give Pessaries CHAP. XVI Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder INjections into the Bladder Injection into the Bladder are liquid Medecines which are injected into it through the urinary passage in the use whereof the whole art consists in injecting for sometimes t is sufficient to cast in this Clyster by a Squirt sometimes a Catheter which opens the way as it were and t is necessary to precede It happens also sometimes that there is need of injection into the Yard namely when it is either hurt by the stone Into the Yard or troubled with paine or the passage within is ulcerated t is prepared of those things which are agreeable to the scope of the Physitian But not onely fluid Medecines are injected but Unguents are cast in in this manner Take a wax Candle to which some Turpentine may be added of that thicknesse and length which may answer to this passage and chanell this Candle is bedaubed with an Oyntment and is thrust in but you must be carefull that the candle may be so prepared and stick so long that it may not melt with the heat of the yard you may boyle also some convenient Plaister and put the wax candle or a little Instrument made of lead into it CHAP. XXVII Of washings of the mouth and Gargarismes COllutions of the mouth with the Greeks Diaclysmata Mouth-waters they are fluid Medecines which are contained in the mouth and without swallowing by the help of the tongue are agitated up and down being principally appointed for paines of the teeth and diseases of the Gumms Next unto these are Gargarismes to wit liquid Medicines Gargarismes by which the Chaps are washed without swallowing namely whilest the humour contained in the mouth flowes towards the top of the Wind-pipe by its gravity the head leaning backward the breath breakking out is repelled and is agitated by a reciprocall motion Gargarismes are administred for divers purposes Use of gargarismes some to repell others to resolve and discusse others to ripen others to absterge or wipe oft others to consolidate But of all medicines for what purpose soever they are intended those are to be chosen which are not ungratefull to the smell or taste nor have any venemous and malignant qualitie since it may easily come to passe that any thing may be swallowed contrary to the will Some are prepared with distilled waters Manner of preparing others with decoctions wherein Juices or Syrups are dissolved under a three-fold foure-fold or six-fold quantitie so that to a pinte of distilled waters or of a decoction two three or foure ounces are taken to which sometimes some of the Aromaclck Species are added and being mixt all are exhibited together luke-warme CHAP. XXVIII Of Medicines that draw away Phlegme APophlegmatismes Apophlegmatismes are Medicines also which are held in the mouth and draw out Phlegme from the head and neighbouring-parts from whence they have their name for the most part they are called Diamassemataes or Masticatories But they are not all made alike Manner of preparing for first Apophlegmatisms are used in the forme of Gargarisms which how they are made is newly shewn Moreover Medicines may be made by bearing and with a convenient liquor reduced into the forme of an Electuarie wherewith the Palate should be annointed Masticatories The third are called Masticatories which are retained and masticated longer in the mouth partly by their heat they dissolve Phlegme draw it out and intice it forth partly by the strength wherewith they are endued of stimulating the expulsive facultie of the braine they irritate it to eject what ever troubles it which againe may be done three waies For first simple Medicines either whole The way of making or a little cut onely are detained and chewed in the mouth Secondly The same medicines pounded and with a sufficient quantitie of Honey or Wax which is taken are made into Troches like Lupine seeds or Hazel-nuts being in weight a scruple Thirdly The same medcines stamped being put in a linnen cloath which may be bruised and chewed with the Teeth CHAP. XXIX Of Medicines to rub and cleanse the Teeth DEntifrices which the Greeks call Odontrimmata Dentifrices and Smegmata Odonton are principally prepared to whiten cleanse and strengthen the teeth The way of making and fasten the Gumms when they are loose But there is not one sort of them onely for first they may be washed with convenient liquors or rubbed with cotton or a linnen ragg wet in a convenient liquor 2. Moreover the forme of an Oyntment may be used if the powders are taken in honey simple Oxymell with Squills honey of Roses or syrup of Roses 3. The Teeth may be rubbed with powders 4. Troches or Penfills may be made in the forme of suppositers which being dried and hardned the Teeth may be rubbed 5. After Dentifrices t is convenient that the mouth he washed principally with Wine wherein Orice roots or some other convenient thing is first macerated CHAP. XXX Of Medicines put into the Nose and to provoke sneezing ERrhines Errhines as the name shews
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
under the Sun-beams or by Obstructions which either plenty or vicosity or thickness of humours brings forth Moreover the internal passages are stopped either through store of blood over-flowing in the body or plenty of it contracted up and down in many parts or by the thickness and viscousness of humours Secondly Causae califacientes those things cause putrefaction which can kindle preter-natural heat in humours and call out the native heat in which number is the Fever Ephemera which for this cause is often changed into a putred in hot and moist bodies Moreover the other causes heating as hot air a hot bath too much exercise of body and mind Meetings with putreâ— things Lastly the meeting with putred things seeing that which is touched by what is putred is defiled and putrifieth From all which it is manifest that a putred Fever is short having it's rise from hot vapours stirr'd up by putred humours and heating the heart and thence the whole body against nature CHAP. II. Of the differences of putred Fevers ALthough there are many differences of Fevers nevertheless those which are necessary to be known for the performance of their cure The difference of putred humors are taken either from the matter putrifying or the place putrified For first either solid parts putrify or humours or even the Spirits themselves concerning which it is controverted as in it's own place shall be shewn Humours that putrify are as well natural as preter-natural And those of every kind blood Phlegm choller melancholy which both the variety of those things which are evacuated by stool vomit and sweats and the difference of Symptomes which happen in Fevers doth shew moreover the diversity of causes which went before it whereof some generate this some that humour and moreover some afford matter for this other for that humour And the humours either simply putrify or a malignant venemous quality and contagion is joyned with it Furthermore the place wherein the humours putrefie is not alwayes the same For sometimes the humours putrefie within the veins and arteries sometimes without them And that putrefaction which is within the vessels is either equally in all the vessels or in the greatest or in certain parts of a vein Whence these differences of Fevers do arise First some Fevers are simply putred without any malignity or contagion others malignant postilent contagious Moreover some Fevers are continual others intermittent according as the putred vapour which is the cause containing of putred Fevers or heat stirred up by putred humours either continually heats the heart and from thence is diffused over all the body or by certain intervalls Of either of which kinds of Fevers there are again many differences For either the putrefaction is kindled in the common vessels and not in private passages whence arise continued Fovers called Primary Or the putredity comes by the inflammation of some peculiar part and from thence putred vapours are continually communicated to the heart which Fevers are called Symptomatical Primary continued again are two-fold for some have no augmentation nor remission which they call Fevers containing or fiery Synochaes Others are continued yet there is some increase of heat and sometimes remisness which are called Synochaes and by the general name of continual Fevers The continual for the time of their increase and decrease of heat some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan according as the heat is exasperated dayly each other day or the fourth day likewise Intermitting also according to the time of their invading some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan Nay it is observed that there are Fevers that have a longer distance between the Paroxismes CHAP. III. Of the signes of putred Fovers in general APutred Fever is known The Diagnosticks 1. From it's heat which is more gnawing and acrid then of any other Fever and that in the increase and state For in the beginning of fits the heat doth not at the first touch of the Pulse discover it's acrimony but if the hand be continued longer it may be perceived which proceeds from fuliginous vapours which exhale out of putred humours 2. Because it begins without any manifest cause Which indeed is a proper sign but not an inseparable one for as often as any Fever is kindled without any manifest cause you may well determine it to be a putred Fever Yet sometimes humours are so disposed to putrefaction that upon any light occasion they 'l become putred 3. Urines in putred Fevers either are crude or else at least afford but obscure notes of concoction unless an Ephemeral be degenerated into a putred Fever otherwise there is no putred Fever wherein the Urine in the beginning doth not appear crude or obscurely concocted 4. The pulse is more changed then in other Fevers 5. Putred Fevers begin with a cold shaking Which is a proper but not an inseparable sign 'T is a proper sign because neither Diaries nor Hecticks do ever begin with cold shaking yet it is not inseperable because all putred Fevers do not begin with a cold fit as a putred Synocha 6. It is the property of putred Fevers to return by fits and Paroxismes and no other Fever hath fits Yet this is not an inseperable sign because it doth not agree with all putred Fevers 7. Lastly if any sign be present which is proper to any sort of putred Fevers 't is a sign it may admit of the general appellation of a putred Fever Concerning the event of putred Fevers in general not much can be spoken The Prognostick since there is great variety and difference of putred Fevers and the event various Only this that the event is best to be known by comparing the magnitude of the disease with the strength of the Patient For if the patient be very strong there is much hope of a good end of it if the party be weak there is great danger CHAP. IV. Of the cure of putred Fevers in general NOw seeing a putred Fever is cherished by the cause containing Indications in putred Fevers Indications in putred Fevers are taken some from the Fever it self others from the cause thereof Nor indeed ought vital indications to be neglected First a Fever as it is a Fever indicates cooling things Moreover as that heat of the whole depends on a hot putred vapour as on the cause containing the removal of that is also indicated but because putred vapours depend on putred matter they cannot be removed unless the matter putrified be taken away putrefaction cannot be taken away except its cause be removed as we said before First all evident causes which are present are to be removed the antecedent causes and whatsoever is in the body either of superfluous blood or peccant humours they are to be prepared and if occasion require to be evacuated streightness of passages if it be external or interal in the bowels they are to be opened and free ventilation and respiration for the humours
easily be seperated concoction is performed Although in intermitting Fevers in every fit some of the peccant matter be evacuated yet notwithstanding the humour which is the fuel of such Fevers is not first taken away before the concoction be performed and the bad are seperated from the good That which in quartanes useth to be long in doing For although each Paroxism some may be expelled yet as Galen 2. of the difference of Fevers cap. the last teacheth superfluities in the part wherein the fewel feeding the Fever is contained being left behind cause new fits and purgation is appointed in vain before the humour be concocted and rendred fit to be purged whereof shall be spoken amongst the intermitting Fevers Preparing of humers But besides this concoction and preparation of humours there is yet need of other things which when the humours are concocted are to be exhibited For considering purgation that it may be happily used the passages ought to be open and the humours fluid if the passages are obstructed and thick sluggish humours be present the wayes through which the humours ought to pass are to be opened and the humours to be cut and taken away CHAP. VIII Of Sudorificks and Diureticks BUt because nature for the most part expells the concocted matter by sweats Causing sweat so that almost no Fever without them ceaseth and is well cured The Physician ought to imitate nature and the body being evacuated to discuss the remainders by sweats The Sudorifiques that at this day are in use are Carduusbenedictus Scabions Fumetary Tormentill Zedoarie Harts-horn Elder Bezoar-stone Methridate and such like but no sudoriferous medicine ought to be administred if any Crisis by stool vomit or Hemerrhodes at the nose be extant lest nature should be disturbed in it's work They are most conveniently exhibited at that time when nature her self useth to remove humours which happens either before any paroxysm or at the end thereof By Urine also sometimes part of the fevourish matter is evacuated Urine provoked and therefore Diureticks after other evacuations are to be appointed and the most temperate amongst them are to be chosen which together attenuate the humours and free the passages from obstructions as Maiden-hair Sparagus Agrimony c. But those things which are cold may timely be used also since they correct the hot distemper of the humours and parts CHAP. IX Of Diet in putred Fevers LAstly concerning dyet Dyet and first of meat and drink not only regarding the use of them for the comfort and refreshment of our strength but in respect of what is to be permitted and what prohibited for when nature is most busied in concoction and evacuation of matter she ought not to be called from that work to the concoction of meat hence Hippo. 1. Aphor. 8. When the violence of the disease is great dyet is to be used most sparingly and ibid. Aphor. 11. In the Paroxism it self food is to be taken away for it affords mischief and when by circuit the Fever returns in the fits we ought to abstain In the administration of dyet in Fevers we are to observe form Form of Diet. quantity quality and time The form of dyet is threefold thick indifferent and thin Which of these are most proper for every one is to be collected by comparing the strength of the sick with the morbifique cause neither ought we to give more meat then the strength can concoct and we ought to consider whether the strength do more require food or the disease forbid it or the contrary for by how much the busier nature is in oppugning the morbifique cause by so much the less thre ought to be burthened with food She is by so much the more busied in opposing the disease by how much the paroxism is neerer at hand hence Hippocrates 1. Aphor. 8. When the disease is in it's vigour then 't is necessary to use the thinnest food and 1. Aph. 7. When the disease is peracute there are extream labourings and at height the thinnest nutriment is to be taken But when 't is not at height and that we may use more nourishing things by so much is to varied from the thinnest of all by how much the disease is remitted and abated and ibid. 10. Those who expect the vigour forthwith to come ought presently to take a little nourishment They who expect it afterwards much and should both in the vigour of it and a little before it abstain But before-hand the sick should be more plentifully nourished that he might be the better able to endure the disease But how dyet is to be moderated according to the strength Hippocrates teacheth 1 Aphor. 9. We ought to conjecture by the sick whether he can hold out to the vigour of the disease by the prescribed dyet or not or whether he will first faint and being insufficient with such food should dye before the disease depart and be overcome And 1. Aphor. 13. Old men that are not decrepid easily endure to fast according to these middle aged men young men less children least of all and amongst them especially such as are endued with the choicest and most acute wits Custom also and course of life is to be considered in prescribing of dyet The quantity of meat also is to be considered by comparing of the disease with the strength of the sick Quantity For since that we must never give more food then can be concocted at the time when nature is most busied in opposing the morbifique cause the least quantity of food is to be taken which is in the height thereof Concerning the quality of meat Quality since it is to be considered either as it is meat or as it is medicinal meat in the former respect those meats are to be chosen that are of easiest concoction full of good juyce facile to be distributed and which hath the least excrements But if it be considered as Medicinal First it ought to be contrary to the Fever and therefore it should be cold and moist 1. Aphor. 16. moreover it should be repugnant to the causes and all excess of qualities in them The time for food is most proper when 't is indicated Time when the body requires nourishment which is when the former meat is concocted and no sign is present which may prohibit the taking of it to wit no combate betwixt nature and the disease therefore during the fits we ought to abstain 1. Aphor. 11. unless the strength be much decayed and spent Care also is to be taken what drink is fittest in Fevers for although it be easier concocted then meat Drink and by it's cooling it mitigates the heat and the driness is hindred Yet we are to be careful that nature be not burthened with it and the concoction of matter hindred by it and therefore in intermitting Fevers during the Paroxism we should abstain from drink as neer as we can But in continued Fevers when heat thirst and debility
extream and unextinguishable thirst A Causus properly and in specie so called is again twofold legitimate and spurious legitimate is that which hath alwayes and that evidently those two signes joyned with it an illegitimate is that wherein those two signes are not so evident Whence it is manifest that burning Fevers Burning Fevers and such as properly and in specie are so called are continued Fevers and arise from choller And so a Causus or burning Fever properly so called is a Fever continued Bilions and indeed either Synocha bilosa which we have newly handled or a continued tertian whereof we are to speak next The Pathognomonick signes as we said before are two vehement and burning heat and unquenchable thirst although the sick shall drink Diagnosticks and the more legitimate the Causus is by so much these signes are greater yet the thirst is sometimes resisted if a little cough happen which may draw humors from the neighbouring parts Concurrent signes there are many as a dry tongue rough black watching giddiness of the brain difficulty of breathing thick and great and the sick continually blow opening their mouth that the hot spirits may the easier exhale These Fevers if they are pure Prognosticks never continue long For nature cannot long endure such burning and vehement heat and the Symptomes which accompany it with their vehemency And for the most part they are terminated the seventh day sometimes the ninth eleventh fourteenth but the spurious are protracted longer and all of them are dangerous according to Hippocrates 4. Aphor. 43. Fevers of what kind soever that have no intermission by the third day are the stronger and fuller of danger Yet some are more dangerous then others according to the violence of the heat and of the Symptomes and force of the strength and by how much the greater digression is made from the natural state by so much the more dangerous is the Fever Hence if an old man be troubled with a burning Fever which seldom happens 't is deadly as Galen hath it 1. Aphor. 14. They lye down in no less danger who are exeedingly burnt in cold air Who if they have not great strength neither the signes of concoction appear it can not be that they should escape as the same Galen 11. Met. med cap. 9. writeth To whom if vehement Symptomes happen by so much the more dangerous the disease shall be whether they are Pathognomonick or supervenient yet if by the other signes it be manifest to be a burning Fever and that thirst be wanting this also is dangerous for it shews the sick either to be in a Delirium or that the desiring faculty of the stomack faileth Black urines are also evil as also thin crude and such as have other ill tokens in them But it is good if the sick can easily endure his sickness the Symptomes being not without vehemency if he can easily fetch breath if he complain of pain in no internal part if he sleep if he find benefit by his sleep if the body be equally hot and soft if the tongue be not too dry if the urine be good But if when the signes of concoction appear and that there is much strength in a critical day there happen large Hemorrhodes or bleeding at the nose without doubt the sick escapeth For it is proper if there be any other of the pure burning Fevers that they should be cured by bleeding Yet sometimes they are determined by Sweats looseness of the belly vomits and imposthums But there are many Prognosticks of burning Fevers in Hippocrates in Prognosticis Porrheticus and Choacis praenotionibus and there are many expounded in the Institutions lib. 3. part 3. But by what means burning Fevers are to be cured appears by what hath been spoken of a Synocha bilosa with putrefaction and those things that shall be said of the cure of the continued Tertian shall make manifest CHAP. XIII Of continued Periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ANother kind of continued putred Fevers which they call in particular continued comprehends those Fevers Continus periodick Fevers which indeed continually remain and have no remission before they are plainly dissolved yet at certain periods they are exasperated whence they are called continued periodick and proportionated Fevers But as Fevers containing have their original from the blood appointed for nourishing the body so continued Periodicks their causes as also intermittints proceed from an excrementitious humour and Cacochymie Therefore continued Periodicks agree in this with Fevers containing that both their causes are contained in the vena cava but with intermittents in this that both proceed from excrementitious humours But they differ from Fevers containing in that they proceed from alimentary blood these from an excrementitious humour From intermittent because the matter which is the cause of continued Periodicks is generated in the second concoction and contained in the vena cava But that matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers is contained in the first concoction or certainly in those parts which are about the liver which are not appointed for perfect sanguification Namely the matter of continued Periodick Fevers is generated in the Organs of the second concoction if for any cause whatsoever it be not rightly performed For then the peccant humours generated in the second concoction are sent with the blood into the veins which there stirreth up these continued periodick Fevers Which matter since it is not only confused with the blood as in intermitting Fevers The reason of its continuity but from the very first original is mixed therewith throughly Nature also cannot expell it before concoction and therefore the Fever from the beginning continually lasteth Yet these Fevers have exasperations at set times because that from the instruments of the second concoction fresh matter which is the cause of these periods is afforded and indeed for the most part from the liver Whence also continued Tertians are most frequent These Fevers are generally known because they never come to apurexie Signs yet at certain periods they are increased and remitted Neither doth cold trembling nor shaking fits precede their exasperation neither doth sweat follow their remission There are three kinds of these Fevers For some are exasperated each other day Differences and proceed from Choller and are called Tertians continued Others every day which are caused by Phlegm and are called continued quotidians Others the fourth day which arise from Melancholy and are called Quartans continued First a tertian continued is a putred Fever A Tertian continued arising from blood with ill juyce and choller putrefying in the vena cava indeed continued but afflicting most the third day The causes of this Fever are all things which can increase store of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins The cause and being cumulated there of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins and being cumulated there can introduce putrefaction such as are before propounded This Fever is
these evacuations we are to endeavour that the causes of the returns of fits may be taken away and moreover two things remain to be done namely that that disposition and weakness of the part generating vitious humours may be taken away which is performed by altering medicines which together correct the fault of the humour and discuss that pollution and those seeds which were left out of the putrifaction of humours and indeed that paroxisms depend on that pollution and that when it is taken away the Fever ceaseth appeareth from hence That whilst that is driven by nature to the circumference of the body out of the veins and that Pustules are raised about the lips nose and other parts of the face the Fever ceaseth Wann der Mundt oder die Nase auss schiaget But 't is principally taken away by Sudorifiques yet there are also certain other medicines known both to Physitians and to the vulgar Febrifuga which take away feverish fits and therefore are called Febrilia Puretagoga and such as specifically cause and are called The flight of a Fever or Febrifuga which nevertheless cause no sweat but without doubt some other way take away that seed and by consequence the paroxism such as commonly are accounted the powder of burnt shells of Cockles or Snails or of the Pearl bearing shels or mother of pearl calcined of River Crabs and principally their eyes which are so called prepared and such like But how they perform this is not explained by Authors That I may speak my own opinion such like medicines seem by a certain precipitation to take away that force of heating and stirring up a paroxism which is in the humours to which Opiats seem to belong yet such like cannot be given safely unless the vitious humours and those things which may afford the reason of the antecedent cause be first taken away for otherwise those things which may be expell'd by nature when it is irritated in a paroxisme are left in the body and afterwards may become the cause of a Chachexie Dropsie Jaundies Cholick pains and of other griâ—vous evils Externally also are applied certain medicines to cure intermitting Fevers of Cobwebs oyl of Spiders and certain vesicatories Topical Medicines which without doubt that which they do is performed by drawing out and evacuating of that Feverish corruption and pollution CHAP. XVIII Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian AFter we have handled intermitting Fevers in general An intermitting Tertian we will now go through them in particular amongst them the most frequent is a Tertian intermitting which ariseth from Choler putrifying in the meseraick veins But there is a certain difference of these Fevers for first It s difference Choler it self out of which these Fevers are generated is not of the same kind for somtimes the choler is like to that natural choler which afterwards is collected in the Galls bladder somtimes it is preternatural green and aeruginous such as somtimes by those that are Feverish is evacuated by vomit or stool Moreover Choler either putrifies alone or else hath some other humour mixt with it Flegme or Melancholy that causeth a pure this a bastard Tertian They differ also in respect of duration for if the fits are not extended beyond twelve hours they are wont to be called pure tertians but in case the Fit be extended above twelve hours they are no more called exquisite and pure tertians but either simply tertians or spurious tertians and when the paroxism is extended above twenty four hours they are called extense tertians but this is occasioned either by the thinness or thickness plenty or paucity of the humour For by how much the Choler is thinner or lesser by so much the sooner 'tis discussed but by how much the thicker or more mixed with thick humours or the more plentiful by so much the longer the paroxism continueth The causes of this Fever are all those things which can generate excrementitious choler namely a hot and dry distemper The causes generating Choler signs of a true Tertian hot constitution of ayr cating of hot meats and drinking of hot drinks using of hot medicines watching fasting labour and too much exercise For although that in the Liver also yellow choler may be generated yet it is very often generated by the errour of the first concoction and fault of the meseraick vein therefore whether much choler be generated in the stomack by reason of meats or by default of the stomack and is carried to the meseraick veins with the chyle and there is heaped up and at length putrifieth a Fever is kindled If the causes generating Flegme and Melancholy be annexed to those that generate choler spurious tertians are bred This Fever presently invadeth A pure Tertian if it be pure with a shaking fit as it were pricking the flesh afterwards when the cold fit ceaseth presently much heat followeth sharp and biting and in its vigour is extended equally over the body whence the sick draw their breath much and are troubled with thirst The pulses in the beginning of a fit are little weak slow and thin but the fit increasing they become vehement swift frequent and in some measure hard and void of all inequalities besides Feverish When the fit comes to the height and the sick drinks many vapours are sent through the skin vomiting of choler followeth which oftentimes useth to happen after the cold fit also the belly is loosened choler is pissed out or somtimes more then these happen Afterwards a sweating out of hot vapours ensueth over the whole body and the pulse is swift great vehement such as theirs use to be who are over-heated by exercise The Urine is of a light red or deep yellow and afterwards hath a white cloud or suspension The fit lasteth not above twelve hours and the causes which generate melancholy have either gone before or are then present A bastard tertian is known from the causes which do not generate pure choler A spurious Tertian but to gather Flegm or Melancholy The heat is not so sharp as in a pure tertian but more mild neither is it presently diffused over the whole body Neither is this Fever dissolved by vomitting of yellow choler or by sweat but certain vapours go out in the declination and if any sweats come forth they either are not universal or if they are universal they cure not the Fever The Urine is not so fiery as in a pure tertian and the signs of concoction do not appear so soon in it The pulse in the beginning is hard and that hardness increaseth daylie until the seventh paroxism then by degrees it becomes softer and the Urines also appear more concocted The paroxism is often extended to eighteen hours and more yet somtimes to wit if the matter be less and Nature strong it is likewise terminated in twelve hours It endeth not in seven fits but often endureth till it comes to
the roots of Grass Sparagus Fennel Maidenhair red Parsnips Bindweed flowers of Camomil and Wormwood are convenient But principally the Physitian ought to imitate nature Sweats which at the end of the paroxisme useth to move sweats and should discuss the Reliques of the vitious humours by fudoriferous medicines given either before or after the paroxism and indeed in pure Tertians wherein nature usually causes sweat in the end of the fit it often sufficeth that the sick drink only Barley water or the water of Sorrel or Carduus benedictus may be given with the Syrup of the juice of Citron or Limmon In spurious hotter medicines are to be used such as hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers which being given some hours before the paroxism often prevents or cures the same If the Fever be not cured with these remedies Coroloratives and that there be any signe of viscous matter and that the Liver and Spleen are likewise affected regard thereunto must also be had and since the Liver for the most part in bastard Tertians is obstructed by thick choler or choler mixed with thick humours which pollutes the blood those things which cleanse the body from choler are to be used to which purpose Wormwood is very good to be used which hath a force of deterging choler and bringing away the same by stool and urine as also hath century the lesser Troches also of Wormwood of Rhubarb Gentian and such like are also profitable care also must be taken of the Spleen and Stomack if they are debilitated There are certain other medicines given somtimes Febrifuga which are called Febrifuga of which 't is spoken in the fore-going chapter And besides these Topical Medicines there are yet others which are externally applyed to the body to cure Fevers namely a plaister of cobwebs with unguento populio the leaves of Shepherds pouch nettles crowfoot and other vesiccatories Concerning Diet Diet. in a pure intermitting Tertian the same diet useth to be kept for the most part as in a continued Tertian they are to abstain from honey sweet things and all those things which ingender choler wine is not to be drunk before concoction but when the notes of concoction have appeared you may use it so it be thin and watry meat is to be given when the paroxism is past unless Syncope imminent perswade the contrary Galen 10. Meth. Med. c. 5. In bastard Tertians two things are principally to be observed concerning diet first that the disease by too plentiful a diet may not be increased Secondly that the strength by too slender a diet may not be debilitated which should hold out most in a long disease and therefore the magnitude of the disease and the greatness of the strength are to be compared one with another and in case the strength be greater and the matter harder to be concocted the thinner diet is to be used but the larger diet if the strength be weak and the matter easier to be concocted The drink should not only cool and moisten but also cut and therefore it may be mixed with Hysop and wilde Marjerom and if water sweetned with honey be exhibited Vinegar being thereunto added that Choler may be thereby corrected CHAP. XIX Of a Quotidian Intermittent THe second sort of intermitting Fevers is that which proceeds from Flegm A Quotidian Fever which because it takes them every day is called a quotidian Fernelius writes that this is the rarest of all Fevers and that which scarce happens once amongst six hundred Nay there are some who plainly deny it and although many are affected every day yet they are sick of a double Tertian or treble Quartan The cause of this Fever sithence it is Flegm putrifying in the meseraick veins all those things may be causes of this Fever The cause which conduce to the generation of Flegm namely weakness of the bowels especially of the stomack heat cold and moist aliment and too great plenty of them This Fever is known by the causes generating Flegm which went before Diagnostick signs and also by the signs of Flegm abounding in the body explained in lib. 3. of Institutions part 2. cap. 2 This Fever chiefly comes to invade in the night only with coldness of the extreme parts and trembling The heat after refrigeration slowly invades so that somtimes heat somtimes cold is perceived and the heat at the first doth not seem sharp but habituous yet if the hand put thereunto continue some time it appears a little sharp and when it is diffused over the whole body it doth not burn much so that the sick do not breath extraordinarily neither are they very thirsty The face is not very red but for the most part yellowish or a little puffed up the eyes in the beginning are white thin and crude afterwards when the matter is concocted they become thick troubled and oftentimes also red In the first paroxisms also they sweat not but in the progress of the disease they sweat a little the Pulse also is exceeding little thin and more then in Quartans but equally slow the paroxism is extended to eighteen hours and the interval which is six hours is seldome pure and free nay 't is often extended to four and twenty hours But how long this Fever shall continue Prognosticks may be conjectured by the signs of concoction appearing sooner or later in the Urine and by the longitude and brevity of the paroxism for if nature timely aim at some evacuation it affords hopes of shortness of the disease But this Fever as being that which ariseth from a pertinacious humour is long and continueth unto forty days three moneths or more and is not without danger and when the Stomack and Liver are much affected with it the sick are often cast into a Dropsie and Cachexy The cure for the most part is the same with a Quotidian continued The Cure for the pituitous humour is to be prepared and evacuated to wit the first passages are to be opened with Clisters accommodated to the pituitous humour breathing a vein is scarce used but a Vomit is more useful then in any other sort of Fever because the stomack is principally affected but 't is to be occasioned by seed of Radish Orach of Dill flowers of Broom in those that are strong with Spurge and others that are every where known The Flegmatick humour is to be prepared with convenient medicines Preparers the opening roots Hysop wilde Marjoram Betony Mayden hair Agrimony Groundpine Camomil and other things convenient for Flegm Syrup of Sorrel simple and compound Syrup of the two and of the five Roots Honey of Roses Syrup Byzant simple and compound of Hysop Oxymel simple and compound with Squills spirit of Salt and Vitriol The matter in the first place being prepared Purgers it should be evacuated with Agarick Mechoachan Turbith Troches of Alhandal Elect. Indo Diaphaenico Diacarthamo pills of Hieca with Agarick
destruction and yet neither the contagion nor destructive power have attained to the highest degree and many continue well in health 't is a pestilent Fever in particular Lastly if so be many which begin to be visited die and that most every where are infected and that the contagion be spread over remote places 't is the plague CHAP. VIII To what kind of Fevers Pestilent and Malignant ones pertain MOreover since there are three kinds of Fevers To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones belong Ephemeral Putred and Hectick and again of putred Fevers there are some differences 't is now enquired to what kind of Fevers malignant and pestilent do belong or whether malignancy and pestilency belong to all Fevers or to some certain kind only But we have already determined that there are no Ephemeraes nor Hecticks pestilent and malignant because that in all pestilent and malignant Fevers there are manifest tokens of corruption or putrefaction of humours although that malignant and pestilent humour have likewise a manifest antipathy with the spirits and may stir up a dangerous Fever But all putred pestilential Fevers are continued since the force of the venomous putrifaction is such as that it can easily diffuse it self into all the veins and arteries and may easily corrupt the humours But malignant Fevers in particular so called may also be intermittent as experience sheweth Neither is it impossible that even in the first passages of the body the putrifying humours may acquire some malignity and seeing that in such Fevers the force of the venome is not so great nothing hinders but that Nature may appoint certain excretions at appointed periods Continued pestilent and malignant Fevers are particularly addicted to no sort of them but according as putrefaction happens into this or that sickly preparation so this or that continued Fever is stirred up somtimes a Synocha somtimes a periodick whence various symptomes likewise do arise according to the sickly provision Moreover concerning the differences of malignant and pestilential Fevers The differences of pestilent and malignant Fevers since that in every such Fever there are found two things the putrifaction it self from whence the Fever ariseth and malignity in respect of these also do the Fevers differ For somtimes equally from putrefaction and malignity danger is at hand which Fevers if the putrifaction and malignity be great are exceeding dangerous but if neither the malignancy nor putrefaction be much the Fevers are not dangerous Somtimes there is more putrifaction but the malignancy is not much and then the Fever comes neerer to the nature of other putred Fevers but somtimes the putrifaction is not much but the malignant quality vehement and such Fevers seem to be milde but they are most fraudulent and dangerous Concerning the nature of Pestilency and Malignity although it be occult yet from its effects we may apprehend a certain variety whilst somtimes spots somtimes Measles somtimes wheals come forth somtimes too great sweats somtimes Catarrhs Pleurisies and other evils according to the antipathy which the venome hath with this or that particular part CHAP. IX Of the causes of a Pestilent and Malignant Fever AS for the causes of these Fevers Cause because their malignancy is less then theirs of the pestilence and through this as it were by degrees we ascend to the Pestilence those which are the causes of the Plague for the most part are the same with those of malignant and pestilent Fevers but more mild as principally ayr heaven course of diet and contagion Namely malignant Fevers in the first place do arise from a sickly provision of the body for it ariseth from meat that is bad fit for corruption and very obnoxious to putrifaction whereof Galen may be seen in his book of Meats affording good and bad juice and the humours may be so corrupted in our bodies as that they become venomous of which I have spoken in the Institutions in the second book part 2. cap. 12. Furthermore from common causes likewise namely unprofitable constitution of Ayr as also from the influence of Stars But pestilent Fevers so called in particular have the same causes but more grievous which at length if they are increased produce the pestilence whence Fevers malignant and pestilent long continuing at length turn to the plague CHAP. X. Of the Signs of Malignant and Pestilent Fevers IN the same manenr is it about the Diagnostick signs The Dianostick signs of pestilent Fevers for in a pestilential Fever peculiarly so called the same signs almost appear as in the plague only fewer or more gentle and such Fevers are not so dangerous nor so infectious as the Plague it self But as to the signs of their differences if both malignity and putrifaction be very much the strength will be much weakned and grievous nay the most dangerous symptomes appear If the putrifaction be very great the malignancy little the feverish symptomes which accompany putrifaction are vehement enough but the strength is not so much debilitated But if the putrifaction be not great but the malignant quality vehement the symptomes which accompany the Fever are gentle enough but the strength is exceedingly weakned If the humours only are affected there appear Buboes Carbuncles Imposthumes Spots Pushes and other tokens of putred Fevers if the spirits are much infected these signes are wanting neither is the heat great the strength suddenly languisheth and the sick are troubled with faintings the pulses are unequal weak and languishing and the Fever it self in one two or three days space is terminated by health or death Lastly if the heart be much infected great defect of the strength is present and the sick do not complain of any great heat As concerning Malignant Fevers Of malignant they are very difficult to be known at the first because the malignity often lies hid and shews not it self unless when it take strength wherefore all signs are diligently to be weighed and if any thing be suspected it must be seriously pondered but all the signs of a malignant Fever are greater then those of a Fever and the symptomes which appear are more vehement then those which can proceed from a Fever namely weakness of strength unquietness more anxiety then the feverish heat would occasion the pulse is freqnent little weak or if it seem to be natural other evil symptomes are present the Urine somtimes is like unto those who are in health somtimes thin and crude having in it no sediment or in case it have any 't is more like an excrement then a sediment somtimes 't is thick discoloured troubled muddy having a red and troubled sediment the heat is more milde then the nature of the disease and symptomes seem to afford the face or countenance is much changed from its lively and natural state and therefore by these signs pestilent and malignant fevers may be easily known yet there are other things happen heaviness to sleep watchings diliriums pains of the head
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
But from whence that force and quality so mischievous and inimicous to the heart Whether the nature of the plague consist in putrifaction hath its original and dependeth of that there is a very great controversie amongst Physitians and indeed some do conceive that the Pestilence only consisteth of putrifaction and conclude that by putrifaction the nature of the Pestilence may be consumed But because they themselves acknowledge that all putred Fevers are not pestilential they strive variously to determine it in putrifaction and that they divers ways strive to explain but all in vain Whatsoever therefore putrifaction is concluded to be it sufficeth not to constitute the pestilence for there are measures and degrees of putrifaction also whatsoever they are since that they differ only according to magis and minus they differ not in their kind neither do they separate the plague from the rest of the putred Fevers Moreover the Plague hurteth in another kind then a putred Fever doth for it spreads it self for the most part in a moment and brings forth pernicious effects it diffuseth it self in an astonishing manner and into whatsoever it enters a very little of the pestilent venome may lie hidden any where a long time and remain whole and afterwards be taken into the body and on a sudden produce such grievous symptomes and brings forth such effects as are not in the power of the primary qualities on which the ground of putrifaction depends Moreover if the plague should proceed from putrifaction only a Fever also would never be without the pestilence yet since it is observed that a Fever is without the plague as out of Hippocrates 3. epid comm 4.25.55 Galen de simp med facult de terra Armenia Jac. de partib in 1. quarti Avicen cap. de Febre Pestilent Alex. Benedicto Fr. Valleriola loc comm lib. 3. c. 18. and out of others it is manifest Lastly the way of cure is far different from that of other putred Fevers and the pestilent poyson indicates and requires alexipharmall means which in other putred Fevers are neither indicated nor have any place Therefore we have determined that the plague doth consist in a hidden quality and in its nature wholly adverse to the heart and that the pestilential poyson is endued with such a quality which by the effects of it as we lately said beyond the primary qualities doth prove Contagion is joyned with the pestilence and pestilential poysons have always contagion joyned with them as a proper accident because it belongs to all plagues but not only to the plague Therefore we define the pestilence to be a venomous disease of the heart from venomous matter Definition of it and in its whole substance peculiarly adverse to the heart and gotten by infection and therefore is of it self infectious and suddenly and joyntly hurting all the actions of the heart very acute deadly introducing destructive symptomes of all sorts But what the specifique nature of this venome is and what its differences are in divers constitutions pestilential no man can easily explain To me it seems probable to be the highest degree of corruption which indeed the humours in our bodies can possibly receive to which through many alterations mutations and fermentations it comes and into which diseases which went before at length degenerate Whence it comes to pass that when the Plague reigns other sporadick diseases that come not by ordinary means and all benigne diseases for the most part are silent and those epidemical diseases that reigned before cease CHAP. II. Of the causes of the Pestilence COncerning the causes of the Pestilence A cause or this great corruption they are twofold some of them generating the Pestilence others propagating the same which are comprehended under the name of contagion In the former rank are Ayr Stars course of Diet Poysons imagination and terror For first Ayr. Ayr somtimes contains in it the seeds of the pestilence which when by drawing in the ayr by our breath men draw in that therewith and so the pestilence is stirred up in them and that when it happens most grievous pestilential constitutions are occasioned and is far more pernitious then to those to whom the contagion of the plague is only transferred Ayr becomes pestilential when there is in it excess of heat and moisture which dispose bodies to putrifaction such a constitution of ayr Hippocrates describeth 3. epid comm 3. yet the Plague may be bred also without such a constitution of ayr and that very corruption it self is not terminated in the primary qualities but 't is necessary that certain occult qualities and that somwhat divine mentioned by Hippocrates should concur but it takes its venenosity and pestilential quality first from heaven whilst that the ayr by a peculiar influence from the stars whether it be so disposed in the first qualities that it should putrifie and be corrupted or in an occult manner also it be so disposed and affected that in it poysonous seeds are generated which in their whole substance are adverse to man To which thing Astrologers teach that Saturn doth principally act his part Moreover the Ayr may receive its pestilential seeds from the caverns of the earth whilst from thence venomous steams exhale being generated in the ayr long pend up before to which purpose Earthquakes much conduce which move venomous steams in that manner and open ways for their evaporation so out of a chest which hath been long shut being opened the plague cometh forth as Julius Capitolinus hath noted in Vero The same may happen in standing pools and lakes and corrupted waters in Wells Lastly Historiâ—â— inform us that the ayr hath been infected by the carcasses of such as have been slain and by the corruption of multitudes of dead locusts Secondly although the stars by corrupting of the ayr may be the cause of the pestilence whilst they so corrupt it as that that pestilence which is contained in it the seeds or sparks being communicated to man they excite the plague in him yet by it self also by affecting of mans very body they may cause the plague whilst either they dispose the ayr so that whether by manifest or occult qualities 't is rendred not fit for the preservation of mankind but corrupteth the humours therein so that they become of a pestilential nature or also proximately and immediately by occult influencies they corrupt mans body and principally the humours and spirits contained therein concerning which thing Astrologers are to be advised with Common Diet. Thirdly Pestilential venome may be generated from common Diet. That which often happens in a long dearth of provision in Camps and Sieges where men are compelled to make use of corrupt and unwholsome meat by reason whereof ill humours are generated which being detained in the body are more corrupted and at length become pestilential as Histories sufficiently testifie Fourthly Unguents and venomous powders being spread abroad may cause the plague Poysonous things being
that which by mischievous persons hath been done and committed as histories again inform us yet if any one would refer this kind of cause to contagion or infection Imagination we will not contend with him Fifthly The cause is imagination terror and fear and experience hath taught us that some whilst they have beheld those that were infected with the plague or dead of it or seeing some go out of a house that was then infected by reason of too much terror and fear have fallen sick of the plague I have observed the same to proceed from anger CHAP. III. Of Contagion ANd these are the causes by means whereof the pestilent poyson may be generated in the ayr or in mans body yet it often comes to pass that neither the ayr nor evil diet nor any of the rest of these causes have stirred up the pestilence but otherwise from elsewhere being brought into some place by contagion and afterwards by contagion also it is diffused into more places Infection For although there are other diseases contagious also yet the plague is the most infectious of all others Contagion is a production of the like diseased or sickly affect in another body by pollution sent out from a discased body but there are three things required to perfect contagion A contagious body it self that may infect others a disease or an affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another and the body which is infected First a contagious body is that which whilst 't is sick of any disease diffuseth not the disease it self for the actident goes not out of the subject but some of the morbifique cause out of it self and communicates it to another and so in this manner excites the same disease in it For that which is communicated to another from out of a contagious body is not the disease it self but a certain body flying out of the diseased body and received into another having power of stirring up the same in it The Greeks call it Noseras apocriscis and aporroias and miasmata The Latines the pollutions and seeds of contagion and since that we see that such seeds have not only hurtful qualities in the smallest quantities and that they easily insinuate themselves into the body but also they endure a long time and retain their strength entire and they are most exactly mixed and are some way spirituous Infection how many ways it is spread and 't is necessary they should sowe their store of strength by some occult quality But contagion is not scattered after one manner for somtimes it goes out by breathing somtimes through the pores of the skin or in the form of vapours or of sweat and filth adhering to the skin and is communicated to other bodies And this seed goeth out most plentifully from an infected body when the poyson is too strong for nature and overcomes it which happens in those that are dying The seeds of contagion are communicated either by immedidiate contact or by some medium and vehicle This vehicle is twofold ayr and some fewel as they call it Ayr when it receives the seeds of contagion from infected bodies it can carry them to places nigh yea and somtimes more remote places That hath the nature of fewel in it which can receive the seeds of contagion and communicate the same to another which kind of bodies are thin and porous as Flax Cotton Feathers the hairy skins of animals and garments made of them feathers also of birds and birds themselves and it is found out for a truth that those pestilential sparks have often lain hid in the cinders or ashes and it may come to pass that any one may carry the sparks of it about him in his garments and not be infected and yet they being moved and shaked may infect another But the seed of a contagious pestilence when 't is received into a body it brings in that disposition with it wherewith that body from out of which it came was afflicted and that for the most part suddenly yet somtimes it is found to lie hid some days in the body before it denudates it self Thirdly Concerning the body that receives the pestilent treasury although no man can promise to himself immunity from the pestilent venome yet it is certain some are more easily some more hardly infected The cause whereof without all doubt consisteth in some peculiar occult quality of the heart by the power whereof it hath or hath not strength to resist the venomous pestilence yet because the venomous quality is not transferred without a subject out of the infected body into another it will more powerfully insinuate it self if it be received into a body proportionable and like unto that wherein it was generated whence kinsmen are sooner affected then others Yet there are also other things that occasion the more facile reception of the pestilence for such as breath stronger and such as have wide and open pores of their bodies easier take in the seeds of the plague inhering in the Ayr or any place apt to retain it CHAP. IIII. Of the signes of the Plague MOreover concerning the signs Diagnostick signs that I may say nothing of approaching signs desiring brevity but only by what means it may be known we will speak Indeed the plague when many have been infected may easily be known but before many have been overspread thereby there is scarce any pathognomick signe by which it can certainly be known that one or a few being affected are sick of the plague afterwards when more are visited it is not so difficult to be known especially when all sporadick diseases for the most part are silent For first the plague seizeth on many and the most it kills Secondly 'T is contagious and easily given to others and 't is more contagious then any other disease Thirdly by its violence it destroys the strength and principally the vital spirits Whence fourthly when little frequent and unequal pulses are made palpitation of the heart happens lipothymie syncope and great anguish and perplexity altogether Fifthly If the disease be protracted and the venome corrupt the humours evils and symptomes happen of all kinds and the whole order of the body is disturbed Fevers happen divers wheals or pustules buboes carbuncles yet if there are no pushes bubo or carbuncle appear we must not therefore conclude that the sick hath not the plague for it often happens that before they come out and can be drived out by reason of the debility of nature the sick die with the violence of the disease There happens likewise other symptomes of all sorts for when the strength of the body is debilitated by the vehemency of the poyson the humours and spirits are corrupted the excrements are changed and the urine either becomes crude or fully corrupted the sweats are stinking and untimely filthy foetid ill coloured excrements proceed from the belly the qualities of the body are variously changed and there is nothing at all