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cause_n	judge_n	judge_v	law_n	2,478	5	5.0357	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06789	The maintenance of free trade according to the three essentiall parts of traffique; namely, commodities, moneys and exchange of moneys, by bills of exchanges for other countries, or, An answer to a treatise of free trade, or the meanes to make trade flourish, lately published. ... By Gerard Malynes merchant.	Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.	1622 (1622)	STC 17226; ESTC S120064	50,433	116

price of the Commodities or fruits of the land Certes that land●… vnprofitable in euery mans iudgement For lands being the Naturall riches so much desired of all men are much disimprooued by the want of money and the selling of our natiue Commodities too good cheape in regard of the price of forraine Commodities This beeing an euident token of the pouerty of a Common-wealth which like an vnweildy Elephantike Body hath a slowe motion and therefore more dangerous and subiect to destruction which by the want of money is made visible and sensible The returnes lately had from the East-Indies wil in part asswage the same if Merchants in the dispersing of those Commodities will procure importation of money and Bullion as no doubt they will doe And this will further bee increased when the Hollanders and our Merchants shall be at an end of their present controuersies which by his Maiesties high wisedome will soone be determined Touching the warres of Christendome for so much as concerneth the want of moneys I haue already shewed how the same is also comprised in the reformation of the abuse of exchange procuring thereby moneys which are Nerui Bellorum But to take vpon mee to discourse of warres might make me subiect to Apelles his reprehension Ne sutor vltra Crepidam Onely I hope that the famous example of Augustus Caesar the Emperour may bee remembred who perceiuing the forces of the great Pirate Crocataes to increase daily by the concourse of many nations whilest hee was in Spaine caused a Proclamation to be made that whosoeuer should bring him the head of the said Pirate he would reward him with 20. thousand crownes whereupon the saide Pirate was brought in danger of the humors of the saide nations whose suspected inconstancy and lucre bred a resolution in him to offer his owne head to the obedience of iustice and demanding the said 20. thousand crownes had the same payed vnto him whereby all his associates were ouercome and dispersed In like manner did Sixtus Quintus deale with the Banditi in Italy and made them to cut one anothers throats This Policy of reward draweth as forcibly as the Adamant or Loade-stone which caused the Spaniard to say Dadiuas quebrantan Pennas Gifts doe breake stony Rockes From the Precedent causes of the want of money in England come we to the causes of the decay of Trade in order whereof this is the efficient Cause whereunto the onely Remedy hath beene declared already Vsury Politike is made the next cause of the decay of Trade which must be remedied by the Plenty of money to be procured as aforesaide wherein that laudable Custome of the transforming or setting ouer of billes of debt from man to man is to be remembred which by his Maiesties Praerogatiue Royall or by Act of Parliament might be established for thereby great matters are effected as it were with ready money But our law requireth a more precisenesse in the execution thereof then in Germany and the Low Countries it not being Choses in Action as the Lawyers speake But the necessarines hereof so vrgent that no man is like to contradict the same for wee doe finde by experience that things which are indeede and things which are not indeede but taken to be indeed as this is for payment of moneys may produce all one effect And for the biting Usury before mentioned there will be stocke found to erect pawne houses by meanes as shall be more amply hereafter declared and here is to be wished that the City of London and euery principall towne of a Shiere or the most part of them would take vpon them to take money casually at the hand of such as will deliuer the same vpon the aduenture of their or other mens liues As at Venice where a man for the summe of three or foure hundreth pounds once giuen and in like manner at Amsterdam shall be sure to haue one hundreth pounds a yeare during his life wherby a great Stocke might be raised for the generall good of all parties and especially to set the poore people on worke and to take their manufactures of them to be sold with a reasonable gaine for experience hath taught in all places where the like is vsed that the City becommeth alwayes a Gayner by the decease of the parties that doe deliuer money in this nature But it is conuenient to prescribe certaine rules hereupon in the making of all manufactures which commonly is best effected by Corporations The litigious Suits in Law being noted as the third cause of the decay of Trade can hardly be remedied for the reasons before declared but must haue their course and herein there can be no shorter course deuised by the witte of man then the Common-wealth doth vse vpon proofe and specialties if the pleadings and issues although Peremptory bee ioyned according to the first institution whereby the Matter of fact may nakedly appeare before the Iury of twelue men who are to iudge thereof according to the euidence of witnesses produced before them for touching the matter of Law the same beeing separated from the matter of Fact maketh a Dem●…rer to be determined by the Iudge I haue great cause to enter into Campum spatiosum about this Law warfare hauing by experience and study spent much time therein But I thinke fit onely to commend the orders vsed in Germany to take downe the litigious humours of some persons To make them pay a Fine of twelue pence vpon the pound or more to the Emperors or Magistrates for so much as they claime more of the defendant then they can iustly prooue to be due vnto them besides 〈◊〉 further charge if hee bee found in his proceedings to doe things for a Reuenge which they call an vnlawfull imprisonment although by the lawe he haue commenced his Sute lawfully and this is tearmed Poena Plus Petentium For all other meanes whereby the differences happening betweene Merchants are determined I must referre the same vnto my booke of Lexmercatoria as a matter requiring a large explanation The like I must doe concerning the fishing Trade which is the fourth Cause noted before which hath a reference to the want of money or to speake ingeniously is a chiefe cause of the want of money which might bee procured thereby whereby both the Trade of Cloth and fishing might flourish together contrary to the opinion of the seuerall societies of Merchants before alleadged for although they be of seuerall companies yet such orders may be deuised by the corporation to be made of fishing Merchants as shall not infringe their seuerall priuiledges any way and all obiections may be answered by true and iust preuention obseruing other nations Facilius est addere quàm constituere The fift cause of the decay of Trade by making Cloth in forraine Countries hath beene considered of whereupon the late Proclamation was made prohibiting Th'exportation of Wooll Wooll-fells Wooll-yearne Fullers earth and Wood ashes and all

That the Actiue Part of sayling is to bee ascribed thereunto seeing it driueth the ship according to all the points of the winds and variation of the Compasse being fastened vpon the Paralell of the Keele of Equality Shipwrights will tell you That if it be not Rightly placed it doth interrupt sayling and if it be not of Competent length but that the vpper building of the ship doe sway the same it maketh a ship vnseruiceable That neither the direction of the Compasse nor the Receptacle of the Sailes forewind can make her performe her voyage as other shippes doe I perceiue you are like vnto him that did attribute to the letters of a clocke diall the shewing of the houre and not to the hand or Index which is the Actiue thing to shew you the same albeit it can not doe the same without the other which is the Thing Passiue you must therefore truely distinguish and attribute the efficient Cause of Sayling to the Rudder of a Ship and the other are called Secondary or meane Causes And they all agreed that this obseruation was true Is not the Moderne Merchant of Hackney or the Author of the Treatise of Free Trade like vnto these Nouices who perceiuing two great whales to haue assaulted the English ship of Traffique The cruellest being the warres in Christendome and the Pirates The other more gentle being the Policy of Princes and States in the Course of Trade hath published in the yeare of Grace 1622. The Causes of the decay of Trade in England and the meanes to make the same flourish without obseruation of the operatiue power of exchange which is the Rudder of the Ship of Traffique fastened vpon the Rule of the equalitie of Moneyes according to their weight and finenesse to bee denominated by the valuation of Princes as a matter peculiarly appertaining to their Praerogatiues And because that therein hee hath like vnto Esops Iay clad himself with the feathers of other Birds I hope it will not be impertinent To vnmaske his discourse and neuerthelesse to supply according to my former Treatises The maintenance of free Trade wherin I endeauour to be Compendious and Substantiall and to follow his Method and some distribution for the better vnderstanding as a most important businesse of State which is the cause that so many Statutes and lawes haue beene made concerning moneyes and exchanges 2. So many Proclamations for the due execution thereof haue bin published 3. Lastly so many Treatises and Conferences haue beene had from Time to Time Both with other Princes and within our selues which in the iudgement of the said Author are neglected as vnnecessary or by ignorance not mentioned concluding with him That as there are many causes discussed and discoursed of at this time of the decay of Trade So are there many Remedies propounded wherein if either the Principall Causes be mistaken as hee hath done or defectiue Remedies propounded The present disease of this Trade may increase and cast the Body into a more dangerous Sicknes For the effici●… Cause being vnknowne putteth out the Phisitians eye as the Prouerbe is Now let vs come to the handling of the particulars in order and afterward to the True Remedies which must arise from the matter of exchange as shall bee plainely demonstrated to the iudicious Reader voide of partiality for the exchange is the faculty or Spirit of the soule of moneyes in the Course of Traffique CHAP. I. The Causes of the VVant of Moneys in England THis Assertion we shall now bring to the hammer the Anuel and the Touchstone namely to firme Reason by his owne first Argument of the immediate Cause of the want of money in England alleaged by him to bee the vnderualuation of his Maiesties Coyne where he saith by way of interrogation Who will procure licence in Spaine to bring Realls into England to sell them here at Tenne in the hundred Gaine which is lesse then the exchange from thence will yeeld when he may haue for the same fiue and twenty in the hundred in Holland Here in an obscure manner he obserueth the exchange from Spayne to be Sixe pence the Reall as value for value or the Par in exchange whereby it is lesse as hee saith and hee doth account the price of 8. Reals at 51. Stiuers in Holland and the Rate of exchange at 33. shillings 4. pence Flemish to answer our 20. shillings Starlin as at Par pro Pari for those parts howbeit that 42. shillings 6. pence Flemish payde there for the 5. Realls of 8. make 25. shillings 6. pence Starlin according to that Computation howsoeuer wee see that this is grounded vpon the exchange which is the efficient Cause thereof otherwise the 15. in the hundreth to be gotten in Holland more then in England is altogether imaginary and not Reall For example let fiue of these Realls of 8. be bought here for 22. shillings Starlin and bee transported into Holland and there buy commodities with the same according as the price of them is inhaunced there no man maketh any doubt but that the said Commodities are also raised in price according to the money inhaunced So that the gayne becommeth vncertaine for the Commodities may be sold to losse But the merchants trading in Spaine which cause their Realls to be sent from Spaine thither or doe transporte them from the Downes Rely wholy vpon the lowe exchange whereby they are inabled to deliuer their money there by exchange at an vndervalue in giuing there but 33. shillings 4. pence and vnder to haue 20. shillings Starlin ●…ayed by Bill of exchange in England whereby ●…he kingdome maketh good vnto them the said ●…5 vpon the hundreth For this Reall of 8. was valued but at 42. Stiuers when the Par of exchange was made to be 33. shillings 4. pence in the yeare 1586 when Robert Dudley Earle of Leycester went to take the gouernment of those Countries And shal we now receiue in exchange the said price of 8. Reals for 51. Stiuers which is aboue fiue shillings and one penny Starlin because they haue inhaunced the same to their advantage and continue the Par of exchange at 33. shillings 4. pence by which Computation the said 42. Stiuers make but foure shillings two pence halfe penny or thereabouts in true value Absit ignorantia Whereas if our merchants of Spaine should giue the saide price there in exchange for 42. Stiuers as they did formerly and may be done by order of exchange They shall not finde thereby Ten in the hundreth gaine which they can make here more certaine and commodiously whereby this money will be imported without inhauncing of our Coyne This is so plaine in the vnderstanding of Merchants that there needeth no other explanation for it demonstrateth manifestly that if the lowe exchange were not This Gayne would prooue to be Imaginary as we haue noted And this causeth these Realls of Spayne to be diuerted from vs and might els be imported

wherof sheweth that our hearts are ouerfrozen with the Ice of vncharitablenesse which otherwise could not haue so long continued for it prouoketh Gods anger against vs in the highest degree If these men had beene Iewes I might haue bestowed some Hebrew vpon them in detestation of the word Neshech which is nothing else but a kind of biting as a dog vseth to bite gnaw vpō a bone otherwise to vse many languages in a litle Treatise of free trade may seem impertinent The third cause of the decay of Trade he saith is the litigious Law suits which as one way they increase by scarsity of money which compelleth men to stand out in Law for a time when they cannot pay vntill they receiue So another way when moneys are plentifull men care the lesse for money pride causeth them to spend to go to law for euery triflle disputing Delana Caprina true it is that this Law warfare interrupteth trade but to make the same to be one of the efficient Causes of the decay of trade I cannot altogither agree therunto but rather to the Remedies which shal be hereafter declared albeit many men are vexed imprisoned ouerthrowne hauing spent their time means in Law which might haue bin employed in trade for the good of the Cōmon-wealth their owne quietnesse I do likewise omit to intreat of transportation of ordnance munition heretofore permitted mentioned by the said author now preuented in some sort neither was England in the yeere 1588. in such great distresse to be termed in articulo temporis when the merchants Aduenturers did prouide from Hambrough a ships lading with Powder and shot as parcell of their dutie to assist the Kingdome by God only preserued The fourth Cause of the Decay of Trade or to speake properly neglect of Trade is The admitting of forraine Nations to fish in his Maiesties Streames and dominions without paying any thing for the same whereby their Nauigation is wonderfully increased their Mariners multiplied and their Countrie inriched with the continuall labour of the people of all sorts both impotent and lame which are set on worke and get their liuing Concerning this fishing Trade there hath beene a continuall Agitation aboue 30. yeeres to make Busses and Fisher-boats but the Action is still interrupted because other Nations doe finde too great fauour and friends here to diuert all the good intentions and endeuours of such as with the Author of this Discourse haue imployed their Time and good meanes therein for the Merchants Aduenturours the Companie of Merchants Trading in Russia and the East-land Merchants did also oppose themselues against it at the Councell Table and did alleage the reasons following 1. The infringing of their Priuiledges here and beyond the Seas 2. The Interloopers aduantage to interrupt their Trade vnder colour hereof 3. The want of meanes to make Returne both for Fish and Cloth also 4. The inhauncing of the price of forreine Commodities 5. The preoccupying of money to the hinderance of Cloth 6. The dissolution of the ioynt stocke of the Russia Company 7. The incouragement of Strangers hereupon to make a Contract with the Russian Emperour 8. The discouragement to vndertake new discoueries 9. The defraying of the Charge of Embassadours and other extraordinarie Charges for honour of the State 10. The plenty of Fish which those Countries haue from time to time and some other Reasons So that in conclusion England by their saying cannot maintaine the Sea Trade and the Land Trade together neither do they make account to make Returne in money knowing that they should lose more thereby then by the exchange of those Countries or by Commodities And albeit that all the premisses may bee moderated without hinderance to the said Companies neuerthelesse such is the condition of some Merchants not vnderstanding the Mysteries of exchange and ouer-ruling others by their order of Antiquitie in their Society that neither Reason or experience can preuaile insomuch that whereas other Princes take their Duties of other Nations for fishing and fish themselues also by their Subiects yet England cannot resolue to doe the like or at least take order for the said Duties In Russia many leagues from the Maine Fisher-men doe pay great Taxes to the Emperour of Russia and in most places other Nations are prohibited to fish The King of Denmarke doth the like and taketh great Tribute both at Ward-house and the Sound The King of Sweden in like manner and the said King of Denmarke now for the Kingdome of Norway All the Bordering Princes of Italy doe take Taxes vpon fish within the Mediterranian Seas The like Taxe is taken by the Duke of Medina Sidonia for Tunny in the Spanish Seas The States of the Vnited Prouinces doe take an imposition vpon fish which is taken within the Streames and Dominions of other Princes The Hollanders doe allow the Tenth fish both in Russia Lappia and other places or pay a Composition for the same as also moreouer a Tribute in the Sound for passage to fetch the said fish And of mine owne knowledge I am assured they would willingly haue paid the same vnto England or a good composition for it had not the greedy lucre of some persons hindered the same These exemplary Actions haue long determined the question of Mare liberum touching the Communitie or freedome of the Seas which is acknowledged to be so for Nauigation without that the same doth any manner of way preiudice the Distinct Dominions of the Seas of all Princes concerning fishing that is to say the fishing Trade So that it is superfluous to alleage the opinions of Orators and Poets about the fishing heretofore in the Mediterranian Seas neither doth it belong to this place to cite the Determinations of the learned Ciuilians which are mentioned in the Treatise De Dominio Maris For the matter hath beene learnedly handled at the Councell Boord before the Graue Senators many yeeres since by our Ciuilians and others which to auoid prolixitie I doe omit Now from the Fishing we are come to Clothing or Drapery of the Kingdome and the abuses thereof as the fist cause of the decay of Trade wherein to vse many distinctions of the new and old Drapery vnlesse it were to Reduce matters in statu quo prius shall be needlesse And although the dressing and dying of Cloth was insisted vpon to be done in England in the yeere 1616. To establish the Manufacture within the Realme at which time 64. thousand Clothes were exported which was afterwards reuoked I cannot omit to obserue the Practises which were vsed by Combination with other Nations abroad and domesticke intelligence a●… home whereby many good Actions are o●…rowne to the generall hurt and with little aduancement to the particular It cannot be denied but that the Drapery of forraine Nations not only the making of Cloth in the Low Countries but o●… late yeere●… in Italy and Spaine also the Trade of Cloth 〈◊〉

materials seruing for the making of Cloth The Rules also to de described for the true making of Cloth wherein the said Author hath beene a good obseruer may be with a vigilant-eye of the Officers to be imployed therein by the Corporation and the increase of Merchants to manage Trade a Remedie to the seuenth cause as also to the eight Cause of the decay of Trade but the sixt cause concerning the Policy of Merchants is not to be omitted whose orders already made and hereafter to bee made may be thought conuenient to be Surueyed by a Commttie who vpon complaints of the parties grieued in all Societies may take order by way of approbation or deniall to execute things for the generall good and not for the particular as I haue noted in all this Discourse So that other Merchants vpon reasonable considerations may be admitted vpon this especiall occasion to be of the said Societies or Companies for otherwise it may seeme somewhat dissonant from reason to prohibite all Merchants aswell English as Strangers to bring in any of the Commodities of Turkie or of the Leuant and now lately from Eastland and those Countries vnlesse they were free of the said Companies but to prohibite the importation of Commodities in Strangers Bottomes concurreth with the Law The ninth cause of the decay of Trade consisting of the interruption thereof by Warres Pirates and Bankerupts I haue partly handled in the fifth Cause And although decayed men are found at all times yet the want of money hath caused diuers Merchants and Tradesmen to Breake who might haue maintained then credits but that being out of their moneys and the moneys out of the Kingdome maketh them to goe out of their credits for Necessitas Parit Turpia The Remedy hereof doth most depend vpon plenty of money or meanes in the liew of money as the setting ouer of Bills of debt before spoken of For the Statute against Bankerupts cannot produce any great effect but be a meane to vndoe the party for euer if it doe depend long vpon him contrary to the intention thereof for whereas all such as are Creditors ought to come in within foure moneths to take their part of what may appeare of the state of the Bankerupt to bee examined by all lawfull meanes the same is protracted for tenne twenty and more moneths and all those that come in the said I●…erim are admitted with the former and a great part of the estate is spent in charges This may bee remedied by the Authority of the Chauncery to the Commissioners appointed for th' execution of the said Statute The Remedy to the last and tenth Cause of the decay of Trade being the immoderate vse of forraine Commodities doth as I haue shewed before consist partly by the abundance of those Commodities imported by the abuse of exchange and partly by the wearing of those Commodities affected by the vulgar sort or Common people Monsieur Bodine doth obserue with Plato that as the Prince is so are the Subiects who by imitation follow his example which sooner entreth into their eyes then into their eares And the greater their Authoritie is the more affectionate is their imitation Alexander cast his head aside and all the Court held their necks awry Denis was Purblinde and his Courtiers stumbled at euery step and iustled each other as if they had beene euill sighted and so of other Princes in their apparell precious stones and other things which is made to bee the fashion Hence the Prouerbe tooke beginning Countries fashion Countries honour And the effect hereof is many times greater then the Lawes can bring to passe vnlesse it be vpon some Remarkable occasion as the late Command may proue for the wearing of Blackes at Funeralls in Cloth and Stuffes made of English Wooll within the Realme Here I haue omitted to speake of Customes Impositions publike and secret layed vpon Commodities especially vpon Cloth both here and beyond the Seas because the same requireth great consideration and the abolishing thereof being once laied on will hardly bee brought about vnlesse it bee with the consent of both parties where the one hath prouoked the other to impose them For a Conclusion therefore let vs note That all the said causes of the decay of Trade in England are almost all of them comprised in one which is the want of money whereof wee finde the abuse of exchange to bee the efficient Cause which maketh vs to finde out so easie Remedie whereby the Kingdome shall enioy all the three essentiall parts of Traffique vnder good and Politike Gouernment which will bee Free Trade effectually or in deed And this will also bee admirable in the eyes of other Princes finding his Maiesties wisdome to bee Transcendent in Gouerning of his owne which by so many sendings and remissions of Ambassadours vnto forraine Princes and States by his Noble Predecessours could neuer bee effected as by diuers Records appeareth albeit there was nothing required of them but what did stand with the Rule of Equality and Equitie which cannot erre But velut Ariadnae caeca regens filo vestigia non modo nos errare non sinit sed etiam efficit vt aberrantes in Rectam viam deducamur Soli Deo Gloria FINIS Finis corcnat opus Three essentiall parts of Traffique Commodities Monyes Exchange Money and Exchange two publike Measures The generall to bee preferred c. Obseruations surpassing the study of Merchants Parens Patr●… Exchange Actiue Moneyes and Commodities Passiue The ship of Trafficke taken for the whole Trade Magnes stone The Index of a Diall Actiue Warres and the Policy of Princes like two Whales de●…ouring Trade Canker of Englands Common-wealth and Englands view Pag. 8. Vnderualution of the Kings Coyne The 1. Cause An imaginary gayne made Reall of our own meanes Vnderualuation of Moneys in exchange The Rule of exchāge excludeth the gaine to be had by Moneys Exchange is still Predominant Admirable feats to bee done by exchange Queene Elizabeth lending money out of th' Exchequer Bodin de Rep. The Canker of Englands Common-wealth The second cause the superfluitie of Plate c. The state of a Prince consisteth as much by reputation as by strength Englands View Exchange the scope of gai●… The third cause the consumption of forraine wares The Canker c. Causes of the ouerballancing of Commodities English Merchants bereaued of the 2. essentiall parts of Trade An ingenious pra●…ise of ex●…hange Our Commodities fallen ouermuch in price French Wines deerer by exchange The immoderate vse of Tobacco The fourth cause the want of the East-Indie stocke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Table Herodot in Cl●…o A discourse of the East-India Trade by T. M. The losse had by exchange yearely is greater then the East Indie stocke yearely imployed A discourse of their Eastindie Trade The Oceā of Monyes from the West-Indies The fifth ●…ause the ●…arres of ●…irates Money inhaunced neuer carried to the Mint A shilling Lubish and Stiuer Flemish all one in the yeare 1575 A great fallacy In the vnited Prouinces In Germany Commodities of other countries vsed to prouide Wines Raisons c. The first cause of the decay of Trade Pag. 20. 21. Phys. 3. lib. cap. 3. The second Cause of the decay of Trade Englands View Plenty of money abateth th●… Ra●…e of Vsury of Course S. George for Eng●…and Englands ●…iew Pag. ●…2 The third cause of the decay of Trade Pag. 75. The fourth cause of the decay of Trade Inconueniences against the ●…shing in England Exemplary Actions of other Princes about duties of fishing Com●…nitie of the Seas as also a distinct Dominion The fifth cause of the decay of Trade Page 105. The aduantage of our Merchants in the sale of Clothes The Authors Apologie Pag. 46. Englands View Pag. 88. A Manuscript of the Royall Merchant of great Britaine Pag. 15. Of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to work forcibly iXres A Steppe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To distribute The sixt Cause of the decay of Trade The Policies of Merchants The seuenth cause of the decay is the false making of our Cloth One extremity enforceth another Engrossing of Trade Lex Mercatoria or Law Merchant The eight cause of the decay of Trade exportation of Materials and impositions The ninth cause of the decay of Trade the warres the Pirate and Bankrupts Inconsiderate Barters The tenth cause of the decay of Trade The Vse of forraine Wares Plutarch in vita Sertorij Commodities and Moneys Pag. 104. Hysteron Proteron 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t●…●…ssolue an argument Exchange compared to the Assay of money The Canker of England Pag. 58. A Princely Study Par of ex change Forraine nations fetch our Wares Dissolution of Societies c. Ann. 1584. A Society may become a Monopoly The property of Monopoly Englands View Pag. 142. Praeemption of Tin Licence of Tobacco Ioynt Stockes or apart The intention of Letters Patents for new inuentions Allomes Errours in Trade cōmitted by Merchants Three meanes 〈◊〉 decrease the wealth of the Realme 14. R. 2. Moneys Exchange The Kings Royall Exchange The defects of the Statute of employment Money cōsisteth of weight finenesse and Valuation 1. Cause of the vnderualuation of our moneys The way to restore Englands wealth A Geometricall Axiome Ius gentium Inconueniences of the inhauncing of Moneys Grastons Chronicle One extremity enforceth another Table of exchange at Douer Policy of the Turke Persian Russian Obiectiōs Answers Mediocria firma Rescounter in Account The want of money causeth the price of Plate to fall Vnprofitable lands The Policy of rewards The 1. Cause The 2. Cause Englands View Pag. 157. Pag. 159. The third Cause The fourth Cause The fifth Cause The 6. 7. 8. Causes The ninth Cause The tenth Cause