to decree warre or peace or to enter into treaties concerning them The third is to institute and ordaine principal officers The fourth is to haue the last Appeale which is one of the true markes of Souereigntie vnder which dependeth the power to grant pardon to the condemned by course of law in fauour to redresse the rigor of the lawe and formall proceedings of Magistrates whether concerning life goods honor banishment or libertie In all which Trauailers shal find in most States great defect in fewe all absolutely For concerning the first what honourable Prince not naming the Pope the Turke the Tartarian and such like tyrants of himself without associates decreeth lawes And not without good cause for it noteth iustice and desire to gouerne aright knitting the Subiects to their Prince Neuerthelesse we see that in former times the Princes of this Land and of France as of òther States did constitute of themselues many good lawes in force at this day So touching the second there be some States that by custome and willingnes to complease their subiects will seldome make warre or entertain peace without priuate consent of their Councell or general debating of the Parliament Likewise of the third there is amongst States and gouernements a great diuersitie in the instituting and ratifying of principall officers which custome hath been brought from the Prince or State no doubt for the shew of the Common-weales good so the same be not transported to forraine States as the Pope arrogateth in Ecclesiasticall promotions And touching the last point we see also how great Princes are stripped of their Souereignty reigntie by the Pope in matters of appeale of giuing pardons and such like regalities to subiects and great offenders against their Prince and countrey Thus in these let Trauailers euerie where make obseruation how of custome either the States doe hold their Souereigntie or howe by like Custome they haue abbridged or lost their marks of absolutenesse Lastly let it be considered of the customes and prerogatiues of the Nobilitie of a nation the chiefe whereof resteth in their superioritie and preheminence in sitting going talking eating washing subscribing arrogating peculiar phrases and order of stile in writing and such like All which are to be considered by times places and persons that thus and by a customarie dutie and respect honour each other Wherein if Trauailers wil be verie iudiciall they had neede to be good heralds and studious in the customarie lawe and discipline of Armes of that nation Hitherto concerning the lawes and customes of a nation so briefly as we could to the vnexpert in the affaires of the countrey The fift point of knowledge now offereth it selfe which is concerning the gouernment of the countrey 5 The Gouernment hath a twofold managing therof the one exterior and discernable the other interior secret and priuate onely in a wise State to the Counsel thereof or onely lodged in the breast of the Prince which to a wise Prince is a high pointe of politicke gouernment Of this interior we will giue Trauailers a secret taste in the last part namely in the Secrets For the obiect of a Trauailer is properly the publike and reuealed gouernment In this Gouernment three things concurre First the persons gouerning secondly the people gouerned lastly the common and speciall policie or instruments that subsist for the establishing of a cōmon good towards all men by the vertue wherof life health peace prosperitie and happinesse without interruption is conueyed vnto the bodie politick Wheras the defect and vicious ordering of things soon corrodeth or putteth the same into a consumptiō irreuocable Concerning the persons gouerning we obiect to Trauailers a triple consideration according to the three-fold diuersitie of Cōmon-weales For by the persons gouerning we meane also those simple variable three formes of gouernment namely the Monarchial which is when the Soueraignty and supreme authority without controlment resteth in one person or Prince as in our King of Great Britaine The Aristocraticall is when as the lesser part of the people or of the Nobilitie haue the Souereigntie in body giuing lawes to the rest of people in generall and particular as the Seigniorie of Venice and the State of the vnited Prouinces in the Lowe Countreys And the Democraticall or popular Estate which is when as the whole people or greater part thereof in bodie hath the Souereigne authoritie Which had neede to bee well considered of Trauailers by so much the more as they see great learned men confounded or deceiued in the iudgements of them For neither the qualities of persons can change the nature or number of them nor can there bee any mixt State of forme and continuance but either by Graunt Permission Communication Association or Assignation of the Souereigne power to the members subiect But lest Trauailers might be misseled by the opinions of others let them obserue diligently in what persons and in which of these those foure markes of Souereigntie before spoken of in the Customes of the Countrey doe reigne which here for breuitie I omit especially the ordering of officers the decreeing of peace and warre and taking of Appeales But for the publishing of lawes the most ciuill States for the better securitie of them and content of the people are euer assisted in Monarchies with the three Estates And in some States also for the better dispatch of things many of the other three markes are committed but yet restrictiuely and vnder controulement Wherefore let Trauailers consider now these things aright and proue the censures of other men by those markes of Souereigntie which inuest the formes with supreme power Moreouer in the second place let Trauailers note what principall officers are in the commitment ordained to helpe the motion and gouernment of the helme of the State And lastly how farre their seuerall offices doe extend For the better insight into which there may bee gathered a triple consideration of officers namely first such as stand by ancient right and Custome as those which we cal Officers at the Common Lawe Secondly such as haue their authoritie by Commission and that from the prerogatiues of the Prince or State Souereigne Lastly such as are ordained by the positiue lawes of the land to vndergo any businesse for the good of the Common-weale Finally let Trauailers be carefull to obserue the maner and order of making publishing of lawes there vsed the course of entertaining warres the ordinarie policie vsed in time of peace concerning preparation for warres defensiue and offensiue the common course of proceeding in iustice and iudgement the places and times and ministers the fashion of punishing rewarding of all sorts of people acording to their deserts and such like appurtenances appendices of the gouernment Let these suffice for the persons gouerning The People gouerned wee cast into sixe moulds namely into that of Husbandmen of Handicrafts men and Labourers of Marchants of the Nobilitie and Gentrie of stipendarie
likewise by the Princes or States fauour are made Trauellers are men of warre or souldiers seruing on the Land or Sea whether these be sent to serue vnder other Princes or haue authority committed vnto them to make warre themselues Now considering these are either Commanders or common Souldiers there ought to be a distinct consideration As touching the first though wee might considerately enough leaue them out heere being men of action and experiēce yet we obserue three general offices of these First ere they vndertake their iournie to be accōmodated with euerie thing necessarie both for men munitiō victuals and monie which being the sinewes of euerie enterprise shall preuaile greatly And in case that any be sent to serue vnder other Princes it is a thing most requirable for the honour of their Prince and Country and of themselues to be much curious that euerie souldier be seemely apparelled and orderly sorted with men and armes and other things necessarie and to be faithfull vnto their Soueraigne Secondly let euery one take heede hee goe not beyond his Commission but rather in case of his absolute authoritie streighten his owne power neuer presuming vpon the fauour of the Prince or State that sendeth such an one foorth For though the same sometimes may sort to a happie end yet the encroching on the prerogatiue royall is reprouable and without reward though so aduantagious for ones Prince and Countrie And as it is the cheefest point of a Commaunder to obserue good discipline to aduance euerie enterprise and designe so especially in case of seruing vnder forreine Princes and powers let such be blamelesse and irreproueable accomplishing moreouer with resolution and discretion whatsoeuer is committed to the charge of such nothing attempting vpon discretion without commaundement of the Prince himselfe vnder whom such serue And that such be not lauish in rewarding with honour or too seuere in punishing offenders beyond the discipline then exercised The third and last consisteth in the making true and diligent relation of euerie accident vnto the Prince to whome such belong VVee shall not neede to dilate on these they are so common Nowe as concerning the common souldier in this place of Non Voluntarie trauellers let it only be exacted of him To be obedient to the discipline prescribed vnto him to esteeme of his armes as the cognisance of a souldier and neuer to be tainted with mutinie or murmuring For such do debarre themselues euermore afterwarde of bearing armes or of the reputation of Souldiers though such may pretend great cause Of other things let it be sought for in the voluntarie Trauellers It nowe remaines wee touch vpon those that Inuoluntarily are made Trauailers by the displeasure conceaued by the Prince and by offence committed against the law Those that haue trespassed against the lawe although in other States in times past they were great personages as others that lay open to such punishments yet here in England are men of no accompt or reckening such as being incorrigible persons good for nothing euill members are for euer made proscripts and turned from the tuition of their naturall friends and Countrie to liue as runnagates in the wide world But as concerning such as stand banished by displeasure and prerogatiue royal of the Prince they are of two sorts The first of such are onely for breach of Lawes in Court banished from the Court and confined to approche no neerer than so many miles for a certaine space these are not to our purpose The other is of such as the Prince vppon iust indignation banisheth the Land for a time certaine or not wherby such are forced to trauell and are of the Gentrie or Nobilitie alwayes of whom the Prince hath a greater respect then of the Commons that sustaine all punishments in their times according to the Lawes Of whome these Offices are exacted First not to make shew of discontentednesse other then sorrow for the offence done Secondly to depart the Land within the time limited Thirdly not to trauaile into their Princes enemies Coūtries or into the Coūtries of miscreants Infidels there to make their aboade for the one is a breach of Religion the other of allegeaunce and duetie to their Prince Soueraigne and Countrie which yet remaine to such so during life either for that they may obtaine fauour to be recalled or by decease of the Prince that banished them in speciall cases of displeasure be freed to returne from banishment the benefite whereof they may peraduenture lose if such shal be obserued to spend their times in the enemies Countrie or keepe much familiaritie with them So is it to those that trauaile to Pagans and Infidels who although they may be friends with their Prince yet the office of banished trauellers carrying the badge of Gods displeasure also vpon them may not doe euerie thing that the policie of an Estate shall permit but in particular let them carrie themselues so as God their high Prince who hath a more speciall hand ouer such then ordinarie may be serued also and appeased by obeysance to his word which restraineth all from voluntary fellowshippe with vnbeleeuers and vngodly persons much more to haue such a communitie with them as being left to their choice they seeke rather after such then the godly as it were indenizen themselues into their life Religion and conuersation Lastly that wheresoeuer these shall remaine let them carrie themselues so discreetly during their perigrination that they may procure themselues to regaine their Princes fauour to restore them And also when such shall so fortunately be recalled to behaue themselues like newe creatures and subiects abandoning all reprouable actions that draw downe sodainely GODS displeasure consequently the like or greater iudgements Thus briefly may we conclude the first ranke of Regular and lawfull Trauailers The second followeth 2 Which are also of the Crue of Inuoluntaries being moued to traueil for the maintenance only and preseruation of their Religion which vppon assured grounds they know to be the true and only sauing profession whereby they serue God aright according to his word and prepare themselues for a more diuine excellent mansion then can be found or conceipted heere on earth the which thing may of all other things in the world held in estimation prescribe against and free them from the opposition of lawes humane and their allegeance in such sort that whether men trauell without commission or licence of the Prince and State to whom they belong or whether contrarie to the expresse cōmandemēt of the State their callings are iustifiable honorable without the titles of fugitiues or rebels so such demeane themselues in sort according to godlines as good subiects before they put themselues to trauel during their perigrination For if it be generally held that faith is to be perswaded not compelled that no man hath power of Religiō seeing that it proceedes from the minde and
and that hath credence with the Prince that is magnanimous and more feared for his vprightnes thaÌ„ hated for his policie according to Machiauel Fiftly being thus known vnto the Councel that he couet not special fauor after the guise of a sycophaÌ„t or after an ambitious maner of any other persons but that he make shew of a constant and an vnderstanding Gentlemen Moreouer though it be requisite to be thus generally knowen of all yet let such take heede to intrude into the friendship of any but with great respect and for good cause vsing modestie and sparingnesse euermore in reuealing of any thing obserued in trauaile vnlesse vpon demands and in vrgent causes and seldome any thing of a strange and incredible nature but to familiars and in priuate Lastly in our sixt point let our Trauailer from time to time procure of other Trauailers Merchants and others such things as they haue obserued for it is a thing impossible for one man to obserue all things fully in a small time required in trauailing to be knowen as we haue considered in the sixe generall points of knowledge comparing them with his owne as with such bookes as happily haue discoursed of them Finally let him plot to haue dayly intelligence if so be hee liue from the Court retired of euery accident forreine and domesticke in the Court Land and Citie by the which the obseruations made in trauaile shal be kept in continuall tilthe and being well husbanded shall occasion at the least sweete contentment the onely pleasure in the world which no worldling can obtaine if not aduancement in the State to doe more good than priuate persons in the Church and Common-weale which is the godly and proper ende of our trauaile and pilgrimage here on earth that thereby God may be singularly glorified the Prince serued the Common-weale and Church benefited and our selues prepared for a greater happinesse then can bee represented in any contentment in this life The which I hartily wish to be respected of all that intend trauaile and to all in all perfection FINIS Trauayling duple Regular trauailing Two orders of Trauaylers Regular Trauailers triple Foure things of Trauailers obserued Two moouing causes efficieÌ„t and finall Three efficieÌ„ts secondary of Trauailers The princes pleasure The maintenance of Religion The hope to do good in the Church and Common-weale Non Voluntaries duple Honorable Non Voluntaries Non Voluntaries not honorable Fiue circumstaÌ„ces required of the honorable Non Voluntaries Vertues and faculties required in Ambassadours Postes Intelligencers Pointes required in Intelligencers Base Intelligencers Men of warre Three generall offices of men of warre To be prouident and faithfull Not to exceed Commission To make true and diligent relation Inuoluntaries vpon displeasure Banished persons of two sorts Their offices in trauaile Such as trauaile for Religion and conscience sake In what cases their trauaile is warrantable Their duties before trauell No licentious humor may presse these forth Right ReligioÌ„ Toleration of Religion To sue for licence of the Magistrate What Countries are best for these to trauaile in Of three one free from danger Their offices in trauaile To serue God sincerely To obey the lawes and discipline Not to change the discipline being once Regular In discipline the doctrine not the policy is to be sought after Not to refuse any honest trad to liue by No excesse to be discouered No Diuers into the politicke gouernement or secrets Neuer to bee noted for idle persons Not trecherous to their owne Prince or Countrie Their offices when they returne Noe busie bodies or moouers of sedition To vse a godly and quiet conuersation Of VoluÌ„taries The moouers of Voluntaries The pleasure of parents The finall and efficient moouing causes considered Two lawfull final moouers The prime The secondarie is duple What times are fit to trauaile in What age is meetest to trauaile in These voluntaries are Nobles or Commons The nobles either make profession or not Foure notable professions Two rankes of Marchants Men of warre their offices The duties of marchants To accommodate their country with good and most needfull thinges Neuer to transport thinges prohibited To conceale the secrets of their Princes states Mechanicke trauailers The offices of Mechanickes in iourneying The consideration of the foure notable professions in noble trauelers Diuines inhibited trauaile but in speciall cases The person of a subiect belongs cheifely to the Princes disposition Foure lawfull pretenses of Diuines to trauaile The generall Counsaile A famous Librarie Ciuilians The offices of Diuines and Ciuilians To be settled and stable in Religion To be studious To take degrees Souldiers Two sorts of good Soldiers A Compleatâ— Souldier The first point of learning in a Souldier The second point of consideration The third The fourth The fift What maketh a good soldier A triple kind of seruice to perfect souldiers Their duties in seruice Note Physicians Two knowledges requireable in Physicians The studie of Physicians Common and accidentall diseases The vertue of Physicians These Voluntaries are to vndergoe sixe poâ—nts before trauaile The first point Fiue principall euil mouers of men to trauaile to be shunned The second point Knowledge Iudgement the enhablers of trauailers Without learning or experience no knowledge Iudgement the collector of profitable things The defect of learning or iudgement what it breedeth The third point Three things appertaine to themselues Qualities duple The necessary For Ornation Their vertues The rules of Art are as faith full helpers of mens memories Musicke rather a qualitie then a Science in trauailers of this kinde The fourth point To be well accomodated of all things needfull To trauell in a priuate fashion most gainefull The fift point What Countries men must resolue to trauell in Two enemies of an estate vpon cause A twofold coÌ„sideration of Countries friends What Countreys afford most gaine to trauell in Why men trauaile into Italy Fiue specialties in the commeÌ„dation of Italy England the best Court Italy a corrupter of men Rome the Forge of euil The sixt point Without the blessing of God men trauaile in vaine In the interim of trauaile sixe things are to be obserued The first The seâ—ond Three preuenters of mischiefes in trauailing Diet. Exercise Sixe things in iourneying to be regarded Moderation of Passion The Law of God the best Counsailer and Physician of the soule The third The fourth What customs are to be followed in other countreys No Customes in forraine States how wicked soeuer are to be publikely withstood The fift What things are chiefly to be exercised The sixt Sixe principall heads of knowledge which are to be learned in trauelling The meanes whereon all policie is grownded The Tongue the first point to be learned Three perfections in Languages What the vnderstanding is of a tongue The State of all Languages at this day The Hebrue tongue the Phoenician or Sarmatian Character Vnder the second Vnder the third Vnder the fourth The deriuation and CoÌ„position of English tongue The
Highnesse continews in these religious vertuous studious paths which God graunt nor circumscribed within the Kings most Ample kingdomes and States but is knowen feared or admired in forrain parts The which as it is a most Soueraine and inexpressible blessing vnto all of these his Maiesties Dominions So vnto mee it shal be the onely studie care to make expressiō of all dutifull alleageance And in the meane seafō to pray vnto God cōtinually for your highnesse to continue for euer in health felicitie and euerlasting glorie And rest during life Your HIGHNES most humble and deuoted Seruant THOMAS PALMER Trauailing is either 1 Regular Of Regular Trauailers some be 1. Nonuoluntaries Sent out by the prince imployed in matters of 1. Peace 1. Honorable 1. Ambassadors 2. Commissioners 3. Messengers 1 To know well 1. From whom they are sent 2. To whom they are sent 3. To be perfect in their businesse 4. Themselues that are sent 5. The Countreys from whom and to whom 2. To practise 1. Eloquence to obtaine 2. Prudence in accusing excusing demanding denying propounding answering c. 3. Liberalitie 4. Honestie 5. Humanitie and Ciuilitie 6. Faithfulnesse Care and 7. Obseruation 2. not Honorable 1. Posts are recommendable for speede and faithfulnesse 2. Intelligencers 1. Base 2. Honest 1. To be expert in the Tongues 2. To resemble all gestures and behauiours 3. To be well furnished of all necessaries 4. To be secret aboue ordinarie 5. To be able to endure all things 6. To keepe themselues from being knowen for Intelligencers 2. Warre 1. Chieftaines and Cōmanders 1. To be alwayes prouident and faithfull 2. Neuer to exceede Commission 3. To make diligent and true relation 2. Common Souldiers 1. To be obseruant to the discipline 2. To make account of his Armes 3. Neuer to mutinie 2. Inuoluntaries 1. Banished persons 1. By the course of the Law 2. By the displeasure of the King 1. Not to murmure for their banishment 2. To depart the land within the time limited 3. Not to trauaile into the countrey that is enemie to their Prince or to God 4. Alwayes to discouer fruits of allegeance to their Prince and Countrey 2 Persecuted for a good conscience must obserue these things 1. Before trauaile 1. To be sure that no licencious affect moue them 2. To be assured that they flie for the trueths sake and that they imbrace the right religion 3. To know that they cannot get a toleration of that right Religion nor to haue libertie of conscience 4. To sue for licence of the Magistrate 5. To resolue to goe into that Countrey where the word of God is preached or into a free estate and neuter 2 In Trauaile 1. To serue God sincerely 2. To obey the lawes of that Countrey 3. Not contending for this or that discipline 4. Not to liue idlely or in excesse 5. Not to intermeddle with the politick gouernment or State 6. Neuer treacherous to their owne Prince or State 3 Being returned from Trauaile 1. No Busie bodies Schismatickes or mouers of Sedition 2. To liue a quiet peaceable and godly life 3 Voluntaries 2 Irregular * Page I. B. The rest of the first Part abstracted Voluntary Regular Trauailers are considered 1 As they are moued accidētally 1 Principally that afterwards they may leade a more quiet and contented life to the glory of God 2 Secondarily regarding ends 1 Publicke which doe consider 1 What persons are inhibited trauaile 1 Such as Nature 1 Infants 2 Decrepite persons 2 Such as Imperfectiō 1 Fooles 2 Madmen 3 Lunaticke 3 Such as the Sexe Women 2 What times to trauaile in are 1 Not fitte When 1 Our Countrey is ingaged with Ciuill warres or 2 The same expecteth forraine warres 2 Fitte 1 When one may reape most profit in shortest time for that hee aimeth at 2 When the Countrey into which wee would trauaile holdeth not ours in iealousie 3 What age is most meete to trauaile in 1 Not the Nonage 2 Not Old age 3 But the Middle age 2 Priuate 2 As they consist Essentially 1. Nobles 1 Generall of whom looke in the second Part. * 2 Special 1 Diuines 1 In what Cases they may not trauaile 1. If there bee preaching of the Gospel in their Countrey 2 If Licence can not bee obtained of the State 3 If godly and learned Professors liue in the State 2 For what pretences they may trauaile hauing obtained Licence 1. To a generall Councell approoued by the State 2 To a famous Librarie 3 To haue conference with such and such famous Learned men 4 To haue conference with such and such Linguists that are famous for the Hebrew and Greeke Tongues 2 Ciuilians 1 To be well grounded in Religion and stedfast in the same 2 To be studious in their obseruations 3 To take Degrees 3 Souldiers 1 Contemplatiue 2 Actiue are to note these things 1 Before trauaile 1 To be expert in the Mathematickes 2 To remoue discōtentednes 3 To be assured that they may be spared 4. To accustome themselues to hardnesse 5 To serue where the Prince most fauoureth 6 To serue in those warres where a man may soonest proue a good Souldier 2 In Trauaile 1 To make diligent obseruation of all things 2 To bee studious in obseruing the discipline 3 Rather to put vp iniuries than to offer any 4 Neither to serue vnder Infidels nor against professors of the Gospel or in an vniust war 5 To vse the warre as no profession but to liue in peace the better afterwards 4 Physicians 1. To make diligent obseruation of all Common and Accidentall things 2 To be aswell expert as learned 3 To be carefull to transplant what may profit their Countrey 2 Commons 1 Merchants 1 Venturers 2 Of Companies 1 To know by what Commodities their Countrey may be benefited 2 Not to transport things prohibited or to bring in vaine and hurtfull matters 3 To conceale the secrets of their Princes State and to obserue of other nations what is meete 3 Men of Warre 1 Not to transgresse their Commission 2 To obserue diligently for Nauigation 3 To make faithfull relation of things needefull 2 Machanickes * The first Part. TRauailing is equiuocable Regular or Irregular Of Irregular trauelling most men finde by experience what it is The Regular is an honorable or honest action of men and in speciall cases of women into forreine Countries and States chiefly for a publike good to that Countrie of which such are and also for a priuate benefit and necessitie in cases necessarie and of commendablenesse In like sort there are deriued from this action of trauelling two orders of Trauellers Regular and Irregular The Regular are threefould Non voluntarie Inuoluntarie or Voluntarie Of whome foure things may bee considered First what ought to be the moouing causes of mens trauell Secondly what courses such as are iustly mooued must vndertake before trauell if they will benefit their Countrie or themselues Thirdly how they ought to spend their times in
of their Prince and Countrie ought to bee contented with meane pompe For such in a strange Countrie are subiect to scoffes and in an Enemies or a Neuters Countrey Iealousie and publique eyes will bee looking on such In the fift place it is required that they resolue to goe into such Countreys the state of which may best like the State of which they are and which may afford them best gaine of knowledge and experience either to reforme in them defects of nature or to benefite most their Common weale And though the enemies policie auaileth most vnto the State of ones Countrey yet when such that haue made their abode there shall returne it is doubtfull how acceptable that may bee For commonly great suspicion tendeth on such long after vnlesse in the interim of their trauailes they carrie themselues with risentiment and respect The Enemies of euery State are two such as stand out in Religion and contrary opinion in the seruice of God and such as iniustice either of not due reuerēce exhibited or of defamation or of preiudice in goods or persons really or collaterally dayly worketh amongst Princes But of Countries to be trauailed into there is a double consideration whose friendships are auaileable to the Common weale to weet Those that neighborhood Religion aliance perpetuall vnitie and such like natural and ciuill bonds haue conioyned in loue league and confederacie and Those which merchandise mutuall commerce and such like foraine policie to benefit each others Land haue linked in amitie Which also are by so much the more fast tied by how much one standeth in neede of another how farre soeuer they bee distant off In these Trauailers shall reape most profit contentation for their Common weale For as he that would learne any facultie had neede to studie the best books that write thereof so a Trauailer that laboreth for the good of his Countrey must frequent those places that afford most points of needfull knowledge and experience And though a wise man may collect out of euery Coūtrie he abideth in some profitable obseruations yet the neighbour countreys of this Iland yeeld more requisite considerations than others Hereof it commeth that by the motions of France Spaine Germany the Lowe Countreys Burgundie and Denmarke this Realme is in action made sensible either of trouble detriment or quiet whereas the troubles of Muscouie the free Townes high Germany Italy Barbary the dominions of the Turke and Persian incommodate this nation little but by diuerting of the trade of merchants another way But as touching those Countreys which afford particular gaine of knowledge and information of maners and ciuill cariage these Trauailers shal find in euery good and orderly gouernment thorow Christendome but singularly here at home in the Courts of France Vniuersities of Germany Spaine and Burgundie And though Italie haue the common prayse for these yet the inconueniences and corruptions that are mixed with the ciuilitie of that Countrey may other wayes perswade men of iudgement And since I seeme to contrary the opinions of many worthy Gentlemen let it not be impertinent here to consider some speciall things cōcerning that State For Italy moueth most of our Trauailers to go and visit of any other State in the world And not without cause it being an ancient nurcerie and shop of libertie the which to the affects of men is precious and estimable Moreouer I find amongst an infinite number of licencious mouers fiue seemly halers of men thither hardly found otherwhere all together The first is the temperatnesse of the aire and fruitfulnesse of the soyle with answerable delights from and in the Countrey Yet we see how slender a thing that is to drawe honourable personages vnlesse necessitie for health sake presse them The second is the speaking of the tongue and residencing in the notable Vniuersities there found As concerning the tongue although it bee an excellent and eloquent speach of many other it may bee to vs least estimable Neuerthelesse in vaine it is to goe so farre for that which at home with small paines may singularly bee attained vnto Moreouer the Vniuersities there are little beneficiall for a Generalist such as these Trauailers not vnworthily arrogate The third is the variable manners and inclinations of the people to ciuilitie and humanitie the which by right of prescription belongeth to that nation of all the world Yet considering the Court of England at this day is the most compleat in all things and vnto all people of other nations Courts in the world and that which can make men if they be as studious therin as abroad to enforme themselues perfect in ciuility good maners obseruant enough both for that the puritie of Religion which is the best Ciuilian and the long continuance thereof with vs hath framed our Nobilitie in fashion and our Prince in State to recommend the Court of England aboue anie that I could euer heare of in all points that are honorable and commendable This is but in shew a fond entiser The fourth is the multiplex and different gouernments and sundrie policies there found namely of Rome of Venice of Naples of Florence of Millane of Genoa of Mantoa of Ferrara of Placentia and Parma of Vrbine and others But these being different gouernments from ours and better described already than any one Trauailer is able to pen downe though this bee of the fiue the principall yet how little it booteth our Sate I leaue to Politicians to resolue The fift and last is the speciall gallerie of monuments and olde aged memorials of histories records of persons and things to bee seene thorowout the Countrey But this being a fantasticall attracter and a glutton-feeder of the appetite rather than of necessarie knowledge I will mention no further thereof Notwithstanding all these together are auaileable were it not for the infinite corruptions almost ineuitable that inuest Trauailers after small abode there as it is reported I know not vpon what ground of the Realme of Ireland Wherefore let these honorable Trauailers frequuent the best places and if so bee they must needes goe thither let them beware of Rome the Forge of euery policie that setteth Princes at oddes or that continueth them in debates little or much the tempter of Subiects to ciuil dissensions the seller of all wickednes and heathenish impieties or the machediuell of euill policies and practises that are vnmeete subiects for these worthy Trauailers to spend their time about As for any good thing which that State can benefit a Trauailer by I haue not heard of otherwise than the loathing of the same afterwards for which pretence no man hath warrant to trauaile thither or other-where Now in the last and sixt place it is required of all Trauailers that they demaund licence and fauour at the hands of God vpon these grounds to protect and blesse them in their iourney and not without the good leaue
of their Prince and parents For if it be a commendable point and duetie for a man to aske his Parents Tutor Master and Prince leaue to trauaile then is it the office of a man to desire the same at the hands of God who is the Souereigne of all those For without his pleasure and consent alasse where are our motions to any good acte or the meanes by which they are aduanced or preserued So that though this be the last considered of vs yet is it the first and best of all things to be respected and performed For since knowledge learning experience honour health prosperitie and all other blessings be the mediate or immediate gifts of God it is a foolishnes for any to perswade and blesse their owne actions without consulting with God the eternall reason that guideth all things to their proper endes yea the dereigled Trauailers to labour in vaine and for a punishment to returne home no better than when they went foorth and peraduenture in many things worse For as the obseruance of his reuealed will encourageth man to goe forward in all godlinesse and commendable actions so the neglect thereof maketh him taste of his secret iudgements prepared for the carelesse and wilfull breakers of his commaund and will Hitherto concerning the generall dueties before trauaile In the interim of trauaile there likewise resteth sixe generall obseruations of these Trauailers for the aduancement of their peregrination Whereof the first is to attempt nothing without consulting with their conscience and imploring the fauour of God that euery action may haue a promise of blessing and acceptation aswell among those with whom such shall liue as of their owne Prince and Countrey when happily they shall returne The neglect whereof openeth the gate to infinite dangers and euils For the feare of God which is an adiunct to this duetie serueth for a curbe to restraine all improuident violent courses that carie men into inconueniences and for a guide to aduise them of all things warrantable honourable and pleasing in the sight of God men and therefore it is requirable that these diligently euery day priuately conferre and consult with God in their spirits and prayers made vnto him The first thus regarding the stay of the soule so the second office respecteth the good health of the bodie whereof Trauailers are not to be carelesse improuident for he that dependeth on fortune exposeth himselfe to many deceits perils losse of time I therfore obserue three preuenters of mischiefes inconueniences to the safety health of Trauailers namely Diet Trauailing or Exercise and moderation of Passions First let the diet of euery man be so moderate as neither the ayre wherein such liue afflict them either with exceeding heate or cold the which in some countreys Trauailers shal meete with but by little and little accustome their bodies to endure the hardnes of the Countrey clime which to contrary bodies is very dangerous suddainly For which cause Auicen the notable naturalist auouched that if a Scythian should violētly in a very short space be trāsported into India either he would suddainly fall sicke or die the which he would not necessarily bee so be it he tooke time in trauaile by land or sea Neither let any continue long in those places where the aire is pestiferous vnlesse their bodies can away therwith For which cause the Cynicke Diogenes reioyced after his banishment that he made a good change to be exiled from Sinope a most piercing and sharpe ayre about the confines of the Euxine sea to liue afterwards in Greece And lastly let the diet of all men for eating drinking sleeping clothing and such like be answerable to euery ones nature that such may alwaies keep themselues in one temper if possibly Winter and Summer the which is the greatest preseruatiue of mans health The second preuenter of inconuenience of health is trauailing from place to place and dayly exercise when such are abiding in any place with moderation and respect For ouer-much labour distill the vitall and animal spirits which is most dangerous For the trauailing from place to place sixe things are to bee regarded First to haue in iourneying if neede require faithfull and honest guides and companions and in speciall cases let such change rayment with their guides Secondly let them of two wayes take the least dangerous and most passeable so as alwayes the neerest way is not the best to bee chosen Hereof the Germanes haue a saying Gut vneg vnih vnar nie krumb and wee haue a Prouerbe not much vnlike The farther way about the neerer way home Thirdly in long iourneys to be prouided of meat and drinke and such like prouisions Therefore those that passe thorow the deserts of Arabia Tartarie Persia Scythia and the Carouans of Swecia and Muscouie make large prouisions and for some passages as in the sea of Sande in Africa and other places men are guided by the Compasse standing in need of Pilots for the passage Fourthly to make prouision against the extreamities of heate and colde that in some places are outragious in which the seasons of the yeere are to be respected Wherefore he that will trauaile thorow Swecia and Muscouie on sleddes vnlesse he shall rub his nosthrils with the snowe and yee to recall and settle his motiue spirits he shall be in extreame danger to lose them thorow the excesse of colde And in the yeere 1498 of seuenty thousand Turkes that made an inrode into Muscouie fourtie thousand suddenly were frozen to death Whereupon the Turkes verily beleeue that the Polonians and Muscouites are defenced by the celestiall powers No person is able to trauell out of doores in the Troglodites land without shooes the ground is so scalding hote insomuch that they roste their meat by putting the same into a brasse vessell and setting it in the Sunne And in the kingdom of Naples and Champain the heat is so great and ayre so pestiferous during Iune Iuly and August till the first raine of September that the better sort will not trauaile though the King commaund them from home Let these suffice for Trauailers to beware thereof vnlesse vpon vrgent necessitie and with good respect Fiftly to be prouided against the rage of wilde beastes and of robbers the which by good companie is the safest way alwayes Lastly to arriue early at their Inne or baite and to looke that the chamber where such lodge be well seated and defended to haue in their chamber a Tinder boxe to light fire or candle and finally vnlesse need require to dissemble departure from the Inne Of this last a man cannot bee too carefull The third and last preuenter of sickenesse and censurer of health is passion which is quadruplex according to the foure complexions generall of men namely Mirth Sorow Anger and Patience the which remedie or continue euery distemperature of the mind And as per antiperistasin bodily discords are tuned
is not much betweene the home States man not hauing spent some time in trauaile the compleate Trauailer for forraine matters Yet herein hath a Trauailer the start of a home States man which is fed by aduertisements only and is ledde by other mens eyes Euen as a Soldier in Action may presume of better euēt then the Theorist whose booke rules in accidentall things faile many times as in particular motions For the eye hath a more perfect sense in iudgement then the eare if the same be rightly considered by iudgement Of these sixe the tongue is the first by right to be discoursed of the right knowledge whereof is somewhat more then wee required such to learne before they vndertooke trauaile For now in the interim of trauaile it is requisite that Trauailers grow in perfection otherwise such as stay at home may ranke with them which is reproachfull The perfection wherof consisteth in three things namely in vnderstanding speaking and writing the same To vnderstand a tongue perfectly is not barely to vnderstand what is read or heard pronounced but to obserue the peculiar phrase idiom constructiō of words and singularly to note whereof the tongue hath his speciall deriuation if it be a deriuatiue or his composition wherin Trauailers cānot be too good Grāmarians For in these dayes there is the true confusion of Babell and languages through the world either deriuatiuely or compositiuely or both And though at all times the like might be auouched howsoeuer there was generally held many ancient Tongues as the Hebrue the Chaldean or Assyrian the Arabian and the Egyptian yet by their characters and composition it is euident that they were all confounded or perished sauing the Hebrue which was the most auncient of all the rest and the spring from which the rest deriuatiuely or compositiuely are descended necessitie and imitation being the parent of these and succeeding languages For Adam the good Grammarian of the Hebrue tongue appropriated words not ad placitum but according to the nature of things and framed a certaine idiome of speach which in his dayes was generally spoken till the confusion of Languages So since other Monarches of the world haue excogitated words according to the light of nature and operation of things vnknowne to perfect their deriued languages by composition and meere inuention Now as we see the simple and vncorrupt Hebrue Tongue was the originall to other Languages and singularly to the Phoenician Chaldean Assyrian these two only differing in that the Assyrian had the purer dialect and rellish of the Hebrue so euerie Monarchie haue arrogated the deriuation and composition of the Tongues subiected vnto them Hereof it comes that the foure Monarchiall tongues are accompted originals by vsurpatiō and not of proprietie namely the Chaldean or Assyrian which in the first Monarchie was famous to particular States subiected gaue words and manners of speach Howbeit the Armenian and Arabian languages held their own though in some wordes and phrases they might be by commerce cōfounded as we see other neighbour Countries through the world borrowe and search from others to appropriate their tongues So was it of the second Monarchie the Persian when not onely the Chaldean becāe corrupted but that Language also was driuen to search after the phrases and words of the Persian till the third Monarchie came vp by Alexander namely the Grecian the singularitie of which tongue for proprietie of words hath deriued it selfe into the veines of all Ciuil Countries but singularly of States tributary making the fourth Monarchie glorious namely the Romaine And this Monarchie stretched it self far and neere We see the generall esteeme of the Latine tongue through Europe giuing as it were deriuation vnto the Italian and Spanish tongues with many proper and apt words making also France Germanie England and other Iles Coūtries fertile by the proper idiom of that tong as tributary States to the same especially wher Colonies or gouernmēts be established Herof it coms to passe that our English tongue hath a smacke of the Britanish which is a deriuatiue from the Grecian or Natolian tongue of the Latine of the Scottish and Pictish of the Danish Gothish Vandalish and Norwegian of the Norman and French tongues and also of the Flemish and Wallonish which though not by conquest yet since the reigne of Henrie the first by permissiō haue inhabited this Land whereof our tongue rellisheth also as in these dayes through commerce and affaires of the Italian and Spanish and Irish tongues howbeit we hold that the Brittish tongue is one of the Eleuen mother tongues in Europe In like sort stāds the French tongue the Italian Spanish Scottish and Dutch though of others the most pure being fallats and good gallimaufries of others tongues according either as they haue beene conquered and gouerned by strangers or thorow comemerce stand in neede of one anothers wordes and phrases Wherof it may be concluded that euerie language in his owne Countrey is most honorable and equally ancient though it be a a deriuatiue quoad tempus but not quoad perfectionem Neuerthelesse we see some Languages more general then other more esteemed here in Europe and that for two causes One through situatiō of the Coūtrie which maketh other neighbour Nations of necessitie acquaint themselues with one anothers Language the which chanceth to few Ilands that they may trafficke and haue commerce Hence the French the high Duch and the Sclavonian tongues are generall tongues passing through many kingdomes and States The like may also bee alleaged for some other States within the Continent that haue been at any time great and enforced others to seeke to them The other cause is thorow the perfection of the tongue as of copiousnes learning cōtained therin the which also make the same generally to bee regarded for necessitie of knowledge or for perfecting their owne barbarisme Hence the Greeke and Latine tongues are so generally taught and learned thorow the greatest parts of the whole world the words and phrases whereof are so well knowen that the Princes of Europe negotiate and contract in writing in the Latine as the Turke with Christian Princes in the Greeke as also for that princes Soueraigne will not yeeld at this day the honour to other Kings than to those that are indifferent and cannot bee challenged of any people And hence haue the French and Italians gotten the starte of vs in that their tongue was sooner refined and cast into bookes of many arts and histories and points of knowledge though at this day the English tongue draweth neere to the glory of the best of them Lastly hence it commeth that the yong Gentlemen of England affect so much the Italian tongue For that containeth spirit of inuention good phrase vtterance and delightfull matter to their appetites But to returne to our point let Trauailers hauing made obseruance of these things concerning the
the employment of their people abroad in forraine warres Out of which let a Trauailer note this secret that such are strong friends and to bee put in trust whereas those States that bee so exceedingly desirous of peace that they neglect the ordinary discipline of warre are either weake and impotent friends or vnsteady and wauering Moreouer from whence an other maine secret ariseth that populous and rich States which chuse rather to yeeld to seruitude by paying tribute taxes and other intolerable burdens then to defend their liberties vnlesse in special cases are neither trustie friends nor great enimies to bee feared For that State which preferreth not his owne libertie cannot be sensible of anothers in such sort as is requireable Lastly concerning the freedome of friends there is a diuers standing namely from miserie and from subiection Of freedom from misery we see most States of Europe at this day vnlesse where vsurpers or tyrants rule and dominiere Of freedom from subiection there is a proper improper constitutiō Those States are properly free whose policie hangeth not vpon any forrain power acknowledging no other superiour than God either in Temporal or Ecclesiasticall matters nor that are tributary or homagial to any forreine State Such at this day is England Moscouy Turkie Persia Tartaria and that of Prester Iean who of the rest vanteth that his Nation was neuer conquered or acknowledged any other forreine Prince Those that improperly are free are such States as either acknowledge other superiour or equall Lord or Lords in Ecclesiasticall or Temporall matters than God their politicall Lord or Lords or are tributary or homagiall in any respect to forreine powers Such in the first sense at this day are France Spaine the Empire Italy Denmarke and all those States that hold of the Pope or Emperour So such of the second clause are those States thorow the world that pay and yeeld a certain taxe homage or tribute for acknowledging and respecting their subiection Hence it may bee inferred that those friends can doe a State little profit that are in distresse themselues as ingaged with intestine ciuil distemperatures or afflicted by an equal or greater enemie as iealous of some great and imminent danger themselues or that be not well disciplined or not at libertie to dispose of themselues without those States to whom they are subiect or in case any of their possessions bee in question as belonging to an other equall or greater Power All which in a word may Trauailers cōfirme to themselues in those States ouer which the Pope hath any stroke who arrogating a power to disioyne the members from the head and to set the Subiects against their Prince can also make debate twixt Prince and Prince State and State Thus much of the first poynt of forreine friends c. to the Countrey into which men trauaile Now touching the second which we named to consist in the knowledge of the ordinarie strength of the State of the Country in which men trauaile there are 4 things cōsiderable the Sufficiēcie of the people Store of commodities not only to nourish the people within the land but to make procure friendship in speciall cases plenty of Munition either offensiue or defensiue and the fulnesse of Treasure Reuenue and Domaine Of these foure we haue handled the three former thorowout our Treatise sufficiently for a Trauailer But the fourth that is to say the Domaine or Treasure wee had neede to touch a little First let it be considered therefore that in Monarchies there is a priuate and a publike reuenue and treasure the publike being dispended for the good of the Common-weale whereas the priuate patrimonie of Princes are dispendable on their necessities priuate yet these are oft confounded But the first that chaunceth to the consideratiō of Trauailers is to note what summe those ioyntly or seuerally doe amount vnto Whereby they shall be able to discerne the riches and pouertie of States computatis computandis This maine secret brocheth three considerations First how and on what the summe is gathered secondly how that is disposed thirdly whether there be not alwayes a reseruation of treasure for the suddaine and needfull vse of those States Touching the first of these we obserue from politicians seuen wayes that amasse publike treasure and reuenew honourably First by reuenue which wee tearm here in Englād the profits of the Crown-lands of Wards Mariages of Reliefs of Eschetes of Fines of Forfeitures of Amercemēts of Iurisdictions ordinary as extraordinarie and such like Secondly by conquest vpō the enemie Thirdly by gifts of friends and wel wishers to the State and Crowne Fourthly by pension and tribute of subiected States and Allies Fiftly by trafficke the which to some States is very gainefull Sixtly by Merchandise and trade of strangers or subiects frō whence ariseth the Impostes Customs vpon euery commoditie brought in or caried out of States Lastly in case of necessity the seuēth may be added wherof in some driuē States there is ordinarie and extraordinarie as for casuall they be included in the former The ordinarie are such as we call Subsides Lones Tenths Fifteenths stipends and asseasments for Souldiers prest The extraordinarie are taxes tallages gabels and beneuolences either imposed vpon particulars or in speciall cases vpon the most in generall Out of all which let Trauailers note what and how much of either and in what order the same are rated leauied and assembled into the treasurie From whence they may collect this and such like secrets That vnlawfull and great impositions and taxes in a free State do oft cause a heart-burning of the Commons and openeth the passage of sedition vnlesse in especiall cases in which there ought to bee a publike ouerture for the same as for the expense Moreouer that may not be ouerslipped Whether the the Princes or States where men trauaile are enforced vppon important accidentes to take vp money by imprestes and borrowinges or by mortgages or at interest For as amongst priuate persons so in publike States more sodainely there groweth a great defect and bankeruptnesse which is subiect to daungers Now as touching the maine secret of employing the treasure and reuenewe of the State in the second place wee finde sixe honorable causes to dispend the same out of which a Trauailer may cull seuerall secrets as the good and orderly gouernement or contrariwise of the Prince or State his or their vertues or vices c. namely Almeshouses and publike reliefe and prouision for the poore of the Realme whereby is discouered a religious and charitable care of such as stand in neede Secondly vpon the honorable and necessarie support of the house-hold and publike Court of the Prince or State which being well husbanded argueth maiestie bountie and wisedome Thirdly vpon reparations and edifications of fortifications and buildings of building ships and shipping and such