could be admitted into his presence Neither yet could he otherwise get absolution then by submitting his estate unto the Popes good pleasure what was his fault He had refused to yeild up to the Pope the investiture of Bishops and Collation of Ecclesiasticall dignities within his dominions a right that had alwayes belonged to Princes untill that day It were superfluous to tell how grievously he was afflicted all his life after Notwithstanding this submission In breife the unappeasable rage of Hildebrand and his Successors never left persecuting him by raising one Rebellion after an other yea his owne Children against him till dispoyled of his Crowne he was faine to beg food of the Bishop of Spyers promising to earne it in a Church of his own building by doing there a Clarks duty for he could serve the Quire And not obteining this he pined away and dyed That Bishop of Spyers dealt herein perhaps rather fearfully then cruelly For he had to terrifie him the example of Vteilo Archhishop of Mentz chiefe Prelate among the Germans Who was condemned of heresie for having denyed that the Emperour might be deprived of his Crowne by the Popes authority If Princes therefore be carefull to exclude the doctrine of Hildebrand out of their dominions who can blame them of rigour This example of Henry though it would not be forgotten might have been omitted had it not been seconded with many of the same nature But this was neither one Popes fault nor one Princes destiny He must write a story of the Empire that means to tell of all their dealings in this kind As how they wrought upon Henry the fifth whom they had set up against his Father what horrible effusion of Blood they caused by their often thundering upon Fredericke And how they rested not untill they had made the Empire stand headlesse about seaventeene years These things moved Rodolph Earl of Habspurgh who was chosen Emperour after that long vacation to refuse the Ceremony of being Crowned at Rome though he were thereto urged by the Electors For said he our Caesars have gone to Rome As the foolish Beasts in AEsops Fables went to the Lyons Den leaving very goodly footsteps of their journey thitherward but not the like of their returne The same opinion have most of the succeeding Emperours held all of them or almost all neglecting that Coronation Good cause why Since the Popes besides many Extortions which they practised about that Ceremony Arrogated thence unto themselves that the Empire was held of them in Homage And dealt they not after the same fashion with other Kingdomes What right had St. Peter to the Crowne of Sicily and of Naples The Romane Princes wonne those Lands from the Saracens who had formerly taken them from the Empire of Constantinople The same Romanes had also been mighty defenders of the Papacy in many dangers yet when time served the Pope tooke upon him as Lord Paramount of those Countryes to drive out one King and set up another with a Bloody confusion of all Italie retaining the Soveraignty to himself In France he had the daring to pronounce himselfe superiour unto the King in all matters both Spirituall and Temporall The Crowne of Poland he forced to hold of his Miter by imposing a subjection in way of penance For that the Polish King had caused one St. Stanislaus to be slaine For the death of St. Thomas Beckett and more strangely for a Refusall of an Archbishop of Canterbury whom his Holinesse had appointed he imposed the like penance upon England Also when our King Edward the First made Warre upon the Scots word came from Rome that he should surcease for that the Kingdome of Scotland belonged unto the Popes Chappell A great oversight it was of St. Peter that he did not accurse Nero and all heathen Princes whereby the Popes Chappell might have gotten all that the Devill offered and our Saviour refused Yet what need was there of such a banne Since Fryar Vincent of Valnarda could tell Atatalipa King of Peru That all the Kingdomes of the Earth were the Popes who had bestowed more then halfe thereof upon the King of Spaine If the Pope will have it so it must be so otherwise I should have interpreted that place in Genesis Increase and multiply and fill the Earth As spoken to Noah and his Children not as directed only to Tubal Homer and Phatto the supposed Fathers of the old Iberians Gothes and Moores of whom the Spanish blood is compounded But of such impudent presumption in disposing of countryes farre remote And whereto the sword must acquire a better title the mischiefe is not presently discerned It were well if his Holinesse had not loved to set the world in an uproare by nourishing of War among those that respected him as a Common Father His dispensing with oaths taken for agreement between one King and another or between Kings and Subjects doe speake no better of him For by what right was it That Fardinand of Arragon won the Kingdome of Navar why did not the Confederacie that was between Lewis the Twelfth of France and the Venetians hinder that King from warring upon Venice why did not the like between England and France hinder our King Henry the eighth for warring upon the same King Lewis Was it not the Pope who did set on the French to the end that himself might get Ravenna from the Venetians Why was it not the same Pope who afterwards upon desire to drive the French out of Italie excommunicated Lewis and his adherents By vertue of which Excommunication Fardinand of Arragon seized upon Navarr And served not the same Warrant to set our Henry upon the back of France But this was not our Kings fault more then all the peoples We might with shame confesse it if other Countries had not been as blindly superstitious as our Fathers That a Barque of Apples blessed by the Pope and sent hither for presents unto those that would be forward in the War upon France made all our English hasty to take Armes in such sort as the Italians wondred and laughed to see our men no lesse greedy of those Apples then Eve was of the forbidden fruit for which they were to hazard their lives in an unjust War Few ages have wanted such and more grievous examples of the Popes tumultuous disposition but these were amongst the last that fell out before his unholinesse was detected Now for his dispensing betweene Kings and their Subjects we need not seeke instances far from home He absolved our King Iohn of an oath given to his Barons and people The Barons and people he afterwards discharged of their alleageance to King Iohn King Henry the third had appeased this Land how wisely I say not by taking such an oath as his Father had done swearing as he was a Knight A Christian and a King But in a Sermon at Paules People were taught how little was to be reposed on such assurance the Popes dispensation being there openly read which pronounced that Oath voyde Good cause why For that King had the patience to live like neither Knight nor King But as the Popes Tenant
and Rent-gatherer of England But when the same King adventured to murmure the Pope could threaten to teach him his duty with a vengeance And make him know what it was to winch and play the Fredericke Thus we see what hath been his Custome to oppresse Kings by their people And the people by their Kings yet this was for serving his owne turne Wherein had our King Henry the sixt offended him which King Pope Iulius would after for a little money have made a Saint Neverthelesse the Popes absolving of Rich Duke of Yorke from that honest oath which he had given by mediation of all the Land to that good King occasioned both the Dukes and the Kings ruine And therewithal those long and cruell Wars betweene the Houses of Lancaster and Yorke and brought all England into an horrible Combustion What he meant by this I know not unlesse to verifie the Proverbe Omnia Romae venalia I will not urge the dispensation whereby the Pope released King Philip the second of Spaine from the solemne Oath by which he was bound to maintaine the priviledges of the Netherlands though this Papall indulgence hath scarce as yet left working And been the cause of so many hundred thousands slaine for this last forty years in the Netherlands Neither will I urge the Pope encouraging of Henry the second and his sons to the last of them against the French Protestants the cause of the first three Civill Warres And lastly of the Leavyings of Byrons in which there hath perished no lesse number then in the Low-Countryes For our Country it affords an example of fresh memory since we should have had as furious Warre as ever both upon us and amongst us in the daies of our late famous Soveraigne Queene Elizabeth if Pope Pius his Bull Could have gored aswell as it could Bellow Therefore it were not amisse to answer by a Herald the next Pontificall attempt of like nature rather sending defiance as to an enemy then publishing answers as to one that had here to doe though indeed he had never here to doe by any lawfull power either in Civill or Ecclesiasticall businesse after such time as Brittaine was won from the Romane Empire For howsoever it were ordered in some of the first holy generall Councills that the Bishop of Rome should be Patriarch over these quarters yea or it were supposed that the forged Canons by which he now challengeth more then precedency and primacie had also been made indeed yet could this little help his claime in Kingdomes that hold not of the Empire For those right holy Fathers as in matters of Faith they did not make truth But religiously expounded it so in matters of Ecclesiasticall Government they did not create provinces for themselves But ordered the Countries which they then had They were assemblies of all the Bishops in the Romane world and with the Romane dominion only they medled Requisite it is that the faith which they taught should be imbraced in all Countryes As it ought likewise to be entertained if the same had been in like sort illustrated not by them but by a generall Councill of all Bishops in the great Kingdome of the Abissines which is thought to have been Christian even in those daies But it was not requisite nor is that the Bishops of Abissines or of India should live under direction of the Patriarch of Alexandria and Antioch Questionlesse those godly Fathers of the Nicene And of the Calcedonian Councill so thought For they tooke not upon them to order the Church Government in India where St. Thomas had preached nor to range the Subjects of Prester Iohn as we call him under any of themselves much lesse to frame an Hierarchie upon earth whereto men of all Nations whatsoever should be subject in Spirituall obedience If Constantine or his Successors the Romane Emperours could have wonne all Asia like it is that in Councils following more Patriarchs would have been ordeined for the Ecclesiasticall Government of that large continent and not all those vast Countryes have beene left unto him of Antioch or Constantinople But since contrariwise the Empire became looser the Patriarchs whose Jurisdiction depended upon the Empire become loosers also We grant that even in the times of persecution before Christian Bishops durst hold open assemblies there was given especiall honour to the Bishops that were over the chiefe Cities That unity might the better be preserved and heresie kept out of the Church But this honour was no more then a precedence a dignity without Coactive power extending no further then to matter of Religion And not having to doe save in the generall way of Christian love with any strangers We therefore that are no dependants of the Empire ought not to be troubled with the authority be it what it may be with any assemblies of godly Fathers yet all Subjects of that Empire ordeined for their owne better Government But rather should regard the Bishop of Rome As the Islanders of Iersey and Garnsey doe him of Constance in Normandie that is nothing at all since by that French Bishops refusall to sweare unto our King those Isles were annexed to the Diocesse of Winchester FINIS Gen. Cap. 1. ver. 28. Generall History Lib. 2. Cap. 2. 28. S. 4. T. 3. First Warre Second Warre Anno Domini 1569. Anno. 1573.
of being chosen heire unto that foole Impostor in his dignity of a Prophet made it one of his first works to dispoile poor Aliffe the Nephew of Mahomet and heire of his great riches taking al from him by this pretence That unto whom belonged the Succession in wisdome unto him also belonged the Succession in wealth And this grew presently to be a famous question among the Doctors of the Saracen Law But howsoever it were then decided we see now the Muphti or high Prelate who is the only Oracle among the Turkes in Spirituall matters lives and holds all that he hath at the discretion of the great Sultan Neverthelesse it should seeme that the doctrine of Abubachar hath not lost all force for the examples are many in all Saracen Lands of Prophets or deceivers which got that name that never rested untill they became Kings The Seriph in Barbarie was one of the last who having once acquired the opinion of an holy Man afterward found means to become a Captain and Lord of a small Territory And finally increased his followers and withall his bounds so fast and so far as having made himself King of Morocca he had the grace to tell the King of Fessy lately his Soveraigne that both Fesse and all Kingdomes in those parts were belonging to his own holinesse and this he made good by winning all sooner after Whether the claime which the Popes laid to a Supremacie over all Kingdomes and estates had not affinity with the principle of Abubachar Let other men Judge that their practises to mainetaine it have been sutable to those of Seriffo all Historians doe testifie For when Pope Gregory the second procured the Citie of Rome and some other places in Italie to Rebell against the Emperour Leo the third what other colour used he then that himself had Excommunicated Leo as an ungodly Prince for breaking downe Images that were worshipped in Churches when for this treason Paul the Exarch Leiutenant unto the Emperour besieged Rome with the assistance of Lueitpraud King of the Lumbards by what other art did the Pope remove the siege then by perswading the Lumbard with a Tale of Peter and Paul that had consecrated the Citie of Rome with their pretious blood Thus was devotion made the Cloake for treason And thus did the Popes first slip their necks out of the Emperours coller Within very few years after this by the like Religious pretext were those Princes of France Charls Martell Pepine and Charlemaine won to assist the Papacie against the Lumbards yea to give unto St. Peter the most of those Lands which the Pope now holds in Italie And not restore them to the Emperour from whom the Lumbards had gotten them And thereunto Pepine was perswaded for his Souls health Yet had Pope Zachary through the opinion that went of his holinesse done a notable good office for Pepine before when he Released the Frenchmen of their Oath to King Chilperick And was the cause that Pepine was chosen in his stead by saying That rather he should be King who did the Kings duty then he that did it not In like manner did Pope Leo recompense the benefits of Charlemaine by setting him up as Emperour in the West against those of Constantinople But in these mutuall offices the Popes did only help with gracefull words to adorne that might which Pepine and Charlemaine had before acquired Whereas these Kings used force of arms to erect the papacy in Principallity That was held yet in vassallage unto themselves Now this could not satisfie the ambition of that See which gloried falsly to be the only See Apostolique For as the Reputation of the Romane Prelats grew up in those blind ages under the Westerne Emperours much faster then true piety could raise it in former times when better Learning had flourished So grew up in them withall a desire of amplifying their power that they might be as great in temporall forces as mens opinion have formed them in spirituall matters Immediately therefore upon the death of Charlemaine they began to neglect the Emperours consent in their Elections And finding in them that afterwards reigned of the house of France either too much patience or too much weakenesse they were bold within seaventy years to decree That in the Creation of Popes the Emperour should have nothing at all to doe Having obteined this It followed that they should make themselves Lord over the whole Clergie in all Kingdomes But the worke was great and could not be accomplished in hast for they were much disturbed at home by the People of Rome who seeing about Fifty Popes or rather as mainetainers of the Papacie would now have them called Monsters to succeed one another and attaine by the faction of Cut-throats and Strumpets St. Peters Chaire despised that hypocrisy which the world abroad did Reverence as holinesse Likewise the Empire falling from the line of Charles to the mighty house of Saxonie was so strongly upheld by the first Princes of that race as it greatly curbed the ambition of those aspiring Prelats Yet no impediment could alwaies be of force to withstand the violence of seeming sanctity The Polonians Hungarians and some other farre removed Nations had yeilded themselves in subjection more then meerely spirituall even to those Popes whom Italie knew to be detestable men As for the Romane Citizens they were chastised by the sword and taught to acknowledge the Pope their Lord though they knew not by what right Long it was indeed ere they could with much adoe be throughly tamed Because they knowing the Lewdnesse of their Prelate and his Court their devotion unto him the trade by which now they live was very small Because also they were the Popes domesticall forces against which no Prince doth happily contend But finally the Popes Armes prevailed or when his owne were too weake the Emperours and other friends were helping Contrariwise against Emperours and other Princes the sword of the people even of their owne Subjects hath been used by teaching all Christians in our Westerne world a false Lesson That it is lawfull and meritorious to rebell against Kings excommunicated and deposed by the Pope This curse was first laid upon the Emperour Henry the fourth by Pope Hildebrand or Gregory the seaventh It is true as I said before that Leo of Constantinople had felt the same though not in the same sort For Leo being excommunicated was not withall deposed only he suffered a revolt of some Italian Subjects And one may say That the Germane Empire deserved this plague Since the founder thereof had given countenance to the Popes Rebelling against their Soveraigns the Emperours of Constantinople Howsoever it were when Hildebrand had accursed and cast downe from his throne Henry the fourth there were none so hardy as to defend their Injured Lord against the Counterfeited name of St. Peter Wherefore he was faine to humble himselfe before Hildebrand upon whom he waited three daies beare footed in the Winter ere he
A DISCOVRSE OF THE ORIGINALL AND Fundamentall Cause of Naturall Customary Arbitrary Voluntary and Necessary WARRE With the MYSTERY of Invasive WARRE That Ecclesiasticall Prelates have alwayes beene subject to Temporall Princes And that the Pope had never any lawfull power in England either in Civill or Ecclesiasticall businesse after such time as Brittaine was won from the Roman Empire By Sir Walter Rawleigh Knight LONDON Printed by T. W. for Humphrey Moseley and are to be Sold at the Princes Armes in St. Pauls Church-yard 1650. A Discourse of the Originall and fundamentall cause of Naturall Customary Arbitrary Voluntary and necessary war with the misery of invasive warre That Ecclesiasticall Prelates have alwayes been subject to Temporall Princes and that the Pope had never any lawfull power in England either in Civill or Ecclesiasticall businesse after such time as Brittaine was won from the Roman Empire THe ordinary Theme and Argument of History is War which may be defined the exercise of violence under Soveraigne Command against withstanders force Authority and resistance being the essentiall parts thereof violence limited by authority is sufficiently distinguisht from Robbery and the like outrages yet consisting in relation towards others It necessarily requires a supposition of resistance whereby the force of War becomes different from the violence inflicted upon Slaves or yeilding Malefactors as for Armes Discipline and whatsoever else belongeth to the making of War prosperous they are only considerable in degree of perfection since naked savages fighting disorderly with stones by appointment of their Commanders may truly and absolutely be said to War Neverthelesse it is true that as the Beasts are armed with fierce teeth pawes horns and other bodily instruments of much advantage against unweaponed men so hath reason taught man to strengthen his hand with such offensive Armes as no creature else can well avoid or possibly resist And it might seeme happy if the sword the Arrow the Gun with many terrible Engines of death could be wholly imployed in the exercise of that Lordly rule which the Lord of all hath given to mankind over the rest of living things But since in humane reason there hath no meanes been found of holding all mankind at peace within it self It is needfull that against the wit and subtilty of man we oppose not only the bruit force of our bodyes wherein many Beasts exceed us but helping our strength with art and wisdome strive to excell our enemies in those points wherein man is excellent over other Creatures The necessity of War which among humane Actions is the most lawlesse hath some kind of affinity and neere resemblances with the necessity of Law For there were no use at all either of War or of Law If every man had prudence to conceive how much of right were due both to and from himselfe and were withall so punctually just as to performe what he knew requisite and to rest contented with his owne But seeing that no conveyance of Land can be made so strong by any skill of Lawyers with multiplicity of clauses and provisoes That it may be secure from contentious Avarice and the malice of false seeming Justice It is not to bee wondered that the great Charter whereby God bestowed the whole earth upon Adam And confirmed it unto the Sons of Noah being as breife in word as large in effect hath bred much quarrell of interpretation Surely howsoever the Letter of that Donation may be unregarded by the most of men yet the sense thereof is so imprinted in their hearts And so passionatly imbraced by their greedy desires As if every one laid claime for himself unto that which was conferred upon all This appeared in the Gaules who falling upon Italy under their Captaine Brennus told the Roman Ambassadours plainly that prevalent arms were as good as any title and that valiant men might account to be their owne as much as they could get That they wanting Land therewith to susteine their people And the Tuscanes having more then enough It was their meaning to take what they needed by strong hand if it were not yeilded quietly Now if it be well affirmed by Lawyers that there is no taking of possession more just then In vacuum venire to enter upon Land unhabited As our Countrymen have lately done in the Summer Islands Then may it be inferred that this demand of the Gaules held more of reason then could be discerned at the first view For if the title of occupiers be good in a Land unpeopled why should it be bad accounted in a Country Peopled over thinly should one family or one thousand hold possession of all the Southerne undiscovered continent because they had seated themselves in Nova Guiana or about the Straits of Magalane why might not the like be done in Africk in Europe or in Asia If this were most absurd to imagine Let then any mans wisdome determine by lessening the Territory and increasing the number of Inhabitants what proportion is requisite to the peopling of a Region in such manner That the Land shall be neither too narrow for those whom it feedeth nor capable of a greater multitude Untill this can be concluded and agreed upon one maine and fundamentall cause of the most grievous Warre that can be imagined is not like to be taken from the Earth It were perhaps enough in reason to succour with victualls and other helps a vast multitude compelled by necessity to seeke a new seate or to direct them unto a Country able to receive them But what shall perswade a mighty Nation to travaile so farre by Land or Sea over Mountaines Deserts And great Rivers with their Wives and Children when they are or thinke themselves powerfull enough to serve themselves neerer hand and inforce others into the Labour of such a Journey I have briefely shewed in an other worke that the miseries accompaning this kind of War are most extreame For as much as the Invaders cannot otherwise be satisfied then by rooting out or expelling the Nation upon which they fall And although the uncertainty of tenure by which all worldly things are held minister very unpleasant meditation yet is it most certaine that within 1200. yeares last past all or the most of Kingdomes to us knowne have throughly felt the calamities of such forcible trasplantations being either over whelmed by new Collonies that fell upon them or driven as one wave is driven by an other to seeke new seates having lost their owne Our Westerne parts of Europe indeed have cause to rejoyce and give praise to God for that we have been free about 600 years from such Inundations As were those of the Gothes Humes and Vandalls yea from such as were those of our owne Ancestors the Saxons Danes and Normans But howsoever we have together with the feeling lost the very memory of such wretchednesse as our Fore-fathers endured by those Wars of all other the most cruell Yet are there few Kingdomes in all Asia that have not