a_o sum_n of_o money_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o a_o ship_n in_o consideration_n that_o he_o fraight_v the_o say_a ship_n for_o a_o voyage_n promise_v to_o repay_v the_o say_a money_n at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a voyage_n if_o the_o say_a factor_n have_v freight_v this_o ship_n for_o another_o man_n account_n this_o merchant_n be_v to_o have_v the_o benefit_n of_o this_o money_n during_o the_o time_n and_o if_o the_o factor_n conceal_v the_o same_o he_o be_v to_o repair_v the_o damage_n thereof_o which_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v both_o for_o the_o interest_n and_o adventure_v of_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o say_a owner_n bear_v the_o same_o and_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o merchant_n will_v have_v assure_v so_o much_o the_o less_o or_o by_o employ_v that_o money_n towards_o the_o lade_n of_o the_o ship_n he_o shall_v disburse_v to_o much_o money_n less_o to_o make_v the_o say_a voyage_n and_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o in_o regard_n of_o that_o money_n the_o freight_n be_v make_v the_o great_a whereof_o the_o say_v owner_n of_o the_o ship_n have_v have_v a_o consideration_n by_o disburse_v the_o same_o assurance_n assurance_n if_o a_o factor_n be_v require_v to_o make_v assurance_n for_o a_o merchant_n upon_o a_o ship_n or_o good_n lade_v for_o a_o certain_a voyage_n and_o have_v money_n in_o his_o hand_n to_o pay_v for_o the_o premio_fw-la or_o the_o price_n of_o assurance_n and_o this_o factor_n do_v neglect_v the_o same_o and_o give_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o to_o the_o merchant_n who_o may_v have_v make_v assurance_n in_o another_o place_n and_o the_o say_a ship_n or_o good_n do_v perish_v at_o the_o sea_n this_o factor_n be_v to_o answer_v the_o damage_n unless_o he_o can_v give_v some_o sufficient_a reason_n for_o the_o non-performance_n of_o the_o say_a order_n or_o commission_n order_n composition_n make_v without_o order_n if_o a_o factor_n have_v make_v assurance_n upon_o good_n lade_v which_o afterward_o be_v take_v by_o the_o enemy_n make_v any_o composition_n with_o the_o assurer_n for_o the_o same_o without_o order_n or_o commission_n for_o it_o he_o be_v to_o answer_v the_o whole_a assurance_n to_o the_o merchant_n a_o merchant_n cause_v a_o ship_n to_o be_v freight_v and_o lade_v with_o commodity_n for_o constantinople_n by_o a_o factor_n of_o london_n himself_o dwell_v at_o antuerpe_n and_o be_v a_o subject_n to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n in_o the_o late_a war_n cause_v 2000_o will_v to_o be_v assure_v at_o london_n upon_o the_o say_a good_n the_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v take_v by_o the_o galley_n of_o sicilia_n and_o bring_v to_o palermo_n where_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o good_n do_v appertain_v to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n his_o subject_n but_o that_o there_o be_v 2000_o will_v assure_v at_o london_n by_o english_a merchant_n their_o enemy_n in_o those_o day_n pretend_v thereupon_o to_o take_v the_o say_v good_n for_o forfeit_a or_o so_o much_o of_o they_o as_o shall_v amount_v to_o the_o sum_n so_o assure_v hereupon_o the_o assurer_n have_v intimation_n from_o the_o factor_n of_o it_o desire_v to_o make_v some_o composition_n to_o avoid_v that_o danger_n whereby_o the_o good_n also_o may_v be_v soon_o clear_v and_o the_o possession_n obtain_v for_o the_o owner_n and_o proprietary_n thereof_o which_o be_v the_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n wherein_o expedition_n be_v require_v the_o factor_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o say_a expedition_n do_v not_o stay_v to_o receive_v a_o answer_n from_o the_o merchant_n what_o he_o shall_v do_v but_o make_v a_o composition_n with_o the_o assuror_n for_o 60_o pound_n for_o the_o hundred_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v instant_o the_o good_n be_v afterward_o all_o recover_v whereof_o so_o much_o as_o have_v be_v assure_v be_v former_o relinquish_v to_o the_o assuror_n for_o the_o merchant_n will_v not_o condescend_v to_o make_v any_o composition_n with_o the_o assuror_n so_o that_o the_o factor_n do_v bear_v the_o adventure_n to_o lose_v 2000_o will_v for_o some_o 1200_o will_v which_o he_o have_v receive_v if_o the_o good_n have_v not_o be_v recover_v and_o therefore_o the_o say_a factor_n take_v to_o himself_o the_o benefit_n of_o this_o composition_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o experience_a merchant_n if_o a_o factor_n by_o error_n of_o account_n do_v wrong_a unto_o a_o merchant_n account_n account_n he_o be_v to_o amend_v and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o same_o not_o only_o for_o the_o principal_a but_o also_o with_o the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n so_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o factor_n for_o his_o own_o wrong_n have_v forget_v to_o charge_v the_o merchant_n account_n with_o some_o parcel_n pay_v out_o for_o he_o or_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n the_o merchant_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o it_o with_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n in_o these_o precedent_a observation_n be_v comprise_v all_o other_o case_n of_o difference_n which_o may_v happen_v between_o factor_n and_o merchant_n cahp._n xvii_o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o sea_n law_n have_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n methodical_o entreat_v as_o also_o in_o this_o hitherto_o of_o the_o matter_n therein_o intend_v nevertheless_o according_a to_o the_o content_n of_o they_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o several_a nature_n run_v promiscuous_o but_o in_o the_o end_n will_v perform_v the_o work_n for_o as_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o world_n be_v compound_v of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o earth_n so_o this_o work_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n can_v be_v complete_a without_o the_o sea_n law_n so_o call_v law_n because_o they_o be_v write_v and_o know_v for_o without_o navigation_n commerce_n be_v of_o small_a moment_n so_o that_o the_o land_n affair_n shall_v be_v intermix_v with_o seafaring_a matter_n according_o some_o do_v attribute_v the_o first_o make_v of_o sea_n law_n to_o the_o pheniciaus_fw-la and_o carthaginian_n because_o pliny_n do_v ascribe_v the_o art_n of_o sail_v unto_o they_o but_o by_o the_o most_o ancient_a record_n the_o beginning_n must_v be_v from_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o island_n of_o rhodes_n law_n rhodian_a law_n situate_v within_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n who_o be_v most_o famous_a for_o ship_v and_o sail_v as_o strabo_n have_v write_v and_o surpass_v all_o nation_n in_o knowledge_n of_o equity_n in_o maritime_a cause_n and_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n be_v for_o above_o one_o thousand_o year_n only_o rule_v by_o their_o law_n call_v the_o rhodian_a law_n although_o augment_v with_o some_o addition_n of_o the_o roman_n at_o last_o as_o some_o have_v record_v when_o all_o sort_n of_o law_n by_o the_o eversion_n and_o lacerate_v of_o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n bury_v the_o ruler_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o year_n 1075_o make_v new_a sea_n law_n and_o statute_n and_o so_o do_v every_o chief_a seafaring_a town_n upon_o the_o say_a mediterranean_a coast_n add_v thereunto_o other_o ordinance_n so_o do_v they_o of_o marseilles_n in_o the_o year_n 1162_o genoa_n in_o the_o year_n 1186_o they_o of_o peloponessus_n call_v morea_n in_o the_o year_n 1200_o the_o venetian_n in_o the_o year_n 1262_o constantine_n 1270_o james_n king_n of_o arragon_n the_o say_a year_n peter_n king_n of_o arragon_n 1340_o and_o they_o of_o barselona_n 1434_o which_o law_n be_v collect_v and_o extant_a until_o this_o day_n but_o on_o the_o great_a ocean_n sea_n oleron_n the_o law_n of_o oleron_n the_o first_o law_n be_v make_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o island_n of_o oleron_n situate_a on_o the_o sea-coast_n of_o france_n near_o saint_n martin_n de_fw-fr rea_n against_o the_o river_n of_o charante_n which_o be_v call_v le_fw-fr roll_n d'_fw-fr oleron_n by_o which_o the_o controversy_n on_o that_o coast_n be_v determine_v and_o the_o say_a law_n be_v afterward_o disperse_v and_o bring_v in_o use_n in_o england_n and_o the_o low_a country_n whereupon_o diverse_a statute_n both_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n have_v be_v enact_v for_o seafaring_a business_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n diverse_a ordinance_n in_o the_o low_a country_n especial_o since_o their_o fish_n trade_n begin_v edward_n the_o three_o king_n of_o england_n cause_v with_o the_o advice_n of_o diverse_a man_n of_o knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o maritime_a cause_n diverse_a article_n to_o be_v set_v down_o france_n admiralty_n court_n in_o france_n and_o these_o be_v enroll_v and_o obey_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o admiral_n court_n and_o the_o french_a king_n john_n make_v his_o contract_n with_o king_n edward_z according_o concern_v the_o fish_n trade_n as_o by_o the_o record_n extant_a in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n where_o i_o have_v see_v they_o may_v appear_v francis_n the_o french_a king_n and_o henry_n the_o three_o of_o france_n have_v make_v some_o statute_n law_n concern_v the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n but_o the_o substance_n of_o all_o
a_o commonwealth_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o law_n which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v fruitless_a or_o make_v as_o it_o be_v say_v by_o some_o propter_fw-la terrorem_fw-la for_o prevention_n whereof_o it_o be_v very_o commendable_a to_o preserve_v this_o life_n of_o the_o law_n consist_v in_o execution_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o commissioner_n have_v be_v heretofore_o appoint_v to_o retain_v man_n in_o their_o duty_n as_o the_o nomophilats_n in_o greece_n the_o censuror_n among_o the_o roman_n the_o ephore_n at_o lacedaemon_n the_o areopagit_n at_o athens_n the_o visitor_n in_o spain_n duty_n commissioner_n to_o retain_v officer_n in_o their_o duty_n and_o the_o commissioner_n of_o troyle_n the_o bastort_v in_o edward_n the_o first_o his_o time_n for_o all_o humane_a action_n be_v so_o flexible_a to_o evil_n that_o they_o have_v need_n of_o a_o continual_a remembrancer_n to_o virtue_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o the_o public_a good_a if_o we_o will_v make_v a_o comparison_n between_o the_o execution_n of_o criminal_a cause_n and_o civil_a we_o shall_v in_o a_o manner_n find_v the_o same_o to_o be_v all_o one_o effectual_o for_o the_o general_a manner_n of_o death_n impose_v by_o the_o law_n be_v hang_v where_o in_o other_o country_n they_o have_v diverse_a manner_n of_o execution_n according_a as_o the_o fact_n be_v heinous_a murder_n be_v a_o great_a offence_n have_v in_o all_o age_n be_v punish_v with_o death_n but_o steal_v of_o good_n be_v always_o take_v to_o be_v much_o inferior_a because_o the_o law_n of_o god_n do_v not_o punish_v the_o same_o by_o death_n as_o be_v now_o use_v and_o yet_o a_o death_n by_o sudden_a execution_n be_v better_a than_o a_o linger_a death_n by_o famine_n imprisonment_n and_o other_o adversity_n before_o remember_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n royal_a to_o be_v merciful_a even_o when_o law_n have_v have_v her_o full_a course_n be_v to_o be_v see_v rather_o in_o cause_n civil_a than_o criminal_a and_o that_o in_o the_o relief_n of_o poor_a distress_a prisoner_n and_o other_o contrary_n justice_n and_o mercy_n in_o god_n be_v not_o contrary_n see_v the_o mercy_n of_o god_n who_o lieutenant_n they_o be_v on_o earth_n be_v above_o all_o his_o work_n which_o make_v i_o to_o remember_v a_o error_n of_o the_o common_a people_n which_o think_v the_o justice_n and_o mercy_n of_o god_n to_o be_v contrary_n for_o if_o they_o be_v they_o can_v not_o be_v in_o god_n because_o the_o godhead_n be_v but_o one_o and_o always_o like_o itself_o can_v admit_v contrary_n and_o contrary_n they_o can_v be_v be_v both_o virtue_n whereas_o no_o virtue_n be_v contrary_a to_o virtue_n but_o only_o opposite_a to_o vice_n so_o that_o respect_v the_o king_n prerogative_n in_o criminal_a cause_n when_o the_o law_n have_v determine_v death_n or_o punishment_n by_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n or_o banishment_n the_o king_n imitate_v god_n mercy_n do_v restore_v life_n freedom_n and_o liberty_n much_o more_o may_v the_o king_n do_v the_o same_o in_o civil_a cause_n when_o the_o law_n command_v imprisonment_n until_o satisfaction_n be_v make_v of_o the_o judgement_n give_v liberty_n and_o prolongation_n of_o time_n as_o have_v a_o interest_n in_o the_o person_n of_o his_o subject_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v i_o have_v herein_o be_v the_o more_o ample_a because_o it_o concern_v the_o life_n of_o many_o honest_a man_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xiii_o of_o denization_n and_o naturalisation_n of_o merchant_n the_o manner_n to_o make_v merchant_n stranger_n artificersâ—_n or_o handiecraft_n man_n to_o be_v denizen_n or_o naturalize_v be_v in_o time_n pass_v without_o any_o difference_n and_o they_o do_v enjoy_v the_o like_a liberty_n and_o privilege_n and_o be_v most_o common_o make_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n by_o his_o highness_n prerogative_n royal_a whereby_o they_o do_v enjoy_v all_o the_o freedom_n and_o immunity_n that_o natural_a subject_n do_v enjoy_v and_o be_v so_o repute_v and_o take_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n upon_o their_o oath_n make_v in_o chancery_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n but_o the_o same_o be_v afterwards_o call_v in_o question_n upon_o the_o misdemeanour_n of_o some_o forgetful_a person_n and_o then_o denizen_n be_v make_v to_o pay_v custom_n to_o the_o king_n as_o stranger_n howbeit_o they_o may_v buy_v lease_n land_n and_o house_n as_o english_a bear_v subject_n and_o their_o child_n here_o bear_v shall_v be_v free_a and_o pay_v but_o english_a custom_n for_o good_n import_v and_o export_v and_o may_v become_v freeman_n of_o london_n and_o buy_v cloth_n in_o blackewell_n hall_n and_o all_o other_o market_n and_o transport_v the_o same_o where_o it_o please_v they_o albeit_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n have_v infringe_v the_o same_o distinguish_v naturalize_v distinguish_v nevertheless_o some_o privilege_n to_o pay_v english_a custom_n be_v grant_v to_o some_o particular_a merchant_n by_o the_o prince_n prerogative_n by_o letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o these_o be_v name_v naturalize_v which_o may_v be_v place_v in_o office_n as_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o quorum_fw-la high_a sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n and_o other_o place_n of_o dignity_n and_o come_v to_o be_v make_v knight_n and_o barronet_n and_o some_o of_o they_o buy_v land_n and_o lease_n make_v great_a purchase_n marry_v their_o daughter_n unto_o diverse_a gentleman_n and_o other_o do_v also_o sell_v land_n again_o and_o buy_v other_o land_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o land_n do_v require_v assurance_n to_o be_v make_v and_o therein_o some_o lawyer_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o by_o the_o law_n the_o say_a assurance_n be_v not_o of_o sufficient_a validity_n without_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o then_o the_o act_n of_o naturalisation_n be_v make_v but_o the_o make_n of_o denizen_n be_v always_o continue_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n only_o and_o they_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n albeit_o they_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n employment_n denizen_n not_o subject_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n and_o diverse_a other_o charge_n which_o the_o native_a subject_n do_v not_o pay_v whereof_o merchant_n be_v to_o take_v notice_n no_o stranger_n which_o be_v a_o mechanical_a person_n be_v much_o incline_v to_o be_v a_o natural_a subject_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n because_o of_o the_o charge_n of_o it_o which_o may_v be_v about_o 30_o will_v albeit_o four_o or_o five_o person_n may_v join_v together_o by_o petition_n to_o the_o parliament_n and_o have_v one_o act_n for_o they_o all_o the_o form_n whereof_o be_v common_o as_o hereafter_o follow_v and_o here_o note_v that_o a_o merchant_n be_v in_o no_o danger_n if_o he_o be_v neither_o denizon_n nor_o naturalize_v but_o may_v deal_v traffic_n and_o negotiate_v at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o he_o may_v take_v no_o lease_n nor_o buy_v land_n in_o most_o humble_a manner_n beseech_v your_o most_o excellent_a majesty_n your_o humble_a and_o obedient_a orator_n i._n l._n of_o florence_n your_o majesty_n servant_n t._n m._n etc._n etc._n r._n b._n and_o m._n q._n that_o whereas_o the_o say_v i._o l._n the_o son_n of_o a._n l._n and_o l._n his_o wife_n stranger_n be_v bear_v at_o florence_n in_o italy_n in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o whereas_o etc._n etc._n and_o whereas_o m._n q._n be_v the_o son_n of_o m._n q._n and_o c._n his_o wife_n bear_v at_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o lawful_a matrimony_n and_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n these_o twenty_o year_n remain_v and_o make_v his_o abode_n in_o london_n within_o your_o majesty_n realm_n of_o england_n during_o which_o time_n he_o have_v demean_v himself_o faithful_o and_o dutiful_o towards_o your_o highness_n and_o your_o law_n yet_o for_o that_o both_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o majesty_n orator_n be_v bear_v in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n they_o can_v take_v benefit_n of_o your_o majesty_n law_n statute_n and_o custom_n of_o your_o highness_n realm_n of_o england_n as_o other_o your_o majesty_n subject_n bear_v within_o this_o realm_n to_o their_o great_a prejudice_n loss_n and_o hindrance_n it_o may_v therefore_o please_v your_o highness_n of_o your_o most_o noble_a and_o abundant_a grace_n that_o it_o may_v be_v ordain_v enact_v and_o establish_v by_o your_o highness_n the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o the_o commons_o of_o this_o present_a parliament_n assemble_v and_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o same_o that_o your_o majesty_n most_o humble_a petitioner_n i._n l._n t._n m._n r._n b._n and_o m._n q._n and_o every_o of_o they_o shall_v from_o henceforth_o be_v adjudge_v repute_v and_o take_v to_o be_v your_o highness_n natural_a subject_n and_o as_o person_n
do_v concur_v and_o agree_v with_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n whereof_o we_o shall_v entreat_v more_o hereafter_o frederick_n the_o second_o king_n of_o denmark_n at_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o coppenhaven_n in_o the_o year_n 1561_o have_v abridge_v as_o also_o set_v down_o certain_a act_n or_o statute_n for_o the_o rule_n of_o sea_n matter_n but_o for_o the_o most_o para_fw-it agree_v also_o with_o the_o say_a law_n of_o oleron_n which_o you_o shall_v find_v in_o this_o treatise_n set_v down_o upon_o every_o occasion_n offer_v unto_o i_o to_o make_v application_n of_o they_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_n in_o seafaring_a cause_n all_o controversy_n and_o difference_n of_o seafaring_a action_n or_o maritime_a cause_n aught_o to_o be_v decide_v according_a to_o the_o sea_n law_n which_o take_v their_o beginning_n from_o custom_n and_o observation_n and_o from_o they_o be_v the_o interpretation_n of_o the_o say_a law_n to_o be_v take_v and_o if_o any_o case_n shall_v fall_v out_o that_o be_v not_o know_v before_o neither_o write_v down_o and_o authorise_v as_o a_o law_n than_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o judge_n with_o the_o opinion_n of_o man_n of_o experience_n and_o knowledge_n in_o the_o say_v seafaring_a cause_n and_o herein_o be_v all_o convenient_a expedition_n require_v that_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v summary_o and_o brief_o determine_v especial_o in_o case_n of_o shipwreck_n wherein_o delay_n or_o protraction_n in_o law_n be_v a_o cruelty_n to_o vex_v such_o afflict_a person_n therefore_o to_o prevent_v appellation_n present_a execution_n and_o restitution_n of_o good_n be_v use_v in_o cause_n of_o spoil_n upon_o caution_n first_o find_v by_o the_o spoil_a to_o satisfy_v the_o condemnation_n to_o the_o judge_n if_o there_o be_v just_a cause_n find_v of_o appellation_n maritime_a witness_n in_o cause_n maritime_a and_o to_o this_o end_n also_o it_o be_v permit_v that_o witness_n of_o the_o same_o ship_n may_v be_v examine_v although_o the_o adverse_a party_n be_v not_o call_v thereunto_o merchant_n and_o mariner_n sail_v together_o in_o one_o ship_n may_v bear_v witness_v each_o to_o other_o and_o mariner_n against_o the_o master_n when_o they_o be_v free_a and_o out_o of_o his_o command_n the_o plaintiff_n be_v to_o find_v surety_n to_o pay_v cost_n and_o damage_n if_o he_o do_v fail_v in_o his_o proof_n and_o the_o defendant_n be_v to_o be_v put_v in_o caution_n to_o satisfy_v the_o sentence_n judicio_fw-la cisti_fw-la &_o iudicatum_fw-la solui_fw-la if_o the_o defendant_n do_v stand_v out_o or_o commit_v a_o comtempt_n by_o not_o appear_v for_o to_o defend_v himself_o or_o his_o ship_n or_o thing_n challenge_v the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n may_v after_o four_o default_n enter_v deliver_v the_o possession_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n or_o part_v thereof_o to_o the_o plaintiff_n put_v in_o surety_n for_o one_o year_n and_o a_o day_n and_o if_o the_o party_n appear_v not_o within_o that_o time_n than_o the_o property_n be_v final_o adjudge_v to_o the_o plaintiff_n and_o if_o he_o do_v appear_v within_o the_o time_n offer_v to_o pay_v the_o expense_n and_o put_v in_o caution_n to_o obey_v and_o perform_v the_o definitive_a sentence_n he_o shall_v be_v admit_v but_o this_o caution_n or_o surety_n be_v liable_a absolute_o for_o all_o from_o the_o beginning_n and_o can_v be_v discharge_v as_o a_o bail_n may_v be_v at_o the_o common_a law_n england_n difference_n between_o caution_n in_o the_o admiralty_n and_o bail_v at_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n bring_v in_o the_o party_n at_o convenient_a time_n summons_n and_o citation_n be_v not_o needful_a where_o the_o ship_n or_o good_n in_o question_n be_v forthcoming_a but_o may_v be_v do_v in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o it_o lie_v or_o the_o good_n be_v find_v if_o any_o man_n be_v arrest_v or_o trouble_v for_o the_o like_a matter_n he_o be_v present_o to_o be_v discharge_v upon_o surety_n and_o especial_o mariner_n because_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v hinder_v of_o their_o voyage_n which_o he_o may_v do_v with_o so_o much_o good_n or_o the_o value_n thereof_o as_o he_o have_v within_o shipboard_n at_o the_o judge_n discretion_n for_o it_o be_v intend_v that_o otherwise_o traffic_v and_o commerce_n be_v interrupt_v cahp._n xix_o of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n the_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n namely_o regal_a notariall_a and_o verbal_a the_o regal_a contract_n be_v make_v between_o king_n and_o prince_n and_o merchant_n which_o cause_v the_o king_n of_o portugal_n to_o be_v call_v royal_a merchant_n for_o whereas_o the_o venetian_n have_v the_o trade_n for_o spice_n and_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n solemn_a regal_a contract_n call_v by_o the_o civilians_n solemn_a the_o portugall_n upon_o the_o discovery_n of_o those_o part_n by_o navigation_n do_v bereave_v the_o venetian_n of_o that_o trade_n as_o by_o the_o revolution_n of_o time_n other_o nation_n have_v almost_o compass_v that_o trade_n of_o spice_n and_o take_v the_o same_o from_o the_o portugall_n the_o king_n of_o portugal_n have_v always_o the_o one_o moiety_n of_o the_o pepper_n by_o way_n of_o contract_n and_o for_o that_o they_o will_v contract_v again_o with_o the_o german_n or_o other_o principal_a merchant_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o of_o their_o own_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o upon_o a_o price_n agree_v upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o carracke_n at_o lixborne_n according_a unto_o which_o it_o be_v sell_v again_o with_o reputation_n to_o other_o merchant_n and_o disperse_v into_o diverse_a country_n and_o so_o be_v it_o also_o do_v for_o clove_n and_o mace_n and_o sometime_o for_o indigo_n and_o the_o payment_n be_v make_v by_o assignation_n in_o the_o bank_n of_o madrill_n lion_n and_o bizanson_n and_o sometime_o at_o florence_n and_o other_o place_n hereupon_o be_v the_o contraction-house_n at_o lixborne_n erect_v and_o name_v according_o where_o the_o say_v spice_n and_o commodity_n be_v bring_v and_o sell_v again_o such_o be_v the_o contract_n which_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n do_v make_v with_o merchant_n for_o the_o provision_n of_o corn_n for_o his_o town_n in_o africa_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n as_o ceuta_n mosegam_n tangere_fw-la and_o other_o place_n the_o payment_n whereof_o have_v be_v make_v again_o by_o pepper_n upon_o some_o especial_a contract_n and_o the_o merchant_n have_v thereupon_o also_o make_v other_o contract_n with_o merchant_n of_o the_o low-countries_n to_o deliver_v they_o that_o pepper_n at_o amsterdam_n and_o to_o take_v corn_n in_o payment_n but_o the_o case_n be_v since_o alter_v by_o the_o incorporate_n of_o the_o east-india_n trade_n such_o be_v the_o contract_v make_v by_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o three_o with_o the_o great_a merchant_n of_o italy_n call_v le_fw-fr grand_a party_n for_o salt_n which_o they_o by_o authority_n do_v engross_v for_o the_o king_n and_o bring_v also_o from_o other_o country_n by_o sole_a permission_n cause_v every_o household_n in_o all_o france_n to_o take_v a_o proportion_n yearly_a or_o to_o pay_v for_o it_o whether_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v it_o or_o not_o which_o be_v a_o italian_a invention_n and_o for_o this_o they_o pay_v by_o contract_n unto_o the_o king_n six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a be_v two_o million_o of_o french_a crown_n yearly_a such_o be_v the_o contract_n which_o queen_n elizabeth_n of_o bless_a memory_n make_v with_o merchant_n of_o london_n for_o the_o provision_n of_o victual_n and_o apparel_n for_o the_o soldier_n in_o ireland_n during_o the_o late_a war_n with_o the_o earl_n tirone_n which_o do_v amount_v to_o very_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n insomuch_o that_o the_o several_a contract_n for_o apparel_n come_v to_o ninety_o six_o thousand_o suit_n of_o apparel_n as_o i_o have_v see_v by_o the_o record_n and_o account_n extant_a in_o his_o majesty_n court_n of_o exchequer_n all_o these_o and_o such_o like_a contract_n be_v make_v by_o commission_n grant_v for_o that_o purpose_n to_o some_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o have_v thereby_o authority_n to_o contract_n for_o the_o same_o with_o merchant_n or_o other_o notariall_a contract_n have_v partly_o dependence_n upon_o the_o same_o public_a notariall_n contract_v call_v public_a for_o when_o those_o merchant_n which_o have_v contract_v with_o king_n or_o prince_n be_v to_o provide_v sudden_o those_o thing_n which_o they_o have_v contract_v for_o or_o to_o dispose_v of_o the_o commodity_n which_o they_o have_v buy_v or_o ingross_v into_o their_o hand_n then_o they_o deal_v with_o other_o merchant_n either_o to_o provide_v they_o of_o the_o say_a commodity_n or_o to_o sell_v they_o such_o as_o they_o have_v buy_v
they_o shall_v speak_v truth_n to_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v demand_v of_o they_o 3_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o require_v without_o just_a cause_n any_o time_n of_o prolongation_n 4_o that_o they_o have_v not_o nor_o will_v attempt_v to_o corrupt_v witness_n 6_o the_o six_o time_n upon_o the_o contestation_n and_o interlocutorie_a sentence_n you_o must_v observe_v nine_o thing_n 1_o that_o the_o witness_n be_v present_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o party_n against_o who_o they_o be_v produce_v 2_o that_o they_o be_v freeman_n and_o honest_a and_o not_o hire_v nor_o corrupt_v 3_o that_o they_o be_v swear_v and_o the_o producent_fw-la pay_v his_o charge_n 4_o you_o may_v inquire_v of_o the_o party_n that_o do_v produce_v the_o witness_n as_o also_o of_o the_o witness_n by_o certain_a article_n what_o may_v appertain_v to_o the_o cause_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o admittance_n for_o to_o be_v swear_v because_o their_o deposition_n be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o matter_n 5_o that_o the_o plaintiff_n have_v have_v three_o several_a time_n to_o produce_v his_o witness_n shall_v not_o have_v any_o other_o time_n to_o examine_v any_o more_o unless_o he_o do_v swear_v that_o he_o know_v not_o what_o the_o former_a witness_n have_v depose_v and_o the_o judge_n do_v assent_v thereunto_o 6_o if_o the_o witness_n have_v declare_v any_o thing_n obscure_o they_o may_v declare_v the_o same_o more_o plain_o if_o the_o judge_n do_v desire_v the_o same_o at_o the_o entreaty_n of_o the_o party_n according_a as_o he_o shall_v direct_v 7_o after_o publication_n of_o the_o witness_n deposition_n there_o may_v not_o any_o other_o witness_n be_v depose_v upon_o the_o say_a interrogatory_n or_o any_o matter_n touch_v the_o same_o 8_o that_o the_o witness_n be_v examine_v of_o the_o time_n of_o the_o place_n and_o of_o the_o case_n itself_o whether_o they_o have_v see_v or_o hear_v the_o same_o &_o what_o they_o believe_v or_o know_v thereof_o or_o of_o the_o report_n they_o have_v hear_v 9_o that_o to_o avoid_v charge_n there_o be_v not_o too_o many_o examine_v arragon_n a_o maximo_n of_o the_o law_n of_o arragon_n the_o seven_o time_n be_v when_o all_o must_v be_v allege_v which_o may_v any_o manner_n of_o way_n make_v for_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o if_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o two_o witness_n tell_v one_o tale_n as_o it_o be_v verbatim_o their_o evidence_n be_v void_a and_o the_o eight_o time_n the_o judge_n proceed_v to_o a_o definitive_a sentence_n and_o the_o nine_o time_n which_o must_v be_v do_v within_o ten_o day_n the_o party_n may_v appeal_v and_o thereupon_o for_o the_o ten_o time_n the_o pleyto_n or_o suit_n with_o all_o the_o record_n go_v out_o of_o that_o judge_n court_n to_o a_o high_a court_n where_o it_o may_v not_o depend_v above_o a_o limit_a time_n the_o observation_n do_v minister_v a_o occasion_n that_o many_o controversy_n be_v end_v without_o law_n for_o the_o party_n be_v not_o sure_a to_o observe_v these_o time_n and_o the_o defendant_n which_o seek_v delay_n be_v not_o content_v with_o so_o short_a a_o time_n of_o plead_v the_o complainant_n also_o may_v know_v whether_o it_o be_v safe_a for_o he_o to_o take_v his_o oath_n as_o aforesaid_a that_o he_o be_v in_o conscience_n persuade_v of_o his_o right_n suit_n to_o abridge_v the_o multiplicity_n of_o suit_n and_o morever_o pay_v a_o fine_a for_o wrong_v molestation_n abridge_v with_o they_o heretofore_o the_o multiplicity_n of_o suit_n omit_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o other_o court_n of_o equity_n and_o call_v law_n and_o equity_n to_o be_v the_o common_a law_n so_o much_o commend_v above_o the_o civil_a law_n by_o the_o say_v m_o r._n fortescue_n sometime_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o who_o have_v observe_v five_o point_n wherein_o the_o same_o consist_v let_v we_o observe_v many_o more_o to_o extol_v the_o excellency_n of_o the_o say_v common_a law_n as_o follow_v summary_o 1_o first_o because_o of_o the_o antiquity_n thereof_o england_n excellency_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n for_o that_o in_o all_o the_o time_n that_o the_o realm_n be_v inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a nation_n the_o same_o be_v still_o rule_v by_o the_o say_a custom_n that_o it_o be_v now_o govern_v withal_o which_o if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v good_a some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o these_o several_a nation_n move_v either_o with_o justice_n or_o with_o reason_n and_o affection_n will_v have_v change_v or_o abolish_v the_o same_o especial_o the_o roman_n who_o judge_v all_o the_o world_n 2_o second_o for_o that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n at_o their_o coronation_n do_v take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o cause_v all_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o be_v faithful_o observe_v according_a to_o the_o former_a institution_n 3_o for_o that_o the_o say_v ancient_a custom_n or_o maxim_n thereof_o be_v inexpugnable_a and_o do_v stand_v of_o their_o own_o authority_n as_o principle_n which_o need_v no_o reason_n to_o confirm_v their_o authority_n as_o the_o law_n of_o solon_n draco_n carondas_n lycurgus_n numa_n pompilius_n and_o the_o law_n of_o twelve_o table_n etc._n etc._n 4_o because_o all_o difference_n and_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n be_v try_v and_o determine_v by_o the_o law_n and_o if_o it_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n or_o by_o the_o judge_n it_o be_v still_o according_a to_o the_o law_n 5_o because_o the_o king_n personal_o give_v not_o any_o judgement_n especial_o when_o himself_o be_v a_o party_n see_v it_o be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v both_o judge_n and_o party_n 6_o for_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n from_o time_n to_o time_n the_o judge_n of_o the_o court_n of_o record_n that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o the_o chancery_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n which_o do_v sit_v as_o judge_n by_o the_o king_n letter_n patent_n do_v remain_v authorise_v and_o their_o power_n end_v not_o immediate_o with_o the_o king_n howbeit_o the_o succeed_a king_n do_v confirm_v they_o in_o their_o office_n whereby_o all_o sedition_n be_v prevent_v during_o the_o inter_fw-la regnum_fw-la 7_o for_o that_o with_o indifferency_n without_o regard_n of_o person_n it_o command_v as_o well_o the_o nobility_n and_o other_o person_n of_o dignity_n by_o way_n of_o utlagare_o or_o outlaw_n as_o the_o mean_a subject_n 8_o for_o exercise_v a_o power_n over_o the_o judge_n which_o be_v not_o to_o judge_v of_o the_o law_n but_o by_o the_o law_n and_o therefore_o be_v the_o word_n judicium_fw-la properly_z attribute_v to_o their_o determination_n even_o as_o the_o word_n decretum_fw-la be_v understand_v of_o the_o ordinance_n or_o sentence_n of_o the_o magistrate_n follow_v equity_n as_o it_o be_v without_o law_n for_o there_o be_v the_o like_a proportion_n between_o the_o law_n and_o the_o execution_n thereof_o call_v legis_fw-la actio_fw-la as_o there_o be_v between_o equity_n and_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o magistrate_n call_v judicis_fw-la officium_fw-la 9_o for_o that_o the_o officer_n thereof_o be_v authorise_v according_a to_o the_o quality_n and_o due_a execution_n of_o it_o by_o a_o proportionable_a distribution_n namely_o the_o judge_n for_o term_n of_o life_n and_o officer_n subaltern_a change_v from_o year_n to_o year_n to_o the_o end_n the_o administration_n of_o justice_n may_v be_v more_o indifferent_a 10_o for_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o trial_n thereof_o in_o several_a court_n according_a to_o law_n and_o equity_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o agree_v and_o most_o necessary_a discord_n as_o it_o be_v concordi_fw-la discordia_fw-la whereby_o the_o body_n of_o justice_n be_v support_v by_o strive_v as_o the_o stone_n uphold_v a_o vault_n as_o cato_n say_v 11_o for_o that_o the_o judge_n in_o criminal_a cause_n do_v change_v from_o time_n to_o time_n their_o circuit_n and_o inferior_a judge_n of_o the_o court_n do_v execute_v the_o place_n as_o well_o as_o superior_a judge_n whereby_o partiality_n be_v prevent_v 12_o for_o that_o the_o law_n tend_v most_o careful_o for_o the_o good_a and_o preservation_n of_o life_n and_o good_n of_o every_o good_a and_o honest_a man_n see_v that_o even_o in_o criminal_a cause_n it_o have_v provide_v as_o much_o as_o may_v stand_v with_o justice_n a_o help_n and_o favour_n permit_v the_o judge_n to_o order_v the_o plead_n of_o offender_n and_o to_o instruct_v they_o to_o avoid_v mispleading_a and_o give_v they_o leave_v to_o except_v against_o the_o juror_n which_o they_o dislike_v 13_o for_o that_o it_o do_v forbid_v the_o sale_n of_o office_n thereby_o intend_v due_a administration_n of_o justice_n for_o where_o office_n be_v sell_v as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o great_a there_o justice_n be_v common_o sell_v by_o
alteration_n of_o ten_o day_n make_v by_o pope_n gregory_n the_o 13._o ivlius_fw-la caesar_n the_o first_o emperor_n of_o rome_n a_o man_n learned_a and_o of_o great_a magnanimity_n consider_v that_o the_o roman_a year_n be_v reckon_v confuse_o according_o to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o moon_n &_o by_o the_o hebrew_n with_o their_o intercalar_a month_n to_o make_v the_o same_o agree_v with_o the_o sun_n by_o the_o counsel_n and_o instigation_n of_o sosigenes_n a_o expert_a mathematician_n about_o 44_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n devise_v a_o new_a foâ—me_n of_o calendar_n first_o frame_v after_o the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n divide_v the_o whole_a year_n into_o three_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o day_n and_o six_o hour_n make_v it_o to_o contain_v twelve_o month_n whereof_o the_o name_n be_v yet_o in_o use_n beginning_n from_o march_n for_o the_o first_o month_n which_o cause_v september_n october_n november_n and_o december_n to_o bear_v their_o name_n the_o seven_o 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and_o sliden_fw-mi back_o in_o the_o julian_n calendar_n from_o the_o say_a observation_n of_o the_o spring_n equinoctium_n as_o also_o from_o the_o harvest_n equinoctium_n be_v about_o the_o twenty_o six_o of_o september_n the_o long_a day_n then_o fall_v out_o the_o twenty_o five_o of_o june_n ground_v upon_o this_o reason_n of_o prevention_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a to_o the_o twelve_o eleven_o and_o ten_o day_n of_o the_o say_a month_n and_o the_o thirteen_o and_o fourteen_o of_o september_n but_o the_o chief_a cause_n proceed_v by_o reason_n that_o julius_n caesar_n do_v reckon_v the_o year_n to_o continue_v three_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o day_n and_o six_o hour_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o just_a astronomer_n calculation_n by_o ten_o minute_n of_o a_o hour_n and_o forty_o four_o second_n account_v sixty_o minute_n to_o a_o hour_n and_o sixty_o second_n to_o a_o minute_n so_o that_o the_o year_n true_o contain_v three_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o day_n five_o hour_n forty_o nine_o minute_n error_n the_o difference_n as_o the_o account_n of_o year_n for_o the_o error_n and_o sixteen_o second_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v which_o difference_n in_o the_o space_n of_o one_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o make_v one_o whole_a day_n and_o in_o the_o space_n of_o one_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o sixty_o four_o year_n be_v the_o time_n that_o the_o julian_n calendar_n be_v set_v forth_o until_o the_o last_o year_n it_o come_v to_o twelve_o day_n twenty_o two_o hour_n forty_o minute_n and_o twenty_o five_o second_n for_o this_o cause_n sundry_a learned_a man_n have_v heretofore_o desire_v that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v reform_v to_o avoid_v inconvenience_n and_o to_o have_v a_o true_a account_n of_o year_n and_o day_n and_o the_o matter_n be_v propound_v to_o diverse_a general_a counsel_n but_o take_v no_o effect_n till_o now_o of_o late_a year_n by_o mean_n of_o pope_n gregory_n the_o thirteen_o in_o the_o year_n 1582_o and_o then_o it_o be_v permit_v to_o one_o aloysius_n lilius_fw-la professor_n in_o mathematic_a astrology_n to_o set_v down_o this_o long_o desire_a reformation_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o do_v the_o same_o exact_o by_o true_a account_n be_v hinder_v by_o the_o clergy_n for_o they_o will_v not_o agree_v that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v draw_v back_o any_o further_a than_o to_o the_o time_n of_o the_o nicene_n council_n which_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 328_o and_o hereupon_o he_o bring_v the_o reckon_n back_o only_o ten_o day_n &_o cause_v the_o fifteen_o day_n of_o december_n to_o be_v call_v the_o twenty_o five_o day_n inconvenience_n alteration_n of_o ten_o day_n and_o the_o inconvenience_n which_o be_v but_o observe_v in_o some_o place_n and_o bring_v great_a controversy_n in_o diverse_a country_n see_v the_o day_n of_o the_o nativity_n of_o christ_n and_o other_o festival_n day_n and_o also_o day_n of_o keep_v of_o fair_n and_o market_n be_v change_v and_o hold_v ten_o day_n before_o the_o accustom_a time_n and_o merchant_n and_o other_o in_o make_v their_o contract_n and_o obligation_n be_v often_o disappoint_v of_o their_o day_n of_o payment_n with_o diverse_a other_o inconvenience_n whereas_o man_n of_o true_a judgement_n may_v have_v make_v this_o argument_n be_v it_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o time_n grow_v by_o certain_a minute_n and_o second_v every_o year_n arise_v to_o one_o whole_a day_n every_o four_o year_n in_o the_o month_n of_o february_n then_o as_o it_o be_v increase_v thereby_o thirteen_o day_n in_o one_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o sixty_o four_o year_n it_o may_v by_o the_o same_o rule_n decrease_v so_o much_o in_o few_o year_n calendar_n a_o true_a and_o good_a reformation_n of_o the_o julian_n calendar_n by_o leave_v out_o and_o suspend_v that_o one_o day_n which_o be_v so_o add_v until_o it_o come_v to_o his_o first_o institution_n and_o calculation_n of_o the_o julian_n calendar_n which_o may_v be_v reform_v in_o fifty_o two_o year_n begin_v from_o the_o year_n 1620_o be_v leap_v year_n and_o leave_v out_o thirteen_o day_n which_o be_v little_o more_o than_o one_o hour_n in_o the_o say_v and_o be_v no_o perceptable_a difference_n and_o after_o the_o say_v fifty_o two_o year_n expire_v to_o add_v the_o say_a day_n again_o and_o there_o will_v not_o increase_v any_o one_o day_n more_o but_o in_o one_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o year_n and_o all_o the_o yearly_a observation_n may_v be_v accommodate_v according_o i_o make_v a_o exact_a table_n hereof_o in_o the_o year_n 1604_o whereby_o the_o day_n of_o the_o nativity_n of_o our_o saviour_n fall_v out_o again_o to_o be_v the_o short_a day_n of_o the_o year_n this_o table_n be_v show_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n of_o great_a britain_n as_o i_o be_v inform_v and_o howsoever_o please_v yet_o for_o some_o cause_n to_o i_o unknown_a not_o hold_v fit_a to_o be_v establish_v chap._n iii_o of_o number_n and_o the_o mystery_n thereof_o unity_n be_v the_o spring_n and_o fountain_n of_o number_n which_o have_v a_o reference_n unto_o god_n the_o only_a fountain_n of_o goodness_n the_o only_a father_n creator_n and_o preserver_n of_o we_o all_o here_o let_v we_o note_v that_o the_o philosopher_n have_v not_o only_o with_o one_o consent_n affirm_v that_o great_a mystery_n and_o virtue_n be_v contain_v in_o number_n but_o the_o ancient_a father_n have_v also_o observe_v the_o same_o in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n as_o jerome_n augustine_n origen_n ambrose_n basil_n athanasius_n hilarius_n rabanus_n beda_n and_o other_o among_o who_o doctor_n rabanus_n have_v make_v a_o book_n of_o the_o virtue_n which_o be_v hide_v under_o number_n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o mystery_n comprehend_v under_o number_n saint_n john_n in_o the_o revelation_n will_v not_o have_v say_v he_o that_o have_v understanding_n let_v he_o reckon_v the_o number_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o beast_n jiiiii_n
ware_n and_o durable_a commodity_n to_o the_o impoverish_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o only_o be_v this_o commutation_n or_o exchange_n abuse_v in_o kind_n but_o also_o in_o the_o price_n pay_v too_o dear_a for_o the_o one_o and_o sell_v the_o other_o too_o good_a cheap_a whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n and_o not_o in_o quantity_n whereby_o in_o effect_n commodity_n overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n money_n be_v give_v to_o boot_v and_o as_o it_o be_v over_o and_o above_o the_o reasonable_a estimation_n of_o thing_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n predominant_a and_o overruling_a both_o the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v at_o large_a demonstrate_v hereafter_o for_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n traffic_n the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o traffic_n and_o have_v 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buy_v and_o sold._n and_o albeit_o that_o the_o abundance_n or_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n and_o the_o many_o or_o few_o buyer_n or_o the_o scarcity_n of_o commodity_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v and_o likewise_o that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v they_o good_a cheap_a as_o a_o property_n inherent_a unto_o money_n as_o a_o true_a measure_n yet_o we_o must_v observe_v in_o true_a order_n that_o both_o commodity_n and_o money_n be_v passive_a passive_a commodity_n and_o money_n be_v thing_n passive_a since_o the_o exchange_n be_v invent_v which_o be_v only_o active_a and_o that_o in_o country_n where_o all_o the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v use_v but_o howsoever_o the_o maxim_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o avoid_n of_o the_o say_v overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n marcus_z cato_z therefore_o say_v advise_o oportet_fw-la patrem_fw-la familias_fw-la esse_fw-la vendacem_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la a_o prince_n therefore_o as_o the_o father_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o expense_n of_o his_o commonwealth_n do_v not_o exceed_v his_o income_n and_o revenue_n this_o to_o be_v effect_v by_o keep_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o traffic_n betwixt_o his_o kingdom_n and_o foreign_a nation_n riches_n natural_a riches_n artificial_a riches_n for_o riches_n be_v natural_a or_o artificial_a and_o both_o subject_n to_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o true_a commutation_n of_o thing_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n commutative_a justice_n distributive_a and_o commutative_a and_o justice_n be_v distributive_a &_o commutative_a every_o man_n of_o judgement_n know_v that_o this_o part_n be_v comprehend_v under_o justice_n commutative_a and_o that_o all_o traffic_n consist_v of_o the_o land_n 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equal_o divide_v into_o
they_o it_o be_v almost_o 40_o year_n since_o i_o do_v maintain_v diverse_a milnes_n and_o cutter_n of_o diamond_n whereby_o experience_n make_v proof_n unto_o i_o of_o these_o thing_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a for_o the_o water_n of_o diamond_n be_v also_o chief_o see_v in_o the_o cut_n and_o polish_n of_o diamond_n some_o be_v a_o yellow_a water_n other_o greenish_a other_o brownish_a but_o the_o difference_n be_v almost_o all_o alike_o if_o they_o be_v of_o one_o rock_n that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o be_v like_a in_o the_o parcel_n as_o they_o sell_v they_o the_o best_a water_n be_v whitish_a incline_v to_o the_o blue_a which_o make_v the_o best_a illustration_n and_o play_n as_o some_o call_v it_o which_o sometime_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v admirable_a in_o a_o thin_a stone_n or_o feable_n as_o the_o portugall_n call_v they_o but_o the_o fasset_n must_v be_v industrious_o wrought_v which_o in_o great_a stone_n of_o 10_o or_o 12_o carrat_n make_v they_o to_o be_v 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car._n 5._o of_o 9_o to_o a_o carrot_fw-la 5_o ½_n of_o 8_o ½_n to_o a_o carrot_fw-la 6_o of_o 7_o ½_n to_o a_o carrot_fw-la 7_o of_o 7_o to_o a_o carrot_fw-la 7_o ½_n of_o 6_o ½_n to_o a_o car._n 8_o of_o 6_o to_o a_o car._n 8_o ¼_n of_o 5_o ½_n to_o a_o car._n 8_o ½_n of_o 5_o to_o a_o car._n 8_o ¾_n of_o 4_o ½_n to_o a_o car._n 9_o of_o 4_o to_o a_o car._n 9_o ¼_n of_o 3_o ½_n to_o a_o car._n 9_o ¾_n of_o 3_o to_o a_o car._n 10_o ¼_n of_o 2_o ½_n to_o a_o car._n 11_o of_o 2_o to_o a_o car._n 12_o of_o 2_o ¼_n gr_n the_o piece_n 12_o ½_n of_o 2_o ½_n gr_n the_o piece_n 13_o of_o 2_o ¾_n gr_n the_o piece_n 14_o ½_n crown_v the_o car._n bruit_n rough_a diamond_n call_v bruit_n of_o 3_o grain_n 16_o ½_n the_o carrot_fw-la of_o 3_o ¼_n grain_n 17_o of_o 3_o ¾_n grain_n 18_o ½_n of_o 1_o car._n the_o piece_n 19_o of_o 4_o ¼_n grain_n 19_o ½_n of_o 4_o ½_n grain_n 20_o of_o 4_o ¾_n grain_n 21_o of_o 5_o grain_n 22_o of_o 6_o grain_n 24_o of_o 7_o grain_n 26_o of_o 8_o grain_n 30_o of_o 9_o 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the_o light_a because_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a rule_n that_o good_n be_v liable_a only_o to_o contribution_n when_o ship_n and_o good_n come_v safe_a to_o the_o port._n item_n contribution_n shall_v be_v for_o the_o pilot_n fee_n pilot_n contribution_n for_o pilot_n that_o have_v bring_v the_o ship_n into_o a_o unknown_a port_n for_o her_o safeguard_n as_o also_o to_o raise_v she_o off_o ground_n when_o the_o fault_n be_v not_o in_o the_o master_n so_o be_v it_o when_o two_o ship_n rush_v and_o cross_v one_o over_o another_o and_o the_o company_n swear_v that_o it_o lay_v not_o in_o their_o power_n to_o stay_v the_o same_o contribution_n must_v be_v make_v for_o the_o reparation_n of_o both_o their_o loss_n but_o not_o so_o if_o one_o of_o they_o perish_v for_o which_o a_o action_n may_v be_v bring_v against_o the_o negligent_a master_n or_o mariner_n who_o do_v make_v she_o loose_v and_o therefore_o if_o such_o a_o chance_n do_v happen_v in_o the_o day_n time_n by_o a_o ship_n 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end_n man_n may_v have_v restitution_n or_o recompense_n of_o their_o loss_n especial_o because_o these_o proceed_n seem_v to_o denounce_v a_o war_n without_o any_o proclamation_n show_v unto_o other_o nation_n the_o like_a distasteful_a favour_n as_o they_o show_v unto_o we_o which_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v do_v by_o custom_n reason_n and_o also_o by_o statute_n law_n in_o scotland_n and_o afterward_o in_o england_n the_o assuror_n therefore_o can_v be_v favour_v herein_o prince_n detainment_n of_o prince_n the_o next_o be_v arrest_n restraint_n and_o detainement_n of_o king_n and_o prince_n and_o of_o all_o other_o person_n happen_v both_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o peace_n commit_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n as_o also_o by_o private_a person_n both_o way_n dangerous_a ship_n privilege_a ship_n there_o be_v in_o all_o country_n privilege_a ship_n and_o boat_n serve_v the_o country_n or_o the_o prince_n which_o have_v great_a prerogative_n and_o be_v free_a of_o impost_n and_o custom_n and_o not_o subject_a to_o arrest_n therefore_o the_o assuror_n be_v not_o to_o care_v for_o they_o for_o they_o be_v to_o serve_v the_o prince_n and_o all_o ship_n be_v subject_a to_o this_o service_n upon_o command_n and_o if_o they_o refuse_v their_o ship_n be_v forfeit_v by_o the_o sea-lawe_n therefore_o in_o these_o case_n the_o favour_n of_o the_o admiral_n be_v always_o require_v it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a matter_n in_o spain_n and_o portugal_n to_o make_v a_o embargo_fw-mi upon_o all_o ship_n at_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o west-india_n fleet_n or_o the_o carracke_n for_o the_o east-indies_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o other_o occasion_n whereby_o merchant_n ship_n be_v lade_v be_v much_o hinder_v especial_o if_o it_o be_v with_o wine_n oil_n raisin_n and_o such_o like_a perishable_a ware_n now_o if_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o good_n shall_v think_v that_o his_o ware_n do_v perish_v lie_v two_o or_o three_o month_n lade_v or_o if_o it_o be_v corn_n that_o may_v become_v hot_a and_o spoil_v he_o may_v renounce_v these_o good_n or_o ware_n to_o the_o assuror_n and_o thereby_o bring_v a_o great_a loss_n upon_o they_o yet_o nevertheless_o he_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o abandon_v the_o good_n for_o by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n it_o be_v always_o provide_v that_o in_o case_n of_o any_o misfortune_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o he_o assurance_n a_o proviso_n in_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n his_o factor_n or_o assign_n or_o his_o servant_n or_o any_o of_o they_o to_o sue_v labour_n and_o travel_v for_o in_o and_o about_o the_o defence_n safeguard_n or_o recovery_n of_o the_o good_n and_o any_o part_n thereof_o and_o that_o the_o assuror_n shall_v contribute_v each_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o sum_n by_o he_o assure_v so_o that_o albeit_o that_o it_o do_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o good_n be_v not_o utter_o lose_v when_o the_o ship_n be_v cast_v away_o the_o assure_a must_v recover_v his_o whole_a money_n because_o he_o have_v authority_n by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n to_o recover_v they_o or_o any_o part_n of_o they_o as_o aforesaid_a and_o he_o be_v afterward_o to_o yield_v a_o account_n thereof_o for_o so_o much_o as_o do_v concern_v every_o man_n ratable_o otherwise_o the_o assure_v shall_v be_v discourage_v if_o by_o those_o mean_n he_o shall_v make_v his_o assurance_n intricate_a and_o subject_a to_o all_o cavilation_n and_o to_o the_o interruption_n of_o so_o necessary_a and_o laudable_a a_o custom_n as_o the_o matter_n of_o assurance_n be_v therefore_o as_o in_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o have_v a_o care_n for_o the_o assuror_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v deceive_v by_o those_o that_o cause_n assurance_n to_o be_v make_v so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o will_v avoid_v to_o minister_v any_o occasion_n whereupon_o they_o may_v become_v quarrelsome_a but_o that_o all_o shall_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o commissioner_n determination_n who_o be_v or_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o least_o best_o able_a to_o examine_v the_o premise_n now_o concern_v the_o arrest_n of_o particular_a person_n ship_n arrest_n upon_o ship_n upon_o ship_n or_o good_n the_o assure_a can_v make_v no_o renunciation_n to_o charge_v the_o assuror_n with_o any_o loss_n either_o in_o the_o total_a or_o part_n because_o upon_o caution_n give_v to_o answer_v the_o law_n the_o ship_n or_o good_n arrest_v be_v instant_o clear_v in_o all_o place_n either_o here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o the_o arrest_n be_v make_v wherein_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o all_o court_n for_o seafaring_a cause_n be_v very_o careful_a to_o see_v expedition_n use_v barratrie_fw-fr of_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n can_v hardly_o be_v avoid_v master_n barratrie_fw-fr of_o the_o master_n but_o by_o a_o provident_a care_n to_o know_v they_o or_o at_o the_o least_o the_o master_n
instrument_n the_o like_a be_v for_o good_n cast_v which_o be_v bring_v within_o shipboard_n without_o the_o master_n or_o his_o pursers_n knowledge_n in_o the_o rate_v of_o good_n by_o way_n of_o contribution_n this_o order_n be_v observe_v if_o they_o chance_v to_o be_v cast_v before_o half_a the_o voyage_n perform_v than_o they_o be_v to_o be_v esteem_v at_o the_o price_n they_o cost_v if_o after_o then_o at_o the_o price_n as_o the_o rest_n or_o the_o like_a shall_v be_v sell_v at_o the_o place_n of_o discharge_n the_o person_n who_o good_n have_v be_v cast_v be_v to_o be_v careful_a to_o have_v the_o same_o estimate_v before_o the_o ship_n do_v discharge_v and_o to_o deal_v with_o the_o master_n for_o that_o purpose_n for_o the_o law_n do_v intend_v that_o the_o good_n deliver_v unto_o he_o be_v not_o only_o as_o a_o pawn_n or_o pledge_v for_o his_o freight_n but_o also_o bind_v to_o answer_v all_o such_o contribution_n and_o aueridge_n that_o may_v happen_v and_o therefore_o the_o master_n may_v put_v his_o help_a hand_n thereunto_o until_o satisfaction_n be_v make_v albeit_o that_o common_o the_o detain_v of_o other_o man_n good_n be_v not_o allow_v sea_n three_o sort_n or_o manner_n of_o good_n token_n upon_o the_o sea_n herein_o let_v we_o now_o consider_v of_o thing_n take_v upon_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v of_o three_o sort_n the_o first_o we_o have_v already_o note_v to_o be_v good_n take_v by_o letter_n of_o mart_n by_o ius_fw-la represaliarum_fw-la the_o second_o be_v take_v from_o pirate_n or_o sea_n rover_n and_o the_o three_o from_o profess_a enemy_n touch_v that_o which_o be_v take_v from_o pirate_n see_v they_o be_v good_n which_o they_o have_v wrongful_o take_v from_o other_o whether_o they_o be_v find_v in_o their_o own_o or_o their_o successor_n possession_n these_o be_v esteem_v to_o be_v a_o just_a prize_n or_o prey_n to_o any_o taker_n of_o they_o so_o that_o account_n be_v make_v of_o they_o to_o the_o admiral_n and_o in_o case_n where_o the_o taker_n do_v find_v the_o good_n of_o his_o friend_n or_o countryman_n with_o the_o pirate_n it_o be_v reasonable_a that_o restitution_n be_v make_v upon_o good_a consideration_n of_o the_o charge_n and_o danger_n sustain_v concern_v the_o same_o if_o a_o ship_n or_o good_n be_v take_v from_o a_o profess_a enemy_n it_o be_v to_o be_v proceed_v in_o according_a to_o the_o authority_n whereby_o it_o be_v take_v but_o if_o good_n be_v take_v by_o a_o profess_a enemy_n and_o afterward_o the_o say_a good_n be_v take_v again_o from_o he_o and_o the_o true_a owner_n do_v claim_v they_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v restore_v to_o the_o owner_n for_o the_o law_n take_v these_o good_n to_o be_v as_o receive_v and_o not_o take_v yet_o with_o good_a recompense_n for_o they_o but_o when_o such_o good_n become_v a_o lawful_a prize_n to_o the_o taker_n than_o the_o admiral_n be_v to_o have_v his_o ten_o part_n according_a to_o the_o offer_n which_o abraham_n make_v unto_o god_n of_o the_o spoil_n which_o he_o take_v of_o the_o fine_a king_n and_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o good_n so_o take_v be_v to_o be_v proportionable_o divide_v between_o the_o taker_n or_o according_a to_o the_o composition_n former_o make_v in_o these_o case_n there_o be_v always_o a_o favourable_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o if_o two_o foreign_a nation_n be_v at_o war_n and_o the_o one_o take_v a_o ship_n from_o the_o other_o and_o bring_v she_o into_o a_o port_n or_o road_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o a_o neuterall_a nation_n alike_o friend_n to_o both_o then_o may_v the_o admiral_n of_o that_o nation_n ordain_v that_o ship_n to_o be_v restore_v to_o her_o owner_n and_o the_o person_n captive_a to_o their_o former_a liberty_n even_o as_o if_o she_o have_v be_v bring_v back_o to_o her_o own_o port_n or_o country_n again_o *_o âŽ_o *_o cahp._n xxii_o of_o the_o particular_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o assurance_n the_o observation_n to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o matter_n of_o assurance_n be_v very_o material_a for_o every_o merchant_n and_o deserve_v a_o particular_a chapter_n in_o this_o treatise_n which_o i_o have_v compile_v according_a to_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o for_o the_o assuror_n benefit_n 1_o the_o first_o i_o have_v touch_v in_o the_o party_n who_o cause_v the_o assurance_n to_o be_v make_v both_o for_o his_o honest_a deal_n and_o whether_o he_o be_v a_o friend_n to_o the_o state_n or_o kingdom_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a 2_o to_o know_v the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o mariner_n to_o be_v honest_a and_o of_o experience_n to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o barratrie_n and_o other_o accident_n 3_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o of_o she_o sail_v especial_o make_v her_o voyage_n alone_o or_o in_o company_n of_o other_o ship_n whether_o she_o be_v old_a or_o new_a build_v and_o the_o price_n of_o the_o assurance_n to_o be_v according_o 4_o to_o know_v by_o the_o map_n or_o sea-carde_n the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n or_o country_n where_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o sail_v and_o the_o danger_n of_o know_a rock_n and_o sand_n 5_o to_o have_v a_o regard_n what_o wind_n must_v serve_v and_o the_o true_a season_n of_o the_o year_n which_o make_v a_o difference_n in_o the_o price_n of_o assurance_n as_o for_o example_n a_o east_n or_o north-east_n wind_n drive_v from_o the_o land_n for_o spain_n which_o be_v less_o dangerous_a and_o receive_v six_o or_o seven_o pro_fw-la ciento_fw-la when_o a_o western_a or_o northwest_n or_o south-west_n drive_v from_o thence_o upon_o the_o land_n be_v to_o give_v seven_o or_o eight_o pro_fw-la ciento_fw-la in_o winter_n two_o in_o the_o hundred_o more_o than_o in_o summer_n unless_o it_o be_v by_o calm_n in_o place_n dangerous_a as_o now_o in_o the_o strait_n for_o the_o turkish_a pirate_n and_o without_o it_o the_o moor_n of_o barbary_n or_o other_o thief_n so_o ship_n go_v for_o east-land_n against_o winter_n will_v give_v two_o in_o the_o hundred_o more_o than_o in_o summer_n the_o like_a for_o ship_n bind_v for_o several_a port_n more_o subject_a to_o casualty_n etc._n etc._n 6_o to_o consider_v of_o the_o place_n of_o hostility_n where_o the_o ship_n must_v unlade_v or_o touch_v the_o danger_n of_o general_a or_o particular_a embargos_n of_o ship_n the_o likelihood_n of_o detainement_n of_o king_n and_o prince_n 7_o not_o to_o assure_v for_o unlawful_a place_n of_o trade_n or_o questionable_a between_o prince_n as_o guinea_n and_o there_o about_o the_o west-indies_n unless_o a_o good_a premio_fw-la be_v give_v as_o in_o a_o manner_n upon_o adventure_n lose_v or_o not_o lose_v 8_o to_o know_v upon_o what_o kind_n of_o good_n you_o do_v assure_v whether_o upon_o wine_n oil_n salt_n raisin_n and_o such_o like_a corruptible_a and_o perishable_a ware_n or_o upon_o other_o staple_n commodity_n as_o clothes_n tin_n lead_v or_o silk_n etc._n etc._n not_o subject_a so_o ordinary_o to_o aueridge_n and_o contribution_n as_o the_o other_o 9_o to_o know_v what_o ordnance_n and_o munition_n the_o ship_n be_v provide_v withal_o and_o not_o to_o assure_v upon_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o with_o good_a advice_n 10_o if_o you_o assure_v upon_o any_o particular_a good_n mark_v to_o know_v whether_o they_o be_v lade_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o there_o be_v danger_n of_o wet_n and_o spoil_v if_o above_o in_o the_o ship_n there_o be_v danger_n of_o pirate_n or_o of_o cast_v overboard_o about_o the_o middle_n be_v best_a 11_o to_o be_v advise_v not_o to_o assure_v beyond_o the_o limitation_n of_o your_o knowledge_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o other_o or_o from_o lixborne_a to_o brazell_n or_o from_o venice_n to_o tripoli_n or_o such_o like_a voyage_n whereof_o you_o can_v convenient_o have_v notice_n from_o time_n to_o time_n 12_o last_o to_o be_v provident_a in_o the_o contribution_n and_o averidge_n to_o answer_v for_o no_o more_o than_o be_v your_o due_n to_o pay_v and_o to_o have_v a_o inspection_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o lade_n if_o doubt_v be_v make_v of_o the_o commissioner_n sufficiency_n or_o knowledge_n in_o case_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o assurance_n upon_o the_o life_n of_o man_n whether_o age_a or_o young_a of_o good_a quality_n and_o diet_n of_o disposition_n gentle_a or_o quarrelsome_a a_o traveller_n or_o a_o dweller_n be_v somewhat_o extraordinary_a every_o man_n be_v best_a able_a to_o consider_v of_o it_o by_o the_o acquaintance_n of_o the_o person_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xxviii_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_n for_o assurance_n in_o case_n of_o loss_n whereas_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n remain_v with_o the_o assure_a be_v register_v verbatim_o in_o the_o office_n of_o assurance_n to_o the_o end_n that_o
within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v the_o king_n chamber_n after_o this_o follow_v the_o particular_a letter_n for_o the_o delivery_n of_o several_a country_n and_o town_n as_o caour_n carsin_n monstreull_a calais_n rochel_n turaine_n poitiers_n poitou_n xantes_n xantogne_n dagonois_n perigot_n and_o diverse_a other_o beside_o many_o letter_n concern_v the_o french_a king_n liberty_n and_o his_o hostage_n and_o of_o the_o homage_n to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n who_o remain_v with_o the_o title_n of_o sovereignty_n and_o domayne_n beside_o many_o other_o memorable_a thing_n so_o that_o all_o matter_n concern_v the_o sea_n and_o land_n be_v establish_v for_o those_o sea_n and_o king_n eâ—ward_n take_v six_o penny_n a_o ton_n for_o fish_v ship_n king_n henry_n the_o five_o who_o do_v conquer_v all_o france_n and_o have_v the_o possession_n of_o mare_fw-la britannicum_fw-la lose_v nothing_o of_o his_o right_n no_o more_o do_v henry_n the_o six_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o as_o may_v appear_v by_o their_o proclamation_n treaty_n hollâ—ngshed_n chro_fw-la hollâ—ngshed_n and_o contract_v not_o only_o with_o the_o french_a but_o with_o the_o archduke_n of_o burgundy_n as_o by_o guicchardins_n chronicle_n treatise_n chr._n froiszart_n guiccâ—arâ—in_n and_o the_o say_a treatise_n or_o historical_a description_n of_o the_o low-countries_n appear_v and_o as_o doctor_n d_o you_o in_o his_o book_n of_o navigation_n affirm_v king_n henry_n the_o seven_o in_o consideration_n of_o the_o fish_n trade_n proper_o belong_v unto_o england_n in_o his_o sea_n and_o dominion_n have_v resolve_v to_o settle_v a_o trade_n thereupon_o which_o he_o prefer_v above_o all_o voyage_n for_o in_o those_o day_n there_o be_v no_o fish_v trade_n establish_v in_o the_o low-countries_n antiquity_n by_o original_a antiquity_n and_o it_o be_v not_o yet_o one_o hundred_o year_n complete_a that_o one_o violet_n stephens_n and_o other_o discontent_a fishmonger_n depart_v the_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o go_v into_o holland_n to_o the_o town_n of_o enckhusen_n where_o they_o procure_v the_o inhabitant_n to_o fish_n for_o they_o in_o his_o majesty_n of_o great_a britain_n sea_n stream_n and_o dominion_n which_o inhabitant_n upon_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o say_v englishmen_n fishmonger_n take_v the_o whole_a trade_n to_o themselves_o disperse_v the_o same_o into_o many_o other_o town_n whereby_o the_o same_o be_v admirable_o increase_v queen_n marie_n be_v marry_v with_o king_n philip_n the_o second_o of_o spain_n under_o who_o all_o the_o seventeen_o low_a province_n be_v unite_v grant_v a_o lease_n unto_o the_o say_a king_n for_o the_o fish_n of_o his_o subject_n in_o the_o north_n part_n of_o ireland_n for_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n for_o a_o certain_a fine_a and_o pay_v one_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a into_o the_o treasury_n of_o ireland_n and_o edward_n fitton_n knight_n then_o treasurer_n and_o the_o company_n of_o the_o old_a haunce_n in_o primo_fw-la of_o the_o say_a queen_n marie_n have_v also_o liberty_n to_o sish_v within_o the_o say_a sea_n upon_o certain_a condition_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o chapel_n of_o the_o roll_n of_o the_o chancery_n and_o for_o england_n northwards_o licence_n be_v give_v at_o scarborough_n castle_n to_o this_o distinction_n of_o dominion_n of_o the_o sea_n porteullis_n invention_n of_o the_o porteullis_n i_o call_v to_o memory_n the_o proceed_n of_o that_o victorious_a king_n henry_n the_o eight_o who_o during_o the_o time_n that_o calais_n be_v under_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n as_o it_o have_v be_v full_a 211_o year_n use_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o portcullis_n signify_v the_o power_n of_o lock_v up_o of_o the_o narrow_a sea_n between_o dover_n and_o calais_n which_o be_v think_v convenient_a to_o be_v use_v upon_o the_o coin_n make_v for_o the_o east-indies_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o that_o trade_n be_v piece_n of_o the_o value_n of_o eight_o royal_n of_o spain_n whereof_o there_o be_v coin_a in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n for_o a_o trial_n in_o januarie_n 1600_o some_o six_o thousand_o pound_n which_o can_v not_o be_v make_v currant_n there_o because_o the_o spanish_a piece_n of_o eight_o royal_n have_v be_v before_o that_o time_n counterfeit_v by_o other_o nation_n which_o make_v the_o east-indians_a to_o doubt_v of_o our_o coin_n although_o without_o cause_n this_o noble_a king_n henry_n have_v procure_v the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o to_o meet_v with_o the_o french_a king_n go_v over_o in_o person_n with_o a_o great_a power_n to_o besiege_v the_o town_n of_o boulogne_n in_o france_n and_o when_o he_o see_v that_o the_o emperor_n tent_n or_o pavilion_n be_v make_v with_o the_o two_o pillar_n of_o hercules_n and_o the_o inscription_n plus_fw-fr ultra_fw-la and_o likewise_o the_o french_a king_n tent_n with_o the_o three_o flower_n deluce_n and_o the_o title_n of_o primus_fw-la christianorum_fw-la rex_fw-la he_o cause_v a_o archer_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o his_o pavilion_n with_o bow_n and_o arrow_n and_o his_o inscription_n be_v cui_fw-la adherio_fw-la praeest_fw-la declare_v thereby_o his_o present_a strength_n whereby_o he_o do_v qualify_v those_o war_n and_o peace_n be_v make_v between_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o say_v french_a king_n it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o state_n of_o a_o prince_n do_v as_o much_o consist_v by_o reputation_n as_o by_o strength_n our_o sovereign_a lord_n king_n james_n have_v also_o be_v mindful_a of_o his_o right_n of_o distinct_a dominion_n for_o the_o great_a blessing_n which_o almighty_a god_n have_v allot_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o great_a britain_n ireland_n and_o the_o isle_n adjacent_a under_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n be_v so_o visible_a to_o all_o the_o world_n as_o that_o thereby_o they_o be_v ravish_v with_o admiration_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o earthly_a blessing_n be_v produce_v in_o seasonable_a time_n yet_o the_o blessing_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v direct_v and_o point_v at_o by_o the_o finger_n of_o god_n at_o infallible_a season_n cause_v those_o watery_a creature_n to_o offer_v themselves_o for_o our_o sustenance_n and_o for_o the_o general_a good_a of_o all_o creature_n in_o place_n certain_a within_o his_o majesty_n sea_n stream_n and_o dominion_n and_o not_o into_o the_o main_a where_o fish_v can_v be_v effect_v whereupon_o his_o majesty_n before_o his_o come_n into_o england_n do_v let_v the_o fish_n of_o scotland_n to_o the_o hollander_n for_o fifteen_o year_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o more_o ancient_a treaty_n between_o they_o that_o the_o fish_n then_o agree_v upon_o shall_v be_v eighty_o mile_n from_o the_o coast_n to_o the_o end_n the_o scoles_n of_o herring_n shall_v not_o be_v interrupt_v his_o majesty_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n of_o great_a britain_n make_v a_o grant_v to_o one_o collyn_n of_o coventrie_n for_o twenty_o one_o year_n for_o the_o fish_n in_o 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in_o the_o office_n of_o regal_a dignity_n in_o which_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o almighty_a god_n we_o have_v be_v place_v and_o exercise_v these_o many_o year_n as_o also_o by_o observation_n which_o we_o have_v make_v of_o other_o christian_a prince_n exemplary_a action_n how_o far_o the_o absoluteness_n of_o our_o sovereign_a power_n extend_v itself_o and_o that_o in_o regard_n thereof_o we_o need_v not_o to_o yield_v account_n to_o any_o person_n under_o god_n for_o any_o action_n of_o we_o which_o be_v lawful_o ground_v upon_o that_o just_a prerogative_n yet_o such_o have_v ever_o be_v and_o shall_v be_v our_o care_n and_o desire_v to_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o our_o neighbour_n prince_n and_o friend_n in_o any_o action_n which_o may_v have_v the_o least_o relation_n to_o their_o subject_n and_o estate_n as_o we_o have_v think_v good_a by_o way_n of_o friendly_a praemonition_n to_o declare_v unto_o they_o all_o and_o to_o whosoever_o it_o may_v appertain_v as_o follow_v whereas_o we_o
thirteen_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n whereunto_o be_v add_v the_o ancient_a custom_n heretofore_o pay_v by_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o steele-yard_n or_o haunce-towne_n be_v 14_o penny_n so_o together_o 14_o ss_z 6_o d_o a_o cloth_n beside_o the_o overlength_n of_o 3_o d_o ¼_n the_o yard_n cloth_n the_o pretermitted_a custom_n of_o cloth_n which_o be_v of_o late_o comprise_v in_o the_o new_a imposition_n of_o the_o pretermitted_a custom_n for_o weigh_v of_o clothes_n at_o two_o penny_n the_o pound_n so_o that_o a_o short_a cloth_n pay_v in_o time_n past_o a_o noble_a and_o now_o ten_o shilling_n beside_o the_o overlength_n according_a to_o the_o weight_n after_o the_o say_a rate_n of_o two_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n all_o which_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n pay_v double_a also_o whereas_o of_o late_a year_n since_o the_o custom_n be_v let_v to_o farm_n all_o commodity_n as_o sugar_n spice_n raisin_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o be_v weigh_v and_o thereupon_o the_o tarra_o 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pound_n that_o the_o commodity_n be_v rate_v in_o the_o custom_n book_n which_o be_v pay_v by_o merchant_n stranger_n now_o alter_v pay_v 6_o d._n subsidy_n subsidy_n the_o subsidy_n or_o poundage_n be_v pay_v by_o all_o merchant_n of_o what_o nation_n so_o ever_o which_o be_v 12_o do_v upon_o all_o commodity_n bring_v in_o and_o for_o cloth_n export_v 6_o ss_z 8_o d_o for_o english_a merchant_n and_o merchant_n stranger_n double_a imposition_n imposition_n the_o new_a imposition_n establish_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o be_v also_o 12_o d_o upon_o all_o commodity_n import_v and_o upon_o some_o commodity_n export_v be_v limit_v so_o that_o custom_n and_o subsidy_n in_o england_n be_v 12_o ½_n upon_o the_o 100_o for_o merchant_n stranger_n beside_o but_o leridge_n or_o scavage_a almost_o one_o pro_fw-la cent_n more_o for_o good_n inward_a and_o for_o english_a merchant_n be_v ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o impost_n impost_n the_o impost_n of_o wine_n be_v limit_v upon_o the_o butt_n pipe_n or_o hogshead_n as_o by_o the_o book_n of_o rate_n with_o the_o composition_n money_n and_o other_o duty_n in_o spain_n and_o portugal_n they_o take_v after_o diverse_a rate_n for_o commodity_n some_o â—_o 10_o or_o â—_o â—â—_o and_o twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o esteem_v to_o be_v one_o with_o another_o un_fw-fr quinto_fw-la or_o â—_o â—_o part_n or_o 20_o pro_fw-la cent_n with_o the_o alcavalla_fw-la take_v for_o brokeridge_n to_o sell_v they_o in_o barbary_n seven_o pro_fw-la cent_n alcavalla_fw-la alcavalla_fw-la aboard_o the_o turk_n take_v â…•_n part_n as_o the_o egyptian_n the_o venetian_n take_v 3_o 5_o 7_o and_z 10_o upon_o the_o hundred_o with_o great_a advisement_n and_o upon_o the_o manufacture_n of_o other_o nation_n 14_o 15_o and_o more_o and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o france_n to_o advance_v the_o handy_a craft_n man_n the_o great_a impost_n demand_v in_o the_o year_n 1604_o by_o philip_n the_o three_o king_n of_o spain_n of_o 30_o upon_o the_o 100_o of_o french_a english_a impost_n great_a impost_n and_o flanders_n commodity_n be_v soon_o abolish_v when_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o 4_o do_v the_o like_a for_o one_o extreme_a enforce_v another_o be_v of_o small_a continuance_n chap._n xxxvii_o of_o merchant_n wager_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n for_o as_o much_o as_o diverse_a civilians_n have_v entreat_v of_o this_o argument_n of_o merchant_n wager_n and_o make_v some_o treatise_n de_fw-fr sponsionibus_fw-la whereunder_o matter_n of_o assurance_n be_v comprise_v it_o may_v not_o be_v think_v impertinent_a to_o handle_v this_o subject_n brief_o and_o divide_o from_o merchant_n assurance_n already_o declare_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n the_o say_a civilians_n do_v distinguish_v these_o wager_n or_o sponsiones_fw-la to_o be_v threefold_a 1_o where_o a_o wager_n be_v lay_v with_o a_o pawn_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o three_o person_n 2_o where_o by_o way_n of_o stipulation_n some_o thing_n be_v give_v upon_o a_o wager_n 3_o where_o a_o thing_n deliver_v or_o by_o a_o covenant_n make_v with_o another_o person_n the_o same_o be_v promise_v to_o be_v restore_v and_o double_a treble_a and_o ten_o time_n the_o value_n thereof_o unto_o the_o party_n with_o who_o the_o wager_n be_v make_v if_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n or_o doubt_n do_v not_o take_v effect_n whereof_o many_o example_n may_v be_v give_v and_o declare_v namely_o the_o great_a wager_n between_o cleopatra_n queen_n of_o egypt_n wager_n example_n of_o wager_n and_o marc_n anthony_n for_o the_o great_a expense_n of_o a_o supper_n by_o dissolve_v the_o paragon_n pearl_n and_o drink_v the_o same_o as_o pliny_n report_v when_o lucius_n plancus_n be_v make_v judge_n of_o that_o wager_n and_o pronounce_v that_o anthony_n have_v lose_v that_o of_o cecinna_n whereof_o cicero_n make_v mention_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o his_o ground_n take_v from_o he_o in_o hostile_a manner_n by_o eubusius_fw-la and_o restore_v again_o that_o such_o a_o cardinal_n shall_v be_v elect_v to_o be_v pope_n that_o such_o a_o king_n be_v dead_a and_o such_o a_o town_n be_v take_v in_o all_o which_o the_o wager_n be_v make_v by_o pawn_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o hereof_o be_v innumerable_a example_n hereupon_o they_o conclude_v that_o all_o wager_n lay_v must_v be_v for_o honest_a cause_n and_o as_o it_o be_v strive_v for_o virtuous_a action_n and_o that_o these_o by_o the_o law_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v in_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o wager_n wherein_o custom_n be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n law_n custom_n the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o law_n even_o in_o the_o point_n of_o law_n which_o be_v considerable_a in_o all_o case_n by_o the_o long_a observation_n of_o they_o a_o wager_n be_v lay_v that_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n or_o the_o emperor_n or_o any_o other_o great_a personage_n shall_v die_v within_o the_o year_n unlawful_a lawful_a wager_n and_o unlawful_a be_v good_a in_o law_n but_o to_o lay_v wager_n as_o desirous_a or_o wish_v some_o unexpected_a evil_n or_o adverse_a fortune_n unto_o a_o honest_a man_n or_o although_o it_o be_v to_o a_o enemy_n be_v neither_o civil_a nor_o natural_a in_o the_o understanding_n of_o well_o dispose_v man_n a_o wager_n lay_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o a_o private_a person_n be_v disallow_v but_o not_o for_o the_o contract_n of_o any_o suppose_a or_o expect_a marriage_n which_o be_v lawful_a all_o wager_n lay_v in_o lawful_a game_n be_v allowable_a but_o in_o prohibit_v game_n can_v be_v recover_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n so_o wager_n make_v by_o looker_n on_o upon_o other_o man_n game_n be_v disallow_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o stipulation_n be_v make_v put_v the_o pawn_n or_o money_n down_o which_o be_v call_v to_o stake_v down_o and_o if_o it_o be_v upon_o a_o unlawful_a game_n than_o the_o looker_n on_o be_v subject_a to_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o gamester_n a_o wager_n lay_v who_o shall_v eat_v or_o drink_v most_o be_v unlawful_a 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six_o penny_n and_o withal_o he_o do_v write_v unto_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o commissioner_n come_v over_o about_o it_o but_o all_o be_v in_o vain_a whereupon_o he_o give_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o cardinal_n wolsey_n by_o letter_n patent_n as_o follow_v henry_n the_o eight_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o england_n and_o of_o france_n defendor_n of_o the_o faith_n lord_n of_o ireland_n to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o god_n our_o most_o trusty_a and_o most_o entire_o belove_a councillor_n the_o lord_n thomas_n cardinal_n of_o york_n archbishop_n legat_n de_fw-fr leicester_n of_o the_o see_v apostolic_a primate_n of_o england_n and_o our_o chancellor_n of_o the_o same_o greeting_n for_o as_o much_o as_o coin_n of_o money_n as_o well_o of_o gold_n as_o of_o silver_n be_v of_o late_a day_n raise_v and_o enhance_v both_o in_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n emperor_n francis_n the_o french_a king_n and_z charles_n the_o five_o emperor_n as_o 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prince_n for_o reformation_n thereof_o find_v final_o no_o manner_n of_o remedy_n to_o be_v have_v at_o their_o hand_n have_v by_o mature_a deliberation_n determine_v that_o our_o coin_n and_o money_n as_o well_o of_o gold_n as_o of_o silver_n shall_v be_v by_o our_o officer_n of_o our_o mint_n from_o henceforth_o make_v at_o such_o finesse_n lay_v standard_z and_o value_n as_o may_v be_v equivalent_a correspondent_a and_o agreeable_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o valuation_n enhance_v and_o raise_v in_o outward_a part_n as_o be_v afore_o specify_v whereupon_o we_o have_v give_v commandment_n by_o our_o other_o letter_n under_o our_o great_a seal_n to_o the_o master_n warden_n comptroller_n and_o other_o officer_n of_o our_o say_a mint_n and_o to_o every_o of_o they_o to_o see_v this_o our_o determination_n put_v in_o execution_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n by_o proclamation_n or_o otherwise_o as_o in_o the_o print_n coin_n stroke_n of_o the_o same_o wherefore_o by_o these_o present_v we_o will_v and_o authorise_v you_o to_o proceed_v not_o only_o from_o time_n to_o time_n when_o you_o shall_v seem_v convenient_o by_o advice_n of_o such_o other_o our_o council_n as_o you_o shall_v think_v good_a to_o the_o limitation_n description_n and_o devise_v how_o and_o after_o what_o manner_n and_o form_n our_o say_a coin_n and_o money_n may_v be_v bring_v unto_o the_o rate_n and_o value_v finesse_n lay_v standard_z and_o print_v by_o you_o and_o they_o thought_n to_o be_v requisite_a but_o also_o to_o appoint_v our_o say_a officer_n of_o our_o mint_n due_o to_o follow_v execute_v obey_v and_o fulfil_v the_o same_o in_o every_o point_n according_a in_o which_o do_v these_o our_o letter_n under_o our_o great_a seat_n shall_v be_v your_o sufficient_a warrant_n and_o discharge_v any_o act_n statute_n ordinance_n or_o law_n or_o other_o thing_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v to_o the_o contrary_a notwithstanding_o in_o witness_v whereof_o we_o have_v cause_v these_o present_n to_o be_v seal_v with_o our_o great_a seal_n at_o westminster_n the_o 23_o day_n of_o julie_n in_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n etc._n etc._n graftons_n chronicle_n do_v record_n that_o all_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n for_o the_o inhaunce_a might_n on_o both_o side_n have_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la afterward_o in_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n find_v that_o merchant_n do_v transport_v still_o the_o money_n or_o make_v they_o over_o by_o exchange_n and_o make_v no_o employment_n upon_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n he_o cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o a_o old_a statute_n 14_o richard_n 2_o employment_n statute_n of_o employment_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n thereof_o upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v hereupon_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o lawless_a necessity_n do_v run_v to_o the_o other_o extreme_a of_o embase_v the_o money_n by_o allay_n whereby_o all_o thing_n come_v to_o be_v out_o of_o order_n for_o base_a money_n make_v every_o thing_n dear_a money_n base_a money_n and_o overthrow_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n between_o merchant_n and_o cause_v much_o counterfeit_a money_n to_o be_v make_v to_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o to_o destroy_v the_o good_a money_n like_v unto_o the_o seven_o lean_a kine_n of_o pharaoth_n which_o devour_v the_o seven_o fat_a kine_n in_o a_o short_a time_n as_o appear_v of_o late_a within_o the_o realm_n of_o ireland_n which_o be_v more_o dangerous_a in_o those_o kingdom_n where_o their_o money_n be_v of_o a_o rich_a standard_n whereby_o many_o commotion_n happen_v money_n commotion_n about_o base_a money_n as_o in_o france_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o philip_n le_fw-fr bell._n and_o peter_n the_o four_o king_n of_o arragon_n do_v for_o this_o cause_n confiscate_v the_o island_n of_o maiorca_n and_o minorca_n now_o kingdom_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n whereas_o the_o policy_n of_o those_o nation_n which_o do_v use_v several_a standard_n of_o money_n do_v prevent_v the_o same_o because_o that_o promiscuous_o they_o make_v and_o coin_n money_n of_o several_a standard_n according_a to_o the_o occasion_n which_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n ☞_o and_o as_o all_o extreme_n be_v vicious_a and_o defective_a so_o do_v it_o befall_v those_o country_n which_o will_v have_v no_o base_a money_n at_o all_o and_o be_v make_v a_o prey_n unto_o other_o nation_n by_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n which_o must_v be_v maintain_v withal_o as_o i_o have_v make_v and_o shall_v make_v more_o apparent_a silver_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o three_o effect_n or_o alteration_n of_o the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n be_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v in_o most_o country_n twelve_o to_o one_o that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o pound_n of_o silver_n for_o one_o ounce_n of_o gold_n wherein_o there_o be_v more_o operation_n than_o most_o man_n do_v imagine_v for_o you_o can_v advance_v or_o enhance_v the_o one_o but_o you_o abate_v and_o diminish_v the_o other_o for_o they_o balance_v upon_o this_o parallel_n and_o whereas_o england_n by_o continuance_n of_o eleven_o to_o one_o have_v be_v a_o great_a loser_n of_o gold_n so_o now_o by_o advance_v the_o same_o not_o only_o to_o twelve_o to_o one_o but_o to_o 13_o ⅕_n for_o one_o there_o have_v follow_v a_o very_a great_a loss_n of_o our_o silver_n which_o be_v over_o much_o abate_v as_o may_v appear_v if_o we_o do_v but_o consider_v that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o six_o shilling_n be_v answer_v with_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n and_o be_v now_o full_a seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n and_o our_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n be_v the_o very_a same_o for_o twelve_o ounce_n of_o crown_n gold_n of_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n at_o 3_o will_v 6_o ss_z make_v 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z and_o 108_o french_a crown_n the_o which_o be_v make_v out_o of_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n at_o seven_o shilling_n four_o penny_n make_v also_o 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z hereupon_o to_o equalise_v the_o silver_n unto_o gold_n again_o will_v breed_v a_o general_a inhaunce_n of_o thing_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o measure_n of_o money_n cause_v the_o denomination_n to_o follow_v in_o number_n to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n which_o require_v great_a providence_n low-countries_n exchange_n fall_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o we_o find_v that_o other_o nation_n perceive_v our_o gold_n to_o be_v enhance_v have_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v rule_v so_o that_o the_o same_o go_v at_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n or_o thirty_o
their_o will_n and_o testament_n do_v bequeath_v any_o sum_n of_o money_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o this_o pious_a work_n in_o perpetual_a remembrance_n of_o the_o say_a benefactor_n 4_o item_n that_o the_o say_a officer_n shall_v use_v their_o best_a endeavour_n by_o all_o good_a mean_n to_o move_v all_o well_o dispose_v and_o charitable_a person_n to_o be_v giver_n lender_n and_o contributaries_n for_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o say_a stock_n especial_o when_o man_n be_v visit_v with_o sickness_n to_o the_o end_n that_o by_o their_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n they_o may_v be_v move_v to_o further_a this_o godly_a action_n for_o the_o continuance_n thereof_o for_o ever_o 5_o item_n that_o the_o lord_n mayor_n of_o london_n for_o the_o time_n be_v may_v have_v yearly_a inspection_n of_o the_o collection_n and_o account_n of_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n at_o a_o day_n by_o he_o to_o be_v appoint_v to_o see_v the_o due_a execution_n and_o administration_n of_o the_o stock_n aforesaid_a 6_o item_n that_o the_o clerk_n and_o other_o officer_n in_o place_n shall_v attend_v the_o say_a house_n from_o six_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o morning_n until_o eleven_o and_o from_o two_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n until_o seven_o begin_v yearly_a from_o the_o five_o and_o twentieth_o day_n of_o march_n until_o the_o last_o of_o september_n and_o afterward_o to_o begin_v but_o at_o seven_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o forenoon_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v displace_v 7_o item_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v offer_v to_o pawn_v any_o movable_a thing_n have_v life_n or_o be_v subject_n to_o manifest_a corruption_n or_o pesterable_a ware_n of_o great_a bulk_n but_o only_a thing_n of_o wool_n linen_n silk_n or_o flax_n hemp_n or_o tow_n and_o such_o like_a or_o pewter_n iron_n brass_n or_o any_o other_o matter_n mettaline_a or_o mineral_n or_o of_o gold_n silver_n copper_n or_o precious_a stone_n 8_o item_n that_o all_o pawn_n which_o shall_v be_v pawn_v shall_v be_v take_v as_o sell_v in_o open_a market_n or_o shop_n upon_o the_o condition_n follow_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o owner_n or_o lawful_a bringer_n thereof_o and_o so_o shall_v not_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v recover_v of_o the_o say_a officer_n by_o any_o fraudulent_a deal_n 9_o item_n that_o eâ—erie_a person_n if_o he_o will_v shall_v receive_v the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o value_n of_o his_o pawn_n that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o pawn_n be_v worth_a twenty_o shilling_n he_o shall_v have_v fifteen_o shilling_n and_o so_o after_o the_o rate_n provide_v it_o do_v not_o exceed_v the_o sum_n of_o forty_o shilling_n at_o any_o time_n as_o abovesaid_a 10_o item_n that_o the_o say_a pawn_n shall_v be_v safe_o keep_v for_o the_o time_n that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v pawn_v without_o wilful_a detriment_n or_o hurt_n be_v it_o for_o one_o month_n two_o three_o or_o more_o month_n not_o exceed_v the_o time_n of_o one_o year_n without_o new_a licence_n have_v for_o the_o same_o 11_o item_n that_o the_o person_n which_o do_v pawn_v any_o good_n as_o aforesaid_a either_o be_v owner_n or_o put_v in_o trust_n to_o pawn_v the_o same_o shall_v declare_v their_o name_n to_o be_v enter_v in_o the_o journals_n and_o other_o register_n and_o bring_v a_o avoucher_n if_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o suspicion_n that_o the_o party_n be_v felon_n or_o accessary_n of_o felony_n in_o which_o regard_n the_o say_v good_n shall_v be_v stay_v for_o 24_o hour_n to_o see_v whether_o any_o person_n do_v claim_v the_o same_o 12_o item_n that_o every_o person_n which_o do_v pawn_v any_o thing_n shall_v take_v a_o ticket_n contain_v the_o date_n of_o the_o time_n and_o year_n and_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n lend_v with_o the_o private_a mark_n of_o every_o house_n thereby_o to_o redeem_v his_o pawn_n at_o all_o time_n at_o his_o pleasure_n 13_o item_n that_o for_o the_o defray_n of_o the_o rent_n of_o convenient_a house_n recompense_n of_o officer_n and_o man_n wage_n and_o other_o charge_n incident_a for_o the_o due_a execution_n of_o the_o premise_n every_o person_n borrow_v a_o crown_n or_o five_o shilling_n shall_v give_v for_o his_o bill_n or_o ticket_n one_o farthing_n and_o for_o ten_o shilling_n one_o half_a penny_n and_o for_o twenty_o shilling_n one_o penny_n monthly_o and_o for_o a_o great_a or_o small_a sum_n according_o until_o such_o time_n that_o the_o stock_n be_v increase_v to_o such_o a_o competent_a sum_n as_o may_v countervail_v the_o say_a charge_n and_o supply_v the_o necessary_a occasion_n or_o want_n of_o the_o borrower_n to_o be_v declare_v hereafter_o 14_o item_n that_o all_o pawn_n which_o do_v lie_v above_o one_o year_n be_v not_o license_v to_o remain_v for_o long_a time_n shall_v be_v sell_v by_o a_o public_a officer_n in_o open_a outcry_n every_o quarter_n of_o a_o year_n the_o say_a officer_n to_o be_v appoint_v and_o swear_v by_o the_o lord_n mayor_n of_o london_n for_o the_o time_n be_v or_o by_o two_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n at_o westminster_n and_o the_o surplusage_n of_o the_o money_n which_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o of_o the_o say_a pawn_n than_o the_o money_n lend_v thereupon_o after_o charge_n deduct_v shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o owner_n or_o know_a bringer_n of_o the_o say_a pawn_n or_o to_o their_o heir_n administrator_n or_o assign_n within_o one_o month_n after_o sale_n make_v of_o they_o upon_o demand_n to_o be_v make_v and_o by_o default_n of_o the_o say_a heir_n administrator_n or_o assign_n to_o be_v deliver_v within_o one_o year_n after_o to_o the_o say_a lord_n maior_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o to_o be_v distribute_v by_o their_o wisdom_n to_o the_o poor_a 15_o item_n it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a unto_o the_o say_a officer_n to_o restore_v to_o the_o right_a owner_n any_o pawn_n which_o have_v be_v felonious_o take_v upon_o sufficient_a proof_n make_v if_o notice_n be_v give_v before_o the_o register_n thereof_o and_o if_o notice_n be_v give_v after_o the_o say_a register_n or_o pawn_n then_o to_o restore_v the_o same_o upon_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n borrow_v thereupon_o and_o charge_n 16_o item_n it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a for_o the_o treasurer_n general_n and_o surveyor_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o lord_n mayor_n of_o london_n or_o two_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n at_o westminster_n under_o their_o hand_n write_v when_o the_o say_a stock_n be_v increase_v to_o a_o great_a sum_n than_o shall_v be_v needful_a for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n to_o give_v some_o relief_n unto_o such_o prisoner_n as_o be_v commit_v for_o debt_n in_o the_o several_a prison_n of_o their_o jurisdiction_n be_v it_o either_o for_o their_o maintenance_n there_o or_o after_o they_o have_v be_v one_o year_n in_o prison_n towards_o the_o composition_n which_o they_o shall_v make_v with_o their_o creditor_n so_o as_o the_o say_a gift_n do_v not_o exceed_v the_o sum_n of_o ten_o pound_n towards_o every_o hundred_o pound_n which_o the_o say_a prisoner_n be_v indebt_v if_o their_o good_a behaviour_n and_o likelihood_n to_o do_v well_o shall_v deserve_v the_o same_o *_o âŽ_o *_o quod_fw-la gratis_n accepimus_fw-la gratis_o damus_fw-la chap._n xiiii_o of_o the_o true_a calculation_n of_o money_n deliver_v at_o interest_n the_o act_n of_o parliament_n concern_v usury_n make_v in_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n declare_v that_o usury_n be_v forbid_v and_o contrary_a to_o all_o divine_a and_o humane_a law_n do_v by_o way_n of_o toleration_n admit_v that_o whosoever_o shall_v deliver_v his_o money_n at_o interest_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n shall_v only_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o lose_v that_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o if_o any_o man_n by_o information_n plaint_n or_o bill_n will_v sue_v for_o the_o same_o but_o if_o it_o be_v above_o that_o rate_n the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n shall_v lose_v the_o principal_a money_n and_o incur_v other_o penalty_n and_o this_o statute_n may_v be_v plead_v in_o bar_n and_o be_v to_o be_v construe_v against_o he_o direct_o and_o indirect_o wherefore_o all_o man_n deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n must_v be_v very_o careful_a how_o they_o make_v their_o contract_n because_o many_o mistake_n may_v happen_v for_o that_o all_o council_n learn_v in_o the_o law_n be_v not_o good_a arithmetician_n in_o the_o calculation_n of_o this_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o be_v the_o ground_n of_o those_o contract_n insomuch_o that_o by_o the_o strict_a rule_n of_o the_o say_a statute_n the_o contract_n be_v find_v usurious_a and_o to_o exceed_v the_o rate_n be_v not_o only_o void_a ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la but_o the_o principal_a and_o interest_n be_v also_o lose_v this_o statute_n have_v relation_n to_o the_o
north_n star_n some_o merchant_n be_v so_o far_o wide_a from_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o coin_n and_o the_o exchange_n make_v thereupon_o that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o certain_a rate_n or_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n set_v to_o answer_v just_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o foreign_a part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o diversity_n and_o disproportion_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o their_o intrinsicall_a and_o extrinsicall_a value_n but_o these_o merchant_n be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n have_v a_o proportionable_a valuation_n relative_a within_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n only_o the_o small_a and_o base_a coin_n have_v some_o little_a know_a advantage_n which_o may_v be_v consider_v of_o in_o exchange_n according_o proportionable_a valuation_n of_o money_n for_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v according_o if_o there_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o those_o money_n do_v exceed_v the_o big_a and_o fine_a coin_n this_o consideration_n have_v be_v have_v heretofore_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o between_o the_o low-countries_n and_o this_o realm_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o upon_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o exchange_n be_v at_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n the_o par_fw-fr and_o the_o small_a money_n will_v exceed_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o upward_o but_o the_o quantity_n do_v not_o surmount_v the_o better_a coin_n the_o like_a be_v upon_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o with_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n anno_fw-la 1586_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o with_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n to_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n lubish_n upon_o the_o rickes_n doller_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n or_o nine_o mark_n four_o shilling_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n make_v four_o dollar_n and_o one_o half_a to_o answer_v the_o say_v par_fw-fr which_o doller_n be_v enhance_v since_o to_o fifty_o four_o shilling_n and_o be_v receive_v now_o but_o four_o dollar_n for_o the_o same_o and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n according_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o all_o place_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o bill_n the_o denomination_n of_o money_n which_o we_o call_v imaginary_a be_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o peculiar_a or_o proper_a money_n to_o be_v find_v in_o specie_fw-la whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v ground_v as_o it_o be_v in_o time_n pass_v in_o many_o place_n where_o some_o money_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o ground_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o as_o our_o angel_n noble_a be_v coin_a for_o six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a whereupon_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o now_o be_v do_v upon_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o so_o may_v the_o new_a piece_n of_o our_o sovereign_a king_n james_n laureate_a be_v take_v but_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a to_o make_v exchange_n upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n for_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v most_o rule_v thereby_o in_o all_o place_n which_o by_o the_o quantity_n be_v five_o hundred_o to_o one_o hence_o do_v proceed_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o our_o gold_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o gold_n not_o so_o effectual_a as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n be_v advance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o rise_v albeit_o foreign_a nation_n do_v cause_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o fall_v but_o if_o silver_n be_v enhance_v present_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n will_v follow_v as_o the_o rule_n thereof_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n will_v fall_v more_o for_o exchange_n will_v over-rule_v both_o in_o like_a manner_n do_v we_o call_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o the_o dollar_n in_o germany_n the_o crown_n in_o france_n the_o ducat_n in_o italy_n and_o other_o place_n which_o by_o the_o great_a diversity_n you_o may_v understand_v as_o follow_v together_o with_o the_o calculation_n of_o merchant_n account_n whereupon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v according_a to_o their_o imaginary_a money_n flemish_n pound_v flemish_n in_o flanders_n brabant_n and_o most_o place_n of_o the_o low-countries_n they_o keep_v their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o reckon_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n which_o shilling_n be_v six_o styver_n in_o artois_n henalt_n tournois_n pound_v tournois_n and_o other_o place_n by_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr of_o twenty_o stiver_n or_o forty_o penny_n flemish_n whereof_o six_o call_v guildren_n or_o florin_n make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n in_o all_o the_o seventeen_o province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o some_o do_v reckon_v by_o pound_n parasis_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o penny_n parasis_n pound_v parasis_n whereof_o twelve_o make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n but_o their_o account_n as_o also_o the_o reckon_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o finance_n be_v keep_v by_o pound_n tournois_n which_o pound_n they_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n every_o shilling_n into_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o pound_n parasis_n and_o these_o have_v also_o their_o subdivision_n of_o obulus_fw-la maille_n heller_n hallinck_fw-mi corte_n mite_n point_v engevin_n poot_n and_o such_o like_a copper_n money_n too_o tedious_a to_o rehearse_v in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o guilder_n gold_n guilder_n be_v the_o gold_n guilder_n coin_a for_o a_o general_a coin_n and_o value_v in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n which_o be_v now_o in_o specie_fw-la at_o double_a the_o price_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v continue_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o that_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o east_n country_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n by_o the_o say_a gold_n guilder_n of_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n their_o dolor_n be_v coin_a at_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n since_o rise_v to_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n creutzer_n creutzer_n yet_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n which_o be_v imaginary_a at_o augusta_n the_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n at_o three_o week_n or_o fourteen_o day_n sight_n after_o the_o bill_n present_v at_o frankford_n they_o reckon_v by_o the_o guilder_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n creutzer_n florin_n of_o 60_o creutzer_n call_v in_o latin_a crucigeri_fw-la be_v piece_n with_o a_o cross_n they_o be_v florin_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n payable_a in_o the_o two_o yearly_a fair_n or_o mart_n the_o one_o the_o week_n before_o easter_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n to_o continue_v for_o all_o the_o month_n at_o norenborough_n their_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o the_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n which_o they_o also_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o for_o bohemia_n bohemicos_fw-la bohemicos_fw-la exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la at_o vienna_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n or_o florin_n of_o eight_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n &_o two_o heller_n to_o the_o penny_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v thereupon_o at_o baviera_n by_o guilder_n of_o seven_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n guilder_n diverse_a guilder_n for_o exchange_n and_o account_n in_o hungary_n by_o guilder_n of_o ten_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n and_o by_o florin_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o their_o ducat_n at_o breslo_n and_o leypsich_n they_o reckon_v by_o mark_n of_o thirty_o and_o two_o gross_v of_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o gross_a gross_v mark_v of_o 32_o gross_v and_o they_o exchange_n by_o thirty_o florin_n breslowe_v to_o have_v at_o vienna_n thirty_o and_o four_o florin_n or_o at_o norenborough_n thirty_o and_o two_o florin_n etc._n pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n &_o 12_o heller_n etc._n etc._n at_o vlme_n they_o reckon_v by_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n at_o colloigne_n by_o dollar_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o account_n and_o exchange_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a at_o embden_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n and_o exchange_n upon_o the_o rickx_n dolor_n but_o from_o london_n thither_o and_o hither_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n shilling_n mark_v of_o 16_o shilling_n at_o hamborough_n they_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o sixteen_o shilling_n
of_o john_n make_v mention_n of_o peter_n and_o william_n here_o be_v four_o taker_n up_o of_o money_n and_o but_o effectual_o one_o deliverer_n of_o money_n which_o be_v francis_n for_o albeit_o that_o peter_n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o five_o hundred_o pound_n he_o become_v a_o taker_n again_o of_o the_o say_a money_n receive_v the_o same_o of_o william_n so_o that_o gradatim_fw-la john_n be_v the_o first_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_v five_o hundred_o pound_n peter_n be_v the_o second_o taker_n up_o william_n be_v the_o three_o taker_n up_o and_o nicholas_n be_v the_o four_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_v five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o francis_n to_o this_o francis_n be_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n give_v payable_a to_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o place_n for_o which_o the_o money_n be_v take_v up_o but_o the_o say_a bill_n be_v make_v by_o john_n the_o first_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_a money_n declare_v that_o the_o value_n of_o it_o be_v receive_v of_o peter_n for_o william_n and_o for_o nicholas_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o francis_n which_o be_v the_o last_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n which_o bill_n be_v pay_v all_o the_o party_n in_o this_o exchange_n be_v satisfy_v and_o pay_v and_o this_o be_v do_v with_o great_a facility_n 4_o there_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n that_o money_n be_v take_v by_o exchange_n for_o a_o certain_a place_n by_o man_n who_o be_v not_o general_o know_v and_o therefore_o must_v use_v the_o credit_n of_o another_o man_n as_o a_o three_o person_n in_o the_o exchange_n if_o this_o man_n do_v subscribe_v his_o name_n to_o the_o three_o or_o second_o bill_n of_o exchange_n it_o be_v sufficient_a and_o will_v be_v due_o perform_v according_o 5_o it_o be_v also_o ordinary_a that_o a_o master_n to_o draw_v money_n from_o his_o servant_n into_o his_o own_o hand_n or_o a_o merchant_n in_o the_o like_a case_n from_o his_o factor_n will_v make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o some_o other_o person_n and_o say_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o such_o a_o one_o name_v a_o friend_n of_o he_o as_o he_o take_v the_o say_a person_n to_o be_v if_o the_o servant_n or_o factor_n do_v accept_v this_o bill_n he_o will_v be_v make_v to_o pay_v it_o and_o if_o this_o person_n who_o name_n have_v be_v use_v will_v deal_v unjust_o the_o master_n or_o merchant_n shall_v be_v remediless_a unless_o he_o have_v some_o collateral_a writing_n for_o the_o same_o because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n must_v be_v maintain_v 6_o again_o if_o a_o know_a servant_n do_v take_v up_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n upon_o his_o master_n and_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o upon_o the_o say_a master_n the_o master_n be_v liable_a to_o pay_v the_o same_o although_o he_o do_v not_o accept_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o be_v understand_v that_o by_o his_o credit_n and_o not_o by_o the_o servant_n credit_n the_o money_n have_v be_v take_v up_o so_o that_o until_o he_o make_v a_o public_a declaration_n denounce_v his_o servant_n to_o the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n and_o otherwise_o the_o master_n be_v to_o pay_v all_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n to_o be_v keep_v inviolable_a 7_o there_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n that_o a_o master_n unto_o his_o servant_n or_o one_o friend_n unto_o another_o will_v send_v bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o the_o name_n in_o blank_a from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o as_o from_o hamborough_n to_o embden_n or_o from_o antuerpe_n to_o amsterdam_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o dansicke_a and_o at_o amsterdam_n the_o name_n be_v put_v in_o to_o who_o to_o be_v pay_v and_o of_o who_o receive_v and_o this_o depend_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o he_o that_o make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o this_o be_v also_o accomplish_v very_o orderly_o 8_o again_o a_o merchant_n may_v take_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o man_n name_n or_o in_o his_o own_o name_n and_o another_o man_n name_n together_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o any_o place_n where_o exchange_n be_v use_v and_o subscribe_v his_o name_n and_o that_o man_n name_n or_o that_o man_n name_n alone_o and_o this_o man_n who_o name_n be_v use_v be_v liable_a and_o answerable_a to_o the_o say_a exchange_n if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o it_o be_v do_v or_o the_o like_a use_v to_o be_v do_v by_o that_o other_o party_n with_o his_o consent_n or_o privity_n for_o to_o avoid_v inconvenience_n in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n 9_o nay_o this_o go_v yet_o further_o to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o equity_n and_o so_o adjudge_v that_o if_o a_o man_n do_v take_v up_o money_n for_o any_o place_n by_o exchange_n posito_fw-la from_o london_n to_o middleborough_n and_o there_o the_o money_n be_v pay_v and_o take_v up_o again_o by_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n and_o there_o it_o be_v also_o pay_v by_o money_n take_v up_o for_o amsterdam_n and_o at_o amsterdam_n it_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o say_a money_n be_v take_v up_o there_o again_o for_o middleborough_n and_o at_o middleborough_n it_o be_v again_o return_v and_o take_v up_o for_o london_n in_o one_o or_o more_o sum_n run_v in_o account_n between_o all_o these_o party_n deal_v therein_o but_o here_o at_o london_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v but_o go_v back_o again_o to_o middleborough_n by_o protest_v and_o there_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o it_o become_v insoluent_a now_o if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o those_o money_n be_v original_o take_v up_o in_o london_n by_o the_o credit_n of_o that_o first_o taker_n which_o have_v be_v a_o principal_a cause_n of_o the_o continuance_n of_o it_o by_o exchange_n this_o man_n of_o london_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v with_o it_o as_o well_o as_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n thus_o may_v we_o see_v how_o tender_a and_o noble_a a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o nature_n which_o by_o the_o proceed_n thereupon_o will_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o non-acceptation_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o custom_n observe_v concern_v the_o same_o this_o high_a nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n require_v such_o preciseness_n of_o proceed_n to_o see_v the_o performance_n thereof_o that_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o vigilant_a to_o observe_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o as_o soon_o as_o a_o merchant_n receive_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whether_o it_o be_v payable_a at_o sight_n usance_n or_o double_a usance_n he_o be_v to_o present_v the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v to_o know_v whether_o he_o will_v accept_v the_o same_o which_o if_o he_o do_v or_o promise_v by_o write_v under_o it_o the_o word_n accept_v observation_n first_o observation_n or_o with_o the_o addition_n of_o his_o name_n accept_v by_o i_o a._n b._n than_o the_o party_n be_v to_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n contain_v in_o the_o bill_n but_o if_o the_o say_a party_n be_v not_o resolve_v to_o accept_v the_o same_o then_o after_o twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n past_a it_o be_v convenient_a to_o present_v he_o the_o say_a bill_n with_o a_o notary_n to_o make_v intimation_n of_o it_o unto_o he_o and_o to_o know_v whether_o he_o will_v accept_v the_o same_o as_o you_o do_v before_o if_o he_o deny_v to_o accept_v it_o than_o the_o notary_n do_v protest_v against_o he_o in_o word_n that_o the_o merchant_n do_v intend_v to_o recover_v all_o damage_n which_o he_o or_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o himself_o for_o other_o might_n or_o shall_v sustain_v thereby_o whereunto_o the_o party_n need_v not_o to_o make_v any_o reply_n but_o if_o he_o do_v and_o withal_o desire_v the_o notary_n to_o declare_v the_o same_o in_o the_o notariall_a act_n or_o protest_v which_o he_o make_v for_o the_o non-acceptation_n then_o the_o notary_n be_v to_o put_v it_o down_o in_o write_v according_o and_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n to_o be_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o all_o expedition_n because_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n there_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o it_o and_o secure_v himself_o of_o the_o party_n if_o there_o be_v cause_n and_o in_o the_o send_n of_o this_o protest_v of_o intimation_n the_o opportunity_n of_o the_o first_o post_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o observation_n second_o observation_n if_o the_o merchant_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a be_v absent_a or_o sick_a or_o depart_v this_o life_n nevertheless_o any_o friend_n or_o servant_n of_o he_o may_v cause_v this_o protest_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o notary_n who_o do_v declare_v the_o name_n of_o he_o at_o who_o request_n he_o do_v present_v the_o
to_o be_v invective_n and_o pathetical_a against_o banker_n wherein_o they_o be_v not_o mistake_v commonweal_n bank_n be_v incompatible_a in_o commonweal_n for_o the_o use_n of_o bank_n unless_o they_o be_v countermine_v by_o other_o bank_n be_v not_o to_o be_v suffer_v in_o any_o well_o order_v commonwealth_n as_o time_n will_v manifest_v more_o and_o more_o the_o french_a king_n lewis_n the_o nine_o and_o philip_n the_o fair_a do_v with_o great_a cause_n confiscate_v the_o banker_n good_n and_o for_o the_o discovery_n of_o their_o debt_n order_v their_o subject_n to_o pay_v only_o the_o principal_a money_n into_o their_o treasury_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_fw-fr do_v the_o like_a and_o indict_v they_o as_o cousener_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n for_o it_o be_v find_v that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n rep._n bodin_n de_fw-fr rep._n with_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a they_o have_v accumulate_v and_o get_v above_o two_o million_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n other_o which_z through_z envy_n malice_n or_o other_o passion_n have_v the_o eye_n of_o their_o judgement_n blind_v have_v censure_v my_o writing_n to_o be_v apologetical_a for_o the_o erection_n of_o a_o bank_n under_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o restauration_n of_o the_o ancient_a office_n of_o the_o king_n exchanger_n which_o how_o absurd_a it_o be_v let_v the_o wise_a judge_n by_o the_o difference_n between_o a_o banker_n and_o a_o general_n exchanger_n exchange_n difference_n between_o banker_n and_o exchange_n the_o banker_n do_v draw_v unto_o he_o all_o the_o money_n of_o other_o man_n make_v his_o small_a stock_n to_o be_v infinite_a and_o the_o exchanger_n must_v with_o his_o own_o stock_n supply_v man_n occasion_n the_o banker_n do_v make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n with_o the_o correspondence_n of_o other_o bank_n elsewhere_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o most_o advantage_n the_o exchanger_n have_v no_o correspondence_n with_o other_o banker_n but_o with_o his_o factor_n and_o 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as_o the_o money_n that_o buy_v they_o be_v then_o at_o by_o exchange_n in_o the_o country_n whither_o they_o be_v carry_v for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o the_o premise_n let_v we_o remember_v the_o description_n of_o a_o bank_n heretofore_o declare_v limit_v payment_n in_o bank_n limit_v and_o therein_o observe_v that_o great_a power_n and_o command_v which_o be_v give_v they_o by_o the_o commonwealth_n to_o incorporate_a money_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o exchange_n make_v it_o to_o become_v a_o merchandise_n and_o to_o over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o a_o indifferent_a course_n because_o the_o banker_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n in_o the_o principal_a place_n as_o lion_n in_o france_n madrill_n and_o other_o place_n in_o spain_n florence_n and_o genoa_n in_o italy_n bizanson_n and_o other_o place_n elsewhere_o have_v a_o meeting_n and_o by_o certain_a ticket_n in_o write_v every_o man_n do_v deliver_v his_o opinion_n what_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n ought_v to_o be_v for_o all_o place_n then_o exchange_v for_o the_o next_o fair_a or_o time_n of_o payment_n and_o according_a to_o the_o same_o the_o calculation_n be_v cast_v up_o by_o the_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v medium_fw-la exchange_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o medium_fw-la if_o there_o be_v seven_o or_o more_o voice_n or_o ticket_n the_o say_v seven_o be_v add_v together_o and_o the_o seven_o part_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la if_o there_o be_v ten_o than_o the_o same_o be_v cast_v up_o the_o ten_o part_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la and_o so_o for_o great_a or_o lesser_a number_n according_o but_o these_o man_n be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o banker_n observation_n for_o they_o all_o know_v how_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n lie_v by_o exchange_n and_o they_o concur_v in_o make_v
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honour_n and_o most_o safety_n to_o remain_v over_o us._n this_o petition_n in_o nature_n of_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n parliament_n the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v in_o parliament_n be_v deliver_v to_o the_o speaker_n of_o the_o parliament_n who_o upon_o the_o second_o read_v in_o the_o commons_o house_n procure_v the_o same_o to_o be_v refer_v to_o certain_a committee_n before_o who_o the_o petitioner_n do_v appear_v and_o after_o examination_n if_o there_o be_v no_o apparent_a cause_n that_o may_v cross_v they_o the_o bill_n be_v return_v into_o the_o parliament_n and_o read_v for_o the_o three_o time_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v of_o all_o act_n and_o then_o it_o be_v carry_v up_o to_o the_o high_a house_n and_o there_o it_o be_v common_o of_o course_n also_o read_v three_o time_n and_o so_o allow_v and_o there_o it_o do_v remain_v until_o the_o last_o day_n of_o the_o session_n of_o parliament_n and_o then_o the_o king_n royal_a assent_n be_v have_v thereunto_o and_o there_o be_v write_v on_o the_o backside_n or_o within_o these_o word_n le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr le_fw-fr veult_n and_o if_o it_o be_v anâ—_n act_n which_o the_o king_n will_v not_o pass_v the_o clerk_n of_o the_o parliament_n write_v le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr s'aduiser'a_fw-fr which_o be_v a_o clean_a and_o absolute_a refusal_n and_o all_o which_o be_v do_v be_v void_a and_o can_v be_v reviue_v in_o another_o parliament_n without_o to_o begin_v all_o from_o the_o begin_n again_o so_o much_o for_o england_n in_o france_n all_o stranger_n that_o be_v not_o bear_v within_o the_o kingdom_n and_o reside_v or_o dwell_v in_o the_o same_o france_n aubeine_fw-fr in_o france_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o right_n of_o aubain_n so_o call_v tanquam_fw-la alibi_n nati_fw-la for_o after_o their_o death_n if_o they_o be_v not_o naturalize_v the_o king_n do_v seize_v upon_o all_o their_o good_n they_o have_v in_o france_n and_o appropriate_v the_o same_o to_o his_o exchequer_n or_o finance_n without_o that_o the_o say_v stranger_n can_v dispose_v thereof_o by_o testament_n or_o will_n or_o that_o their_o lawful_a heir_n can_v claim_v the_o same_o howbeit_o they_o may_v give_v they_o and_o dispose_v thereof_o while_o they_o live_v by_o contract_n make_v between_o they_o a_o stranger_n also_o not_o dwell_v within_o the_o realm_n yet_o have_v get_v wealth_n or_o mean_n within_o the_o same_o may_v dispose_v of_o it_o unto_o his_o heir_n and_o other_o although_o they_o be_v stranger_n also_o if_o a_o stranger_n travel_v through_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n shall_v chance_v to_o die_v his_o heir_n shall_v enjoy_v his_o good_n which_o he_o have_v leave_v at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o decease_n in_o france_n but_o when_o a_o stranger_n take_v letter_n of_o naturalisation_n then_o may_v he_o get_v wealth_n and_o possession_n within_o the_o realm_n lawful_o and_o free_o which_o letter_n of_o naturalisation_n must_v be_v record_v in_o the_o chamber_n of_o account_n upon_o pain_n of_o a_o penalty_n pay_v to_o the_o king_n and_o his_o lawful_a heir_n shall_v enjoy_v the_o say_v possession_n and_o good_n so_o as_o he_o be_v nature_n of_o the_o realm_n or_o any_o other_o to_o who_o the_o same_o be_v give_v by_o will_n or_o testament_n so_o as_o he_o also_o be_v naturalize_v as_o aforesaid_a but_o mounseur_fw-fr papon_n the_o civilian_n say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a for_o one_o to_o enjoy_v the_o same_o to_o be_v bear_v within_o the_o realm_n but_o it_o must_v be_v also_o of_o a_o woman_n take_v in_o marriage_n within_o the_o realm_n and_o hereupon_o allege_v a_o arrest_n or_o sentence_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n whereby_o a_o cousin_n of_o a_o stranger_n decease_v be_v prefer_v before_o the_o sister_n because_o the_o cousin_n be_v bear_v within_o the_o realm_n and_o dwell_v in_o the_o same_o and_o the_o sister_n do_v not_o dwell_v within_o the_o realm_n and_o be_v bear_v in_o another_o country_n albeit_o she_o cause_v herself_o to_o be_v naturalize_v after_o the_o decease_n of_o her_o brother_n whereof_o the_o court_n have_v no_o regard_n because_o the_o good_n by_o succession_n be_v get_v before_o which_o can_v not_o be_v make_v void_a by_o the_o king_n letter_n patent_n mounseur_fw-fr banquet_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o frenchman_n be_v depart_v the_o kingdom_n for_o to_o dwell_v in_o another_o country_n that_o his_o good_n present_a and_o to_o come_v do_v appertain_v unto_o the_o king_n and_o can_v dispose_v thereof_o by_o will_n or_o testament_n as_o it_o have_v be_v prove_v by_o diverse_a decree_n of_o parliament_n the_o king_n be_v lord_n of_o all_o vacant_a good_n and_o therefore_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v to_o take_v letter_n of_o naturalisation_n to_o purchase_v their_o quietness_n and_o if_o any_o stranger_n bear_v and_o naturalize_v shall_v be_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n some_o eight_o or_o ten_o year_n upon_o especial_a occasion_n or_o otherwise_o he_o be_v at_o his_o return_n to_o take_v new_a letter_n of_o naturalisation_n or_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o former_a by_o some_o approbation_n consideration_n a_o observable_a consideration_n and_o herein_o be_v a_o special_a point_n to_o be_v note_v as_o a_o matter_n of_o record_n that_o those_o of_o flanders_n milan_n and_o the_o french_a county_n of_o savoy_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o take_v letter_n of_o naturalisation_n to_o dwell_v in_o this_o kingdom_n because_o the_o french_a king_n pretend_v that_o the_o say_v country_n be_v they_o and_o be_v never_o alienate_v by_o any_o conseâ—t_n of_o they_o but_o be_v country_n which_o at_o all_o time_n have_v belong_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n who_o do_v acknowledge_v the_o subject_n to_o be_v true_a and_o loyal_a frenchman_n but_o it_o be_v requisite_a if_o they_o come_v to_o dwell_v and_o inhabit_v within_o the_o realm_n that_o they_o take_v letter_n of_o naturalisation_n to_o the_o end_n the_o officer_n do_v not_o molest_v or_o trouble_v they_o by_o the_o premise_n we_o see_v that_o the_o naturalise_v in_o france_n be_v far_o more_o compulsorie_a for_o merchant_n than_o in_o england_n howbeit_o that_o in_o both_o kingdom_n if_o a_o stranger_n naturalize_v after_o many_o year_n that_o he_o have_v inhabit_v the_o same_o be_v desirous_a to_o return_v to_o his_o father-land_n or_o native_a country_n he_o may_v surrender_v his_o letter_n patent_n and_o be_v discharge_v of_o his_o oath_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xiiii_o of_o the_o determination_n of_o seafaring_a cause_n have_v now_o hitherto_o entreat_v of_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n with_o their_o adjunct_n and_o accident_n and_o therein_o observe_v time_n number_n weight_n and_o measure_n as_o also_o the_o three_o simple_n and_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n with_o their_o effect_n and_o property_n let_v we_o now_o consider_v of_o the_o manner_n and_o method_n of_o the_o proceed_n therein_o to_o see_v by_o what_o mean_v they_o be_v determine_v and_o execute_v
for_o in_o the_o execution_n consist_v the_o life_n of_o all_o law_n and_o the_o perfect_a of_o man_n action_n which_o aim_v at_o some_o certain_a end_n for_o it_o have_v be_v well_o observe_v by_o some_o that_o the_o action_n of_o a_o wise_a man_n and_o a_o fool_n differ_v in_o this_o fool_n difference_n between_o the_o action_n of_o a_o wise_a man_n and_o a_o fool_n that_o the_o wise_a have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o end_n in_o what_o they_o undertake_v and_o the_o fool_n without_o consideration_n permit_v the_o end_n to_o manifest_v in_o self_n whereof_o ignorant_a man_n judge_v according_a to_o the_o event_n although_o the_o enterprise_n be_v never_o so_o advise_o take_v in_o hand_n and_o as_o if_o the_o success_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o divine_a power_n to_o be_v guide_v by_o his_o providence_n the_o determination_n of_o all_o cause_n and_o controversy_n especial_o of_o merchant_n affair_n be_v do_v and_o execute_v as_o follow_v 1_o concern_v seafaring_a cause_n which_o be_v determine_v according_a to_o the_o sea-lawe_n already_o write_v and_o in_o the_o premise_n abridge_v controversy_n four_o meaneâ—_n to_o end_v controversy_n we_o shall_v in_o this_o chapter_n brief_o declare_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o 2_o the_o second_o mean_a to_o end_v controversy_n be_v by_o arbitrator_n choose_v and_o elect_v by_o both_o party_n to_o end_v their_o difference_n with_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n to_o avoid_v suit_n in_o law_n which_o unto_o merchant_n be_v inconvenient_a 3_o the_o three_o mean_v be_v the_o authority_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o merchant_n for_o the_o merchant_n court_n according_a to_o the_o privilege_n which_o prince_n have_v grant_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o advancement_n of_o their_o traffic_n and_o maintenance_n of_o their_o custom_n whereof_o most_o judge_n be_v either_o ignorant_a or_o content_v to_o determine_v matter_n according_o 4_o the_o four_o and_o last_o mean_v to_o determine_v question_n and_o difference_n be_v by_o the_o civil_a or_o imperial_a law_n or_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o several_a dominion_n of_o prince_n according_a to_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o they_o wherein_o we_o be_v especial_o to_o observe_v that_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_a for_o all_o nation_n do_v frame_n and_o direct_v their_o judgement_n thereafter_o give_v place_n to_o the_o antiquity_n of_o merchant_n custom_n which_o make_v proper_o their_o law_n now_o by_o i_o methodical_o describe_v in_o this_o book_n which_o allow_v to_o every_o man_n and_o nation_n his_o proper_a right_n and_o due_a and_o hure_v no_o man_n law_n three_o precept_n of_o all_o law_n according_a to_o the_o three_o general_a precept_n of_o all_o law_n set_v down_o by_o caius_n and_o after_o he_o by_o tribonianus_n namely_o honest_a vivere_fw-la alterum_fw-la non_fw-la laedere_fw-la &_o ius_n suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuere_fw-la whereof_o the_o second_o tri_v and_o rule_v the_o two_o other_o whereof_o more_o hereafter_o touch_v the_o first_o mean_v to_o determine_v seafaring_a cause_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v needful_a to_o speak_v much_o of_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o admiral_n at_o the_o sea_n admiral_n a_o admiral_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n magnus_n dux_n classis_fw-la and_o drungarius_n magnus_fw-la or_o admiratus_fw-la from_o amiras_n a_o word_n use_v by_o the_o spaniard_n to_o see_v or_o adelantado_n as_o go_v before_o the_o rest_n of_o ship_n also_o by_o the_o italian_n l'amiraglio_n or_o admiral_n in_o french_a because_o his_o call_n be_v know_v to_o all_o but_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o for_o the_o ready_a obedience_n to_o the_o great_a admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n that_o they_o shall_v have_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o power_n over_o the_o life_n of_o man_n a_o sovereign_a jurisdiction_n only_o proper_a to_o themselves_o court._n the_o admiral_n court._n in_o all_o seafaring_a cause_n and_o debate_v civil_a and_o criminal_a so_o that_o no_o other_o judge_n shall_v meddle_v therewith_o and_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o court_n be_v his_o deputy_n judicial_o to_o decide_v they_o by_o the_o advocate_n and_o other_o assistant_n for_o the_o better_a and_o just_a proceed_n of_o the_o say_a court_n also_o the_o admiral_n clerk_n be_v veric_a necessary_a and_o herein_o it_o have_v be_v think_v convenient_a that_o all_o proctor_n or_o attorn'ey_n of_o that_o court_n shall_v take_v their_o oath_n before_o they_o be_v hear_v etc._n advocate_n and_o proctor_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o shall_v do_v nothing_o malicious_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o find_v their_o action_n to_o be_v unrighteous_a in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o process_n they_o be_v to_o tell_v it_o to_o their_o client_n and_o if_o the_o client_n will_v insist_v then_o to_o show_v it_o to_o the_o judge_n oath_n the_o proctor_n oath_n also_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o reveal_v their_o client_n secret_n to_o the_o adversary_n and_o last_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o propound_v delay_n nor_o be_v peremptory_a against_o their_o conscience_n and_o the_o like_a oath_n be_v to_o be_v take_v of_o other_o officer_n at_o their_o admission_n the_o cause_n to_o be_v determine_v in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n do_v extend_v very_o far_o and_o many_o be_v otherwise_o decree_v or_o determine_v especial_o by_o the_o merchant_n court_n admiralty_n cause_n to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o admiralty_n and_o office_n of_o assurance_n whereas_o heretofore_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n do_v minister_v justice_n upon_o all_o complaint_n contract_n offence_n plea_n exchange_n assurance_n debt_n account_n charterparty_n covenant_n and_o all_o other_o writing_n concern_v lade_v and_o unlade_v of_o ship_n fraight_n hire_n money_n lend_v upon_o hazard_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o all_o other_o seafaring_a business_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o the_o acknowledge_v of_o writ_n and_o appeal_n from_o other_o judge_n letter_n of_o reprisal_n or_o mart_n to_o arrest_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n to_o inquire_v within_o and_o without_o liberty_n by_o the_o oath_n of_o twelve_o man_n upon_o all_o offence_n and_o trespass_n and_o namely_o first_o touch_v the_o revealer_n of_o the_o king_n and_o country_n their_o secret_n over_o sea_n especial_o in_o time_n of_o war_n against_o pirate_n their_o assister_n or_o abettor_n outreader_n or_o receiver_n against_o fortefier_n of_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o harmer_n of_o friend_n against_o the_o breaker_n of_o the_o admiral_n arrest_n and_o attachment_n against_o good_n forbid_v and_o merchandise_n not_o custom_a and_o yet_o transport_v against_o the_o resister_n of_o the_o admiral_n officer_n in_o execute_v his_o precept_n against_o forestaller_n regrater_n and_o dearther_n of_o corn_n and_o victual_n etc._n etc._n final_o against_o transporter_n of_o traitor_n rebel_n manifest_a transgressor_n and_o fugitive_n from_o justice_n or_o caster_n of_o ballast_n sand_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n in_o harbour_n or_o channel_n extortioner_n by_o ship_n and_o boat-wrights_a for_o take_v away_o the_o boigh_n from_o the_o anchor_n cutter_n of_o cable_n or_o towe_n false_a weight_n and_o measure_n by_o sea_n shedder_n of_o other_o man_n blood_n on_o sea_n or_o in_o any_o port_n or_o lame_v by_o misdemeanour_n customer_n and_o water-bailifes_a take_n more_o custom_n or_o anchorage_n than_o they_o ought_v for_o absent_v from_o muster_n in_o time_n of_o war_n for_o all_o transgression_n commit_v by_o seaman_n ferry-man_n watermen_n fisher_n pilot_n shipwrights_a press_a man_n contain_v the_o admiral_n authority_n and_o to_o amerce_v they_o for_o his_o own_o benefit_n the_o good_n of_o pirate_n felon_n capital_a offender_n their_o receiver_n assister_n attaint_v convict_v condemn_v and_o outlaw_v waif_n and_o stray_v good_n wreck_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o cast_v good_n deodando_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o thing_n whether_o boat_n or_o ship_n etc._n etc._n that_o cause_v the_o death_n of_o a_o man_n or_o whereby_o a_o man_n do_v perish_v sea_n beacon_n to_o give_v light_n on_o the_o sea_n share_n lawful_a prize_n or_o good_n of_o the_o enemy_n or_o lagon_n floatson_n and_o jetson_n before_o declare_v with_o the_o anchorage_n beaconage_n swine_n sturgeon_n and_o whale_n cast_v on_o shore_n &_o all_o fish_n of_o extraordinary_a greatness_n call_v regal_a of_o all_o these_o the_o admiral_n have_v authority_n to_o deal_v correct_v and_o punish_v according_a to_o their_o desert_n and_o the_o law_n provide_v for_o the_o same_o by_o statute_n enact_v and_o all_o other_o law_n and_o mean_n before_o declare_v the_o clerk_n of_o the_o admiral_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o skilful_a and_o honest_a and_o be_v to_o have_v diverse_a register_n for_o congee_n safeconduct_n passport_n sea-briefe_n without_o which_o no_o ship_n in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v to_o pass_v clerk_n the_o register_n of_o the_o clerk_n nor_o yet_o in_o far_a voyage_n in_o time_n of_o
any_o thing_n in_o question_n where_o there_o want_v proof_n or_o they_o may_v minister_v the_o say_a oath_n to_o either_o party_n upon_o pregnant_a occasion_n to_o boult_v out_o the_o truth_n the_o like_a authority_n have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o merchant_n and_o moreover_o their_o authority_n do_v far_o exceed_v the_o power_n of_o commissioner_n for_o as_o arbitrator_n have_v a_o determinate_a power_n to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o controversy_n in_o general_a term_n without_o declaration_n of_o particular_n so_o have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n power_n to_o do_v the_o like_a whereas_o commissioner_n be_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n and_o declaration_n of_o their_o proceed_n to_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n final_o the_o arbitrator_n authority_n impli_v a_o voluntary_a command_n proceed_v from_o both_o party_n which_o the_o commissioner_n have_v not_o but_o the_o merchant_n court_n have_v chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o merchant_n court_n or_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n the_o three_o mean_a to_o end_n and_o determine_v merchant_n question_n and_o controversy_n happen_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o court_n of_o merchant_n call_v prior_n and_o consul_n or_o il_fw-fr consolato_fw-la as_o the_o italian_n have_v call_v the_o same_o and_o here_o we_o may_v say_v a_o merchant_n be_v in_o loco_fw-la propriâ—_n as_o the_o fish_n in_o the_o water_n where_o he_o understand_v himself_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n according_a to_o which_o they_o be_v determine_v and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o yet_o as_o every_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v wise_a in_o his_o profession_n so_o may_v he_o be_v admit_v to_o understand_v they_o the_o rather_o when_o he_o shall_v true_o peruse_v and_o ponder_v the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n which_o in_o my_o love_n to_o merchant_n i_o have_v compile_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o civilians_n have_v consider_v of_o this_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n establish_v in_o many_o place_n of_o france_n italy_n and_o germany_n power_n wherein_o prior_n and_o consul_n have_v no_o power_n have_v make_v diverse_a question_n of_o their_o authority_n say_v they_o can_v decree_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n as_o that_o the_o father_n shall_v be_v bind_v for_o the_o son_n or_o the_o son_n for_o the_o father_n or_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v malum_fw-la in_o se_fw-la or_o natural_o unjust_a or_o against_o the_o public_a good_a or_o that_o which_o savour_v of_o a_o monopoly_n neither_o may_v they_o forbid_v any_o man_n to_o go_v to_o law_n or_o order_n that_o a_o work_n begin_v by_o one_o shall_v not_o be_v end_v by_o another_o without_o the_o other_o consent_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v or_o to_o determine_v of_o any_o thing_n but_o what_o concern_v merchandise_v for_o other_o thing_n as_o the_o sell_n of_o house_n land_n and_o the_o like_a do_v not_o appertain_v unto_o they_o true_a it_o be_v that_o all_o matter_n criminal_a or_o offensive_a do_v not_o belong_v unto_o they_o to_o deal_v in_o for_o there_o the_o king_n attorney_n be_v a_o party_n and_o have_v interest_n therein_o as_o falsify_v of_o obligation_n and_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o other_o writing_n matter_n of_o reproach_n or_o discredit_v of_o person_n theft_n and_o other_o evil_a unlawful_a behaviour_n do_v and_o commit_v by_o their_o say_a servant_n or_o themselves_o or_o any_o other_o merchant_n factor_n or_o intermedler_n in_o cause_n of_o merchandise_n as_o also_o all_o other_o not_o exercise_v the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v forbid_v to_o be_v deal_v with_o by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v with_o the_o contract_n of_o usury_n either_o feign_v or_o otherwise_o unlawful_a nor_o with_o the_o will_n and_o testament_n or_o contract_n of_o marriage_n of_o any_o person_n or_o with_o the_o interchange_n of_o good_n by_o consent_n and_o all_o other_o such_o like_a contract_n but_o only_o in_o all_o civil_a cause_n of_o merchandise_v how_o be_v it_o these_o questionable_a matter_n be_v not_o of_o that_o moment_n to_o be_v discuss_v consider_v that_o their_o authority_n be_v declare_v and_o confine_v by_o the_o charter_n and_o privilege_n make_v unto_o they_o by_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n whereunto_o relation_n be_v to_o be_v have_v and_o according_o they_o be_v to_o proceed_v have_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o equity_n of_o the_o cause_n hereupon_o benvenuto_n straccha_n the_o civilian_n make_v a_o treatise_n quomodo_fw-la procedendum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o causis_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la of_o the_o manner_n to_o proceed_v in_o merchant_n affair_n wherein_o be_v many_o universal_a thing_n propound_v which_o be_v easy_a but_o particular_a thing_n be_v common_o more_o true_a by_o his_o own_o observation_n confirmation_n the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n and_o he_o conclude_v that_o the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n or_o approbation_n the_o oath_n take_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n to_o observe_v the_o law-merchant_n be_v subject_a to_o punishment_n if_o they_o be_v perfidious_a or_o forswear_a as_o well_o as_o the_o oath_n of_o all_o other_o judge_n and_o write_v de_fw-la consulibus_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la he_o say_v that_o a_o merchant_n may_v call_v in_o question_n and_o begin_v his_o plea_n before_o they_o although_o it_o be_v against_o one_o that_o be_v no_o merchant_n if_o the_o cause_n concern_v merchandise_v and_o the_o plaintiff_n herein_o bind_v the_o defendant_n to_o be_v judge_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v he_o either_o a_o knight_n or_o ecclesiastical_a person_n or_o a_o stranger_n not_o resident_a in_o the_o place_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n all_o banker_n shopkeeper_n in_o fair_n and_o market_n be_v bind_v to_o their_o jurisdiction_n for_o matter_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n or_o for_o merchandise_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v in_o other_o place_n where_o the_o defendant_n do_v deal_v or_o negotiate_v be_v at_o his_o choice_n to_o begin_v or_o commence_v his_o suit_n where_o he_o will_v but_o not_o in_o two_o place_n at_o one_o time_n for_o one_o cause_n wherein_o sometime_o the_o penalty_n be_v by_o he_o respect_v to_o be_v far_o great_a in_o one_o place_n than_o in_o another_o here_o let_v we_o remember_v the_o controversy_n between_o two_o brother_n which_o be_v above_o fortie-yeare_n since_o call_v joan_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n and_o jaques_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n who_o go_v to_o law_n in_o brabant_n for_o many_o thousand_o pound_n and_o afterward_o one_o of_o they_o do_v commence_v suit_n in_o flanders_n be_v another_o jurisdiction_n whereupon_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v a_o forfeiture_n of_o 4000_o will_v jurisdiction_n a_o forfeiture_n for_o a_o jurisdiction_n for_o in_o truth_n good_a order_n and_o custom_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v as_o law_n and_o nothing_o be_v to_o be_v admit_v that_o may_v infringe_v the_o law_n of_o merchant_n the_o proceed_n before_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v by_o libel_n or_o petition_n or_o by_o declaration_n wherein_o let_v we_o note_v the_o difference_n set_v down_o by_o the_o say_a civilians_n declaration_n difference_n between_o a_o petition_n and_o a_o declaration_n the_o libel_n or_o declaration_n be_v to_o be_v make_v with_o all_o the_o form_n use_v in_o law_n as_o well_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o the_o matter_n of_o law_n but_o in_o a_o petition_n the_o form_n be_v not_o needful_a so_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v well_o express_v especial_o the_o sum_n which_o be_v demand_v or_o the_o good_n be_v lend_v or_o unjust_o detain_v must_v be_v specify_v and_o if_o it_o be_v for_o money_n owe_v for_o merchandise_n or_o lend_v it_o must_v be_v declare_v otherwise_o the_o consul_n will_v reject_v the_o petition_n as_o impertinent_a albeit_o some_o trivial_a error_n in_o petition_n be_v to_o be_v tolerate_v and_o the_o party_n be_v to_o be_v by_o the_o merchant_n law_n relieve_v they_o be_v to_o proceed_v summary_o in_o all_o their_o action_n proceed_v summarie_n proceed_v to_o avoid_v interruption_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n and_o they_o be_v to_o respect_v plain_a and_o sincere_a deal_n among_o merchant_n with_o a_o consideration_n to_o construe_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la so_o that_o trust_n may_v be_v preserve_v among_o they_o debar_v as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lie_v the_o exception_n of_o prescription_n excussion_n and_o of_o promise_n make_v without_o consideration_n quod_fw-la nudo_fw-la pacto_fw-la promisisti_fw-la and_o the_o like_a in_o so_o much_o that_o many_o time_n a_o woman_n be_v admit_v to_o be_v a_o procuratrix_n contrary_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n law_n a_o custom_n contrary_n to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o all_o other_o exception_n upon_o plain_a bill_n and_o obligation_n be_v set_v a_o part_n and_o the_o truth_n be_v hunt_v after_o and_o all_o exception_n proceed_v of_o justice_n and_o
all_o merchant_n factor_n and_o all_o other_o of_o what_o nation_n soever_o may_v assemble_v themselves_o in_o the_o same_o twice_o every_o day_n at_o the_o hour_n accustom_v and_o in_o their_o meeting_n shall_v free_o use_v their_o traffic_n and_o pass_v their_o business_n as_o well_o by_o exchange_n as_o otherwise_o not_o only_o in_o the_o same_o place_n exchange_n licence_n to_o exchange_n but_o also_o in_o any_o other_o whatsoever_o within_o the_o liberty_n of_o our_o say_a city_n of_o rouen_n when_o and_o where_o they_o shall_v think_v good_a with_o all_o assurance_n and_o safety_n to_o their_o merchandise_n and_o withal_o those_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n which_o merchant_n trade_v to_o our_o town_n of_o lion_n and_o thoulouze_n do_v enjoy_v and_o use_v according_a to_o the_o grant_n of_o our_o predecessor_n king_n of_o france_n and_o of_o vs._n furthermore_o we_o will_v and_o ordain_v that_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o say_a town_n of_o rouen_n frequent_v the_o same_o place_n shall_v every_o year_n cause_n a_o society_n of_o merchant_n to_o be_v in_o the_o lodge_n of_o the_o say_a bourse_n or_o in_o any_o other_o place_n in_o the_o say_a city_n and_o at_o such_o time_n as_o they_o shall_v think_v good_a in_o which_o meeting_n they_o shall_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o say_a number_n three_o officer_n viz._n a_o prior_n and_o two_o consul_n to_o remain_v â—n_v their_o authority_n for_o one_o year_n and_o so_o yearly_a to_o be_v change_v and_o there_o new_a to_o be_v elect_v according_a to_o the_o ordinary_a form_n of_o most_o voice_n election_n indifferent_a election_n not_o only_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rouen_n but_o also_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v to_o be_v present_a and_o assistant_n in_o the_o say_a election_n which_o election_n and_o nomination_n be_v full_o end_v the_o say_a prior_n aâ—d_a consul_n shall_v have_v present_a power_n in_o they_o to_o take_v knowledge_n &_o to_o give_v judgement_n between_o all_o man_n of_o what_o estate_n quality_n or_o condition_n soever_o they_o be_v of_o all_o suit_n controversy_n and_o difference_n touch_v matter_n of_o merchandise_v or_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o the_o conseruator_fw-la of_o the_o fair_a at_o lion_n and_o the_o prior_n and_o consul_n at_o thoulouze_n do_v as_o well_o for_o obligation_n bill_n of_o debt_n receipt_n blank_n sign_v bill_n of_o exchange_n association_n general_n and_o particular_a association_n answer_v by_o surety_n association_n of_o merchant_n either_o general_a or_o particular_a assurance_n account_n transportation_n bargain_n and_o partenership_n for_o matter_n aforesaid_a or_o any_o thing_n belong_v thereunto_o with_o as_o full_a strength_n and_o according_a to_o the_o judgement_n and_o condemnation_n of_o the_o say_a conseruator_n of_o lion_n and_o the_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o thoulouze_n and_o that_o the_o judgement_n and_o sentence_n decree_n and_o ordinance_n commission_n and_o commandment_n of_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n of_o rouen_n by_o speech_n provision_n or_o definitives_n shall_v stand_v in_o as_o much_o force_n and_o effect_n for_o any_o matter_n judicial_o determine_v as_o those_o cause_n which_o the_o conseruator_fw-la of_o lion_n and_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o thoulouze_n and_o other_o of_o our_o judge_n do_v decide_v and_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v execute_v by_o our_o sergeant_n and_o officer_n in_o such_o manner_n and_o form_n as_o they_o be_v in_o their_o behalf_n above_o name_v either_o by_o commit_v to_o prison_n execution_n the_o manner_n of_o execution_n or_o by_o inflict_v severe_a punishment_n if_o it_o be_v so_o decree_v and_o ordain_v and_o to_o that_o end_n shall_v our_o messenger_n and_o officer_n be_v bind_v to_o perform_v the_o execution_n our_o gaoler_n and_o keeper_n of_o our_o prison_n shall_v likewise_o be_v bind_v to_o receive_v and_o keep_v all_o such_o prisoner_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o if_o they_o be_v commit_v unto_o they_o by_o our_o abovesaid_a judge_n and_o with_o the_o like_a bond_n and_o penalty_n if_o any_o escape_n happen_v as_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o keep_v the_o prisoner_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o say_a judge_n for_o so_o we_o have_v enjoin_v and_o do_v enjoin_v our_o messenger_n and_o other_o officer_n gaoler_n and_o keeper_n of_o prison_n upon_o such_o penalty_n as_o the_o case_n shall_v require_v and_o according_a as_o by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n shall_v be_v set_v down_o and_o declare_v without_o any_o default_n according_a as_o the_o offence_n commit_v shall_v require_v moreover_o we_o have_v permit_v and_o do_v permit_v our_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n to_o take_v unto_o they_o 20_o of_o the_o say_a merchant_n or_o more_o or_o less_o as_o they_o shall_v think_v reasonable_a to_o assist_v they_o in_o their_o proceed_n and_o judgement_n in_o cause_n of_o merchandise_n bill_n of_o exchange_n execution_n aid_v in_o their_o execution_n assurance_n and_o difference_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o to_o cause_v to_o be_v execute_v their_o sentence_n judgement_n and_o ordinance_n of_o pawn_n and_o consignement_n provision_n seize_v of_o good_n and_o all_o their_o other_o condemnations_n sentence_n or_o appointment_n to_o proceed_v therein_o by_o cry_n proclamation_n give_v notice_n to_o themselves_o or_o leave_v notice_n at_o their_o house_n by_o proof_n sale_n dipositing_n delivery_n and_o execution_n definitive_a as_o the_o case_n shall_v require_v likewise_o we_o give_v they_o power_n to_o direct_v the_o same_o process_n proceed_n summarie_n proceed_n and_o to_o proceed_v therein_o according_a to_o their_o ordinance_n as_o well_o in_o matter_n summary_o as_o by_o provision_n as_o acknowledgement_n of_o bill_n subscription_n and_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o like_a in_o act_n of_o pawn_n and_o consignement_n by_o one_o only_a fault_n due_o prove_v by_o summon_v the_o person_n at_o his_o house_n or_o fix_v there_o a_o copy_n of_o the_o commission_n or_o process_n in_o all_o place_n where_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o be_v do_v and_o touch_v other_o matter_n where_o two_o default_n shall_v be_v make_v or_o summon_v in_o person_n they_o shall_v proceed_v observe_v and_o keep_v the_o course_n according_a to_o the_o king_n ordinance_n and_o for_o all_o matter_n wherein_o they_o shall_v give_v sentence_n of_o execution_n according_a to_o their_o knowledge_n we_o will_v and_o do_v permit_v they_o as_o aforesaid_a to_o cause_v the_o execution_n to_o pass_v in_o all_o place_n of_o our_o court_n of_o parliament_n at_o rouen_n and_o in_o all_o other_o place_n of_o our_o kingdom_n where_o need_n shall_v require_v without_o any_o disturbance_n or_o let_v to_o be_v do_v by_o any_o of_o our_o judge_n justice_n or_o officer_n either_o against_o they_o or_o their_o deputy_n neither_o shall_v they_o let_v or_o hinder_v any_o summons_n or_o arrest_v exploit_n or_o assignment_n to_o be_v do_v before_o they_o and_o to_o give_v their_o assistance_n in_o all_o cause_n appertain_v to_o their_o knowledge_n touch_v matter_n of_o traffic_n and_o all_o thing_n thereunto_o belong_v against_o all_o merchant_n trade_v in_o our_o say_a city_n of_o rouen_n and_o as_o touch_v their_o factor_n dealer_n and_o intermedler_n of_o what_o quality_n soever_o they_o be_v send_v by_o they_o into_o diverse_a country_n region_n and_o province_n as_o well_o within_o as_o without_o our_o kingdom_n country_n and_o dominion_n under_o our_o obeisance_n for_o the_o cause_n of_o traffic_n merchandise_v and_o do_v of_o business_n and_o all_o other_o thing_n thereunto_o belong_v we_o will_v and_o ordain_v etc._n constraint_n to_o bring_v their_o caâ—â—_n les_fw-fr etc._n etc._n that_o they_o may_v be_v constrain_v to_o bring_v their_o cause_n and_o proof_n for_o all_o matter_n aforesaid_a before_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n for_o the_o time_n be_v or_o that_o shall_v hereafter_o execute_v these_o office_n be_v it_o either_o for_o the_o render_n of_o account_n and_o satisfaction_n of_o part_n or_o of_o whole_a or_o condemnation_n in_o penalty_n or_o other_o condemnation_n for_o amends_n for_o trespass_n and_o of_o all_o other_o thing_n that_o shall_v be_v requisite_a concern_v and_o belong_v to_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n according_a as_o they_o shall_v deserve_v whereof_o we_o have_v permit_v they_o and_o do_v give_v they_o power_n to_o use_v the_o form_n even_o as_o the_o say_v conseruator_fw-la at_o lion_n prior_n and_o consul_n of_o thoulouze_n and_o other_o our_o judge_n do_v and_o to_o cause_v execution_n to_o be_v serve_v on_o the_o offender_n either_o by_o arrest_n attachment_n of_o good_n and_o sale_n thereof_o or_o by_o imprisonment_n of_o the_o party_n condemn_v judge_n prohibition_n to_o other_o judge_n even_o as_o they_o shall_v think_v good_a inhibit_v all_o our_o judge_n to_o presume_v to_o take_v knowledge_n of_o any_o matter_n or_o plea_n thereunto_o belong_v which_o our_o command_n we_o will_v be_v notify_v unto_o they_o and_o unto_o who_o it_o shall_v
salt_n francis_n the_o first_o make_v the_o same_o perpetual_a as_o the_o domaine_v of_o the_o crown_n and_o all_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o buy_v it_o at_o the_o magazine_n upon_o pain_n of_o punishment_n this_o impost_n be_v let_v to_o farm_n for_o two_o million_o of_o crown_n or_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a the_o right_a of_o the_o sea_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o he_o may_v lay_v imposition_n thirty_o league_n from_o the_o land_n into_o the_o sea_n if_o no_o other_o sovereign_a prince_n be_v not_o within_o that_o precinct_n there_o be_v eight_o court_n of_o parliament_n in_o france_n and_o eight_o chamber_n of_o account_n at_o paris_n erect_v 1302_o by_o philip_n le_fw-fr bell._n at_o paris_n parlement_n court_n of_o parlement_n at_o tholouze_n also_o and_o confirm_v by_o charles_n the_o 7._o in_o britain_n at_o grenoble_n 1453_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o at_o dion_n account_n court_n of_o account_n at_o bourdeaux_n 1462_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o at_o monpellier_n at_o aix_n 1501_o by_o lewis_n the_o 12._o in_o dolphin_n at_o dion_n 1476_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11_o for_o burgundy_n in_o provence_n at_o rouen_n 1449_o by_o lewis_n the_o 12_o for_o normandy_n at_o blois_n at_o rheame_n 1553_o by_o h._n the_o 2_o for_o britainie_n at_o rouen_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n of_o france_n it_o be_v a_o usual_a receive_a opinion_n that_o pharamont_n be_v the_o author_n of_o this_o law_n other_o think_v it_o be_v so_o call_v of_o the_o gaul_n that_o be_v call_v salie_n among_o who_o that_o law_n be_v establish_v for_o the_o ancient_a gaul_n term_v all_o their_o law_n either_o ripuarie_n or_o salic_a and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o charlemagne_n they_o be_v call_v salique_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v invent_v of_o latter_a time_n as_o by_o philip_n le_fw-fr long_n to_o frustrate_v the_o daughter_n of_o lewis_n huttin_n or_o else_o to_o have_v have_v the_o first_o strength_n from_o a_o usual_a custom_n of_o all_o barbarian_n which_o be_v never_o to_o suffer_v the_o female_n to_o inherit_v the_o crown_n and_o so_o be_v begin_v in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o line_n of_o the_o king_n it_o have_v continue_v in_o the_o three_o and_o by_o custom_n it_o be_v rather_o confirm_v than_o to_o be_v prove_v to_o be_v a_o law_n at_o any_o time_n ordain_v have_v be_v little_a account_n make_v thereof_o until_o the_o controversy_n between_o philip_n le_fw-fr long_n and_o end_v duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o claim_v it_o for_o his_o niece_n jane_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n huttin_n and_o philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n with_o edward_n king_n of_o england_n the_o book_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n be_v but_o a_o collection_n howbeit_o there_o be_v no_o example_n ever_o hear_v of_o that_o any_o woman_n govern_v of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o high_a and_o low_a germany_n concur_v with_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n in_o substance_n the_o court_n of_o equity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o bill_n and_o answer_v replication_n and_o rejoinder_n and_o sometime_o duplication_n and_o at_o last_o conclusion_n with_o the_o examination_n of_o witness_n in_o serious_a manner_n the_o whole_a proceed_n be_v deliver_v to_o certain_a doctor_n or_o learned_a man_n which_o be_v as_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n or_o belong_v to_o certain_a university_n to_o be_v abreviate_v which_o be_v call_v ad_fw-la rotulandum_fw-la who_o do_v cut_v off_o all_o superfluous_a thing_n which_o upon_o the_o matter_n be_v confess_v on_o both_o side_n process_n to_o abreviate_v long_a process_n or_o be_v not_o material_a to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o bring_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o party_n to_o certain_a point_n or_o head_n whereupon_o the_o say_a party_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o advocate_n or_o learned_a counsel_n do_v dispute_n and_o debate_v the_o say_a difference_n to_o bring_v they_o as_o it_o be_v ripe_a and_o perfect_v before_o the_o judge_n for_o if_o the_o defendant_n will_v take_v covert_o any_o exception_n against_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o jurisdiction_n he_o may_v have_v the_o whole_a process_n make_v up_o in_o the_o name_n of_o a.b._n and_o c.d._n as_o it_o be_v complainant_a and_o defendant_n without_o name_v either_o of_o the_o party_n and_o the_o same_o to_o be_v send_v under_o the_o town_n seal_v unto_o doctor_n or_o other_o learned_a man_n of_o university_n elect_v thereunto_o in_o other_o jurisdiction_n which_o do_v give_v their_o sentence_n or_o judgement_n thereupon_o and_o return_v the_o same_o back_n again_o under_o seal_n before_o the_o judge_n where_o the_o cause_n be_v depend_v who_o call_v both_o party_n before_o he_o demand_v of_o they_o whether_o he_o shall_v open_v the_o process_n and_o whether_o they_o will_v stand_v to_o the_o judgement_n therein_o contain_v and_o if_o the_o complainant_n descend_v thereunto_o then_o be_v the_o defendant_n thereby_o conclude_v see_v he_o have_v his_o choice_n and_o do_v in_o a_o manner_n appeal_v from_o the_o judge_n whereupon_o execution_n be_v present_o have_v and_o matter_n be_v end_v with_o expedition_n by_o the_o premise_n we_o may_v observe_v how_o other_o law_n be_v variable_a and_o subject_a to_o alteration_n and_o that_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v constant_a and_o permanent_a in_o her_o custom_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o to_o be_v infringe_v but_o serious_o to_o be_v maintain_v by_o all_o the_o four_o precedent_a mean_n or_o some_o select_a course_n of_o execution_n to_o be_v devise_v concur_v with_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a furtherance_n whereof_o and_o more_o exact_a explanation_n by_o contrary_n i_o have_v for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o this_o work_n add_v hereunto_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n which_o will_v illustrate_v the_o most_o material_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n chap._n xviii_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n have_v heretofore_o publish_v a_o treatise_n entitle_v england_n view_n in_o the_o unmask_n of_o two_o paradox_n which_o have_v be_v present_v unto_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o as_o a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n and_o considerable_a in_o the_o government_n of_o commonweal_n and_o find_v that_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o they_o with_o a_o three_o paradox_n observe_v by_o i_o do_v proper_o allude_v to_o the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n or_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o handle_v the_o substance_n of_o they_o for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o the_o same_o be_v paradox_n what_o it_o be_v the_o rather_o because_o paradox_n be_v thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n and_o will_v also_o make_v all_o the_o premise_n more_o manifest_a and_o apparent_a by_o their_o conclusion_n the_o say_v two_o paradox_n present_v by_o monsieur_n malestroit_n one_o of_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o finance_n or_o treasury_n in_o france_n be_v as_o follow_v say_v 1_o that_o to_o complain_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o france_n be_v without_o cause_n commodity_n commodity_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o grow_v dear_a these_o three_o hundred_o year_n 2_o that_o there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n and_o money_n and_o or_o any_o other_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n albeit_o one_o do_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n he_o do_v receive_v the_o same_o the_o three_o paradox_n which_o i_o have_v add_v hereunto_o be_v 3_o that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n suppose_v in_o exchange_n for_o money_n exchange_n exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n and_o property_n of_o real_a and_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la mounseur_fw-fr malestroit_n say_v that_o since_o the_o ancient_a permutation_n have_v be_v change_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o that_o the_o first_o riches_n of_o man_n which_o consist_v of_o cattle_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n whereby_o all_o thing_n have_v receive_v their_o estimation_n dearth_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n it_o follow_v that_o those_o metal_n be_v the_o right_a judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o can_v say_v that_o any_o thing_n be_v dear_a than_o it_o be_v three_o hundred_o year_n ago_o unless_o that_o for_o the_o buy_v thereof_o we_o must_v now_o give_v more_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o but_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o do_v not_o give_v now_o more_o gold_n or_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o therefore_o say_v he_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a in_o france_n since_o that_o time_n to_o prove_v this_o he_o do_v allege_v that_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o
coelo_fw-la the_o rather_o for_o that_o so_o many_o good_a act_n of_o parliament_n have_v be_v make_v long_o since_o concern_v the_o same_o when_o the_o staple_n of_o our_o commodity_n do_v flourish_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o 1622._o the_o maintenance_n of_o â—ree_a trade_n anno_fw-la 1622._o and_o have_v of_o late_o publish_v ten_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n it_o may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o examine_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o say_a point_n 1_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o overualuation_n consequent_o of_o foreign_a coin_n unto_o we_o which_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n 2_o usury_n politic_a practise_v by_o many_o and_o abandon_v trade_n 3_o the_o litigious_a suit_n in_o law_n to_o the_o hindrance_n of_o trade_n 4_o the_o neglect_n of_o the_o fish_n trade_n preoccupy_v by_o other_o nation_n 5_o the_o endrape_n of_o wool_n in_o other_o country_n of_o late_a much_o increase_v 6_o the_o policy_n of_o merchant_n of_o several_a society_n 7_o the_o false_a make_n of_o cloth_n and_o other_o manufacture_n 8_o the_o exportation_n of_o the_o material_n of_o wool_n woolfel_n etc._n etc._n 9_o the_o war_n of_o christendom_n pirate_n and_o bankerupt_v 10_o the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n within_o the_o realm_n but_o before_o we_o come_v to_o this_o examination_n staple_n the_o beginning_n of_o the_o staple_n let_v we_o observe_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o staple_n and_o their_o privilege_n in_o the_o government_n thereof_o the_o most_o ancient_a foundation_n of_o merchant_n and_o merchandise_v in_o this_o kingdom_n both_o for_o trade_n and_o government_n have_v by_o continuance_n of_o time_n before_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o do_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o staple_n the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o wool_n leather_n woolfells_n fell_n lead_v tin_n butter_n cheese_n clothes_n and_o other_o commodity_n be_v call_v staple_n merchandise_n the_o port_n from_o whence_o the_o say_v commodity_n be_v to_o be_v transport_v be_v call_v staple_n port_n as_o london_n westminster_n hull_n boyston_n bristol_n southampton_n new_a castle_n and_o other_o place_n the_o place_n of_o residence_n of_o these_o merchant_n both_o within_o this_o land_n and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v call_v the_o staple_n the_o law_n and_o ordinance_n make_v by_o the_o say_a merchant_n be_v call_v staple_n law_n under_o their_o government_n consist_v of_o a_o mayor_n two_o constable_n and_o other_o officer_n have_v the_o trade_n of_o this_o kingdom_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n flourish_v to_o the_o great_a enrich_n of_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n and_o it_o have_v be_v support_v and_o assist_v by_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o state_n in_o all_o age_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o 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merchant_n such_o be_v the_o free_a trade_n of_o this_o kingdom_n in_o those_o day_n wherein_o the_o subject_n of_o all_o sort_n upon_o all_o occasion_n may_v free_o participate_v under_o government_n at_o these_o staple_n be_v the_o king_n custom_n due_o collect_v and_o by_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o staple_n at_o two_o several_a time_n pay_v into_o the_o king_n exchequer_n and_o by_o their_o government_n be_v many_o inconueniency_n prevent_v whereby_o the_o former_a cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n be_v either_o moderate_v or_o reform_v namely_o 1_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v require_v to_o be_v answer_v in_o true_a exchange_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsike_n value_n and_o their_o doller_n or_o other_o foreign_a coin_n be_v by_o the_o mayor_n and_o constable_n value_v according_o for_o there_o be_v no_o merchandise_v exchange_n use_v neither_o be_v banker_n know_v and_o when_o there_o want_v money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n or_o be_v like_a to_o want_v order_n be_v take_v by_o they_o to_o import_v bullion_n either_o the_o 1_o â—_o or_o 1_o â—_o part_n of_o the_o value_n of_o commodity_n export_v the_o debt_n between_o merchant_n be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o by_o bill_n to_o be_v register_v before_o the_o mayor_n or_o constable_n which_o be_v currant_n without_o the_o strict_a proceed_n of_o our_o common_a law_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v now_o by_o a_o register_n authorise_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n parent_n 2_o in_o those_o day_n usury_n be_v account_v to_o be_v a_o abominable_a thing_n for_o it_o be_v not_o use_v by_o any_o course_n politic_a but_o see_v it_o be_v now_o so_o general_a in_o all_o country_n the_o best_a remedy_n to_o abate_v the_o same_o in_o price_n be_v to_o procure_v plenty_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n by_o the_o mean_v before_o mention_v which_o will_v be_v more_o effectual_a of_o course_n than_o any_o law_n that_o will_v be_v devise_v for_o the_o moderation_n thereof_o 3_o to_o avoid_v the_o litigious_a suit_n in_o law_n the_o say_a mayor_n and_o constable_n of_o the_o staple_n have_v authority_n to_o determine_v they_o with_o all_o expedition_n and_o if_o it_o be_v upon_o a_o difference_n between_o a_o stapler_n and_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n there_o be_v two_o merchant_n stranger_n admit_v and_o join_v with_o the_o mayor_n or_o constable_n to_o determine_v the_o same_o and_o that_o with_o a_o present_a execution_n without_o delay_n especial_o upon_o a_o statute_n staple_n acknowledge_v before_o the_o mayor_n or_o constable_n as_o aforesaid_a 4_o the_o fish_n trade_n be_v not_o preoccupy_v by_o foreign_a nation_n as_o it_o have_v be_v within_o these_o hundred_o year_n as_o have_v be_v note_v albeit_o such_o ship_n as_o be_v permit_v to_o fish_n in_o the_o king_n sea_n and_o dominion_n pay_v six_o penny_n for_o every_o ton_n burden_n which_o be_v now_o eighteen_o penny_n and_o this_o trade_n may_v be_v establish_v with_o we_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o several_a society_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n russia_n and_o eastland_n merchant_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o england_n can_v maintain_v the_o same_o and_o the_o cloth_n trade_n together_o as_o they_o have_v certify_v 5_o the_o indrape_n of_o wool_n or_o make_v of_o cloth_n be_v of_o late_a much_o increase_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o less_o cloth_n make_v with_o we_o may_v give_v the_o better_a mean_n to_o establish_v the_o fish_n trade_n as_o aforesaid_a 6_o the_o policy_n of_o merchant_n of_o several_a country_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o as_o the_o stapler_n do_v in_o time_n past_a look_v to_o the_o sale_n both_o of_o wool_n and_o all_o other_o staple_n commodity_n and_o the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a in_o price_n of_o the_o say_v foreign_a ware_n with_o our_o native_a commodity_n 7_o to_o prevent_v the_o false_a make_n of_o cloth_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o at_o these_o staple_n merchant_n good_n be_v always_o diligent_o and_o careful_o view_v and_o subscribe_v by_o the_o corrector_n and_o other_o officer_n of_o the_o staple_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o good_n exported_a may_v be_v answerable_a in_o goodness_n to_o their_o expectation_n upon_o the_o view_n require_v whereby_o this_o staple_n trade_n continue_v without_o any_o interruption_n for_o they_o be_v the_o sole_a merchant_n of_o the_o realm_n without_o competitor_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o four_o at_o which_o time_n certain_a mariner_n and_o mercer_n of_o london_n use_v to_o barter_n english_a clothes_n in_o holland_n zealand_n brabant_n and_o other_o place_n have_v by_o the_o say_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o a_o governor_n set_v over_o they_o only_o to_o be_v a_o judge_n to_o hear_v and_o decide_v their_o controversy_n and_o to_o punish_v their_o misdemeanour_n with_o licence_n that_o they_o may_v congregate_v themselves_o for_o that_o