we take from Him what is not justly ours by force we gaine no right by it but guilt and infamy And we know that its for the good of all that the King have His right and it tends to the destruction of the whole people to keepe it from Him And you see in the Divine Story that when there was no King in Israel Iudges 17.6 every man did what he pleased and sithence the Scriptures have given such titles to Kings and expressed the necessity of their calling and the people esteeme them the breath of their nostrils and the publique safety bound up in that of their Kings it s a strange Apostacy in you against all duty Oathes and examples of Godly men in all ages to vilifie your Soveraigne to whom onely you have sworne Allegeance with the tearmes of single person publique Officer and you forget that there is no slavery equall to Faction nor any sure remedy for Faction but Monarchy You know you are not the whole people and that more differ from you in this opinion then joyne with you and that its more necessary you should be reconciled then wasted by continuall divisions H While you hold your selves guilty of punishments and would have our Authority to be your indempnity you betray your great folly and disloyalty Can you with a good conscience breake the Lawes you are subject to and if you have committed murder and Treason against the Laws doubtlesse our Authority cannot excuse you against God nor the Law and though force might secure you from punishment it cannot from guilt nor the wrath of God whom you have offended being perswaded as you are that your actions were murder and treason by the Law of the Land and your consciences cannot acquit you from doing actions against wicked persons tyrants and oppressors they being not judged so by the Law and you may as well use that reason against us if you like not our procedings as against His Majesty And if you and every man may with a good conscience kill and destroy such as you judge oppressors Laws are to no purpose and where God hath not given the sword it s no lesse then Rebellion to use it and it s a most prophane and more then heathenish barbarisme to professe such a destructive Principle Know this that no man hath power of the life of another but where the Law hath given it he stands and fals to his owne Master and if you kill against the Law be assured your consciences cannot acquit you for you have no right to the sword and he dies as innocent that dies by your hands in such cases I You say the Personall Treaty hath been cried up most by such as have been been disaffected to us we should be sorry that such as were best affected to us should be lesse desirous of peace then any which t is impossible to have without a Treaty And we are sorry to see you manifest an affection tending to the destruction of your Country to disswade us from a Treaty and offer such considerations of impossibilities to have a Peace as are the present force upon the King and the Provocations used to him and you make the feare of your owne guilt a cause to continue the War as if Christians could never forget offences nor wise Princes pardon nor prefer what 's best for their people which is Peace but seeke private revenge before publique good You would not have a Treaty nor Peace with the King because you have offended Him and this House beleeves that some Malignant persons that are void of all Christianity and affection to their Country have inserted these uncharitable and bloody Principles And as you bring forth the examples of former Kings breaking their words so you should remember likewise there could never be rest to the Kingdome in former dissentions till Kings were restored and as we know not any underhand dealing by the King in former Treaties which you talke of so that expression you mention of designes on foot to make the Bils passed fruitlesse was never intended to reflect on the King but on His Ministers And whiles you take notice of the risings and Victories you might take notice that you cannot see when there will be an end of such risings for you did not expect them a year since and what another year may produce we cannot tell and we may fear God will not blesse us longer with Victories if we be enemies to Peace K Your standing amazed proceedes from your mistakes and while you pretend danger from the Kings Party as enraged against you the expressions of your passions against them appeares more criminall then what you charge them with and doth not become such as professe to fight for Religion and Liberty L We give you our sence of the Particulars mentioned by you which you say would satisfie all serious people of all parties and hope that will silence you for the time to come 1. We cannot pretend to the Supreame Authority of the people in this House it being in the King by Law and the constant submission of the people we having onely their Petitionary power as all Parliaments acknowledge And to deny the Negative of the King and Lords were Robbery when we take that is not due to us and Rebellion and disobedience so to usurpe on our King the Father of our Country and a breach of our trust to the people from whom we have no such power but only to consent to such things as shall be ordained by Common-councell that is by the King with the advice of the Lords 2 3. It s out of our power and not profitable for the Kingdome to have Parliaments every year as experience hath taught us and that is well provided for by Bill already And we shall be content to set a time for the end of this Parliament because it is against the fundamentall constitutions of the Kingdome and the Liberty of the Subject to have it perpetuall or longer 4. To exempt matters of Religion and Gods worship from coercive power becomes not a Christian State and is contrary to all example 5. That the Supreame Authority should not have power to presse Subjects stands not with reason nor safety of the Kingdome 6. To make all men alike and destroy all civill subordination as the Article tends to is contrary to the Laws and safety of this Kingdome 7. That the Commons should be freed from the jurisdiction of the Lords we conceive is the Law established and the triall by twelve men the liberty of the Commons Only upon appeales by Writ of Error a cause may be adjudged in the Lords House by the advice of the Judges and Kings Councell 8. The eighth is the Law already that c. 9. We shall endeavour to establish it 10. This shall be done as full as stands with the benefit of the Kingdome 11. This likewise we desire to effect so far as may stand with the preservation of the Kingdome 12. We shall take care to have the best use made of those grounds for the publique good 13. This we shall likewise take care to provide for 14. We thinke this fit to be done 15. We shall consider of the defects herein if any be 16. We know not a more equall way then Tythe for the Ministers and thinke any other way would be worse this being most agreeable to Scripture 17. We thinke you have no cause to complaine of this 18. Though future Parliaments cannot be bound by the present you need not doubt that any Parliament will abolish propriety unlesse it be to satisfie Tumults 19. For the Kings Authority is sufficiently knowne and His revenue must be taken care of but it may lawfully increase and cannot be diminished without injustice and damage to the Kingdome 20. This ought to be examined and reformed if there be cause 21. We do not esteeme all men oppressed that were sentenced in Star-Chamber High Commission and Councell-Boord but for such as have been they ought to be repaired according to Law and Justice 22. All Committees shall be abolished and matters left to ordinary proceeding for the Kingdome cannot be quiet untill it be done 23. We shall not follow the examples of former ill Parliaments and take you heed you do not presse us to it 24. It s already answered 25. We wonder you should confesse your selves guilty of Treason and cry for severity upon those that desire not mercy and if we put them to death without breach of any Law they die innocent and we shall be guilty of their blood 26. Would you have all Taxes laid downe and an Army kept up and would you have men punished for offences and your selves spared you know the Judges are sworne to do according to Law and do you thinke they can acquit the guilty as you judge your selves to be against their Conscience upon our direction and should we direct them against Law and pretend zeale for Law you see what reason there is for an Act of Oblivion and no doubt the History of these times will be written and posterity will judge and if you have broken the Law as you seeme to confesse it all the pretences in the world cannot alter the fact 27. In the War no doubt many innocent persons have suffered by your hands as well as by the Kings and selfe-justifications and boastings will not appease the wrath of God in the meane time there must be an end of War and Gods and the Kings mercy implored We know the happinesse of Peace and the misery of War and the people will soone find if we be a meanes to continue the War whence their sufferings have come and we have just cause to feare we shall find a greater losse of honor then yet we have discerned and you that account your selves the people will find more against you then for you FINIS
adherents I And whereas a Personall Treaty or any Treaty with the King hath been long time held forth as the onely meanes of a safe and wel-grounded Peace it is well knowne to have been cried up principally by such as have been disaffected unto you and though you have contradicted it yet it is beleeved that you much feare the issue as you have cause sufficient except you see greater alteration in the King and His party then is generally observed there having never yet been any Treaty with Him but was accompanied with some under-hand dealing and whilst the present force upon Him though seeming liberty will in time to come be certainly be pleaded against all that shall or can be agreed upon nay what can you confide in if you consider how He hath been provoked and what former Kings upon lesse provocation have done after Oathes Laws Charters Bonds Excommunications and all ties of Reconciliations to the destruction of all those that had provoked and opposed them yea when your selves so soone as he had signed those Bils in the beginning of this Parliament saw cause to tell them That even about the time of passing those Bils some designe or other was on foot which if it had taken effect would not only have rendred those Bils fruitlesse but have reduced you to a worse condition of confusion then that wherein the Parliament found you And if you consider what new Wars risings revolting invasions and plottings have beene since this last cry for a Personall Treaty you will not blame us if we wonder at your hasty proceedings thereunto especially considering the wonderfull Victories which God hath blessed the Army withall K We professe we cannot chose but stand amazed to consider the inevitable danger we shall be in though all things in the Propositions were agreed unto the Resolutions of the King and his party have been perpetually violently and implacably prosecuted and manifested against us and that with such scorne and indignation that it must be more then such ordinary bonds that must hold them And it is no lesse a wonder to us that you can place your owne security therein or that ever you can imagine to see a free Parliament any more in England L The truth is and we see we must either now speake or forever be silent We have long expected things of another nature from you and such as we are confident would have given satisfaction to all serious people of all Parties 1. That you would have made good the supreame of the people in this Honourable House from all pretences of negative Voices either in King or Lords 2. That you would have made Laws for election of representatives yearly and of course without writ or summons 3. That you would have set expresse times for their meeting Continuance and Dissolution as not to exceed 40. or 50. dayes at the most and to have fixed an expresse time for the ending of this present Parliament 4. That you would have exempted matters of Religion and Gods worship from the compulsive or restrictive power of any authority upon earth and reserved to the supreame authority an un-compulsive power onely of appointing a way for the publique whereby abundance of misery persecution and heart-burning would for ever be avoided 5. That you would have disclaimed in your selves and all future Representatives a power of pressing or forcing any sort of men to serve in Wars there being nothing more opposite to freedome nor more unreasonable in an authority impowered for raising monies on all occasions for which and a just cause assistants need not be doubted the other way serving rather to maintaine injustice and corrupt parties 6. That you would have made both Kings Queenes Princes Dukes Earls Lords and all Persons alike liable to every Law of the Land made or to be made that so all persons even the Highest might fear and stand in awe and neither violate the publique peace nor private right of person or estate as hath been frequent without being liable to account as other men 7. That you would have freed all Commoners from the jurisdiction of the Lords in all cases and to have taken care that all tryals should be onely of twelve sworne men and no conviction but upon two or more sufficient knowne witnesses 8. That you would have freed all men from being examined against themselves and from being questioned or punished for doing of that against which no Law hath been provided 9. That you would have abreviated the proceedings in Law mitigated and made certaine the charge thereof in all particulars 10. That you would have freed all Trade and Merchandizing from all Monopolizing and Engrossing by Companies or otherwise 11. That you would have abolished Excise and all kind of Taxes except Subsidies the old and onely just way of England 12. That you would have laid open all late Inclosures of Fens and other Commons or have enclosed them onely or chiefly to the benefit of the poor 13. That you would have considered the many thousands that are ruined by perpetuall imprisonment for debt and provided to their enlargement 14. That you would have ordered some effectuall course to keepe people from begging and beggery in so fruitfull a Nation as through Gods blessing this is 15. That you would have proportioned punishments more equall to offences that so mens Lives and Estates might not be forfeited upon triviall and slight occasions 16. That you would have removed the tedious burthen of Tythes satisfying all Impropriators and providing a more equall way of maintenance for the publique Ministers 17. That you would have raised a stock of Money out of those many confiscated Estates you have had for payment of those who contributed voluntarily above their abilities before you had provided for those that disbursed out of their superfluities 18. That you would have bound your selves and all future Parliaments from abolishing propriety levelling mens Estates or making all things common 19. That you would have declared what the duty or businesse of the Kingly office is and what not and ascertained the Revenue past increase or diminution that so there might never be more quarrell about the same 20. That you would have rectified the election of publique Officers for the City of London of every particular Company therein restoring the Commonalty thereof to their just Rights most unjustly with-hold from them to the producing and maintaining of corrupt interest opposite to common Freedome and exceedingly prejudiciall to the made and manufactures of this Nation 21. That you would have made full and ample reparations to all persons that had been oppressed by sentences in high Commission Star-chamber and Councell Board or by any kind of Monopolizers or projectors and that out of the estates of those that were authors actors or promoters of so intollerable mischiefs and that without much attendance 22. That you would have abolished all Committees and have conveyed all businesses into the true method of the usuall Trials of the Common
pl ase to enact is necessary but you omit that we are called by the Kings Writ without which we could not come together nor be sent And we are not called to redresse grievances but to present them for you may very well know the course that all Parliaments at least the House of Commons have taken in this kinde which is to Petition the King for redresse and after advice for provision of safety That which you say that the King was at most but the chief publique Officer of this Kingdome is contrary to the professions of this House in this present Parliament divers Acts of former Parliaments and the knowne Law and it s a title no age in this Kingdome ever heard of Could you imagine that the Supreame Governour is but an Officer there being no power to command Him all being His Subjects Looke into the Scripture were the Kings there Officers to any and hath the King of England lesse power then God allowed the Kings of his owne people or have the people of England greater power then the people of God had It s true Kings are Ministers of God but Rulers of the people and there is nothing more absurd then that he who is the Ruler of all should be intitled only an Officer to all It s true the function of a King is profitable to all and He watches for the good of all but it no way agrees to His calling to be an Officer in that sense that is to be subordinate to any and cannot stand with His Supremacy which we have sworne to defend And against what you say All the Laws of our Kingdome tell us the King is accountable to none but God onely and this hath been so knowne a truth as this House thought none had been ignorant of it and this House hath never pretended to any such power Ed. 2. R. though it hath sometimes contributed to the ends of some Trayterous usurpers against their lawfull Kings being over-awed by terrour of Armies and thereby no lawfull Parliaments And you are exceedingly deceived in that you say that all authority is derived from the people for God gives the King His Authority and in the Scripture you find no authority derived from the people to their Judges or Kings that being from the Lord and it pleases God to call himselfe a King and the Saviour of the world to be typified by Kings Psal 82. and the Scripture cals Kings Gods and if all power had been derived from the people those titles had been very incompatible to their Office And if you cannot finde any proofe of such a derivation in Scripture it s too dangerous a precipice to put our selves on by running into so grievous a sin as Rebellion upon imaginary stories and we are very sorry that you had an ill ground in taking up Armes and a worse intention to turne them against your King The Law of the Land as your selves expresse making it Treason to raise War against the King and that being so without all exception and no plea against it you may assure your selves that this House had no such power as you meane for there would not have been such a Law for the King and none for it if it were so And therefore you see how you were deceived and what need there is both of Peace and of an Act of Oblivion in regard of His Majesty and the pardon of Almighty God for the many evils you have fallen into by this mistake C You say you considered the manifold oppressions brought upon the Nation by the King His Lords and Bishops You very well know that in the many Remonstrances of this House to the King we still protested that though we represented our grievances to Him it was with no thought to cast any blemish upon His Majesty but that we knew they were the faults of His Ministers and we must have censured our selves if we should have spoken evill of our Soveraigne and must therefore blame this your expression of oppression by the King And to let you see your fault looke on the Ship-money in whom was the fault there though we say it were an oppression was it not in such as advised the King that by Law He might doe it and these were the sworne Judges You know the great assistance this House hath had from the Lords this Parliament and therefore you do not well to charge the Lords with oppression in generall if any Lords have done amisse it is not the fault of others nor of their order or condition and it hath been a grievous crime among the people that whenever there was any offence committed by any person they would forthwith reproach all men of the same calling a course as foolish as uncharitable to accuse the Government for the persons faults yet this appeared to be the greatest cause of complaint against the Bishops that some of them had done amisse and you must acknowledge that our engagement was to remove such oppressions as were breaches of Law not to fight against the Law it selfe nor to usurpe a power over the people And it seemes you are perswaded that our Laws are oppression and how then could this Parliament proceed to judge any persons guilty of offences against Laws if the Laws themselves were more criminall then the persons And you would hereby make us guilty of the blood taken for breach of Law at your owne importunity for no man can be punished by the Law but for offending against the King and you say you fought to take away the King and then there is no Malefactor and so would have us destroy men by that Law you say you fought to take away And we assure you we know no better condition to restore the Kingdome unto then to be governed by the Lawes established whereby they are the freest people of the world and were so in all ages past And when you professe the cause of your assisting us was to destroy the Law you make your selves more guilty of blood then the Kings party who say they fight for it In that you say that for the continuance of that power that had opprest you it was evident the King intended to make War It s true the King did raise Forces but this House never said that it was to continue the power that opprest the people for all the world knowes that in the matters complained of as oppressions He had clearly quitted them long before And this House declared that War tended to the dissolution of Government in regard the Laws in time of hostility have not their force but that doth not dissolve our Allegeance to the King nor destroy any of His rights You say you know the safety of the people to be above all Law but you are very much deceived in the application of that sentence which though wisely said by the Philosopher is no Canonicall Scripture nor of any validity to dispence with our obedience where the word of God requires it
THE ANSWER OF THE COMMONS TO A PETITION In the name of thousands wel-affected persons inhabiting the City of London Westminster Borough of Southwarke and Hamlets and places adjacent Printed in the Year 1648. To the Right Honourable the Commons of England c. SHEWETH A THat although we are as earnestly desirous of a safe and wel grounded Peace and that a finall end were put to all the troubles and miseries of the Common-wealth as any sort of men whatsoever Yet considering upon what grounds we engaged on your part in the late and present Wars and how far by our so doing we apprehend our selves concerned Give us leave before you conclude as by the Treaty in hand to acquaint you first with the ground and reason which induced us to aid you against the King and His Adherents Secondly What our Apprehensions are of this Treaty Thirdly What we expected from you and do still most earnestly desire B Be pleased therefore to understand that we had not engaged on your part but that wee judged this Honourable House to be the Supreame Authority of England as chosen by and representing the People and entrusted with absolute power for redresse of Grievances and provision for Safety and that the King was but at the most the chief publique Officer of this Kingdome and accomptable to this House the representative of the People from whom all just Authority is or ought to be derived for discharge of His Office And if we had not been confident hereof we had been desperately mad to have taken up Armes or to have been aiding and assisting in maintaining a War against Him The Laws of the Land making it expresly a crime no lesse then Treason for any to raise War against the King C But when we consider the manifold oppressions brought upon the Nation by the King His Lords and Bishops and that this Honourable House declared their deepe sence thereof and that for continuance of that power which had so opposed us it was evident the King intended to raise Forces and to make War and that if He did set up His Standard it tended to the dissolution of the Government upon this knowing the safety of the people to be above Law and that to judge thereof appertained to the Supreame Authority and not to the Supreame Magistrate and being satisfied in our Consciences that the publique safety and freedome was in imminent danger we concluded we had not only a just cause to maintaine but the Supreame Authority of the Nation to justifie defend and indempnifie us in time to come in what we should performe by direction thereof though against the knowne Law of the Land on any inferiour Authority though the highest D And as this our understanding was begotten in us by principles of right reason so were we confirmed herein by their own proceedings as by your condemning these Iudges who in the case of Ship money had declared the King to be Iudge of safety and by your dâ—â—â—ing Him to have a negative Voice in the making of Lawes where you wholly exclude the King from having any share in the Supream Authority Then by your casting the Bishops out of the House of Lords who by tradition also had been accounted an essentiall part of the Supream Authority And by your declaring to the Lords that if they would not joyne with you in sending the Militia which they long refused you would settle it without them which you could not justly have done and they had any 〈…〉 in the Supreame Authority E These things we tooke for real Demonstration that you undoubtedly knew your selves to be the Supreame Authority over weighing downe in us all other your indulgent expressions concerning the King Lords It being indeed impossible for us to beleeve that it can consist either with the safety or freedome of the Nation to be governed either by three or two Supreames especially where experience hath proved them so apt to differ in their judgements concerning Freedome or Safety that the one hath been knowne to punish what the other hath judged worthy of reward when not onely the freedome of the people is directly opposite to the Prerogatives of the King and Lords but the open enemies of the one have been declared friends by the other as the Scots were by the House of Lords F And when as most of the oppressions of the Common-wealth have in all times been brought upon the people by the King and Lords who neverthelesse would be so equall in the Supreame Authority as that there should be no redresse of grievances no provision for safety but at their pleasure For our parts we professe our selves so far from judging this to be consistent with Freedome or Safety that we know no great cause wherefore we assisted you in the late Wars but in hope to be delivered by you from so intollerable so destructive a bondage so soone as you should through Gods blessing upon the Armies raised by you be enabled G But to our exceeding griefe we have observed that no sooner God vouchsafeth you Victory and blesseth you with successe and thereby enableth you to put us and the whole Nation into an absolute condition of Freedome and Safety but according as ye have been accustomed passing by the ruine of a Nation and all the blood that hath been spilt by the King and His Party ye betake your selves to a Treaty with Him thereby puttitg Him that is but one single person and a publique Officer of the Common-wealth in competition with the whole body of the people whom ye represent not considering that it is impossible for you to erect any authority equall to your selves and declared to all the world that you will not alter the Ancient Government from that of King Lords and Commons nor once mentioning in case of difference which of them is Supreame but leaving that point which was the chiefest cause of all our publique differences disturbances Wars and miseries as uncertain as ever H In so much as we who upon these grounds have laid out our selves every way to the utmost of our abilities and all others throughout the Land Souldiers and others who have done the like in defence of our Supreame Authority and in opposition to the King cannot but deeme our selves in the most dangerous condition of all others left without all plea of Indempnity for what we have done as already many have found by losse of their lives and liberties either for things done or said against the King the Law of the Land frequently taking place and precedency against and before your Authority which we esteemed Supreame and against which no Law ought to be pleaded Nor can we possibly conceive how any that have any waies assisted you can be exempt from the guilt of murders and robbers by the present Lawes in force if you persist to disclaime the Supreame Authority though their owne conscience doe acquit them as having opposed none but manifest Tyrants Oppressors and their