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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05331	A geographical historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian by Iohn Leo a More, borne in Granada, and brought vp in Barbarie. Wherein he hath at large described, not onely the qualities, situations, and true distances of the regions, cities, townes, mountaines, riuers, and other places throughout all the north and principall partes of Africa; but also the descents and families of their kings ... gathered partly out of his owne diligent obseruations, and partly out of the ancient records and chronicles of the Arabians and Mores. Before which, out of the best ancient and moderne writers, is prefixed a generall description of Africa, and also a particular treatise of all the maine lands and isles vndescribed by Iohn Leo. ... Translated and collected by Iohn Pory, lately of Goneuill and Caius College in Cambridge; Della descrittione dell'Africa. English	Leo, Africanus, ca. 1492-ca. 1550.; Pory, John, 1572-1636.	1600 (1600)	STC 15481; ESTC S108481	490,359	493

each one of you to death which though it be ful sore against my wil yet needs I must obey my prince if I wil not wittingly runne vpon mine owne destruction And then shedding some fained teares sithens quoth he we can vpon the sodaine deuise no better course I thinke it most conuenient to send you with a troupe of horsemen vnto the king whose wrath perhaps you may by some meanes pacifie Whereupon the captiues growing farre more pensiue then before recommended themselues vnto God and to the captaines clemencie requesting his good will with many teares And foorthwith there comes one in among them who aduised them to make vp some round summe of money therewithall to trie if they could appease the king and seemed likewise to intreat the captaine that he woulde by his letters stande their friend to the king Heereunto the captiues agreeing with one voice promised that they would giue the king a great summe of golde and woulde most liberally reward the captaine The captaine as though forsooth this condition much disliked him asked at length how much golde they ment to send the king one saide that he woulde disburse a thousand ducates another that he would giue fiue hundreth and the third eight hundreth But the captaine making shew that this was too little saide that he was loth to make signification of so small a summe vnto the king howbeit better it were for you quoth the captaine to goe your selues vnto the king with whom perhaps you shall make a more reasonable end then you are aware of But they fearing hard measure if they should be caried vnto the king were far more importunate with the captaine then before that he would to his power be good vnto them Wherefore the captaine as though at length he had been mooued with their vehement petitions spake vnto them in this wise heere are of you my masters two and fortie noble rich persons if you wil promise two thousand ducates a man I will signifie on your behalfe so much vnto the king and so I hope to perswade him but if this condition will not please him then must I needs send you to make answere for your selues This condition they al of them yeelded vnto howbeit with this prouizo that euery man should giue proportionablie to his wealth and that they might haue for the paiment fifteene daies of farther respite The twelfth day following the captaine fained that he had receiued letters from his king signifying that the king for his sake woulde shewe the captiues more fauour The fifteenth day he had paied vnto him eightie fowre thousand ducates neither coulde he sufficiently woonder how in so small a towne among two and fortie inhabitants onely such huge sums of money could so readily be found Then wrote he vnto his king how all matters had passed demaunding what should be done with the gold And so the king foorthwith sent two of his secretaries with an hundreth horsemen to fetch home the saide golde vnto Fez. The captiues being restored to their libertie presented the saide captaine with horses slaues ciuet and such like gifts to the value of two thousand ducates giuing him exceeding thankes for their libertie and requesting him to take their presents in good woorth for had not their treasure beene quite consumed they saide they woulde haue bestowed farre greater vpon him Wherefore from thence forward that region was subiect vnto the king of Fez and to the foresaide captaine Ezzeranghi till he was trecherously slaine by certaine Arabians Moreouer the king receiueth from that citie euen at this present twentie thousand ducats for yeerely tribute I haue in this narration beene indeede somewhat more large then neede required howbeit perhaps I did it bicause I my selfe was present in al the expedition and was an earnest mediatour for the citizens release neither saw I euer to my remembrance a greater masse of golde then was by subtiltie drawne from them Yea the king himselfe neuer had so much golde in his coffers at one time for albeit he receiueth yeerely thirtie thousand ducates yet neuer could he store himselfe with so much at once nor his father before him These things were done in the yeere of the Hegeira 915. and in the yeere of our Lord 1506. And here I would haue the reader to consider what mans industrie and wit may doe in getting of money The King maruelled much at this summe of gold but afterward he had greater cause to woonder at the wealth of a certaine Iewe who payed more out of his owne purse then all the forenamed captiues And his riches were the cause why the King of Fez exacted fiftie thousand ducates from the Iewes for that they were said to fauour his enimies I my selfe bare him companie that went in the Kings name to receiue the sayd summe of the Iewes Of Efza a towne of Tedles THis towne standeth two miles from Tefza and containeth almost sixe hundred families being built vpon a little hill at the foote of mount Atlas In this towne are many Moores and Iewes which make Bernussi The naturall inhabitants are either artificers or husbandmen being in subiection to the gouernours of Tefza Their women are excellent spinsters wherby they are saide to gaine more then the men of the towne Betweene this towne and Tefza runneth a certaine riuer called by the inhabitants Derne which springing foorth of Atlas runneth through the plaines of that region till at length it falleth into Ommirabih On both sides of this riuer are most beautifull and large gardens replenished with all kindes of fruits The townesmen here are most liberall and curteous people and will permit merchants trauelling that way freely to come into their gardens and to take thence as much fruit as they will No people are slower then they for paying of debts for albeit the merchants lay downe readie money to receiue Bernussi within three moneths yet are they sometime faine to stay an whole yeere My selfe was in this towne when the kings armie lay in Tedles and then they yeelded themselues to the king The second time that the kings generall of his armie came vnto them they presented him with fifteen horses and as many slaues Afterward they gaue him fifteene kine in token that they were the kings loyall subiects Of Cithiteb THis towne was built by the Africans vpon an high hill almost tenne miles westward of Efza Well peopled it is with rich and noble inhabitants and because Bernussi be here made it is alwaies frequented with store of merchants The top of the said high mountaine is continually couered with snow The fields adioyning to the towne are full of vineyards and gardens which bring foorth fruits in such abundance that they are nought woorth to be sold in the markets Their women are beautifull fat and comely being adorned with much siluer their eies and haire are of a browne colour The inhabitants are so stout and sullen that when the other cities of Tedles yeelded to

the towne vnto the king This condition was accepted and the king hauing a thousand braue horsemen readie to doe the feat ioyned fiue hundred horse and two hundred gunners on horsebacke vnto them Moreouer he wrote vnto certaine Arabians which are commonly called Zuair and haue almost fower thousand horesemen at commaund that if need so required they would come in and ayde his troupes Ouer the saide armie the king appointed as captaine one Ezzeranghi a most valiant and redoubted warriour Who hauing pitched his tents neere vnto the towne began presently to giue the townesmen an assault But when he had done his best the warlike citizens easily gaue him the repulse Moreouer the Arabians called Benigeber were comming with fiue thousand horsemen to succour the towne Which so soone as Captaine Ezzeranghi was aduertised of he raised his siege and went suddenly to meete with the foresaid Arabians whom after he had discomfited in three daies he then safely returned to lay new siege The citizens seeing themselues cut off from all hope of the Arabians ayde began seriously to treat of peace with the enemie which the easlier to obtaine they promised to defray all the kings charges layde out in this expedition and to pay him for yeerly tribute moe then ten thousand ducates howbeit with this prouiso that they for whose cause the king had sent the said armie if they entred the towne should bee secluded from all Magistracie and gouernment But they hearing of these conditions spake vnto the Captaine in manner following Sir if it shall please you to restore vs vnto our former dignitie and state we will procure you aboue an hundreth thousand ducates Neither is there cause why any man should feare any iniurie or violence for we protest vnto you that no man shall be a farthing endamaged by vs onely we will exact at our aduersaries handes the reuenues of our possessions which they haue these three yeeres vniustly detained from vs. The summe whereof will amount vnto thirtie thousand ducates all which we are most willing to bestow vpon you in regard of those labours which you haue vndergone for our sakes Moreouer the reuenues of the whole region shall bee yours which will come to twentie thousand ducates And the Iewes tribute shall yeeld you ten thousand more Vpon these speeches the Captaine returned answere vnto the citizens that his master the king of Fez had most faithfully promised those which mooued him vnto this warre that he would neuer forsake them till they had attained their harts desire for which cause he was more willing to haue them gouerne then the townesmen which were now in possession and that for many reasons wherefore saith he if you be determined to yeelde vnto the king assure your selues that no inconuenience shall light vpon you but if you will to the ende remaine peruerse and obstinate be yee assured also that the king will deale most extremely with you This message was no sooner knowen vnto the people but foorthwith they began to be distracted into diuers factions some there were which stood for the king and others chose rather manfully to fight it out then that the king should be admitted insomuch that the whole citie resounded with brawlings quarels and contentions This tumult came at length by spies vnto the Captaines eare who presently caused halfe his forces to take armes and by their meanes in three howers space he wan the citie with little slaughter on his part For those townesmen that fauoured the king did what they could on the inside to set open the gates and so did the assailants on the outside neither did any resist their attempts by reason of the foresaid ciuill dissensions Whereupon Captaine Ezzeranghi entring the citie caused the kings colours to be aduanced in the market-place and vpon the wals charging his horsemen to range about the citie that no citizens might escape by flight and last of all made a proclamation vnto all his souldiers that they should not vpon paine of death offer any iniurie vnto the townesmen Then he caused all the chieftaines of the contrarie faction to be brought prisoners vnto him to whom he threatned captiuitie and thraldome till they should disburse so much as the king had spent in that expedition the totall summe was twelue thousand ducates which the wiues and kinsfolkes of the captiues presently payde Neither could they yet obtaine their libertie for the exiles for whose cause the king had sent that armie demaunded restitution of all their goods which the other had for certaine yeeres detained from them The captiues therfore were committed that night the next morning lawyers atturnies came to plead on both sides before a iudge the captaine Howbeit after a great deale of tedious fending and proouing hauing concluded nothing at all the captaine was so weary that he left them and went to supper Afterward he caused the captiues to be brought foorth wishing them to pay the sums demaunded for saith he If you come before the king of Fez he wil make you to disburse more then twise the value At which words being terrified they wrote vnto their wiues if they woulde euer see them aliue to procure them money by some meanes Eight daies after the women brought as many golde rings bracelets and other such iewels as were valued at eight and twenty thousand ducates for they had rather bestowe these for the ransome of their husbandes then to reueale their great wealth bringing foorth all their costly ornaments as if their money had beene quite exhaust When therefore the king and the exiles were fully satisfied insomuch that nothing seemed nowe to let the said captiues from libertie the captaine spake vnto them in this wise Sirs I haue signified though vnwillingly vnto my master the king all matters which haue here passed betweene vs for I dare by no meanes release you till the kings letters authorize me so to do Howbeit I wish you to be of good cheere for sithens you haue honestly restored to euery man his owne there is no doubt but your selues shall shortly be set at libertie The same night the captaine called a friend of his whose counsell he founde oftentimes to take good effect and asked him by what meanes he might without suspicion of guile or trechery wring any more sums of money from them Whereunto his friend replied make them beleeue quoth he that you are willed by the kings letters to put them all to death howbeit that you will not for pitties sake deale so extremely with innocent persons but that you will send them to Fez to receiue punishment or pardon at the kings pleasure Heereupon the kings letters were counterfeited which the day following the captaine with a lamētable voice published vnto his two forty prisoners My friends quoth he so it is that the king hauing receiued some sinister and wrong information that you should go about to make a conspiracie most firmely enioineth me by these his letters to put

vnto lust whereby the said women thinke themselues more trim and beautifull How the Arabians in the deserts betweene Barbarie and Aegypt doe lead their liues THE life of these men is full of miserie and calamitie for the places where they inhabite are barren and vnpleasant They haue some store of camels and other cattell howbeit their fodder is so scarce that they cannot well sustaine them Neither shall you finde ouer all the whole region any place fit to beare corne And if in that desert there be any villages at all which vse to husband and manure their ground yet reape they small commoditie thereby except it be for plentifull increase of dates Their camels and other of their cattell they exchange for dates and corne and so the poore husbandmen of the foresaide villages haue some small recompence for their labours notwithstanding how can all this satisfie the hunger of such a multitude For you shall dayly see in Sicilia great numbers of their sonnes layde to pawne Because when they haue not wherewithall to pay for the corne which they there buy they are constrained to leaue their sonnes behinde them as pledges of future payment But the Sicilians if their money be not paide them at the time appointed will chalenge the Arabians sonnes to be their slaues Which day being once past if any father will redeeme his childe he must disburse thrise or fower times so much as the due debt amounteth vnto for which cause they are the most notable theeues in the whole world If any stranger fall into their hands depriuing him of all that he hath they presently carrie him to Sicilie and there either sell or exchange him for come And I thinke that no merchants 〈◊〉 at any time within these hundred yeeres 〈◊〉 for traffiques sake vpon any part of their coast For when they are to passe by with merchandize or about any other weightie affaires they eschew that region fiue hundred miles at the least Once I remember that I my selfe for my better 〈◊〉 and to auoide the danger of those mischieuous people went in companie with certaine merchants who in three ships sayled along their coast We were no sooner espied of them but forthwith they came running to the shore making signes that they would traffique with vs to our great aduantage Howbeit becaufe we durst not repose any trust in them none of our companie would depart the ship before they had deliuered certaine pledges vnto vs. Which being done we bought certaine 〈◊〉 or gelded men and good store of butter of them And so immediately weighing our ankers we betooke vs to flight fearing least we should haue beene met withall by the Sicilian and Rhodian Pirates and beene spoiled not onely of our goods but of our liberties also To be short the saide Arabians are verie rude forlorne beggerly leane and hunger-starued people hauing God no doubt 〈◊〉 displeased against them by whose vengeance they dayly sustaine such 〈◊〉 calamities Of the people called Soara namely which possesse droues and flockes of cattell and being Africans by birth do notwithstanding imitate the manners of the Arabians YOV shall finde many among the Africans which liue altogithera shepheards or drouers life inhabiting vpon the beginning of mount Atlas and being dispersed here and there ouer the same mountaine They are constrained alwaies to pay tribute either to the King of the same region where they dwell or else to the Arabians except those onely which inhabite Temesna who are free from all forren superioritie and are of great power They speake the same kinde of language that other Africanes doe except some fewe of them which conuerse with the inhabitants of the citie called Vrbs which is neere vnto Tunis who speake the Arabian toong Moreouer there is a certaine people inhabiting that region which diuideth Numidia from Tunis These oftentimes wage warre against the King of Tunis himselfe which they put in practise not many yeeres since when as the said King his sonne marching towards them from Constantina with an armie for the demaunding of such tribute as was due vnto him fought a verie vnfortunate battell For no sooner were they aduertised of the Kings sonne his approach but foorthwith they went to meete him with two thousande horsemen and at length vanquished and slew him at vnawares carrying home with them all the furniture bag and baggage which he had brought foorth And this was done in the yeere of Mahumets Hegeira 915. From that time their fame hath beene spred abroad in all places Yea many of the king of Tunis his subiects reuolted from their King vnto them insomuch that the Prince of this people is growen so puissant that scarcely is his equall to be found in all Africa Of the faith and religion of the ancient Africans or Moores THE ancient Africans were much addicted to idolatrie euen as certain of the Persians are at this day some of whom worship the sunne and others the fire for their gods For the saide Africans had in times past magnificent and most stately temples built and dedicated as well to the honour of the sunne as of the fire In these temples day and night they kept fire kindled giuing diligent heed that it might not at any time be extinguished euen as we read of the Romane Vestall virgines All which you may read more fully and at large in the Persian and African Chronicles Those Africans which inhabited Libya and Numidia would each of them worship some certaine planet vnto whom likewise they offered sacrifices and praiers Some others of the land of Negros worship Guighimo that is to say The Lord of Heauen And this sound point of religion was not deliuered vnto them by any Prophet or teacher but was inspired as it were from God himselfe After that they embraced the Iewish law wherein they are said to haue continued many yeeres Afterward they professed the Christian religion and continued Christians vntill such time as the Mahumetan superstition preuailed which came to passe in the yeere of the Hegeira 208. About which time certaine of Mahomets disciples so bewitched them with eloquent and deceiueable speeches that they allured their weake minds to consent vnto their opinion insomuch that all the kingdomes of the Negros adioyning vnto Libya receiued the Mahumetan lawe Neither is there any region in all the Negros land which hath in it at this day any Christians at all At the same time such as were found to be Iewes Christians or of the African religion were slaine euerie man of them Howbeit those which dwell neere vnto the Ocean sea are all of them verie grosse idolaters Betweene whom and the Portugals there hath beene from time to time and euen at this present is great traffique and familiaritie The inhabitants of Barbarie continued for many yeeres idolaters but before the comming of Mahomet aboue 250 yeeres they are saide to haue embraced the Christian faith which some thinke came to passe vpon this occasion namely because

but you shall see commonly two or three of them together by the eares By nature they are a vile and base people being no better accounted of by their gouernours then if they were dogs They haue neither iudges nor lawyers by whose wisedome and counsell they ought to be directed They are vtterly vnskilfull in trades of merchandize being destitute of bankers and money-changers wherefore a merchant can doe nothing among them in his absence but is himselfe constrained to goe in person whithersoeuer his wares are carried No people vnder heauen are more addicted vnto couetise then this nation neither is there I thinke to bee found among them one of an hundred who for courtesie humanitie or deuotions sake will vouchsafe any entertainment vpon a stranger Mindfull they haue alwaies beene of iniuries but most forgetfull of benefites Their mindes are perpetually possessed with vexation and strife so that they will seldome or neuer shew themselues tractable to any man the cause whereof is supposed to be for that they are so greedily addicted vnto their filthie lucre that they neuer could attaine vnto any kinde of ciuilitie or good behauiour The shepherds of that region liue a miserable toilsome wretched and beggerly life they are a rude people and as a man may say borne and bred to theft deceit and brutish manners Their yoong men may goe a wooing to diuers maides till such time as they haue sped of a wife Yea the father of the maide most friendly welcommeth her suiter so that I thinke scarce any noble or gentleman among them can chuse a virgine for his spouse albeit so soone as any woman is married she is quite forsaken of all her suiters who then seeke out other new paramours for their liking Concerning their religion the greater part of these people are neither Mahumetans Iewes nor Christians and hardly shall you finde so much as a sparke of pietie in any of them They haue no churches at all nor any kinde of prayers but being vtterly estranged from all godly deuotion they leade a sauage and beastly life and if any man chanceth to be of a better disposition because they haue no law-giuers nor teachers among them he is constrained to follow the example of other mens liues maners All the Numidians being most ignorant of naturall domesticall commonwealth-matters are principally addicted vnto treason trecherie murther theft and robberie This nation because it is most slauish will right gladly accept of any seruice among the Barbarians be it neuer so vile or contemptible For some will take vpon them to be dung-farmers others to be scullians some others to bee ostlers and such like seruile occupations Likewise the inhabitants of Libya liue a brutish kinde of life who neglecting all kindes of good artes and sciences doe wholy apply their mindes vnto theft and violence Neuer as yet had they any religion any lawes or any good forme of liuing but alwaies had and euer will haue a most miserable and distressed life There cannot any trechery or villanie be inuented so damnable which for lucres sake they dare not attempt They spend all their daies either in most lewd practises or in hunting or else in warfare neither weare they any shooes nor garments The Negros likewise leade a beastly kinde of life being vtterly destitute of the vse of reason of dexteritie of wit and of all artes Yea they so behaue themselues as if they had continually liued in a forrest among wilde beasts They haue great swarmes of harlots among them whereupon a man may easily coniecture their manner of liuing except 〈◊〉 conuersation perhaps be somewhat more tolerable who dwell in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and cities for it is like that they are somewhat more addicted to 〈◊〉 Neither am I ignorant how much mine owne credit is 〈◊〉 when I my selfe write so homely of Africa vnto which countrie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 debted both for my birth and also for the best part of my education Howbeit in this regarde I seeke not to excuse my selfe but onely to appeale vnto the dutie of an historiographer who is to set downe the plaine truth in all places and is blame-woorthie for flattering or fauouring of any person And this is the cause that hath mooued me to describe all things so plainly without glosing or dissimulation wherefore here I am to request the gentle Reader friendly to accept of this my most true discourse albeit not adorned with fine words and artificiall eloquence as of certaine vnknowne strange matters Wherein how indifferent and sincere I haue shewed my selfe it may in few words appeere by that which followeth It is reported of a lewd countriman of ours that being conuicted of some heinous crime he was adiudged to be seuerely beaten for it Howbeit the day following when the 〈◊〉 came to doe his busines the malefactor remembred that certaine yeeres before he had some acquaintance and familiaritie with him which made him to presume that he should find more fauour at his hands then a meere stranger But he was fowly 〈◊〉 for the executioner vsed him no better then if he had neuer knowne him Wherefore this caitife at the first exclaiming vpon his executioner oh saith he my goodfriend what maketh you so sterne as not to acknowledge our olde acquaintance Hereupon the executioner beating him more cruelly then before friend quoth he in such busines as this I vse to be mindfull of my dutie and to shew no fauour at all and so continually laying on he ceased not till the iudiciall sentence was fulfilled It was doubtlesse a great argument of impartiall dealing when as respect of former friendship could take no place Wherefore I thought good to record all the particulars aforesaid least that describing vices onely I should seeme to flatter them with whom I am now presently conuersant or extolling onely the vertues of the Africans I might hereafter be saide to sue for their fauour which I haue of purpose eschewed to the end that I might haue more free accesse vnto them Moreouer may it please you for this purpose to heare another resemblance or similitude There was vpon a time a most wily bird so indued by nature that she could liue as well with the fishes of the sea as with the fowles of the aire wherefore she was rightly called Amphibia This bird being sommoned before the king of birds to pay her yeerely tribute determined foorthwith to change her element and to delude the king and so flying out of the aire she drencht herselfe in the Ocean sea Which strange accident the fishes woondring at came flocking about Amphibia saluting her and asking her the cause of her comming Good fishes quoth the bird know you not that all things are turned so vpside downe that we wot not how to liue securely in the aire Our tyrannicall king what furie haunts him I know not commanded me to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to death whereas no silly bird respected euer his commoditie as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one Which most vniust

rich men he bestoweth vpon them some gouernment or charge with prouision Wherefore for feare of confiscation after death euery one coueteth to 〈◊〉 his wealth or to remoue far from the court and the kings sight For which cause the citie of Fez commeth far short of hir ancient glorie Besides his reuenues haue beene augmented of late yeeres by mightie sums of gold which he fetcheth from Tombuto and Gago in the lande of Negros which gold according to the report of some may yeerely amount to three millions of ducates His Forces THe Xeriffo hath not any Fortresses of great importance but only vpon the sea-coast as Cabo de Guer Larache and Tetuan for as the Turks and Persians do so he placeth the strength of his state in armed men but especially in horse And for this cause he standeth not much vpon his artillerie although hee hath very great store which his predecessors tooke from the Portugals and others in Fez Maroco Tarodant and in the foresaide 〈◊〉 causing also more to bee cast when neede requireth for he wanteth not masters of Europe in this Science He hath an house of munition in Maroco where they make ordinarily six and fortie quintals of powder euery moneth as likewise also caliuers and steele-bowes In the yeere of our Lord 1569. a fire tooke hold on these houses with such furie that a great part of the citie was destroied therewith But for the Xeriffoes forces they are of two sorts the first is of two thousand seuen hundred horse and two thousand harquibuziers which he hath partly in Fez but most in Maroco where he is resident being as it were of his daily guard The second is of a roiall squadron of sixe thousand gentlemen being all of noble parentage and of great account These men are mounted vpon excellent horses with furniture and armes for varietie of colour most beautifull and for riches of ornament beyonde measure estimable for euery thing about them shineth with gold siluer pearle iewels and whatsoeuer else may please the eie or satisfie the curiositie of beholders These men besides prouision of corne oile butter and flesh for themselues their wiues children and seruants receiue further in wages from seuentie to an hundred ounces of siluer a man The third sort of forces which he hath consisteth of his * Timariotti for the Xeriffo granteth to all his sons and brothers and other persons of account or authoritie among the people of Africke or to the princes of the Arabians the benefite of great Lordships tenures for sustentation of his Cauallarie and the Alchaides themselues till the fields and afterwardes reape rice oile barly butter sheepe hens and monie and distribute the same monethly to the souldiers according to the seuerall qualitie of their persons They also giue them cloth linnen and silke to apparell themselues armes of offence and defence and horses with which they serue in the warres and if they die or be killed they allow them other A thing which was also vsed in Rome towards them that serued on publike horses Euerie one of these leaders contendeth to bring his people into the fielde well ordred for armes apparell and horses besides this they haue betweene fower and twentie and thirtie ounces of siluer wages euery yeere His fourth militarie forces are the Arabians who liue continually in their Auari for so they call their habitations each one of them consisting of an hundred or two hundred 〈◊〉 gouerned by diuers Alchaides to the end they may be readie in time of need These serue on horse-backe but they are rather to be accounted theeues then true soldiers His fift kinde of forces militarie are somewhat like vnto the trained soldiers of Christian princes and among these the inhabitants of cities and villages of the kingdome and of the mountaines are enrolled It is true that the king makes but little account of them very seldome puts armes into their hands for feare of insurrections and rebellions except in the warres against the Christians for then he cannot conueniently forbid them For it being written in their law that if à Moore kil a Christian or is slaine by him he goeth directly into Paradise a diabolicall inuention men women and those of euery age and degree run to the warres hand ouer head that at least they may there be slaine and by this meanes according to their foolish opinion gaine heauen No lesse zeale to our confusion may we perceiue in the Turks especially for defence of their sect for one would thinke they went to a marriage and not to the warre scarcely being able with patience to attend their prefixed time of going thither They repute them holy and happie that die with armes in hand against their enimies as on the contrarie those men vnhappie and of little woorth that die at home amidst the lamentation of children and outcries of women By the things aboue set downe we may easily comprehend what numbers of men the Xeriffo can bring into the field but yet we may learne better by experience For Mullei Abdala in the yeere 1562. besieged Mazagan with two hundred thousand men choaking the ditch with a mountaine of earth and beating downe the walles thereof with his Artillerie but for all this he was enforced by the valour of the Portugals and the damage which he receiued by their mines to giue ouer his siege Besides this Prince can not continue a great war aboue two or three moneths and the reason hereof is because his forces liuing on that prouision which he hath daylie comming in as well for sustenance as for aparrell and not being able to haue all this conducted thither where the war requireth it followeth of necessitie that in short time they must needs returne home for their maintenance of life and further it is an euident thing that no man can protract a war at length except he be rich in treasure Molucco who ouerthrew Sebastian king of Portugal had in pay vnder his ensignes fortie thousand horse and eight thousand foote besides Arabians and aduenturers But it is thought he could haue brought into the field seuentie thousand horse and more foot then he did Of the dominions and fortresses which the king of Spaine hath vpon the Isles and maine landes of Africa and of the great quantity of treasure and other commodities which are brought from thence BEsides Oran Mersalquibir Melilla and Pennon which the king of Spaine possesseth within the streights as likewise çeuta Tanger and Arzil which by the title of Portugal he holdeth very neere the streights of Gibraltar and Mazagan in like sort without the streights mouth twentie miles to the southward of Arzil he hath along the coast of Affrick from Cape de Guer to that of Guardafu two sorts of states for some are immedidiately vnder him and others are as it were his adherents The Ilands of Madera Puerto Santo the Canaries the Isles of Arguin of Cabo Verde the isle Del Principe with that of Sant