contend_v beside_o these_o sort_n of_o probability_n there_o be_v still_o another_o particular_a one_o which_o we_o may_v call_v a_o accidental_a probability_n it_o consist_v not_o in_o make_v use_n of_o several_a incident_n each_o of_o which_o in_o particular_a be_v probable_a but_o in_o order_v they_o so_o that_o they_o shall_v happen_v all_o together_o very_a probably_n a_o man_n for_o instance_n may_v probably_n die_v of_o a_o apoplexy_n but_o that_o this_o shall_v happen_v exact_o when_o the_o poet_n have_v occasion_n to_o unravel_v his_o plot_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o grant_v the_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n be_v of_o a_o large_a extent_n for_o they_o comprehend_v the_o multitude_n of_o marvellous_a thing_n each_o of_o which_o may_v have_v be_v regular_a in_o the_o particular_a but_o which_o in_o all_o probability_n can_v be_v heap_v up_o in_o so_o great_a a_o number_n and_o so_o small_a a_o space_n it_o be_v likewise_o a_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n when_o a_o incident_a not_o due_o prepare_v though_o it_o need_v it_o be_v bring_v in_o all_o on_o a_o sudden_a a_o desire_n of_o surprise_v the_o auditor_n by_o the_o sight_n of_o some_o beauty_n which_o they_o never_o expect_v cast_v poet_n of_o little_a judgement_n into_o these_o error_n but_o the_o effect_n thereof_o be_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n when_o a_o man_n set_v himself_o to_o seek_v for_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o event_n in_o what_o he_o have_v already_o see_v this_o application_n of_o thought_n take_v away_o all_o the_o pleasure_n it_o will_v vex_v a_o man_n to_o take_v too_o much_o pain_n to_o find_v out_o these_o cause_n but_o much_o more_o if_o he_o can_v not_o find_v they_o out_o at_o all_o and_o when_o at_o last_o the_o poet_n do_v discover_v they_o the_o passion_n be_v weaken_a or_o destroy_v by_o these_o misplace_a instruction_n the_o comedian_n make_v use_v of_o these_o surprise_v more_o frequent_o and_o can_v reap_v some_o advantage_n from_o they_o but_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o epopéa_n will_v not_o away_o with_o these_o petty_a amusement_n all_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v manage_v after_o a_o natural_a way_n so_o that_o the_o incident_n thereof_o must_v be_v due_o prepare_v or_o else_o be_v such_o as_o need_v no_o preparation_n virgil_n be_v exact_a in_o this_o juno_n prepare_v the_o tempest_n which_o she_o raise_v in_o the_o first_o book_n venus_n in_o the_o same_o book_n prepare_v the_o amour_n of_o the_o four_o the_o death_n of_o dido_n which_o happen_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o four_o book_n be_v prepare_v from_o the_o very_a *_o first_o day_n of_o her_o marriage_n lethi_fw-la helenus_z in_o the_o three_o book_n prepare_v all_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o six_o in_o the_o six_o sibyl_n foretell_v all_o the_o ensue_a war_n the_o outrages_a of_o turnus_n the_o misfortune_n which_o be_v to_o happen_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o lavinia_n and_o likewise_o the_o voyage_n of_o aeneas_n with_o evander_n we_o shall_v be_v too_o tedious_a if_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o every_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o admirable_a or_o the_o marvellous_a admiration_n be_v oppose_v to_o probability_n it_o be_v the_o business_n of_o the_o last_o to_o reduce_v every_o thing_n into_o the_o most_o simple_a and_o most_o natural_a order_n whereas_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n we_o never_o admire_v any_o thing_n but_o what_o appear_v extraordinary_a and_o out_o of_o the_o common_a road._n this_o be_v that_o which_o deceive_v some_o who_o to_o make_v their_o hero_n admire_v raise_v they_o to_o what_o be_v impossible_a this_o practice_n meet_v with_o a_o quite_o contrary_a effect_n for_o if_o we_o will_v have_v a_o thing_n admire_v we_o shall_v make_v it_o so_o probable_a that_o it_o may_v be_v conceive_v and_o credit_v we_o never_o admire_v that_o which_o we_o think_v have_v actual_o never_o be_v and_o all_o extravagant_a flight_n put_v we_o upon_o this_o thought_n and_o yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v i_o may_v yield_v too_o much_o to_o reason_n and_o probability_n contrary_a to_o aristotle_n mind_n who_o prefer_v the_o admirable_a by_o far_o before_o they_o let_v we_o see_v what_o he_o say_v about_o it_o and_o let_v the_o world_n agree_v to_o it_o as_o they_o see_v cause_n 24._o it_o be_v requisite_a say_v he_o that_o the_o marvellous_a shall_v be_v in_o tragedy_n but_o much_o more_o in_o the_o epopéa_n which_o in_o this_o go_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o reason_n for_o since_o they_o do_v not_o see_v the_o person_n act_n as_o they_o do_v upon_o the_o stage_n that_o which_o transgress_v the_o bound_n of_o reason_n be_v very_o proper_a to_o produce_v the_o marvellous_a that_o which_o homer_n say_v of_o hector_n pursue_v by_o achilles_n will_v have_v be_v very_o ridiculous_a upon_o the_o stage_n where_o one_o shall_v have_v see_v so_o many_o person_n in_o a_o fight_n look_v on_o hector_n as_o he_o be_v fly_v without_o pursue_v he_o and_o only_o one_o person_n follow_v give_v a_o signal_n to_o the_o rest_n to_o stand_v off_o but_o this_o be_v not_o discernible_a in_o the_o epopéa_fw-la aristotle_n say_v further_a ibid._n that_o these_o addition_n that_o be_v make_v to_o reason_n and_o truth_n for_o the_o raise_n of_o admiration_n be_v likewise_o pleasant_a and_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a how_o natural_a this_o be_v by_o the_o ordinary_a practice_n of_o most_o people_n who_o to_o make_v their_o story_n the_o more_o divert_v and_o something_o or_o another_o of_o their_o own_o invention_n but_o that_o homer_n outdo_v all_o man_n in_o teach_v we_o how_o to_o tell_v these_o sort_n of_o yes_o with_o a_o bon_fw-fr grace_n these_o fiction_n of_o homer_n be_v among_o other_o thing_n such_o as_o horace_n commend_v in_o the_o odysseïs_n and_o which_o he_o find_v to_o be_v equal_o beautiful_a and_o surprise_a join_v together_o these_o two_o qualification_n the_o pleasant_a and_o the_o marvellous_a after_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o we_o have_v observe_v aristotle_n do_v but_o though_o this_o philosopher_n may_v have_v say_v thus_o much_o certain_o he_o never_o design_v to_o allow_v man_n a_o full_a licence_n of_o carry_v thing_n beyond_o probability_n and_o reason_n beside_o without_o do_v he_o the_o least_o injustice_n and_o without_o abate_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o due_a authority_n it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o the_o example_n of_o homer_n which_o he_o propose_v will_v have_v be_v exact_a enough_o for_o virgil_n imitation_n for_o the_o custom_n of_o speak_v by_o fable_n and_o allegory_n even_o in_o prose_n and_o before_o the_o people_n be_v not_o in_o vogue_n at_o rome_n in_o the_o latin_a poet_n time_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o allegorical_a sense_n he_o be_v far_o oblige_v to_o insert_v some_o other_o which_o one_o may_v understand_v simple_o without_o any_o more_o ado_n last_o that_o which_o i_o infer_v from_o the_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n be_v that_o he_o prescribe_v the_o marvellous_a and_o the_o probable_a to_o both_o the_o epic_a and_o the_o dramatic_a poet_n but_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o dramatic_a have_v a_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o probable_a than_o the_o marvellous_a and_o that_o the_o epic_a on_o the_o contrary_n prefer_v the_o admirable_a the_o reason_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v that_o we_o see_v what_o be_v do_v in_o tragedy_n and_o only_o hear_v by_o recital_n the_o adventure_n of_o the_o epopéa_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o consideration_n that_o horace_n order_n poet._n that_o in_o tragedy_n themselves_o the_o two_o surprise_v incident_n such_o as_o the_o transformation_n of_o progne_n into_o a_o bird_n or_o of_o cadmus_n into_o a_o serpent_n shall_v be_v keep_v from_o the_o spectator_n view_n there_o needs_o only_o simple_a narration_n to_o be_v make_v of_o these_o thing_n it_o be_v likewise_o for_o this_o reason_n that_o the_o epopéa_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o machine_n which_o be_v as_o so_o many_o miracle_n and_o exceed_v natural_a probability_n but_o they_o be_v not_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n allow_v upon_o the_o theatre_n we_o add_v further_o that_o if_o for_o the_o better_a please_a the_o auditor_n by_o a_o surprise_v incident_a one_o shall_v transgress_v the_o boundary_n of_o reason_n and_o truth_n their_o mind_n ought_v to_o be_v dispose_v thereto_o by_o something_o that_o may_v set_v they_o so_o far_o beside_o themselves_o that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v impose_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o that_o they_o may_v thank_v the_o poet_n for_o have_v surprise_v they_o so_o pleasant_o this_o be_v what_o mounseur_fw-fr corneille_n have_v observe_v in_o his_o cid_n he_o know_v well_o enough_o that_o he_o can_v not_o bring_v rodrigues_n into_o the_o earl_n house_n who_o he_o have_v but_o just_a then_o murder_v without_o transgress_v against_o reason_n and_o probability_n but_o then_o he_o know_v as_o well_o that_o
troy_n because_o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o greek_n and_o be_v king_n of_o the_o trojan_n because_o priam_n be_v dead_a and_o he_o elect_v in_o his_o room_n but_o if_o the_o take_n of_o troy_n be_v the_o consequence_n of_o a_o ten_o year_n siege_n shall_v not_o this_o war_n have_v be_v relate_v as_o the_o necessary_a cause_n of_o the_o take_n and_o ruin_n thereof_o this_o be_v what_o the_o poet_n have_v admirable_o provide_v for_o by_o bring_v it_o about_o that_o neither_o the_o war_n nor_o the_o long_a and_o tedious_a siege_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o take_n of_o this_o city_n 2._o therefore_o he_o say_v at_o first_o that_o the_o greek_n be_v worsted_n that_o they_o utter_o despair_v of_o be_v master_n of_o the_o city_n by_o any_o of_o those_o measure_n they_o have_v hitherto_o take_v and_o that_o so_o many_o year_n spend_v in_o the_o war_n be_v but_o so_o much_o time_n lose_v so_o that_o the_o take_v of_o troy_n depend_v not_o upon_o any_o thing_n that_o go_v before_o the_o greek_n form_n another_o design_n which_o be_v a_o exact_a beginning_n of_o a_o action_n for_o it_o suppose_v nothing_o before_o it_o the_o poet_n give_v it_o likewise_o the_o other_o qualification_n of_o a_o beginning_n which_o be_v the_o require_v something_o after_o it_o before_o ever_o the_o grecian_n become_v master_n of_o the_o city_n and_o before_o ever_o king_n priam_n be_v kill_v aeneas_n be_v destine_v to_o re-establish_a a_o more_o noble_a religion_n and_o a_o more_o illustrious_a empire_n elsewhere_o wherefore_o the_o burn_a of_o troy_n be_v not_o a_o entire_a action_n nor_o the_o downfall_n of_o a_o empire_n but_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o a_o state_n and_o it_o require_v a_o new_a establishment_n to_o succeed_v it_o the_o ship_n off_o of_o aeneas_n his_o voyage_n his_o battle_n and_o all_o the_o obstacle_n he_o meet_v with_o compose_v a_o just_a middle_a they_o be_v a_o consequence_n of_o the_o destruction_n of_o troy_n and_o of_o the_o choice_n they_o make_v of_o he_o to_o transport_v they_o into_o italy_n and_o these_o same_o incident_n require_v a_o end_n the_o end_n comprehend_v the_o death_n of_o amata_n that_o of_o turnus_n the_o change_n of_o juno_n mind_n and_o the_o term_n of_o the_o peace_n which_o contain_v all_o that_o aeneas_n pretend_v to_o for_o his_o establishment_n but_o for_o the_o better_a judge_v of_o the_o unity_n and_o integrity_n of_o the_o action_n of_o which_o we_o have_v already_o speak_v we_o must_v add_v that_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o design_n the_o first_o sort_n have_v no_o manner_n of_o consequence_n but_o end_n with_o the_o action_n the_o other_o beside_o the_o action_n have_v likewise_o some_o necessary_a consequence_n and_o in_o this_o last_o case_n these_o consequence_n must_v be_v relate_v if_o one_o will_v have_v the_o poem_n be_v as_o entire_a and_o as_o complete_a as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v our_o poet_n furnish_v we_o with_o instance_n of_o both_o these_o design_n the_o anger_n and_o revenge_n of_o a_o man_n require_v necessary_o nothing_o more_o after_o it_o when_o it_o be_v satisfy_v and_o over_o all_o be_v at_o a_o end_n when_o achilles_n be_v revenge_v when_o he_o have_v receive_v satisfaction_n for_o the_o affront_v put_v upon_o he_o and_o when_o he_o be_v once_o quiet_a a_o man_n never_o inquire_v what_o become_v of_o he_o afterward_o it_o be_v the_o same_o case_n with_o the_o return_n of_o a_o prince_n into_o his_o own_o country_n when_o he_o be_v come_v thither_o have_v put_v a_o end_n to_o those_o disorder_n which_o his_o absence_n have_v cause_v and_o enjoy_v peace_n again_o the_o reader_n be_v satisfy_v nor_o have_v homer_n make_v any_o episode_n that_o have_v transgress_v these_o bound_n virgil_n practice_n have_v be_v otherwise_o because_o he_o undertake_v a_o design_n of_o another_o nature_n the_o establishment_n of_o any_o state_n do_v of_o necessity_n draw_v great_a consequence_n after_o it_o if_o the_o poet_n have_v take_v they_o all_o for_o his_o action_n it_o will_v have_v be_v of_o a_o monstrous_a extent_n because_o the_o roman_a government_n be_v not_o full_o settle_v till_o after_o the_o ruin_n of_o carthage_n which_o have_v so_o long_o dispute_v with_o it_o for_o empire_n and_o liberty_n and_o this_o very_a state_n arrive_v not_o to_o its_o grandeur_n and_o perfection_n till_o under_o augustus_n who_o be_v its_o last_o as_o aeneas_n be_v its_o first_o founder_n therefore_o virgil_n have_v not_o take_v this_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o his_o poem_n but_o 6._o he_o relate_v it_o by_o such_o recital_n as_o homer_n make_v use_v of_o in_o his_o odysseïs_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o of_o the_o wound_n ulysses_n receive_v on_o the_o top_n of_o parnassus_n upon_o this_o account_n we_o observe_v that_o the_o poet_n may_v relate_v such_o incident_n as_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o matter_n of_o his_o poem_n but_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v not_o the_o matter_n thereof_o it_o be_v thus_o that_o virgil_n practice_n in_o the_o machine_n make_v jupiter_n in_o the_o first_o and_o anchises_n in_o the_o six_o book_n to_o make_v these_o prophetical_a recital_n there_o be_v something_o still_o more_o noble_a in_o the_o episode_n of_o dido_n where_o by_o a_o allegory_n and_o a_o conduct_n which_o one_o can_v never_o sufficient_o admire_v he_o bring_v into_o the_o body_n of_o his_o action_n all_o the_o succeed_a history_n of_o carthage_n and_o this_o so_o natural_o too_o that_o one_o will_v think_v the_o poet_n shall_v have_v make_v dido_n say_v and_o act_n just_a as_o she_o do_v though_o there_o have_v never_o be_v any_o quarrel_n between_o these_o two_o state_n and_o though_o there_o have_v never_o be_v such_o a_o man_n as_o hannibal_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o action_n a_o historian_n do_v not_o make_v his_o subject-matter_n himself_o he_o speak_v nothing_o but_o what_o he_o know_v and_o in_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o state_n we_o often_o see_v effect_n who_o cause_n be_v never_o know_v those_o who_o act_n in_o it_o keep_v all_o thing_n in_o private_a and_o the_o more_o they_o do_v so_o the_o great_a regnare_fw-la politician_n be_v they_o account_v so_o that_o on_o one_o side_n the_o historian_n be_v oblige_v to_o declare_v all_o the_o cause_n he_o know_v because_o these_o circumstance_n be_v very_o instructive_a but_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n he_o be_v just_o dispense_v from_o relate_v several_a cause_n because_o he_o can_v come_v to_o any_o knowledge_n of_o they_o a_o poet_n have_v the_o same_o reason_n to_o tell_v all_o the_o cause_n of_o his_o action_n and_o he_o be_v likewise_o more_o oblige_v to_o it_o than_o a_o historian_n since_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a and_o essential_a for_o poetry_n to_o instruct_v than_o it_o be_v for_o history_n but_o the_o poet_n have_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n to_o excuse_v his_o omission_n of_o any_o cause_n whatever_o he_o make_v his_o matter_n himself_o and_o if_o he_o take_v any_o thing_n from_o history_n it_o be_v but_o so_o far_o as_o history_n suit_v thereto_o he_o must_v feign_v whatever_o be_v not_o there_o or_o else_o change_v what_o be_v not_o suit_v to_o his_o purpose_n if_o it_o be_v propose_n that_o some_o thing_n may_v lie_v conceal_v from_o he_o because_o no_o man_n can_v know_v every_o thing_n he_o than_o be_v instruct_v by_o the_o god_n who_o do_v know_v every_o thing_n virgil_n be_v my_o warrant_n in_o the_o case_n before_o we_o 1._o he_o invoke_v a_o deity_n that_o he_o may_v come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o his_o action_n and_o he_o relate_v such_o thing_n as_o he_o can_v never_o know_v but_o by_o revelation_n since_o he_o say_v they_o happen_v to_o dido_n alone_o and_o which_o she_o never_o make_v any_o one_o no_o not_o so_o much_o as_o her_o sister_n acquaint_v with_o thus_o be_v the_o poet_n oblige_v to_o tell_v all_o the_o cause_n not_o only_o that_o he_o may_v instruct_v as_o we_o hint_v before_o but_o likewise_o that_o he_o may_v please_v for_o without_o doubt_v this_o be_v very_o grateful_a there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o cause_n some_o be_v more_o general_a and_o undetermined_a such_o as_o the_o humour_n of_o any_o one_o for_o it_o be_v upon_o humour_n that_o every_o one_o common_o regulate_v his_o conduct_n and_o act_n upon_o occasion_n other_o be_v more_o precise_a such_o as_o the_o interest_n of_o those_o that_o act._n and_o last_o there_o be_v other_o which_o be_v more_o immediate_a such_o as_o the_o design_n which_o one_o take_v to_o promote_v or_o hinder_v any_o thing_n these_o different_a cause_n of_o a_o action_n be_v likewise_o frequent_o the_o cause_n of_o one_o another_o every_o one_o take_v up_o those_o interest_n which_o his_o humour_n engage_v he_o in_o and_o form_v such_o design_n as_o his_o humour_n and_o
hero_n it_o seem_v as_o if_o he_o alone_o be_v more_o proper_o the_o subject-matter_n of_o the_o poem_n than_o all_o the_o rest_n homer_n name_v achilles_n particular_o and_o add_v agamemnon_n to_o he_o as_o we_o hint_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n ulysses_n and_o aeneas_n be_v not_o name_v but_o only_o imply_v and_o that_o in_o such_o general_a term_n that_o we_o shall_v not_o know_v they_o have_v we_o not_o information_n otherways_o that_o they_o be_v the_o person_n for_o what_o do_v the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n say_v concern_v the_o return_n of_o ulysses_n from_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n but_o what_o may_v be_v in_o the_o proposition_n of_o a_o poem_n that_o treat_v of_o the_o return_n of_o diomedes_n this_o practice_n may_v have_v perhaps_o some_o respect_n to_o the_o primary_n invention_n of_o the_o poet_n who_o ought_v at_o first_o to_o feign_v his_o action_n without_o name_n and_o relate_v not_o the_o action_n of_o alcibiades_n as_o aristotle_n say_v nor_o 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troy_n famous_a war_n and_o priam_n '_o s_o fate_n i_o sing_v in_o what_o will_v all_o this_o ostentation_n end_n the_o mountain_n labour_n and_o a_o mouse_n be_v bear_v how_o far_o be_v this_o from_o the_o maeonian_a style_n muse_n speak_v the_o man_n who_o since_o the_o siege_n of_o troy_n so_o many_o town_n such_o change_n of_o manner_n saw_n one_o with_o a_o flash_n begin_v and_o end_n in_o smoke_n the_o other_o out_o of_o smoak_n bring_v glorious_a light_n and_o without_o raise_v expectation_n high_a surprise_v we_o with_o dazzle_v miracle_n the_o bloody_a lestrygon_n in_o humane_a feast_n with_o all_o the_o monster_n of_o the_o land_n and_o sea_n how_o scylla_n bark_v and_o polyphemus_n roar_v horace_n art_n of_o poetry_n english_v by_o roscommon_n and_o in_o truth_n what_o can_v be_v more_o simple_a and_o modest_a than_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n which_o do_v not_o promise_v we_o any_o great_a action_n of_o this_o hero_n but_o only_o the_o danger_n and_o the_o 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love_n the_o ambition_n and_o the_o valour_n of_o turnus_n this_o last_o supply_v he_o with_o a_o great_a many_o episodes_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o the_o war_n aeneas_n meet_v with_o in_o italy_n it_o begin_v at_o the_o seven_o book_n and_o be_v not_o over_o till_o the_o end_n of_o the_o poem_n it_o be_v thus_o that_o the_o episodes_n of_o the_o aeneid_n be_v deduce_v from_o the_o fable_n and_o the_o very_a essence_n of_o the_o action_n the_o second_o thing_n we_o say_v be_v necessary_a for_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o action_n be_v the_o unity_n and_o the_o connexion_n of_o the_o episodes_n with_o one_o another_o for_o beside_o that_o relation_n and_o proportion_n which_o all_o the_o member_n ought_v to_o have_v with_o one_o another_o so_o as_o to_o constitute_v but_o one_o body_n which_o shall_v be_v homogeneous_a in_o all_o its_o part_n it_o be_v require_v far_o that_o these_o member_n shall_v be_v not_o contiguous_a as_o if_o they_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o clap_v together_o 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that_o it_o signify_v little_a whether_o they_o be_v distinct_a from_o each_o other_o or_o join_v together_o but_o let_v the_o way_n be_v how_o it_o will_v the_o poet_n can_v omit_v the_o invocation_n he_o speak_v of_o thing_n which_o he_o will_v know_v nothing_o of_o unless_o some_o god_n or_o other_o have_v reveal_v they_o to_o he_o he_o owe_v his_o reader_n this_o example_n of_o piety_n and_o veneration_n which_o be_v the_o very_a foundation_n of_o all_o the_o moral_a and_o the_o instruction_n he_o pretend_v to_o lay_v down_o from_o the_o fable_n and_o last_o since_o the_o god_n must_v be_v concern_v in_o it_o it_o be_v unreasonable_a to_o dare_v to_o bring_v they_o upon_o the_o stage_n without_o crave_v their_o leave_n first_o so_o that_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o god_n the_o auditor_n and_o the_o poet_n himself_o the_o invocation_n become_v a_o indispensible_a and_o necessary_a part_n the_o poet_n likewise_o address_v himself_o to_o the_o god_n very_o often_o in_o the_o sequel_n 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demand_v in_o the_o first_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o poet_n shall_v desire_v that_o all_o his_o matter_n shall_v be_v inspire_v into_o he_o or_o only_o a_o part_n of_o it_o the_o different_a practice_n of_o our_o author_n oblige_v we_o to_o make_v this_o reflection_n homer_n have_v so_o well_o connect_v his_o proposition_n in_o the_o iliad_n with_o the_o invocation_n that_o he_o implore_v his_o muse_n for_o all_o that_o he_o propose_v without_o exception_n in_o the_o odysseïs_n he_o have_v begin_v after_o the_o same_o way_n but_o after_o mention_v several_a thing_n which_o he_o beg_v his_o muse_n to_o assist_v he_o in_o he_o at_o last_o retrenche_n some_o and_o only_o entreat_v she_o to_o tell_v he_o a_o part_n of_o they_o virgil_n follow_v this_o last_o method_n that_o which_o be_v particular_a in_o he_o be_v that_o he_o do_v not_o in_o the_o general_a desire_n one_o part_n of_o his_o subject_n but_o precise_o determine_v what_o part_n he_o will_v have_v his_o muse_n inspire_v into_o he_o it_o be_v that_o which_o be_v the_o most_o secret_a and_o hard_a to_o know_v after_o he_o have_v very_o exact_o propose_v all_o his_o matter_n he_o than_o address_v himself_o to_o his_o muse_n and_o pray_v she_o to_o inform_v he_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o all_o there_o be_v a_o very_a natural_a reason_n to_o be_v give_v for_o this_o conduct_n for_o since_o the_o poet_n suppose_v that_o his_o action_n be_v true_a and_o write_v as_o if_o he_o will_v have_v it_o pass_v for_o such_o he_o must_v likewise_o suppose_v that_o such_o a_o illustrious_a and_o important_a action_n can_v not_o have_v be_v bury_v in_o oblivion_n by_o this_o mean_n history_n or_o report_n may_v have_v inform_v he_o of_o one_o part._n this_o be_v the_o idea_n he_o will_v have_v the_o reader_n conceive_v when_o he_o do_v not_o desire_v the_o muse_n for_o all_o perhaps_o likewise_o our_o poet_n do_v this_o to_o divide_v the_o business_n so_o that_o they_o may_v have_v the_o honour_n of_o sing_v a_o part_n with_o the_o go_n this_o be_v what_o omnes_fw-la virgil_n do_v in_o his_o eight_o eclogue_n he_o sing_v the_o one_o half_a of_o his_o matter_n and_o pray_v the_o muse_n to_o go_v on_o and_o sing_v the_o other_o part_n because_o he_o can_v not_o do_v all_o however_o the_o case_n stand_v we_o see_v by_o this_o practice_n what_o the_o poet_n be_v allow_v to_o do_v thus_o much_o for_o what_o he_o desire_v now_o let_v we_o see_v to_o who_o he_o make_v his_o address_n the_o invocation_n be_v proper_a to_o the_o poem_n when_o it_o be_v either_o address_v to_o the_o god_n who_o preside_v over_o the_o subject_a he_o treat_v on_o or_o to_o the_o god_n who_o preside_v over_o poetry_n in_o general_n ovid_n in_o his_o meis_fw-la metamorphosis_n make_v use_v of_o the_o first_o sort_n of_o invocation_n he_o
mere_a quality_n in_o their_o own_o nature_n produce_v neither_o of_o these_o two_o effect_n such_o as_o valour_n art_n the_o knowledge_n of_o science_n and_o the_o like_a solomon_n can_v still_o preserve_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o science_n even_o when_o he_o be_v become_v a_o idolater_n aencas_n and_o mezentius_n be_v both_o valiant_a yet_o one_o be_v a_o pious_a and_o a_o good_a man_n the_o other_o a_o atheistical_a and_o profane_a fellow_n it_o be_v far_a observable_a that_o among_o the_o inclination_n there_o be_v some_o which_o belong_v more_o peculiarly_a to_o some_o particular_a adventure_n and_o that_o be_v only_o of_o use_n upon_o certain_a occasion_n such_o for_o instance_n be_v valour_n clemency_n and_o liberality_n other_o be_v more_o universal_a and_o appear_v in_o every_o thing_n such_o as_o be_v good_a nature_n and_o a_o passionate_a temper_n for_o a_o man_n may_v be_v passionate_a and_o violent_a not_o only_o in_o war_n but_o at_o a_o council_n board_n and_o upon_o all_o other_o occasion_n as_o achilles_n be_v or_o he_o may_v be_v mild_a and_o good-natured_a even_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o battle_n as_o aeneas_n we_o shall_v call_v this_o last_o species_n of_o general_a and_o universal_a manner_n the_o character_n of_o such_o or_o such_o a_o person_n and_o will_v treat_v of_o it_o more_o particular_o the_o cause_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v either_o whole_o external_n or_o whole_o internal_a or_o they_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o partly_o external_n partly_o internal_a the_o external_n cause_n be_v god_n the_o star_n and_o our_o native_a country_n the_o mix_a cause_n be_v our_o parent_n and_o education_n the_o internal_a cause_n be_v the_o complexion_n the_o sex_n the_o passion_n and_o the_o action_n whereby_o we_o contract_v these_o habit_n the_o effect_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v the_o discourse_n the_o design_n and_o the_o essay_n we_o make_v to_o do_v such_o or_o such_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o good_a bad_a or_o indifferent_a action_n poetry_n be_v not_o the_o only_a thing_n where_o the_o manner_n be_v of_o use_n philosopher_n historian_n geographer_n and_o rhetorician_n treat_v of_o they_o as_o well_o as_o poet_n each_o of_o these_o in_o his_o own_o way_n but_o the_o poet_n have_v need_n of_o all_o and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o thing_n which_o he_o be_v indispensible_o oblige_v to_o be_v acquaint_v with_o that_o he_o may_v make_v his_o personage_n speak_v and_o act_v regular_o whatsoever_o have_v be_v say_v on_o this_o subject_a yet_o i_o can_v whole_o pass_v it_o over_o i_o shall_v only_o content_v myself_o to_o apply_v it_o to_o the_o practice_n of_o virgil._n therefore_o before_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o poetical_a manner_n i_o will_v explain_v at_o large_a what_o i_o have_v propose_v concern_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n and_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o concern_v the_o manner_n that_o be_v foreign_a to_o poetry_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n god_n be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o cause_n in_o general_a we_o shall_v look_v upon_o he_o here_o in_o particular_a as_o the_o most_o universal_a and_o first_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n he_o be_v the_o author_n of_o nature_n and_o dispose_v of_o all_o thing_n as_o he_o think_v fit_a this_o cause_n render_v the_o manner_n of_o aeneas_n good_a even_o to_o admiration_n it_o be_v superfluous_a to_o show_v how_o this_o hero_n be_v favour_v by_o jupiter_n since_o we_o see_v juno_n who_o prosecute_v he_o love_n and_o esteem_v his_o person_n the_o star_n and_o principal_o the_o sign_n and_o planet_n be_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n the_o 1._o poet_n take_v notice_n what_o influence_n they_o have_v upon_o men._n when_o in_o the_o person_n of_o dido_n he_o prove_v from_o they_o that_o the_o tyrian_n be_v not_o so_o dull_a but_o that_o they_o know_v what_o esteem_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v for_o virtue_n but_o be_v it_o by_o chance_n think_v you_o that_o this_o poet_n who_o elsewhere_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o astronomy_n cause_v the_o planet_n to_o act_v in_o favour_n of_o his_o hero_n conformable_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o astrologer_n of_o the_o seven_o there_o be_v three_o that_o favour_n he_o jupiter_n venus_n and_o the_o sun_n all_o three_o act_n visible_o in_o the_o poem_n in_o behalf_n of_o aeneas_n there_o be_v three_o other_o who_o influence_n be_v malignant_a saturn_n mars_n the_o moon_n or_o diana_n if_o they_o act_v it_o be_v indeed_o against_o the_o hero_n but_o they_o appear_v so_o obscure_o that_o one_o may_v say_v virgil_n have_v hide_v they_o below_o the_o horizon_n last_o mercury_n who_o planet_n be_v say_v to_o be_v good_a with_o the_o good_a and_o bad_a with_o the_o bad_a act_v visible_o as_o the_o good_a planet_n do_v but_o he_o never_o act_v alone_o it_o be_v jupiter_n that_o always_o send_v he_o out_o and_o this_o be_v the_o horoscope_n which_o the_o poet_n make_v for_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o three_o external_a cause_n of_o the_o manner_n be_v the_o country_n in_o which_o one_o be_v born_n virgil_n bestow_v great_a commendation_n on_o the_o country_n of_o his_o hero_n and_o advance_v it_o far_o above_o greece_n 2._o as_o long_o as_o troy_n be_v assault_v fair_o by_o force_n it_o always_o remain_v victorious_a it_o be_v only_o the_o fraud_n and_o treachery_n of_o the_o grecian_n that_o gain_v the_o mastery_n over_o the_o generosity_n of_o the_o trojan_n so_o that_o according_a to_o their_o country_n the_o one_o party_n be_v brave_a and_o generous_a the_o other_o knave_n and_o cheat_n the_o one_o civil_a the_o other_o barbarous_a the_o one_o hardy_n the_o other_o nice_n etc._n etc._n after_o these_o cause_n that_o be_v proper_o external_a follow_v next_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n who_o blood_n be_v derive_v down_o to_o their_o child_n we_o can_v say_v that_o the_o parent_n be_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v altogether_o foreign_a to_o the_o inclination_n of_o those_o who_o be_v form_v from_o their_o substance_n let_v we_o apply_v this_o to_o our_o subject_n aeneas_n spring_v from_o the_o royal_a blood_n of_o troy_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o this_o family_n be_v as_o virtuous_a as_o powerful_a but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n these_o two_o thing_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o different_a branch_n ilus_n leave_v the_o crown_n to_o laomedon_n and_o his_o virtue_n to_o assaracus_n priam_n and_o paris_n be_v heir_n to_o the_o first_o anchises_n and_o aeneas_n to_o the_o second_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o poet_n bestow_v upon_o his_o hero_n the_o good_a inclination_n of_o his_o ancestor_n before_o ever_o he_o restore_v to_o he_o the_o regal_a power_n his_o piety_n deserve_v the_o sceptre_n of_o his_o father_n and_o the_o perfidiousness_n of_o the_o other_o branch_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o priam_n family_n be_v extirpate_v the_o innocent_a themselves_o feel_v likewise_o the_o smart_n of_o it_o as_o 3._o virgil_n observe_v of_o polydore_n this_o be_v more_o clear_o express_v by_o the_o greek_a poet._n iliad_n he_o lay_v down_o the_o genealogy_n of_o priam_n and_o aeneas_n and_o add_v that_o jupiter_n hate_v the_o family_n of_o priam_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o aeneas_n be_v to_o command_v the_o trojan_n and_o transmit_v the_o empire_n to_o his_o posterity_n these_o be_v the_o advantage_n aeneas_n derive_v from_o his_o father_n his_o mother_n be_v the_o goddess_n from_o who_o he_o derive_v the_o character_n of_o good_a nature_n and_o meekness_n which_o be_v the_o fine_a ornament_n of_o his_o manner_n parent_n likewise_o hand_n down_o to_o their_o child_n their_o nobility_n which_o often_o make_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o difference_n between_o those_o that_o be_v noble_a and_o those_o that_o be_v not_o now_o that_o which_o happen_v often_o or_o ordinary_o in_o these_o thing_n be_v the_o rule_n which_o the_o poet_n ought_v to_o go_v by_o it_o will_v argue_v ignorance_n or_o childishness_n to_o do_v otherwise_o and_o one_o shall_v fall_v under_o these_o censure_n if_o for_o instance_n one_o shall_v cause_v a_o poetical_a person_n to_o be_v bear_v under_o a_o unlucky_a constellation_n to_o who_o we_o will_v give_v good_a inclination_n and_o a_o happy_a fortune_n whatsoever_o instance_n may_v be_v oppose_v against_o the_o pretend_a doctrine_n of_o astrologer_n yet_o that_o which_o be_v admirable_a and_o extraordinary_a in_o poet_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o contradict_v the_o common_a receive_v opinion_n about_o these_o thing_n education_n be_v another_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o two_o former_a to_o wit_n the_o care_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o parent_n virgil_n have_v not_o forget_v this_o cause_n those_o likewise_o with_o who_o one_o converse_v contribute_v very_o much_o towards_o those_o various_a inclination_n that_o proceed_v from_o education_n whether_o one_o suit_v himself_o to_o their_o humour_n or_o whether_o that_o conformity_n
of_o humour_n make_v these_o conjunction_n and_o preside_v over_o the_o choice_n of_o friend_n the_o companion_n of_o aeneas_n be_v good_a sage_a and_o pious_a person_n 12._o japis_n his_o physician_n prefer_v his_o skill_n in_o physic_n beyond_o the_o glory_n of_o arm_n even_o in_o that_o only_a design_n of_o prolong_v the_o life_n of_o his_o old_a father_n education_n depend_v likewise_o on_o the_o government_n and_o the_o state_n under_o which_o one_o be_v bring_v up_o one_o conceive_v quite_o different_a sentiment_n under_o a_o monarchy_n than_o one_o shall_v do_v under_o a_o commonwealth_n this_o point_n be_v of_o some_o moment_n to_o our_o poet_n who_o be_v willing_a to_o change_v the_o inclination_n of_o his_o audience_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o account_n that_o the_o inclination_n of_o all_o the_o personage_n in_o the_o aeneid_n be_v unanimous_o for_o a_o monarchy_n and_o though_o the_o tuscan_n who_o be_v use_v cruel_o by_o mezentius_n revolt_n from_o he_o and_o drive_v he_o thence_o yet_o this_o be_v not_o as_o the_o first_o brutus_n do_v to_o change_v the_o face_n of_o the_o state_n by_o banish_v both_o the_o king_n and_o his_o power_n together_o but_o in_o order_n to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o a_o more_o just_a monarch_n we_o may_v take_v into_o the_o number_n of_o mix_a cause_n the_o riches_n the_o dignity_n the_o alliance_n and_o the_o other_o good_n of_o fortune_n which_o we_o possess_v upon_o which_o i_o will_v only_o make_v this_o reflection_n that_o a_o king_n or_o general_n of_o a_o army_n do_v not_o always_o act_v in_o that_o character_n achilles_n be_v both_o but_o he_o preserve_v nothing_o of_o his_o sovereignty_n but_o that_o independency_n by_o which_o he_o refuse_v to_o obey_v agamemnon_n as_o otherwise_o he_o ought_v the_o fable_n require_v only_o this_o and_o homer_n have_v say_v no_o more_o of_o it_o his_o achilles_n be_v rather_o a_o private_a man_n and_o a_o single_a volunteer_n who_o only_o fight_v in_o his_o own_o quarrel_n than_o a_o king_n or_o a_o general_n so_o that_o nothing_o of_o all_o the_o good_a that_o be_v do_v any_o where_o else_o but_o where_o he_o be_v present_a be_v owe_v either_o to_o his_o valour_n or_o his_o good_a conduct_n virgil_n hero_n be_v quite_o of_o another_o make_v he_o never_o dive_v himself_o of_o his_o dignity_n he_o act_v in_o the_o full_a character_n of_o a_o general_n and_o this_o advance_v his_o martial_a achievement_n to_o a_o high_a pitch_n of_o glory_n than_o those_o of_o achilles_n the_o absence_n of_o both_o these_o hero_n give_v their_o enemy_n great_a advantage_n against_o they_o and_o be_v a_o evidence_n how_o great_a and_o necessary_a the_o valour_n of_o both_o of_o they_o be_v but_o this_o be_v peculiar_a to_o aeneas_n that_o whatever_o good_a be_v do_v in_o his_o absence_n be_v owe_v to_o his_o conduct_n two_o thing_n preserve_v the_o trojan_n from_o the_o rage_n of_o turnus_n the_o one_o be_v the_o rampart_n and_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n they_o be_v entrench_v in_o aeneas_n himself_o design_v and_o over-looked_n these_o work_n the_o other_o be_v the_o good_a order_n they_o observe_v to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o in_o this_o they_o do_v no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o order_v they_o at_o part_v and_o here_o be_v a_o glory_n which_o the_o hero_n in_o the_o iliad_n can_v make_v no_o pretension_n to_o and_o if_o one_o will_v compare_v both_o together_o achilles_n be_v a_o valiant_a soldier_n and_o aeneas_z a_o complete_a commander_n the_o last_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n which_o we_o propound_v be_v pure_o internal_a the_o chief_a and_o most_o general_a of_o these_o be_v the_o complexion_n poet_n place_n high_a character_n upon_o body_n of_o the_o large_a size_n and_o the_o fine_a make_v 1._o virgil_n give_v his_o hero_n the_o stature_n and_o visage_n of_o a_o god_n and_o he_o observe_v *_o that_o virtue_n be_v most_o charm_a when_o a_o good_a soul_n be_v lodge_v in_o a_o body_n 5._o that_o resemble_v it_o the_o complexion_n vary_v according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o age_n and_o sex_n turnus_n be_v young_a than_o aeneas_n because_o aeneas_n ought_v to_o be_v sage_a and_o prudent_a and_o turnus_n furious_a and_o passionate_a like_o another_o achilles_n i_o will_v not_o transcribe_v here_o what_o horace_n have_v write_v concern_v the_o manner_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o every_o age._n as_o for_o the_o sex_n aristotle_n say_v in_o his_o poetry_n that_o there_o be_v few_o good_a woman_n than_o bad_a and_o that_o they_o do_v more_o mischief_n than_o good_a in_o the_o world_n virgil_n be_v but_o too_o exact_a in_o copy_v this_o thought_n venus_n be_v the_o mother_n and_o protectress_n of_o aeneas_n she_o seem_v to_o be_v good-natured_a through_o the_o whole_a sibyl_n likewise_o favour_v he_o cybele_n and_o andromache_n be_v wellwisher_n to_o he_o and_o wish_v he_o no_o harm_n but_o they_o appear_v but_o little_a for_o this_o small_a number_n of_o good_a woman_n how_o many_o bad_a one_o be_v there_o or_o at_o least_o such_o as_o bring_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o mischief_n upon_o this_o hero_n juno_n be_v his_o profess_a enemy_n and_o employ_v against_o he_o iris_n juturna_n and_o allecto_n dido_n think_v of_o ruine_v he_o at_o carthage_n and_o call_v in_o to_o she_o aid_v her_o sister_n a_o nurse_n and_o a_o inchantress_n the_o harpy_n drive_v he_o out_o of_o their_o island_n 2._o helena_n be_v a_o fury_n that_o ruin_v the_o trojan_n and_o grecian_n themselves_o the_o trojan_a woman_n though_o his_o own_o subject_n set_v his_o fleet_n on_o fire_n amata_n contemn_v the_o order_n of_o the_o god_n and_o the_o will_n of_o the_o king_n her_o husband_n and_o with_o the_o latin_a woman_n first_o blow_v the_o trumpet_n to_o rebellion_n 7._o sylvia_n put_v she_o upon_o it_o the_o woman_n that_o be_v most_o esteem_v by_o this_o hero_n bring_v insupportable_a trouble_n upon_o his_o head_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o second_o book_n one_o may_v see_v his_o sorrow_n for_o creüsa_n and_o 6._o the_o innocent_a lavinia_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o the_o misery_n he_o suffer_v in_o the_o six_o last_o book_n camilla_n bear_v arm_n against_o he_o but_o she_o give_v we_o a_o occasion_n to_o make_v a_o more_o particular_a reflection_n virgil_n in_o she_o have_v give_v we_o a_o pretty_a example_n of_o the_o inconstancy_n of_o the_o sex_n it_o seem_v as_o if_o this_o courageous_a damosel_n be_v bring_v in_o to_o fight_v only_o to_o teach_v other_o woman_n that_o war_n be_v none_o of_o their_o business_n and_o that_o they_o can_v never_o so_o far_o divest_v themselves_o of_o their_o natural_a inclination_n there_o still_o remain_v something_o in_o they_o which_o will_v prove_v the_o ruin_n of_o themselves_o and_o which_o be_v a_o great_a prejudice_n to_o those_o who_o rely_v upon_o they_o the_o poet_n do_v admirable_o apply_v this_o point_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o that_o sex_n and_o make_v use_v of_o this_o heroine_n in_o the_o case_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v whole_o of_o another_o make_v in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o battle_n she_o perceive_v a_o warrior_n with_o rich_a amour_n she_o be_v present_o for_o have_v the_o spoil_n of_o this_o enemy_n and_o the_o motive_n the_o poet_n give_v she_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o woman_n be_v greedy_a desire_n this_o levity_n of_o the_o sex_n make_v camilla_n forget_v her_o dignity_n and_o the_o take_a care_n of_o her_o safety_n and_o it_o be_v follow_v with_o very_o mischievous_a effect_n she_o be_v kill_v the_o cavalry_n rout_v and_o aeneas_n preserve_v from_o a_o ambuscado_n he_o be_v just_a fall_v into_o the_o passion_n likewise_o be_v the_o internal_a cause_n of_o the_o manner_n if_o we_o love_v any_o person_n we_o love_v all_o we_o see_v in_o he_o even_o to_o his_o fail_n if_o we_o hate_v any_o one_o we_o have_v a_o aversion_n for_o even_o his_o perfection_n so_o great_a a_o power_n have_v passion_n over_o we_o when_o dido_n love_v aeneas_n this_o hero_n in_o her_o eye_n be_v nothing_o less_o than_o a_o 4._o god_n ibid._n but_o be_v she_o incense_v against_o he_o then_o he_o be_v no_o long_a one_o of_o humane_a race_n but_o some_o hard_a heart_a rock_n of_o mount_n caucasus_n be_v scarce_o good_a enough_o to_o be_v his_o father_n but_o the_o most_o excellent_a of_o all_o the_o cause_n of_o each_o man_n manner_n be_v his_o own_o action_n this_o cause_n imprint_n the_o strong_a habit_n it_o be_v that_o in_o which_o we_o have_v the_o great_a share_n it_o be_v that_o which_o create_v to_o we_o the_o great_a honour_n if_o the_o manner_n it_o produce_v be_v good_a and_o which_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v our_o great_a shame_n if_o they_o be_v bad_a virgil_n have_v very_o divine_o touch_v upon_o this_o cause_n when_o he_o say_v that_o next_o after_o god_n good_a manner_n be_v the_o chief_a and_o
surely_n seneca_n design_n in_o make_v she_o speak_v thus_o be_v only_o to_o put_v her_o audience_n upon_o admire_v her_o fine_a faculty_n of_o discourse_v pro_fw-la and_o con_n and_o what_o a_o great_a many_o pretty_a sentence_n she_o have_v get_v by_o heart_n let_v the_o case_n be_v how_o it_o will_v since_o he_o have_v a_o design_n to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o nurse_n to_o debauch_v the_o chaste_a resolution_n of_o hippolytus_n he_o make_v she_o speak_v well_o enough_o this_o second_o speech_n and_o he_o reassumes_a the_o poetical_a goodness_n when_o he_o quite_o the_o moral_a goodness_n and_o when_o he_o make_v she_o vent_v such_o profligate_v maxim_n since_o then_o the_o goodness_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o poetical_a manner_n be_v to_o make_v they_o appear_v such_o as_o they_o be_v it_o be_v necessary_a to_o observe_v what_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o discover_v to_o we_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o personage_n the_o first_o thing_n be_v the_o speech_n and_o action_n 15._o there_o be_v manner_n in_o a_o poem_n say_v aristotle_n if_o as_o we_o say_v the_o speech_n and_o the_o action_n discover_v to_o we_o any_o inclination_n the_o poet_n make_v his_o personage_n speak_v and_o act_v as_o he_o please_v so_o that_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v owe_v to_o he_o they_o be_v whole_o at_o his_o disposal_n and_o they_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n when_o the_o manner_n be_v well_o express_v after_o this_o way_n they_o be_v denote_v pure_o and_o simple_o by_o the_o term_n good_a and_o this_o ibid._n goodness_n make_v their_o first_o qualification_n aristotle_n place_n it_o in_o the_o front_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o exact_o observe_v poet._n horace_n likewise_o order_v the_o poet_n to_o be_v exact_a in_o demonstrate_v the_o manner_n the_o second_o thing_n be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o a_o genius_n study_n and_o experience_n give_v we_o of_o the_o inclination_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o each_o person_n according_a to_o the_o complexion_n the_o dignity_n and_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whether_o natural_a or_o acquire_v internal_a or_o external_a all_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o poet_n have_v give_v the_o dignity_n of_o a_o king_n to_o one_o of_o his_o personage_n without_o hear_v he_o speak_v or_o see_v he_o act_n we_o know_v that_o he_o ought_v to_o be_v grave_n majestical_a jealous_a of_o his_o authority_n and_o the_o like_a the_o inclination_n shall_v be_v suitable_a to_o that_o which_o the_o poet_n have_v propose_v and_o poet._n this_o conformity_n and_o suitableness_n make_v the_o second_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n the_o three_o thing_n be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o we_o deduce_v from_o the_o fable_n or_o the_o history_n this_o sort_n of_o discovery_n be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o common_a opinion_n or_o fame_n for_o the_o reason_n we_o have_v already_o mention_v so_o that_o when_o a_o poet_n have_v name_v alexander_n we_o know_v that_o the_o inclination_n of_o this_o personage_n be_v all_o for_o greatness_n and_o glory_n and_o that_o his_o ambition_n be_v large_a than_o the_o extent_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n if_o he_o introduce_v achilles_n we_o know_v he_o be_v angry_a passionate_a and_o impatient_a the_o manner_n of_o these_o hero_n in_o the_o poem_n shall_v be_v like_a to_o that_o which_o fame_n have_v report_v of_o they_o and_o this_o resemblance_n poet._n make_v the_o three_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n last_o because_o the_o poem_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n as_o the_o aeneid_n the_o one_o half_n whereof_o require_v piety_n and_o patience_n and_o the_o other_o violence_n and_o war_n a_o man_n may_v fancy_n according_a to_o these_o so_o different_a state_n he_o may_v likewise_o make_v the_o character_n of_o his_o hero_n different_a and_o then_o the_o manner_n of_o each_o part_n will_v be_v good_a in_o particular_a but_o because_o the_o speech_n and_o the_o action_n of_o the_o first_o part_n have_v discover_v the_o inclination_n which_o the_o poet_n give_v his_o hero_n and_o because_o the_o reader_n see_v it_o be_v so_o in_o the_o fable_n and_o history_n and_o have_v the_o same_o effect_v as_o common_a fame_n this_o will_v be_v to_o offend_v against_o the_o first_o and_o three_o qualification_n if_o we_o change_v the_o character_n that_o be_v know_v from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o poet_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v it_o constant_a and_o even_o that_o be_v such_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o poem_n as_o it_o appear_v to_o be_v at_o the_o beginning_n and_o this_o poet._n evenness_n of_o the_o character_n be_v the_o four_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n so_o that_o there_o be_v four_o thing_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o manner_n first_o that_o they_o be_v good_a second_o suitable_a three_o likely_a and_o four_a even_o these_o four_o qualification_n be_v comprehend_v in_o aristotle_n definition_n so_o that_o if_o one_o shall_v transgress_v any_o one_o of_o these_o he_o will_v transgress_v this_o definition_n by_o make_v we_o pass_v a_o wrong_a judgement_n upon_o the_o inolination_n of_o a_o personage_n and_o the_o resolution_n he_o ought_v to_o take_v the_o most_o important_a and_o hard_a thing_n be_v to_o distinguish_v these_o two_o sort_n of_o goodness_n in_o the_o manner_n the_o one_o which_o we_o may_v call_v moral_a goodness_n and_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o virtue_n and_o the_o other_o poetical_a to_o which_o the_o most_o vicious_a man_n have_v as_o much_o right_n as_o the_o virtuous_a it_o consist_v only_o in_o the_o skill_n of_o the_o poet_n to_o discover_v right_o the_o inclination_n of_o those_o he_o make_v to_o speak_v and_o act_v in_o his_o poem_n that_o which_o raise_v the_o great_a scruple_n be_v that_o the_o poetical_a manner_n suppose_v the_o other_o and_o aristotle_n not_o only_o speak_v of_o these_o two_o sort_n in_o his_o poesy_n but_o far_o he_o make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d term_n to_o express_v these_o two_o sort_n of_o goodness_n to_o wind_v ourselves_o out_o of_o this_o difficulty_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o begin_v here_o by_o examine_v whether_o according_a to_o aristotle_n the_o poetical_a hero_n ought_v necessary_o to_o be_v a_o honest_a and_o virtuous_a man._n for_o if_o this_o be_v not_o so_o then_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o when_o aristotle_n require_v for_o the_o first_o and_o most_o principal_a quality_n of_o the_o manner_n that_o they_o be_v good_a he_o will_v not_o be_v understand_v to_o speak_v of_o that_o moral_a goodness_n which_o make_v man_n good_a and_o which_o be_v inseparable_a from_o virtue_n so_o that_o though_o we_o do_v not_o perhaps_o penetrate_v through_o all_o the_o obscurity_n of_o this_o expression_n yet_o we_o shall_v at_o least_o know_v the_o bottom_n of_o his_o thought_n and_o since_o this_o question_n be_v necessary_a we_o shall_v not_o stick_v to_o add_v reason_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o other_o to_o that_o of_o aristotle_n and_o that_o will_v establish_v it_o the_o better_a chap._n v._o whether_o the_o hero_n of_o the_o poem_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o honest_a man_n or_o no_o this_o question_n will_v seem_v unreasonable_a to_o those_o who_o have_v but_o one_o single_a idea_n of_o their_o hero_n and_o who_o acknowledge_v none_o of_o that_o name_n but_o those_o excellent_a man_n who_o be_v endue_v with_o every_o virtue_n be_v master_n of_o their_o passion_n and_o all_o their_o inclination_n and_o who_o a_o excellent_a and_o divine_a nature_n raise_v above_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n but_o neither_o the_o ancient_a poet_n nor_o the_o master_n of_o this_o art_n ever_o think_v of_o place_v their_o hero_n in_o so_o high_a a_o sphere_n without_o think_v it_o lawful_a to_o put_v they_o in_o a_o low_a form_n it_o be_v requisite_a then_o to_o make_v the_o same_o distinction_n between_o a_o hero_n in_o morality_n and_o a_o hero_n in_o poetry_n as_o we_o do_v between_o moral_a and_o poetical_a goodness_n and_o to_o say_v that_o achilles_n and_o mezentius_n have_v as_o much_o right_n to_o the_o poetical_a goodness_n as_o ulysses_n and_o aeneas_n so_o that_o these_o two_o cruel_a and_o unjust_a man_n be_v as_o regular_a hero_n of_o poetry_n as_o these_o two_o prince_n that_o be_v so_o just_a so_o wise_a and_o so_o good_n in_o the_o poem_n itself_o this_o term_n admit_v of_o two_o sense_n sometime_o it_o signify_v indifferent_o all_o the_o person_n of_o note_n so_o that_o not_o only_a aeneas_n and_o turnus_n but_o likewise_o entellus_n in_o the_o sport_n of_o the_o five_o book_n and_o misenus_n the_o trumpeter_n of_o aeneas_n in_o the_o six_o be_v style_v hero_n by_o the_o poet._n but_o though_o the_o name_n of_o hero_n may_v be_v also_o bestow_v on_o other_o personage_n yet_o there_o be_v so_o particular_a a_o application_n of_o it_o make_v to_o the_o first_o that_o when_o one_o