Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	king_n	law_n	person_n	3,991	5	5.0904	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A53222	America : being the latest, and most accurate description of the new vvorld containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither, the conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru and other large provinces and territories : with the several European plantations in those parts : also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers : their habits, customs, manners, and religions, their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents : with an appendix containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown south-land and the arctick region : collected from most authentick authors, augmented with later observations, and adorn'd with maps and sculptures / by John Ogilby ...	Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683. Nieuwe en onbekende weereld.	1671 (1671)	Wing O165; ESTC R16958	774,956	643

built The Governor hath a House there call'd St. John's the Chancellor Mr. Philip Calvert his Lordships Brother hath another and in this place is built and kept the Secretaries Office where all the Records are kept all Process Grants for Lands Probates of Wills Letters of Administration are issu'd out the Plat of a Fort and Prison is lately laid there upon a point of Land term'd Windmil-Point from a Windmil which formerly stood there the situation is proper for that it commands the breadth of the said River of Saint Georges so that when it is finish'd all Shipping may safely Ride before the Town without the least fear of any sudden Assault or Attempt of Pirats or other Enemy whatsoever This City has formerly been the usual place of abode for his Lordships Lieutenants and their Retinue but of late years the present Governor Mr. Charles Calvert hath built himself a fair House of Brick and Timber with all Out-houses and other Offices thereto belonging at a place call'd Mattapany near the River of Patuxent before-mention'd where he and his Family reside being a pleasant healthful and commodious Seat about eight Miles by Land distant from St. Maries Of the Indians in Maryland The Indians in Mary-land ate a People generally of streight able and well proportion'd Bodies something exceeding the ordinary pitch of the English their Complexion Swarthy their Hair naturally long and black without Curle which generally they cut after some strange Fantastical Mode nay sometimes they Dye it with red and other preposterous Colours They Liquor their Skins with Bears Grease and other Oyls which renders them more tawny and less apt to receive injury from the Weather They are subtile from their Infancy and prone to learn any thing their Fancy inclines them to in other things slothful There are as many distinct Nations among them as there are Indian Towns which are like Countrey-Villages in England but not so good Houses dispers'd throughout the Province Each Town hath its King by them term'd Werowance and every forty or fifty Miles distance differs much from its Neighbors in Speech and Disposition The Sasquahanocks though but few in number yet much exceed the rest in Valor and Fidelity to the English the rest being generally of a more Treacherous Spirit and not so stout and the number of the English do already exceed all the Indians in the Province The Werowance is assisted by Councellors call'd Wisoes who are commonly of the same Family and are chosen at the pleasure of the Werowance They have Captains in time of War which they term Cockorooses Most of their Governments are Monarchical except the Sasquabanocks which is a Re-publick but for succession they have a peculiar Custom that the Issue of the Males never succeed but the Issue-Male of the Female succeed in Government as the surer side They all submit to and are protected by the Lord Proprietaries Government and in case of any Assault or Murder committed on any English the Party offending is try'd by the Laws of the Province and in case of any new Election of King or Emperor among them they present the Person so Elected to the Governor for the time being who as he sees cause either alters or confirms their Choice In the Year 1663. at the Indians Request the present Governor Mr. Charles Calvert and some others of his Lordships Privy-Council there went to Pascatoway in this Province to be present at the Election of a new Emperor for that Nation They presented a Youth nam'd Nattawasso and humbly Requested to have him confirm'd Emperor of Pascatoway by the Name of Wahocasso which after some charge given them in general to be good and faithful Subjects to him the Governor accordingly did and receiv'd him into his Protection They pay great Respect and Obedience to their Kings and Superiors whose Commands they immediately Execute though with an apparent hazard of their Lives The Mens chief employment is Hunting and the Wars in both which they commonly use Bowes and Arrows some of late have Guns and other Weapons by a private Trade with some English Neighboring Plantations They are excellent Marks-men it being the onely thing they breed their Youth to The Women Plant and look after the Corn make their Bread and dress what Provisions their Husbands bring home Their way of Marriage is by agreement with the Womens Parents or Friends who for a certain Sum of their Money or other Goods deliver her to the Man at a day appointed which is commonly spent in jollity Their Money There are two sorts of Indian Money Wampompeage and Roanoack these serve among them as Gold and Silver do in Europe both are made of Fish-shells which they string like Beads Wampompeage is the largest Bead sixty whereof countervails an Arms length of Roanoack which is valued at six Pence Sterling with this they purchase Commodities of the English as Trading-Cloth c. of which they make themselves Mantles which is something shaggy and is call'd Dutch Duffels this is their Winter Habit in Summer they onely wear a narrow slip of the same to cover those parts which natural modesty teaches them to conceal the better sort have Stockings made thereof and pieces of Deer-Skin stitch'd together about their Feet in stead of Shooes The Womens Apparel is the same but those of the best Quality among them bedeck themselves with Wampompeage or Roanoack or some other toy Manner of habitation Their Houses are rais'd about the height of a large Arbor and cover'd with Barks of Trees very tite in the middle whereof is the Fire-place they lie generally upon Mats of their own making plac'd round the Fire a Woodden-bowl or two an Earthen Pot and a Mortar and Pestle is their chiefest Houshold-stuff he that hath his Bowe and Arrows or Gun a Hatchet and a Canoo a term they use for Boats is in their minds rarely well provided for each House contains a distinct Family each Family hath its peculiar Field about the Town where they Plant their Corn and other sorts of Grain afore-mention'd Civility to the English They are courteous to the English if they chance to see any of them coming towards their Houses they immediately meet him half-way conduct him in and bid him welcome with the best Cates they have The English giving them in like manner civil Entertainment according to their Quality The Werowance of Patuxent having been Treated for some days at St. Maries by the then Governor Mr. Leonard Calvert his Lordships Brother at his first coming thither to settle that Colony took his leave of him with this Expression I love the English so well that if they should go about to kill me if I had so much breath as to speak I would Command my People not to revenge my death for I know they would not do such a thing except it were through my own default In Affairs of concern they are very considerate and use few words in declaring their

act Warlike postures and then they come in painted for War with their Faces black and red or some all black some all red with some streaks of white under their Eyes and so jump and leap up and down without any order uttering many Expressions of their intended Valour For other Dances they onely shew what antick Tricks their ignorance will lead them to wringing of their Bodies and Faces after a strange manner sometimes jumping into the Fire sometimes catching up a Firebrand and biting off a live Coal with many such tricks that will affright rather than please an English-man to look upon them resembling rather a company of infernal Furies than Men. Their sitting in Council When their King or Sachem sits in Council he hath a Company of Arm'd Men to guard his Person great respect being shewn him by the People which is principally manifested by their silence After he hath declared the cause of their Convention he demands their Opinion ordering who shall begin The Person order'd to speak after he hath declar'd his mind tells them he hath done no Man ever interrupting any Person in his Speech nor offering to speak though he make never so many long stops till he says he hath no more to say The Council having all declar'd their Opinions the King after some pause gives the definitive Sentence which is commonly seconded with a shout from the People every one seeming to applaud and manifest their Assent to what is determin'd If any Person be condemn'd to die which is seldom unless for Murther or In cest the King himself goes out in Person for you must understand they have no Prisons and the guilty Person flies into the Woods where they go in quest of him and-having found him the King shoots first though at never such a distance and then happy is the Man that can shoot him down for he that hath the fortune to be Executioner is for his pains made some Captain or other Military Officer They grease their Bodies and Hair very often and paint their Faces with several Colours as black white red yellow blue c. which they take great pride in every one being painted in a several manner Within two Leagues of New York lieth Staten-Island it bears from New York West something Southerly It is about twenty Miles long and four or five broad mosr of it very good Land full of Timber and producing all such Commodities as Long-Island doth besides Tin and store of Iron Oar and the Calamine Stone is said likewise to be found there There is but one Town upon it consisting of English and French but it is capable of entertaining more Inhabitants Betwixt this and Long-Island is a large Bay which is the coming in for all Ships and Vessels out of the Sea On the North-side of this Island After-skull River puts into the Main Land on the West-side whereof there are two or three Towns but on the East-side but one There are very great Marshes or Meadows on both sides of it excellent good Land and good convenience for the setling of several Towns There grows black Walnut and Locust as there doth in Virginia with mighty tall streight Timber as good as any in the North of America It produceth any Commodity which Long-Island doth Hudson's River runs by New York Northward into the Countrey towards the Head of which is seated New Albany a Place of great Trade with the Indians betwixt which and New York being above a hundred Miles is as good Corn-Land as the World affords enough to entertain hundreds of Families which in the time of the Dutch Government of these Parts could not be setled by reason of the Indians excepting one Place call'd The Sopers which was kept by a Garrison but since the Reducement of these Parts under His Majesties Obedience and a Patent granted to his Royal Highness the Duke of York which is about six years by the care and diligence of the Honorable Collonel Nichols sent thither as Deputy to his Highness such a League of Peace was made and Friendship concluded betwixt that Colony and the Indians that they have not resisted or disturb'd any Christians there in the setling or peaceable possessing of any Lands within that Government but every Man hath sat under his own Vine and hath peaceably reap'd and enjoy'd the Fruits of their own Labors which God continue Raritan-River Westward of After-skull River before mention'd about eighteen or twenty Miles runs in Raritan River Northward into the Countrey some scores of Miles both sides of which River are adorn'd with spacious Meadows enough to feed thousands of Cattel The Wood-Land is very good for Corn and stor'd with wild Beasts as Deer Elks and an innumerable multitude of Fowl as in other parts of the Countrey This River is thought very capable for the erecting of several Towns and Villages on each side of it no place in the North of America having better convenience for the maintaining of all sorts of Cattel for Winter and Summer Food Upon this River is no Town setled onely one at the Mouth of it but next to it Westward is a Place call'd Newasons where are two or three Towns and Villages setled upon the Sea-side but none betwixt that and Delaware-Bay which is about sixty Miles all which is a rich Champain Countrey free from Stones and indifferent level having store of excellent good Timber and very well water'd having Brooks or Rivers ordinarily one or more in every Miles travel This Countrey is peopled onely with wild Beasts as Deer Elks Bears and other Creatures so that in a whole days Journey you shall meet with no Inhabitants except a few Indians It is also full of stately Oaks whose broad-branch'd tops serve for no other use but to keep off the Suns heat from the wild Beasts of the Wilderness where is Grass as high as a Man 's Middle which serves for no other end except to maintain the Elks and Deer who never devour a hundredth part of it than to be burnt every Spring to make way for new How many poor People in the World would think themselves happy had they an Acre or two of Land whilst here is hundreds nay thousands of Acres that would invite Inhabitants Delaware Bay the Mouth of the River Delaware-Bay lieth about the mid way betwixt New York and the Capes of Virginia The best Commodities for any to carry with them to this Countrey is Clothing the Countrey being full of all sorts of Cattel which they may furnish themselves withal at an easie Rate for any sort of English Goods as likewise Instruments for Husbandry and Building with Nails Hinges Glass and the like They get a Livelihood principally by Corn and Cattel which will there fetch them any Commodities Likewise they Sowe store of Flax which they make every one Cloth of for their own wearing as also Woollen Cloth and Linsey-woolsey and had they more Tradesmen amongst them they would in a little time

at their great charge first three afterwards nine Ships with Warlike Preparations for recovering of the Possession of the said Lands lying on either side of the said River Canada and to expel and eject all the French Trading in those Parts wherein they had good Success and in Anno 1627. did there seize upon about eighteen of the French Ships wherein were found a hundred thirty five Pieces of Ordnance design'd for relief of the Royal Fort in L' Accadie and Quebeck in Nova Francia under the Command of Monsieur de Rocmand and Monsieur de la Tour Father of de la Tour Governor of the said Royal Fort whom together with the said Ships and Guns they brought into England and in the year 1628. they Possess'd themselves of the whole Region of Canada or Nova Francia situate on the North side of the River together with the Fort or Castle of Quebeck Sir Lewis Kirk being then constituted Governor of the place the French being then either expell'd or convey'd into England and the Arms of the King of England being publickly there erected and every where plac'd and before the year 1628. it was brought to pass by the said Sir William Alexander assisted both by the advice and charge of the said Kirk that in the parts of L' Accadie or Nova Scotia on the South side of the River Canada the whole place with the Forts thereon built being by him subdu'd presently came under the Power of the King of England that Region on the South side falling into the Possession of the said Sir William Alexander and that on the North side into the Possession of the Kirks 4. On March 29. 1632. a Peace being concluded between King Charles the First and Lewis the XIII it was amongst other things on the part of the King of England agreed That all the Forts as well in L' Accadie as in Nova Francia should be restor'd into the Possession of the Subjects of the French King which was exactly perform'd on the part of the English though to the great damage of the Kirks but on the part of the French although it was agreed as in the fourth and fifth Articles of Peace is set down to which reference is had yet nothing was ever perform'd of their parts so that the Kirks did thereupon suffer loss to the value of five thousand Pounds Sterl which were to be paid them by Monsieur de Cane a French-man but remain unpaid to this day 5. Anno 1633. the King of England taking notice that although the Forts and Castles according to the League were deliver'd up into the Possession of the French especially such as had been erected during their Possession thereof yet that his English Subjects were not to be excluded from Trade or free Commerce in those Regions that were first Discover'd and Possess'd by his Subjects did with the advice of his Council by his Letters Patents Dated May 11. 1633. upon consideration had of the Expences which the said Kirks had laid out upon the reducing of that Countrey with the Fort of Quebeck to the value of 50000lb. and also of their ready obeisance in resigning up the same on his Royal Command Grant unto Sir Lewis Kirk and his Brother John Kirk and his Associates for the term of thirty one years not yet expir'd full Priviledge not only of Trade and Commerce in the River Canada and places on either side adjacent but also to Plant Colonies and build Forts and Bulwarks where they should think fit 6. By vertue of which Commission Sir Lewis Kirk and his Brother John Kirk and his Associates in the Moneth of February next following viz. in 1633. set forth a Ship call'd The Merry Fortune Laden with Goods of a considerable value consign'd to those parts where during her Trading there without any just offence given and in time of Peace she was by the French forceably seiz'd on and carry'd into France and her Lading as if she had been lawful Prize Confiscated whereupon the Kirks suffer'd loss to the value of twelve thousand Pounds And although the Lord Scudamore Ambassador in France by the King of Englands special Command and the said John Kirk being there in Person by the King's Command did often earnestly urge that the Moneys due to the said Kirks and the said Ship with her Lading might be restor'd which for no other cause had been seiz'd upon and sold but only for that by the King's Commission she was found Trading at Canada yet he could obtain nothing but after some years fruitless endeavors return'd into England without accomplishing his desires 7. In the year 1654. Cromwel although an unjust Usurper of the Government yet upon consideration of the Premises taking a just occasion for requiring the Possession of L' Accadie sends forth several Ships under the Command of one Sedgwick who by vertue of the Authority granted him by Cromwel assaulted and subdu'd the aforesaid Forts in Nova Scotia and restor'd them into the Possession of the English And although in the year 1655. a League of firm Peace and Amity being concluded between Cromwel and the French King the French Ambassador did often urge the Restitution to the Possession of the French yet for the same causes aforesaid which had mov'd Cromwel to seize upon them it was thought fit still to retain the Possession of them and although according to the purport of the twenty fifth Article of the Peace Commissioners on both sides were to be appointed for the deciding and determining that Controversie yet nothing was done therein neither did the Commissioners ever meet within three Moneths as in the twenty fourth Article of the Treaty was provided and agreed So that now the case is very clear that the Possession to the English remains firm and just and that the Forts and Bulwarks before specifi'd are without all peradventure under the Power and Jurisdiction of the King of England Since the Restauration of his present Majesty the French Ambassador representing unto the King the Pretensions of the French unto the several Forts and other places in Accadie and urging the non-performance of the Articles of Agreement between Oliver Cromwel and the French King mov'd the King of England As a profess'd Enemy to all Violence for a Restitution of all the Forts and other places which were then in the possession of the English Not long after which whether upon the Ambassadors request or upon other important Affairs intervening or upon what other ground soever it were the French were suffer'd to re-enter on the foresaid places and do yet keep Possession of them till such time as the English claim under the just Title of the Kirks shall meet with some fit occasion of being reviv'd That which we suppose gives the French so much the more confidence in their claim of this Country is their presumption upon the Expedition of James Quartier whom they will have to be the first Discoverer if not Possessor not onely of the Isle of Assumption

distance Church-Government among the English Their Church-Government and Discipline is Congregational and Independent yet in some places more rigid than others for in many Towns there yet remains some leaven of Presbytery from which Sects our Independency had its Original insomuch that one of the most remarkable Opposers of Episcopal Government Doctor Bastwick who spoil'd so much Paper in railing at the Church Government of England and crying up Liberty of Conscience finding the Apostacy of his own Brethren of Boston from their first Principles and his generally prevail over them even to the denying that liberty to others which they seem'd only to aim at did write a large and vehement Dehortatory Epistle to them from their New Lights or Paths saying That according to their present Tenents they could not pretend to be better or other than a Christian Synagogue Their. Civil Government and Laws Their Laws and Methods of Government are wholly of their own framing each Colony for themselves makes an Annual choice of Governor Deputy Governor and a certain number of Assistants by the plurality of Suffrages collected from their several Towns the Electors are only Free-men and Church-Members for he that is not a Member of their Church can neither chuse nor be chosen a Magistrate nor have his Children Baptiz'd besides the loss of many other Priviledges and liable moreover to frequent if not constant Mulcts for absenting themselves from Divine Worship so call'd in their Meeting-houses Since the transmitting of the Patent in New England the Election is not by Voices nor erection of Hands as formerly but by Papers thus The general Court-electory sitting where are present in the Church or Meeting-house at Boston the old Governor Deputy and all the Magistrates and two Deputies or Burgesses for every Town or at least one all the Freemen are bid to come in at one Door and bring their Votes in Paper for the new Governor and deliver them down upon the Table before the Court and so pass forth at another Door those that are absent send their Votes by Proxies All being deliver'd in the Votes are counted and according to the major part the old Governor pronounceth That such an one is chosen Governor for the year ensuing Then the Freemen in like manner bring their Votes for the Deputy Governor who being also chosen the Governor propoundeth the Assistants one after another New Assistants are of late put in nomination by an Order of general Court before-hand to be consider'd of If a Freeman give in a Blank that rejects the Man nam'd if the Freeman makes any mark with a Pen upon the Paper which he brings that elects the Man nam'd Then the Blanks and mark'd Papers are number'd and according to the major part of either the Man in Nomination stands elected or rejected and so for all the Assistants And after every new Election which is by their Patent to be upon the last Wednesday in Easter Term the new Governor and Officers are all new Sworn The Governor and Assistants chuse the Secretary And all the Court consisting of Governor Deputy Assistants and Deputies of Towns give their Votes as well as the rest and the Ministers and Elders and all Church-Officers have their Votes also in all these Elections of chief Magistrates Constables and all other inferior Officers are sworn in the general quarter or other Courts or before any Assistant Every Free-man when he is admitted takes a strict Oath to be true to the Society or Jurisdiction There are two general Courts one every half year wherein they make Laws or Ordinances The Ministers advise in making of Laws especially Ecclesiastical and are present in Courts and advise in some special Causes Criminal and in framing of Fundamental Laws There are besides four Quarter-Courts for the whole Jurisdiction besides other petty Courts one every quarter at Boston Salem and Ipswich with their several Jurisdictions besides every Town almost hath a petty Court for small Debts and Trespasses under twenty Shillings Actions and Causes In the general Court or great quarter Courts before the Civil Magistrates are try'd all Actions and Causes Civil and Criminal and also Ecclesiastical especially touching Non-members And they themselves say that in the general and quarter Courts they have the Power of Parliament Kings-Bench Common-Pleas Chancery High-Commission and Star-Chamber and all other Courts of England and in divers Cases have exercis'd that Power upon the Kings Subjects there as is not difficult to prove They have put to death banish'd fin'd Men cut off Mens Ears whip'd imprison'd Men and all these for Ecclesiastical and Civil Offences and without sufficient Record In the lesser quarter Courts are try'd in some Actions under ten Pounds in Boston under twenty and all Criminal Causes not touching Life or Member From the petty quarter Courts or other Courts the parties may appeal to the great quarter Courts from thence to the general Court from which there is no Repeal Twice a year Grand-Juries in the said quarter Courts held before the general Courts are two Grand-Juries sworn for the Jurisdiction one for one Court and the other for the other and they are charg'd to enquire and Present Offences reduc'd by the Governor who gives the Charge Matters of Debt Trials Trespass and upon the Case and Equity yea and of Heresie also are try'd by a Jury The Parties are warn'd to challenge any Jury-man before he be sworn but because there is but one Jury in a Court for trial of Causes and all Parties not present at their Swearing the liberty of challenge is much hinder'd and some inconveniences do happen thereby Jurors are return'd by the Marshal he was at first call'd The Beadle of the Society The Parties in all Causes speak themselves for the most part and some of the Magistrates where they think cause requireth do the part of Advocates without Fee or Reward Though among the several Colonies which were founded here by the confluence of dissenting Zealots this Government is exercis'd differing from that of the Church and State of England yet in those Provinces which are granted by particular Persons the Government is much more conformable to that of England but as the Mattachusets or Bostoners were from the beginning the most Potent and Predominant of all the rest of the Colonies insomuch that Boston may well be accounted the Metropolis of all New England so of late years they have still usurp'd more and more Power and Authority over the rest and especially have not stuck to give Laws to the foresaid Provinces allotted to particular Persons and have gone about wholly to subjugate those places to themselves intrenching upon the rights of the true Proprietors and that even contrary to the Kings express Commands by his Officers there and as it were in open defiance of his Majesty and Government as is evident from this following Narration of their behavior upon a business of this nature Proceedings of the Mattachusets against

The Pories The Mountains along the Ocean which inclose much Gold are inhabited by the Pories a peaceable People molesting none of their Neighbors they sleep in Nets of Flags and have no other Houses than three Poles plac'd triangular and cover'd with Palm-Leaves they feed on Pine-Nuts and Eyrires Apples that have Shells like a Walnut and have also the precious Balsam-Oyl in great abundance The Molopaques Along the River Paradiva inhabit the Molopaques the Men strong and well timber'd have Beards long enough to cover their Privities The Women also fair modest prudent and never laughing tie their Hair painted with several colours round about their Middle with a Cord so that it serves in stead of an Apron They observe a set-hour for Dinner and Supper which is not us'd by any other Brasilians The Mountains in these Parts consisting of a black Mold have plenty of Gold but it is of no esteem or regard amongst them onely that which is wash'd down by the Rain they gather up but put to no other use than to make Hooks to hang their Nets on The Motayas The Motayas being of a low Stature and brown Complexion shave off the Hair of their Heads or else pluck it up by the Roots they are eaters of Man's-flesh Not far from whose Dominions appear the Mountains Pinos up in the Countrey which abounding with Gold and Precious Stones are inhabited by the Biheros otherwise call'd Lopos which live under the Trees like Beasts The Waianawasons The Waianawasons have little Villages built along a nameless River they are a Gigantick People but very ignorant Thirteen Portuguese undertaking some years ago to travel through this Countrey to the South Sea found on some Mountains abundance of Gold and Precious Stones and amongst many strange things they saw a Crystal Mountain ten days before they came near it over which they could not travel because of its steepness at the foot thereof sprung a broad Stream making a great noise From thence travelling forward The Tamoyes they came to the Tamoyes Countrey the Men whereof being well proportion'd wore great Bunches of Feathers on their Heads The Women exceeding fair had carv'd Breasts The said Portuguese being taken here were put into Prison and all slain and eaten excepting one who escap'd after this manner Thirty thousand Tamoyes falling into the Countrey of the Amazons by the Americans call'd Mandiocuysyams made a great Feast with three hundred of them whilest the rest fled to the River La Plata where they got help from the Portuguese who kill'd ten thousand of the Tamoyes made the rest Slaves and releas'd their imprison'd Countreyman The Tocomans Caryogs and Maraquites The Tocomans a little People dwell between La Plata and St. Vincent The Caryogs possess much Gold and Precious Stones The Maraquites by the Western Indians sur-named Tapuiyers that is Wild People are divided into seventy six sorts all differing in their Languages amongst which the chiefest are the Arodera Cajau Maquaru and Poyme which all live without Law Religion setled Abodes or Friendship with any Neighbors and the Women Fight as well as the Men. Jacob Rabbi who dwelt a considerable time and convers'd amongst these People describes their Customs thus Their Customs describ'd Their King Jandui sir-named Otshicayayna from the River which flows through the Countrey of the Tapuyans causes if he thinks fit to be publish'd through the the whole Camp of the Enemy whither he will go the next Morning and what he will do ill the Day following having first consulted with his Council of Sorcerers Before they march they wash their Bodies in the River rub themselves all over with Sand and afterwards wash it off again then stretch themselves till all their Joynts crack run to the Fire and when throughly warm scratch their Bodies with certain Fish-Teeth insomuch that the Blood gushes out of several places all which they judge to be good against wearisomness About a Stones-cast from the King's Tent lie two thick Logs a large Stride one from the other against which the whole Multitude stand divided into two Parties each of whom chuse the strongest Man accounted amongst them to carry the Log for a Wager and when these two are tir'd they are releas'd by others and he that comes last to the appointed place with the Log is laugh'd at by the Party to which he belong'd that was there first where they all stay for the Youths that bring their Arms which when they have deliver'd they all fall to work cutting down Trees breaking off the Boughs sticking them in the Ground and tying them together on the top for Tents which are built in rows one against another leaving a broad Path between Mean while the Women and Children coming with their Baggage the Men run to Fish and Hunt or to seek Honey The old Women dig up Roots which stamp'd serve them for Bread whilest the young Women help one another to prepare the Meat in the Huts Moreover the Men spend their time in several Exercises as Wrestling and Running of which two Women appointed for that purpose are the Judges When the Evening draws on upon them then the Youths dividing themselves into Companies go Singing from one Tent to another and are follow'd by the Maids Dancing and Leaping every one standing behind him whom she loves best and this is look'd upon as a singular sign of affection When a young Man is inclin'd to Marry he carries Honey and Venison to his Mistresses Father who if he hath more than one Daughter acquaints the Soothsayers with it who inform the King concerning it he then causes all the young Men and Maids to be call'd together out of the Camp sends them into the Woods to Hunt out a wild Beast which they no sooner see but they return and acquaint the Multitude therewith who immediately surrounding the Place soon catch the Beast whose Entrails they pull out and throw to the Dogs and give the Flesh to the Women to roast which when ready they make merry with Singing and Dancing after they have eaten then if the Youth hath behav'd himself well in pursuing of the wild Beast the King grants him the Maid which he desires for his Wife Four days before the Wedding they bore a Hole through each of the Bridegrooms Cheeks with a sharp piece of Wood which done they solemnize the Marriage at which the King himself distributes the Meat to every Guest as he thinks fit after Dinner they extol the Mothers Care in preserving her Daughters Virginity for the Bridegroom in strange Songs If a Maid be Marriageable and no Suitor comes to her then the Mother draws red Strokes under her Eyes and conducts her to the King who sets the Maid down by him on a Mat warms his Hands against the Fire then stroaks himself and the Maid and also blows Tobacco-Smoak on her and himself which done he performs the part of a Husband with her But their making Holes

and the Mountain Hecla the two first are chiefly considerable for their wonderful heighth and for the dreadful noise of Thunder which is heard on the top of them when in the adjacent parts below the Air is calm and clear the third lying in the North of the Island and not very high is one of the most prodigious Vulcans in the World for the casting forth of Flames black Ashes and Pumice-Stones insomuch that there is no possibility of Habitation within six Miles of it round about and it is a receiv'd Opinion of the Inhabitants that it is the place of Torment for the Souls of the Damned from whence there hath risen such a company of strange Stories and Fables that it would make up a Volume of it self to relate them The occasion of the great Eruption of this Mountain is not without much reason imputed to the inflammation of the Sulphur of which there are several Mines or Pits in the Countrey though none of any sort of Metal First planting of Christian Religion here Waldemarus King of Denmark and Norway being consequently Master of this amongst the other Norwegian Colonies Planted the Christian Religion in this Island in the Year of Christ 1398. and Ordain'd two Bishops one in Schalholden in the East part another in Hollen in the West and after the Reformation was begun Christianus King of Denmark took care to propagate the Reformed Doctrine there as well as in other parts of his Dominions and to that end sent over a PRINTER thither that the BIBLE together with the Works of Philip Melancthon and Urbanus Regius might be publish'd in the Vulgar Tongue of the Countrey But these Proceedings were mainly oppos'd by the Bishop of Schalholden who animating the People to Rebellion they slew the King's Lieutenant Whereupon the next Year Paul Holfelt a Knight of the Danish Order being sent over with an Army overthrew the Rebels and taking off the chief Heads of the Rebellion committed the Charge of the Government to another Nobleman of Denmark whom he left upon the Place But one Tadde Bonde a great Man of the Countrey meditating a Revolt drew divers Persons of principal note into Conspiracy with him and was advancing to a formidable Power had not the Bishop given continual Intelligence of their Proceedings to the King's Lieutenant who thereupon employ'd Agents to the chief Accomplices of the Faction and what with fair Means and threatnings so wrought with them that they return'd to their Obedience and forsook Todde insomuch that he flying with a small Party betook himself to a fastness at the Foot of Heckelveld where being hemm'd in those about him were slain and he himself taken Prisoner and because no Man to whose safe custody he was offer'd durst receive him so much dreaded was his Power one Jonas a bold courageous Fellow slew him with his own Hand and thereby put an end to all farther Tumults and Seditions The People of Iseland addicted to Sorcery and Superstition So much have the People of this Island been ever addicted to Sorcerie and Superstition that notwithstanding the Profession of Christianity and the frequent Preaching against those Sins especially since the Reformation the generality of them are still wedded to many of those old diabolical Customs which were practis'd there in time of Paganism and amongst other things they are said to be serv'd many of them by Spirits which constantly attend them and as Olaus Magnus writes of the Finlanders they are oftentimes dealt with by Strangers to sell them prosperous Winds for Money and doubtless by the help of the Devil perform the same as also on the contrary they are said by their Enchantments to stop the Course of a Ship and make it as it were immovable though in the Stream of never so prosperous a Gale They are a proud haughty People and for the most part endu'd with vast strength of Body their Habit so promiscuous that neither Sex can be distinguish'd by it They are not onely forward to prostitute their Daughters to those Germans that Trade with them at Hafnefords but that Virgin who hath had to do with a German shall be sure to be so much the more esteem'd and Courted Towns and Places of note The onely Towns and Buildings of note here and those erected but of late Ages are 1. Hafnefords a Haven Town chiefly frequented by Dutch Merchants for Traffick with the Natives 2. Bedstede the Residence of the Lord Lieutenant or Governor for the King of Denmark 3. The Bishops See of Halsar having four Monasteries belonging to it viz. Pingore Remestede Modor and Monkeniere 4. The Bishops See of Schalholt to which also doth belong four Monasteries viz. Vedey Pernebar Kirkebar and Schirde Their Place and manner of Judicature The Nobles of Iseland are call'd Bonden their Justiciaries or Judges being twelve in number Lochmaders that is Men of Law or Justice who are said to meet once a year on the twenty ninth of June to administer Justice in a place ordain'd for that purpose in the midst of the Island appearing like some feigned Paradice so pleasant a place it is represented to be at that time of the year being as the Tradition goes from a high burning Mountain like Hecla consum'd to a Plain and so environ'd with Rocks that there was left but a small Passage for one at a time to enter Here the Governor having first given the Charge leaves the Trial of all Matters to the Lochmaders who having diligently heard every Cause argued on both sides withdraw for a while to Consult together and then proceed to Sentence the same Persons being both Jury and Judge but if any Case of difficulty or scruple arise they consult the Governor Angrimus Jonas's Relation of Iseland Angrimus Jonas's Relation of Iseland differing much from what hath been deliver'd by Blefkens is not to be omitted He saith it was first discover'd by one Naddecus a Pyrate who going towards the Farensian Islands was cast by Tempest upon the Shore of East-Iseland near the Mountain Reidarfial and as he departed from the Coast perceiving the tops of the highest Mountains cover'd with a very deep Snow call'd the Island Snaelandia that is Snowy Countrey Gardarus's Voyage to Iseland Upon the fame of Naddocus's Discovery one Gardarus the Son of Suavarus a Swede was desirous to make a Voyage thither and arriving near the Eastern Shore Winter'd in the Bay of Skialfanda or North-Island in the Year of our Lord 864. and call'd the Haven Huscawick from the Houses or Wintering-places built there as the next Haven to it was call'd Nartarawick from Natrare an eminent Mariner in this Expedition Gardarus returning home about the beginning of the Spring call'd the Countrey from his own Name Gardarsholm Flocco's Voyage to the same Place The next that follow'd his Example was one Flocco a famous Pyrate whose Daughter Geirhilda being drown'd upon the Coast of Schetland anciently Hietland gave the Name of Geirhildarwata