Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	king_n	lord_n	people_n	4,953	5	4.9858	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A02237	The counsellor Exactly pourtraited in two bookes. VVherein the offices of magistrates, the happie life of subiectes, and the felicitie of common-weales is pleasantly and pithilie discoursed. A golden worke, replenished with the chiefe learning of the most excellent philosophers and lawgiuers, and not onely profitable, but verie necessarie for all those that be admitted to the administration of a well-gouerned common-weale. Written in Latin by Laurentius Grimaldus, and consecrated to the honour of the Polonian empyre. Newlie translated into English.; De optimo senatore. English	Goślicki, Wawrzyniec, 1530-1607.	1598 (1598)	STC 12372; ESTC S106731	134,196	158

happen in popular states For if any good man liuing there shall happen to mislike the plebeyall life and doth labour by admonishing reprehending and correcting the Citizens to reduce them to honesty and vertue he is forthwith iudged an enemie to liberty and by the law Ostracismo arested and many times put to death With this kind of persecution many notable Citizens inhabiting the popular states of Graecia were afflicted as Cymon Aristides Thucydides Socrates Themistocles and Damon also in Rome Camillus and Scipio were in like manner handled The fame of Aristides is of all posterity worthy to be remēbred he being a man singularly vertuous wise for his integrity of life honest cōuersatiō was with the assent of all men surnamed Iustus At such time as the law Ostracismas was vsed in Athens a certaine rude rustical felow bearing a scrol of paper in his hand hapned to mete him with great earnestnes required that the name of Aristides might be therin writtē Aristides much marueiling thereat asked whether any man had euer beene by him iniured no quoth hee but I cannot in anye wise indure thy surname of Iustus Cicero reporteth that at such time as the Ephesi banished their Prince Hermodorus they pronounced this sentence Let none of vs excell an other but if anye so doe let him no longer heere dwell but inhabite elsewhere O moste straunge customes of popular commonweales Plato vseth that speach before of vs remembred that no state doth continue beeing gouerned with Iron or Brasse that is to say by foolish men borne rather to obey then commaunde For they after some fortunate successe of warre taking vnto them loftie mindes haue at hande tutors and popular Captaines to extoll and commende their vertue Then after long hunger allured with the sweete baite of glory they reiect the authoritie of their leaders and all wise men taking the gouerment wholy into their owne handes directing the same by their owne willes and discretion which is the cause that such common-weales are not of long continuance For through diuersitie of minds those men become voyde of councell and after much insolencie contention and faction they yeelde their obedience eyther to a fewe or some one mightie personage So did the people of Athens which beeing author of the victorie by sea against the Medians puffed vp with pride of that fortune stirred greate troubles and seditions in that state and all good Citizens laboured in vaine to preuente that mischiefe Also the originall of popular states doth sometimes proceede of Rebellion attempted against the nobilitie as it many times happened in Rome when the people tooke armes against the Kings and Senate Sometimes also the cause of such popular gouerment proceedeth through good successe of some action enterprised by the people Who taking vppon them the minde of Lordes doe vsurpe the state as did the Athenians when they had vanquished the Medians and as the Romaines hauing ouerthrowne the Carthaginenses The same also otherwhiles chanseth when the people is made desperate by tyrannie of their Prince and gouernours for then by force of armes or oppression of their king they frame a forme of gouernment among themselues which in our dayes the Swisseis haue done A popular state established with good lawes is manie times gouerned iustlie and poletiquelye but the same wanting lawes or consente of the people doth not merite the name of a commonweale Of the Oligarchia or Tyrannie I meane not to entreate because such gouerment is in all respectes vniuste contrarie to vertue and ciuill life The excellencie of euerie people or commonweale may be knowen by the gouermente lawes and liberties thereof For those people are accounted the beste which within a good commonweale doe liue with iustice and libertye and they deserue the more commendation that doe continue the same with most constancie and longe preseuerance which thinges are thought chiefly to appertaine to the antiquity of men liuing in honour and nobilitie The Lacedemonians are highly praised for hauing continued seauen hundred years without any alteration of their customs their lawes or their gouerment But the Venetians haue in that respect deserued greater glory because they till these our daies haue cōstantly liued in one forme of gouerment by the space of a thousand years or more Thus haue we discoursed the diuers formes of commonweales with the natures disposition of men there liuing Among them as easely appeareth the Principalitie and Optimatie are the best This for that therein most good men doe exercise the publique functions and that because the publique commoditie is preserued by one with generall consente of minde So as if any doe excell the reste to him the commonweale is committed In these two states men doe liue best because the order of them doth not onely preserue Cities but also make the Citizens happie Some men haue thought the moste perfect commonweale should be tempered and framed of all the three estates Which is the cause that they preferre the Lacedemonian gouerment being compounded of the nobilitie which was the Senators of the authoritie of one which was the King and of the people which were the Ephori For they were alwaies chosen among the number of popular men Polibius extolleth the Romane state because it consisted of the King the Nobilitie and the people supposing that the king for feare of the people coulde not become insolente and the people durste not disobeye him in respecte of the Senate Which forme of commonweale was with good reason accounted most iust For as perfect harmonie is compounded of treble meane and base tewnes euen so a good commonweale and the surest agreement amongest men is as Cicero saith made by mixture of the best the meane and the base people We are also of opinion that commonweale is perfect which containeth good and vertuous subiectes and is gouerned by a king a Senate and consent of the people wishing the King should obserue his lawes and doe those thinges which be honourable and agreeable to the aduise of his councell For the lawe is most perfect reason whereunto whosoeuer obeyeth doth seeme a God among men Wee wish likewise that all Councellors should be men of much vertue for they being a meane betwixt the king and people may the rather giue councell by what meanes the state may be safely gouerned The authoritie of Councellors consisteth in consulting iudging and commaunding The king vseth these men as friendes and Councellors imploying their vertue and aduise in matters of most difficulty which is the cause that men say the king hath many hands many eyes and many feete Moreouer for that it seemeth a thing rather diuine their humaine that one man alone should gouerne the whole state it is necessary to haue the aide of many others yet referring the determination to the king alone all things are like to proceede well But he that doth manage all matters without Councel trusting only to

to Iupiter his familie to Ceres and his children sold Seruiliu● Isaur●cus after he had beene Consull chanced to walke in the streat in a straight place was mett by a horseman who did not alight to doe him reuerence for which act the said horseman was bound to appeare before the Iudges who with great indignation did condemne him Because they thought that he who did not honour vnto authoritie and the magistrates was readie to aduenture euery mischiefe By the law called Lex honoria it was prouided that no man should doe iniurie to any Senator for he that so did should be reputed a traitor offendor not onely against the gouernours but also the Senators being reputed as members of the lawe Therefore it was not lawfull to offer them any indignitie by deed word or writing The ornaments or rewards of honour due vnto the Senators of Rome were as Cicero writeth the place authoritie domesticall splendor fame and fauour in forraine countries robes of honour sadels of state armes bondels of rods commandements in the armies in warre and prouinces I omit to speake of images made of stone and brasse chariots and diuerse other things to long to be recited which are at large described in a booke intituled desenatu Romane lately written by Ioannes Samoseius a man not onely skilfull in the Romaine antiquities but also in euery other more commendable learning Counsellors are therefore to be honoured in the commonweale not onely by hauing precedence of place going and sitting but with all other markes and badges of praise and reuerence So oft as Augustus Caesar came into the Senate he vsed to salute euery Senator by name also going from thence he left them sitting in their place and so without more ceremony said farewell Adrianus the Emperour seeing a man of his whom he greatly fauoured to walk cheek by cheek in the middest of two Senators commaunded an other of his seruantes to strike him on the face because he vsed not the reuerence due vnto Senators In Athens a crowne was the rewarde due The science of gouernment proceedeth from God Wherein a wise man is like vnto god The best thing in man is reason Publike gouerment to be considered in two sortes The world a Citie commō to all creatures Philosophy of two sortes Contemplation without action improfitable Philosophers men most fit to gouerne commenweales Phiosohy in priuate men improfitable What a commonweale is The gouerment of commonweales diuers The deuision of common-weales Reason without the affections feable Common-weales resembled to priuate families By euill gouerment common-weales are chaunged The opinion of Plato touching kinges Euery gouerment ought be framed according to the men and place What sorts of men are fit for euerye kinde of cōmonweales What people doe most willingly obey the king The people of Asia naturally seruile The best common weale is where the people be best ordered The felicitie of man whe●in it consisteth Mans life of three sortes Reason the most precious gift Why some are free and others borne to bondage Diuersitie of mens natures How mans life is imployed What things are chiefly considered in the election of kinges The authoritie of kinges diuine Optimacy Popular states Aristides The originall causes of states popular The vertue of euery people knowen by the lawes and gouerment Lacedemonians Venetians The forme of the Lacedemonian commonweale The Romane state A perfect cōmonweale The authority of Coūcellors The necessity of Coūcellors Orde popularis Merchantes Artizans and seruants repulsed from gouerment Six things in all states required The com consisteth of sixe sortes of mē Two sortes of men onely fit for the places of gouerment The office of meane subiectes The office of Priestes Ordinances of plato touching Priesthood Among what sort of men Priestes should be chosen Plato his commōweale The Athenian cōmonweale The Lacedemonian commonweale The Romane Monarchie The Empyre of Germany The French Monarchie The Monarchy of Spayne The Monarchy of Polonia The kingdome of England The Venetian state In euerie cō monweale three things required The office of Magistrates Lawe the soule of cōmonweals What knowledges ought be in Councellors VVhat magistrates are most profitable in the state The office of Kinges A Senate in al cōmonweales of much necessitie The originall of Counsellors VVhat a Senate is VVhat sort of men ought to be made Senators VVhereof the Senators be so named The duetie of Senators The Councellor must be of naturall birth The loue of our country naturall Strangers suspected in the cōmonweale What a Citizen is Who is called a Citizen in states popular Who is called a Citizen in A Monarchie or an Aristocratie Whereof the king is called Rex Who is a Citizen in an Oligarchia Who weare Citizens in Rome Two sortes of Citizens The Councellor must be of the number of Noble Citizens To the perfection of a Noble Citizē three things required Nobilitie for vertue Nobilitie by descent The Rhodian lawe Nobilitie ciuill Badges and Armes of Nobilitie Consultation to be preferred before action The vertue of a good Citizen and the vertue of a good man is diuers The felicitie of common-weales and men as one thing By what meanes the commōweale is madē happy By what meane the commōweale is made wise By what meane the commōweale is valient The office of Soldiers By what meane the commōweale is made temperate iust By what meanes the commōweale is made strong and fortunate To the perfection of man three thinges required The office of man Wherein the perfection of man cōsisteth By what studies the perfection of man is attained Philosophie The profit that proceedeth of Philosophie What kinde Philosophers are vnfit to gouerne What Philosophers are fit for gouerment Good education the roote of wisedome The Com. must be carefull in the education of youth The Lacedemonian education The Romane education The education of Graecia The office of learned men Education of children Philosophy of two kindes Two kindes of felicity What 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 for a Counsellor The knowledge of histories Politicall knowledge Trauell in forraine nations What to be obserued in trauell Osiris Geography and Cosmography Things to be knowen of three sortes In what sorte priuate Philosophers be profitable VVhich is the true Philosophy Eloquence What law is The Lacedemonian discip ine The Graecian discipline Mans life miserable Vulgar ordinary wisedome The golden worlde Who those were that restored the golden world VVho is without Philosophie wise Philosophy The Counsellor must not be solitarie The election of magistrates The duetie of a good magistrate Ambitious men punishable Couetiousnes perilous to the commōweale Magistracy ought be giuen to vertuous men with out respect of riches Euill magistrates the confusion of cōmonweals In the election of Counsellors three things to be considered Popular libertie The Atheniā cōmonweale What kinde of Democracy is iust Democracy inconstant Who are chosen magistrates in an Oligarchia VVhat kinde of magistrates are chosen in Monarchies and Aristocraties

ordinarie reasonable and according to the custome of men yet accompayning the fame with Philosophicall histories The forme of our perfect commonweale was described in the ancient Athenian Monarchie That people being dispersed and like vnto beastes wandring in the field were first by Cecrope and after by Theseus constrained to inhabite a Citie which was then called Cecropiae and since named Athens and at length reduced to a kingdome descended to their posterity But what authority the Senate vnder those kings had which order did represent the Optimatie by reason the time is long since passed and few writers haue therof written cannot be to vs apparantly knowen yet must we beleeue that those kinges had about them wise men whose councell they imployed in gouerning The kinges of that age as Thucidides affirmeth did rule by consent of the people and with their suffrages determined many thinges whereof themselues were doubtfull Yet that gouerment indured not but was through tract of time which alter●th all things committed to the multitude whose force and power vtterly subuerted the commonweale The Lacedemonian state as is before said seemed to containe all three sortes of gouerment that is the King the Nobilitie and people What shoulde I say of the Romanes Shall I not call those times golden when kinges were content to be Councelled Romulia as Liui● writeth being by consent both of Gods and men elected king notwithstanding the state was then little refused to gouerne the same alone calling vnto him an hundred Senators for his assistance whom eyther in respect of their age or vertue he called fathers And least the people should hold themselues ill satisfied and defrauded of all honours and thereby hatred might ensue eyther towards the King or Senate he made them capable of the iudiciall offices and suffered them to haue voyces in determining warre and concluding of peace with many other priuiledges And wolde God that forme of commonweale had still continued in Rome For then so great effusion of blood had not beene made in the aspyring to liberty and extending the boundes of the Romane Empyre Neyther shoulde the happines of that state haue beene with so many seditions disturbed whereby scarsly at any time it hath liued in peace But let vs now consider of commonweales in our age we see that the Empyre of Germanie consisteth of the Emperour the Princes and the people That state beeing gouerned by diuers potentates and the pollecy drawne into sundry gouermentes cannot easely be described The french Monarchie hath in it a king who ruleth at his owne discretion and although his authoritie be not confined to lawe yet against lawe and honour he doth not anything but liueth as a iust and honourable Prince In that kingdome the noble men whom they call peares represent an Optimatie the people is deuided into three sortes Gentlemen Priestes and popular multitude and a choise number compounded of these three and assembled by the kings commandement doe determine of matters which in the commonweale are of most importance This Councell was anciently called Pauceltium as the Aet●oli named their generall assemblie Panaetolium or as the vniuersall Councels of Ionia was termed Panionium In Spayne the king hath authority soueraigne the Councel royall resembleth the Optimatie and the three chiefe orders of knighthood may be likened to the popular state For the order of S. ●ago Callatraua Al●antara assembled with the king do determine of matters most important The kingdome of Polonia doth also consist of the said three sortes that is the king nobility and people But it is to be noted that this word people includeth only knights and gentlemen The liberty fellowship of those orders is so great as the king without aduise of his coūcel their authority doth not any thing neither ca● the coūcel determine without the allowance of the King and consent of the people In that kingdome the lawes are of so great force as euery man religiously sweareth to keepe and obserue them and ifcontrarie to that othe any thing be done the same is accounted iniust and impious That othe which they sweare for the obseruation of their lawes and liberty is in their language called Captue which signifieth in Latine Tegmen capitis for as the heade is kept from cold by being couered so through vertue of that othe their lawes liberty and welfare is conserued because in maintayning thereof no good man feareth to aduenture his life against Tyrants and all others that labour to violate the boundes of publique liberty and happinesse That people therefore doe liue in great liberty beeing perswaded that to liue according to lawe is indeed perfect freedome In that kingdome the Prince gouerneth by lawes and proceedeth not according to will In making of warre or concluding of peace he vseth the aduise of his Councell neuer transgressing the lawes which worketh this effect that among the people the kinges person is not onely highly honoured but also for a God rightly reuerenced and adored For who is he that would not entirely loue honour and reuerence that Prince who in gouerning is of one selfe minde with the lawe contented to be led by the line of reason directing his doings according to the expert wisdome of his Councellors If authority be thus vsed what consent loue and mutuall affection doth it make among subiectes To conclude the king of Polonia seemeth such a Prince as Plato Aristotle Xenophon and other law-makers haue wished to be in commonweales as nature and God himselfe doth allowe The Senate doth in that state represent the Optimatie and hath as is aforesaid great authority For being chosen amongest the most graue and wise gentlemen they onely with the king doe consult of the commonweale Their authority is not vnlike to the Homotim● in Persia or the Ephori in Lacedemonia The gentlemen of Polonia doe represent the popular state for in them consisteth a great part of the gouerment and they are as a Seminarie from whence Councellors and Kinges are taken The kingdome of Brytannie now called England obeyeth one King who choseth his Councellors vnto whome the rest of the Nobility and popular order being ioyned doe make one common Councell which in their language is called Parliament The Venetian state seemeth framed after the same fashion but they within the name of people doe onely include Gentlemen and Citizens taking great heede least any other should vsurpe that title because they onely are capable of the magistracie Out of that number the Senate is chosen which representeth an Optimatie and is as foundation of that state The Duke is also elected of that number resembling a king And surely there is no Monarchie or commonweale that can compare with it for quiet gouerment and longe continuance whether the cause thereof proceedeth from God from fortune from the obseruation of Iustice or from the naturall seate of that Citie I neede not nowe to discourse But true it is

is reputed a great reuenew yet ought we not be so sparing as to seeme void of liberalitie couetous miserable carelesse both of others and ourselues also we must not only be fillers of bagges or hoorders of coyne as men that studie more to enrich a lasciuious heire then profit the commonweale friendes or kinsfolkes Surely couetousnes is a sicknes incurable which as Salustius saith doth effeminate both body and minde And it taketh delight in two things that is to giue nothing and receiue much Money therefore is to be vsed liberally moderately and in good and honest vses alwaies reseruing somewhat not onely for friends phisitions and foes but also for our countrey the necessitie whereof is to be preferred before all other They that are delighted in feasting glotenie and play therein consuming their substance the memorie wherof lasteth but one onely daie are deuourers not onely of priuate but also of publique riches they are also holden men of light minde and prodigall not onely of mony but also of their fame reputation and honour Truely it behoueth the state to prouide that no man should abuse his owne riches and therfore I thinke it good that such men were compelled by lawe to spare their mony from vaine expences matters of no momēt In Rome it was prouided by law that no Senator should be indebted aboue a certaine summ prescribed Which order was taken to remooue excesse and superfluous charges P. R●finus was deposed from the Senate by the Censores for hauing ten pounds waight of siluer Also Aemelius Lepidus hauing built a house which cost six thousand pound was for that cause depriued from the Senate A Counsellor ought therfore to liue so as he may be magnificent and liberall not onely of mony but also of reputation counsell and good will which vertues doe conioyne the peoples mindes breeding friendship and concord wherewith all Cities and common places be vnited Furthermore nature hath so ordained as without friendship no man hath euer liued notwithstanding he were so abundantly furnished with riches as he wanted nothing to lead a desired life For seeing man is a ciuill creature and louer of societie he cannot in any wise want the vse of other mens couersation From this fountaine all naturall amities as mariages consanguinities and affinities doe proceed Nature is a louer of men conioyning them not onely in conuersation and good will but also binding them with obligation of bloud We see that all lawmakers haue studied for nothing more then that by the benefit of lawes men might liue in loue friendship because wheresoeuer the rights of amitie are esteemed their iniurie sedition and hatred cannot haue force sith in all such places peace tranquilitie loue and affection doe raine by which meanes the inhabitantes are made happy and blessed Who so taketh away friendship from the commonweale doth as it were remooue the Sunne from the world Therfore commonweales receiue great good by friēdship for where it is no ciuill dissention can arise and all men with one assent as it were one particuler man louing his wife will as Pythagoras saith ioyne in loue and become as it were one man for so much is the force of friendship as of many it maketh one onely minde Which friendship is by Leliu● defined to be a perfect consent of things di●●ne and humaine in all loue cha●itie and affection Diuerse kindes of amitie there are whereby men are drawne to loue one another some do loue in respect of confanguimitie some for allyance some for a●f●it● But of ciuill amitie wherof vertue is the foundation and groweth among men vnacquainted the obseruation is not easie for the diuersitie of delights doth cause that good men doe seldome concurre in friendship sith therunto time and conuersation is required because the manners of men are often altered through aduersitie or prosperitie age profit losse and honour Each man at the first meeting is not to be receiued into friendship for as the prouerbe saith men must eare manie bushels of salt together before they become true and perfect friendes The honest manners of men are to be diligently considered and what sidelitie and loue we finde in our selues must be bestowed vpon our friends The Philosophers thinke that amitie is most assured which is bred by likenes of conditions for where mens delights be one there desires cannot be diuerse Such friends were Theteus and Pericheu● Achilles and Patroclus Orestes and Pilades Damon and Pythias Of which two the loue was so great as Diontsi●s desired he might ioyne therein and become a third In choosing friends chiefe respect is to be had vnto vertue for the nature of vertue is such as vertuous men doe not onely refuse the friendship of euill men but also deeme them vnworthy to be looked on Few friends are better then many for perfect friendship cannot remaine in the minde of great numbers They that are delighted with familiaritie of many are not accounted friends but men compinable and faire conditioned for it is one thing to be conuersable and gentle in the entertainment of all men and an other thing to be a friend to one whom we make a perpetuall fellow and continuall companion of our cogitations and life Epaminondas was wont to say a man ought not go from court till such time as he had wonne some new friend to be ioyned vnto the number of his old Which rule seemeth to serue better to gaine the common goodwill of men then perfect friendship Those things which for the loue of friends ought be done should be iust not hauing more respect to loue then honesty True friendship requireth three things first vertue from which we may neuer be remoued then pleasure which consisteth in familiaritie and s●●ce●e coni●er sation of life and lastly profit wherby one friend helpeth an other with things necessarie Peri●●● being desired by a friend to and him with false witnes answered he would friend him as high as the heauens 〈…〉 that men should aide their friends so farse as Iustice equi●ie land the lawes of God doe permit Also it is more 〈…〉 friends from euils things then therin to incou●rage them So●●ime also concentions doe happen betweene friends because the one c●●tente 〈◊〉 the other and each of them doth ●o 〈◊〉 for more respect at the others hand then reason requireth which things doe vitterly 〈…〉 amitie Wherefore in friendship let ●his be sp●ci●●ly 〈…〉 that we require of our friend not that which would 〈…〉 that which he may lawfully doe for 〈◊〉 Which obsegua●i●● is ●●●●ned in the honour due to God and pare●ts vnto ●hom we 〈…〉 meanes able to render honour and tha●●s equall to 〈◊〉 desarts yet he that doth honour them to his power is commonly called 〈◊〉 and godly Moreouer the friendship of fooles is 〈◊〉 to be desired for the familiaritie of such men breedeth contemp● The ●●seruations as Counsellor ought hau● in the chois● 〈◊〉 friends whereunto