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please_v for_o without_o doubt_v this_o be_v very_o grateful_a there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o cause_n some_o be_v more_o general_a and_o undetermined_a such_o as_o the_o humour_n of_o any_o one_o for_o it_o be_v upon_o humour_n that_o every_o one_o common_o regulate_v his_o conduct_n and_o act_n upon_o occasion_n other_o be_v more_o precise_a such_o as_o the_o interest_n of_o those_o that_o act._n and_o last_o there_o be_v other_o which_o be_v more_o immediate_a such_o as_o the_o design_n which_o one_o take_v to_o promote_v or_o hinder_v any_o thing_n these_o different_a cause_n of_o a_o action_n be_v likewise_o frequent_o the_o cause_n of_o one_o another_o every_o one_o take_v up_o those_o interest_n which_o his_o humour_n engage_v he_o in_o and_o form_v such_o design_n as_o his_o humour_n and_o
love_n the_o ambition_n and_o the_o valour_n of_o turnus_n this_o last_o supply_v he_o with_o a_o great_a many_o episodes_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o the_o war_n aeneas_n meet_v with_o in_o italy_n it_o begin_v at_o the_o seven_o book_n and_o be_v not_o over_o till_o the_o end_n of_o the_o poem_n it_o be_v thus_o that_o the_o episodes_n of_o the_o aeneid_n be_v deduce_v from_o the_o fable_n and_o the_o very_a essence_n of_o the_o action_n the_o second_o thing_n we_o say_v be_v necessary_a for_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o action_n be_v the_o unity_n and_o the_o connexion_n of_o the_o episodes_n with_o one_o another_o for_o beside_o that_o relation_n and_o proportion_n which_o all_o the_o member_n ought_v to_o have_v with_o one_o another_o so_o as_o to_o constitute_v but_o one_o body_n which_o shall_v be_v homogeneous_a in_o all_o its_o part_n it_o be_v require_v far_o that_o these_o member_n shall_v be_v not_o contiguous_a as_o if_o they_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o clap_v together_o 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of_o the_o other_o homer_n can_v not_o have_v give_v they_o a_o necessary_a connexion_n and_o continuity_n nor_o have_v he_o spoil_v the_o unity_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n by_o such_o a_o mixture_n but_o he_o give_v we_o a_o complete_a instance_n of_o the_o continuity_n we_o speak_v of_o in_o the_o method_n whereby_o he_o have_v connect_v the_o two_o part_n of_o his_o iliad_n which_o be_v the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n against_o agamemnon_n and_o the_o anger_n of_o the_o same_o hero_n against_o hector_n the_o poet_n will_v not_o have_v due_o connect_v these_o two_o episodes_n if_o before_o the_o death_n of_o patroclus_n achilles_n have_v be_v less_o inexorable_a and_o have_v accept_v of_o the_o satisfaction_n agamemnon_n offer_v he_o this_o will_v have_v make_v two_o anger_n be_v and_o two_o revenge_n quite_o different_a from_o and_o independent_a of_o one_o another_o and_o though_o both_o have_v be_v necessary_a and_o essential_a to_o the_o fable_n to_o make_v it_o appear_v what_o 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rule_n to_o any_o art_n one_o can_v question_v but_o these_o four_o person_n have_v all_o authority_n on_o their_o side_n with_o respect_n to_o the_o epic_a poem_n and_o this_o be_v the_o only_a kind_n we_o shall_v treat_v of_o at_o present_a it_o be_v true_a the_o man_n of_o our_o time_n may_v have_v as_o much_o spirit_n as_o the_o ancient_n have_v and_o in_o those_o thing_n which_o depend_v upon_o choice_n and_o invention_n they_o may_v likewise_o have_v as_o just_a and_o as_o lucky_a fancy_n but_o than_o it_o will_v be_v a_o piece_n of_o injustice_n to_o pretend_v that_o our_o new_a rule_n destroy_v those_o of_o our_o first_o master_n and_o that_o they_o must_v needs_o condemn_v all_o their_o work_n who_o can_v not_o foresee_v our_o humour_n nor_o adapt_v themselves_o to_o the_o genius_n of_o such_o person_n as_o be_v to_o be_v bear_v in_o after-age_n under_o different_a government_n and_o under_o a_o different_a religion_n from_o they_o and_o with_o manner_n custom_n and_o 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their_o allegorical_a expression_n but_o man_n be_v the_o chief_a and_o the_o most_o noble_a of_o all_o the_o effect_n which_o god_n produce_v and_o nothing_o be_v so_o proper_a nor_o more_o useful_a to_o poet_n than_o this_o subject_a they_o have_v add_v it_o to_o the_o former_a and_o treat_v of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o morality_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o do_v that_o of_o divinity_n and_o philosophy_n and_o from_o morality_n thus_o discourse_v of_o have_v art_n form_v that_o kind_n of_o poem_n and_o fable_n which_o we_o call_v the_o epic_a what_o the_o divine_n make_v their_o divinity_n that_o do_v the_o epic_a poet_n make_v their_o morality_n but_o that_o infinite_a variety_n of_o the_o action_n and_o operation_n of_o the_o divine_a nature_n to_o which_o our_o understanding_n bear_v but_o little_a proportion_n do_v as_o it_o be_v force_v they_o upon_o divide_v the_o single_a idea_n of_o the_o only_a one_o god_n into_o several_a person_n under_o the_o different_a name_n of_o jupiter_n juno_n neptune_n and_o the_o rest_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o nature_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n be_v such_o as_o never_o lay_v down_o a_o rule_n for_o any_o particular_a thing_n the_o epic_a poet_n be_v oblige_v to_o unite_v in_o one_o single_a idea_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o person_n and_o in_o a_o action_n that_o appear_v singular_a all_o that_o look_v like_o it_o in_o different_a person_n and_o in_o various_a action_n which_o may_v be_v thus_o contain_v as_o so_o many_o species_n under_o their_o genus_fw-la therefore_o when_o aristotle_n speak_v to_o this_o purpose_n that_o poetry_n be_v more_o serious_a than_o 9_o history_n and_o that_o poet_n be_v great_a philosopher_n than_o historian_n be_v he_o do_v not_o only_o speak_v this_o to_o magnify_v the_o excellence_n of_o this_o art_n but_o to_o inform_v we_o also_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o ibid_fw-la poesy_n say_v he_o teach_v morality_n not_o by_o recital_n only_o as_o a_o historian_n 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a_o misunderstand_a between_o prince_n be_v the_o ruin_n of_o their_o own_o state_n i_o sing_v say_v he_o the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n so_o pernicious_a to_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o cause_n of_o so_o many_o hero_n death_n occasion_v by_o the_o discord_n and_o part_v of_o agamemnon_n and_o this_o prince_n but_o that_o this_o truth_n may_v be_v complete_o and_o full_o know_v there_o be_v need_n of_o a_o second_o to_o back_o it_o for_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o the_o ill_a consequence_n which_o succeed_v a_o quarrel_n be_v cause_v by_o that_o quarrel_n and_o whether_o a_o right_a understanding_n do_v re-adjust_a those_o affair_n which_o discord_n have_v put_v out_o of_o order_n that_o be_v to_o say_v these_o assemble_v state_n must_v be_v represent_v first_o as_o labour_v under_o a_o misunderstand_a and_o the_o ill_a consequence_n thereof_o and_o then_o as_o united_n and_o victorious_a let_v we_o now_o see_v how_o he_o have_v dispose_v of_o these_o thing_n in_o one_o 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hero_n it_o seem_v as_o if_o he_o alone_o be_v more_o proper_o the_o subject-matter_n of_o the_o poem_n than_o all_o the_o rest_n homer_n name_v achilles_n particular_o and_o add_v agamemnon_n to_o he_o as_o we_o hint_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n ulysses_n and_o aeneas_n be_v not_o name_v but_o only_o imply_v and_o that_o in_o such_o general_a term_n that_o we_o shall_v not_o know_v they_o have_v we_o not_o information_n otherways_o that_o they_o be_v the_o person_n for_o what_o do_v the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n say_v concern_v the_o return_n of_o ulysses_n from_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n but_o what_o may_v be_v in_o the_o proposition_n of_o a_o poem_n that_o treat_v of_o the_o return_n of_o diomedes_n this_o practice_n may_v have_v perhaps_o some_o respect_n to_o the_o primary_n invention_n of_o the_o poet_n who_o ought_v at_o first_o to_o feign_v his_o action_n without_o name_n and_o relate_v not_o the_o action_n of_o alcibiades_n as_o aristotle_n say_v nor_o 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troy_n famous_a war_n and_o priam_n '_o s_o fate_n i_o sing_v in_o what_o will_v all_o this_o ostentation_n end_n the_o mountain_n labour_n and_o a_o mouse_n be_v bear_v how_o far_o be_v this_o from_o the_o maeonian_a style_n muse_n speak_v the_o man_n who_o since_o the_o siege_n of_o troy_n so_o many_o town_n such_o change_n of_o manner_n saw_n one_o with_o a_o flash_n begin_v and_o end_n in_o smoke_n the_o other_o out_o of_o smoak_n bring_v glorious_a light_n and_o without_o raise_v expectation_n high_a surprise_v we_o with_o dazzle_v miracle_n the_o bloody_a lestrygon_n in_o humane_a feast_n with_o all_o the_o monster_n of_o the_o land_n and_o sea_n how_o scylla_n bark_v and_o polyphemus_n roar_v horace_n art_n of_o poetry_n english_v by_o roscommon_n and_o in_o truth_n what_o can_v be_v more_o simple_a and_o modest_a than_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n which_o do_v not_o promise_v we_o any_o great_a action_n of_o this_o hero_n but_o only_o the_o danger_n and_o the_o 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grandeur_n here_o it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o in_o any_o glory_n or_o splendour_n as_o in_o that_o trouble_n and_o smoke_n which_o will_v scarce_o let_v we_o see_v it_o beside_o this_o sort_n of_o bombast_n which_o thing_n propose_v with_o too_o much_o glaze_v produce_v or_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o personage_n that_o at_o the_o very_a first_o be_v praise_v unreasonable_o and_o set_v off_o with_o too_o great_a idea_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o that_o respect_v the_o person_n of_o the_o poet._n he_o shall_v speak_v as_o modest_o of_o himself_o as_o of_o his_o hero_n or_o his_o subject_n virgil_n in_o plain_a term_n say_v that_o he_o sing_v the_o action_n of_o aeneas_n homer_n beg_v his_o muse_n to_o inspire_v the_o action_n into_o he_o or_o to_o sing_v it_o for_o he_o this_o be_v all_o claudian_n have_v not_o follow_v these_o exemplar_n etc._n he_o say_v his_o song_n shall_v be_v full_a of_o boldness_n that_o the_o poetical_a fury_n and_o the_o whole_a divinity_n of_o apollo_n have_v so_o swell_v his_o mind_n and_o possess_v his_o sense_n that_o they_o have_v not_o leave_v any_o thing_n human_a about_o he_o that_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n be_v profane_a who_o conversation_n he_o can_v no_o long_o endure_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o such_o like_a stuff_n these_o rapture_n well_o manage_v will_v look_v well_o enough_o in_o a_o ode_n a_o pastoral_n or_o some_o such_o piece_n that_o be_v short_a enough_o to_o preserve_v they_o to_o the_o last_o and_o where_o we_o may_v suppose_v they_o to_o have_v be_v utter_v all_o in_o a_o breath_n but_o a_o poem_n so_o long_o as_o a_o epopéa_n admit_v not_o these_o rhapsodical_a proposition_n from_o a_o poet_n that_o be_v well_o in_o his_o wit_n this_o be_v horace_n doctrine_n who_o will_v have_v the_o proposition_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n be_v simple_a and_o modest_a and_o yet_o he_o stick_v not_o in_o one_o of_o his_o 1._o ode_n to_o do_v what_o claudian_n do_v in_o the_o proposition_n we_o cite_v this_o poem_n of_o claudian_n that_o begin_v so_o ill_o justify_v the_o rule_n which_o horace_n have_v draw_v from_o the_o practice_n of_o homer_n one_o may_v even_o there_o observe_v that_o those_o who_o be_v so_o dare_v in_o what_o they_o propose_v be_v so_o more_o out_o of_o lightness_n and_o vanity_n than_o out_o of_o any_o knowledge_n of_o their_o ability_n and_o art_n and_o that_o common_o they_o be_v the_o least_o able_a to_o keep_v up_o to_o it_o claudian_n be_v not_o able_a to_o carry_v the_o terror_n which_o he_o propose_v as_o the_o subject_a of_o his_o poem_n any_o far_a than_o the_o middle_n of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o that_o internal_a darkness_n which_o shall_v have_v eclipse_v the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n can_v not_o take_v off_o from_o the_o lustre_n of_o the_o
contend_v beside_o these_o sort_n of_o probability_n there_o be_v still_o another_o particular_a one_o which_o we_o may_v call_v a_o accidental_a probability_n it_o consist_v not_o in_o make_v use_n of_o several_a incident_n each_o of_o which_o in_o particular_a be_v probable_a but_o in_o order_v they_o so_o that_o they_o shall_v happen_v all_o together_o very_a probably_n a_o man_n for_o instance_n may_v probably_n die_v of_o a_o apoplexy_n but_o that_o this_o shall_v happen_v exact_o when_o the_o poet_n have_v occasion_n to_o unravel_v his_o plot_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o grant_v the_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n be_v of_o a_o large_a extent_n for_o they_o comprehend_v the_o multitude_n of_o marvellous_a thing_n each_o of_o which_o may_v have_v be_v regular_a in_o the_o particular_a but_o which_o in_o all_o probability_n can_v be_v heap_v up_o in_o so_o great_a a_o number_n and_o so_o small_a a_o space_n it_o be_v likewise_o a_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n when_o a_o incident_a not_o due_o prepare_v though_o it_o need_v it_o be_v bring_v in_o all_o on_o a_o sudden_a a_o desire_n of_o surprise_v the_o auditor_n by_o the_o sight_n of_o some_o beauty_n which_o they_o never_o expect_v cast_v poet_n of_o little_a judgement_n into_o these_o error_n but_o the_o effect_n thereof_o be_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n when_o a_o man_n set_v himself_o to_o seek_v for_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o event_n in_o what_o he_o have_v already_o see_v this_o application_n of_o thought_n take_v away_o all_o the_o pleasure_n it_o will_v vex_v a_o man_n to_o take_v too_o much_o pain_n to_o find_v out_o these_o cause_n but_o much_o more_o if_o he_o can_v not_o find_v they_o out_o at_o all_o and_o when_o at_o last_o the_o poet_n do_v discover_v they_o the_o passion_n be_v weaken_a or_o destroy_v by_o these_o misplace_a instruction_n the_o comedian_n make_v use_v of_o these_o surprise_v more_o frequent_o and_o can_v reap_v some_o advantage_n from_o they_o but_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o epopéa_n will_v not_o away_o with_o these_o petty_a amusement_n all_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v manage_v after_o a_o natural_a way_n so_o that_o the_o incident_n thereof_o must_v be_v due_o prepare_v or_o else_o be_v such_o as_o need_v no_o preparation_n virgil_n be_v exact_a in_o this_o juno_n prepare_v the_o tempest_n which_o she_o raise_v in_o the_o first_o book_n venus_n in_o the_o same_o book_n prepare_v the_o amour_n of_o the_o four_o the_o death_n of_o dido_n which_o happen_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o four_o book_n be_v prepare_v from_o the_o very_a *_o first_o day_n of_o her_o marriage_n lethi_fw-la helenus_z in_o the_o three_o book_n prepare_v all_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o six_o in_o the_o six_o sibyl_n foretell_v all_o the_o ensue_a war_n the_o outrages_a of_o turnus_n the_o misfortune_n which_o be_v to_o happen_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o lavinia_n and_o likewise_o the_o voyage_n of_o aeneas_n with_o evander_n we_o shall_v be_v too_o tedious_a if_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o every_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o admirable_a or_o the_o marvellous_a admiration_n be_v oppose_v to_o probability_n it_o be_v the_o business_n of_o the_o last_o to_o reduce_v every_o thing_n into_o the_o most_o simple_a and_o most_o natural_a order_n whereas_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n we_o never_o admire_v any_o thing_n but_o what_o appear_v extraordinary_a and_o out_o of_o the_o common_a road._n this_o be_v that_o which_o deceive_v some_o who_o to_o make_v their_o hero_n admire_v raise_v they_o to_o what_o be_v impossible_a this_o practice_n meet_v with_o a_o quite_o contrary_a effect_n for_o if_o we_o will_v have_v a_o thing_n admire_v we_o shall_v make_v it_o so_o probable_a that_o it_o may_v be_v conceive_v and_o credit_v we_o never_o admire_v that_o which_o we_o think_v have_v actual_o never_o be_v and_o all_o extravagant_a flight_n put_v we_o upon_o this_o thought_n and_o yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v i_o may_v yield_v too_o much_o to_o reason_n and_o probability_n contrary_a to_o aristotle_n mind_n who_o prefer_v the_o admirable_a by_o far_o before_o they_o let_v we_o see_v what_o he_o say_v about_o it_o and_o let_v the_o world_n agree_v to_o it_o as_o they_o see_v cause_n 24._o it_o be_v requisite_a say_v he_o that_o the_o marvellous_a shall_v be_v in_o tragedy_n but_o much_o more_o in_o the_o epopéa_n which_o in_o this_o go_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o reason_n for_o since_o they_o do_v not_o see_v the_o person_n act_n as_o they_o do_v upon_o the_o stage_n that_o which_o transgress_v the_o bound_n of_o reason_n be_v very_o proper_a to_o produce_v the_o marvellous_a that_o which_o homer_n say_v of_o hector_n pursue_v by_o achilles_n will_v have_v be_v very_o ridiculous_a upon_o the_o stage_n where_o one_o shall_v have_v see_v so_o many_o person_n in_o a_o fight_n look_v on_o hector_n as_o he_o be_v fly_v without_o pursue_v he_o and_o only_o one_o person_n follow_v give_v a_o signal_n to_o the_o rest_n to_o stand_v off_o but_o this_o be_v not_o discernible_a in_o the_o epopéa_fw-la aristotle_n say_v further_a ibid._n that_o these_o addition_n that_o be_v make_v to_o reason_n and_o truth_n for_o the_o raise_n of_o admiration_n be_v likewise_o pleasant_a and_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a how_o natural_a this_o be_v by_o the_o ordinary_a practice_n of_o most_o people_n who_o to_o make_v their_o story_n the_o more_o divert_v and_o something_o or_o another_o of_o their_o own_o invention_n but_o that_o homer_n outdo_v all_o man_n in_o teach_v we_o how_o to_o tell_v these_o sort_n of_o yes_o with_o a_o bon_fw-fr grace_n these_o fiction_n of_o homer_n be_v among_o other_o thing_n such_o as_o horace_n commend_v in_o the_o odysseïs_n and_o which_o he_o find_v to_o be_v equal_o beautiful_a and_o surprise_a join_v together_o these_o two_o qualification_n the_o pleasant_a and_o the_o marvellous_a after_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o we_o have_v observe_v aristotle_n do_v but_o though_o this_o philosopher_n may_v have_v say_v thus_o much_o certain_o he_o never_o design_v to_o allow_v man_n a_o full_a licence_n of_o carry_v thing_n beyond_o probability_n and_o reason_n beside_o without_o do_v he_o the_o least_o injustice_n and_o without_o abate_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o due_a authority_n it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o the_o example_n of_o homer_n which_o he_o propose_v will_v have_v be_v exact_a enough_o for_o virgil_n imitation_n for_o the_o custom_n of_o speak_v by_o fable_n and_o allegory_n even_o in_o prose_n and_o before_o the_o people_n be_v not_o in_o vogue_n at_o rome_n in_o the_o latin_a poet_n time_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o allegorical_a sense_n he_o be_v far_o oblige_v to_o insert_v some_o other_o which_o one_o may_v understand_v simple_o without_o any_o more_o ado_n last_o that_o which_o i_o infer_v from_o the_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n be_v that_o he_o prescribe_v the_o marvellous_a and_o the_o probable_a to_o both_o the_o epic_a and_o the_o dramatic_a poet_n but_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o dramatic_a have_v a_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o probable_a than_o the_o marvellous_a and_o that_o the_o epic_a on_o the_o contrary_n prefer_v the_o admirable_a the_o reason_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v that_o we_o see_v what_o be_v do_v in_o tragedy_n and_o only_o hear_v by_o recital_n the_o adventure_n of_o the_o epopéa_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o consideration_n that_o horace_n order_n poet._n that_o in_o tragedy_n themselves_o the_o two_o surprise_v incident_n such_o as_o the_o transformation_n of_o progne_n into_o a_o bird_n or_o of_o cadmus_n into_o a_o serpent_n shall_v be_v keep_v from_o the_o spectator_n view_n there_o needs_o only_o simple_a narration_n to_o be_v make_v of_o these_o thing_n it_o be_v likewise_o for_o this_o reason_n that_o the_o epopéa_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o machine_n which_o be_v as_o so_o many_o miracle_n and_o exceed_v natural_a probability_n but_o they_o be_v not_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n allow_v upon_o the_o theatre_n we_o add_v further_o that_o if_o for_o the_o better_a please_a the_o auditor_n by_o a_o surprise_v incident_a one_o shall_v transgress_v the_o boundary_n of_o reason_n and_o truth_n their_o mind_n ought_v to_o be_v dispose_v thereto_o by_o something_o that_o may_v set_v they_o so_o far_o beside_o themselves_o that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v impose_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o that_o they_o may_v thank_v the_o poet_n for_o have_v surprise_v they_o so_o pleasant_o this_o be_v what_o mounseur_fw-fr corneille_n have_v observe_v in_o his_o cid_n he_o know_v well_o enough_o that_o he_o can_v not_o bring_v rodrigues_n into_o the_o earl_n house_n who_o he_o have_v but_o just_a then_o murder_v without_o transgress_v against_o reason_n and_o probability_n but_o then_o he_o know_v as_o well_o that_o
mere_a quality_n in_o their_o own_o nature_n produce_v neither_o of_o these_o two_o effect_n such_o as_o valour_n art_n the_o knowledge_n of_o science_n and_o the_o like_a solomon_n can_v still_o preserve_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o science_n even_o when_o he_o be_v become_v a_o idolater_n aencas_n and_o mezentius_n be_v both_o valiant_a yet_o one_o be_v a_o pious_a and_o a_o good_a man_n the_o other_o a_o atheistical_a and_o profane_a fellow_n it_o be_v far_a observable_a that_o among_o the_o inclination_n there_o be_v some_o which_o belong_v more_o peculiarly_a to_o some_o particular_a adventure_n and_o that_o be_v only_o of_o use_n upon_o certain_a occasion_n such_o for_o instance_n be_v valour_n clemency_n and_o liberality_n other_o be_v more_o universal_a and_o appear_v in_o every_o thing_n such_o as_o be_v good_a nature_n and_o a_o passionate_a temper_n for_o a_o man_n may_v be_v passionate_a and_o violent_a not_o only_o in_o war_n but_o at_o a_o council_n board_n and_o upon_o all_o other_o occasion_n as_o achilles_n be_v or_o he_o may_v be_v mild_a and_o good-natured_a even_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o battle_n as_o aeneas_n we_o shall_v call_v this_o last_o species_n of_o general_a and_o universal_a manner_n the_o character_n of_o such_o or_o such_o a_o person_n and_o will_v treat_v of_o it_o more_o particular_o the_o cause_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v either_o whole_o external_n or_o whole_o internal_a or_o they_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o partly_o external_n partly_o internal_a the_o external_n cause_n be_v god_n the_o star_n and_o our_o native_a country_n the_o mix_a cause_n be_v our_o parent_n and_o education_n the_o internal_a cause_n be_v the_o complexion_n the_o sex_n the_o passion_n and_o the_o action_n whereby_o we_o contract_v these_o habit_n the_o effect_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v the_o discourse_n the_o design_n and_o the_o essay_n we_o make_v to_o do_v such_o or_o such_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o good_a bad_a or_o indifferent_a action_n poetry_n be_v not_o the_o only_a thing_n where_o the_o manner_n be_v of_o use_n philosopher_n historian_n geographer_n and_o rhetorician_n treat_v of_o they_o as_o well_o as_o poet_n each_o of_o these_o in_o his_o own_o way_n but_o the_o poet_n have_v need_n of_o all_o and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o thing_n which_o he_o be_v indispensible_o oblige_v to_o be_v acquaint_v with_o that_o he_o may_v make_v his_o personage_n speak_v and_o act_v regular_o whatsoever_o have_v be_v say_v on_o this_o subject_a yet_o i_o can_v whole_o pass_v it_o over_o i_o shall_v only_o content_v myself_o to_o apply_v it_o to_o the_o practice_n of_o virgil._n therefore_o before_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o poetical_a manner_n i_o will_v explain_v at_o large_a what_o i_o have_v propose_v concern_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n and_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o concern_v the_o manner_n that_o be_v foreign_a to_o poetry_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n god_n be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o cause_n in_o general_a we_o shall_v look_v upon_o he_o here_o in_o particular_a as_o the_o most_o universal_a and_o first_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n he_o be_v the_o author_n of_o nature_n and_o dispose_v of_o all_o thing_n as_o he_o think_v fit_a this_o cause_n render_v the_o manner_n of_o aeneas_n good_a even_o to_o admiration_n it_o be_v superfluous_a to_o show_v how_o this_o hero_n be_v favour_v by_o jupiter_n since_o we_o see_v juno_n who_o prosecute_v he_o love_n and_o esteem_v his_o person_n the_o star_n and_o principal_o the_o sign_n and_o planet_n be_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n the_o 1._o poet_n take_v notice_n what_o influence_n they_o have_v upon_o men._n when_o in_o the_o person_n of_o dido_n he_o prove_v from_o they_o that_o the_o tyrian_n be_v not_o so_o dull_a but_o that_o they_o know_v what_o esteem_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v for_o virtue_n but_o be_v it_o by_o chance_n think_v you_o that_o this_o poet_n who_o elsewhere_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o astronomy_n cause_v the_o planet_n to_o act_v in_o favour_n of_o his_o hero_n conformable_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o astrologer_n of_o the_o seven_o there_o be_v three_o that_o favour_n he_o jupiter_n venus_n and_o the_o sun_n all_o three_o act_n visible_o in_o the_o poem_n in_o behalf_n of_o aeneas_n there_o be_v three_o other_o who_o influence_n be_v malignant_a saturn_n mars_n the_o moon_n or_o diana_n if_o they_o act_v it_o be_v indeed_o against_o the_o hero_n but_o they_o appear_v so_o obscure_o that_o one_o may_v say_v virgil_n have_v hide_v they_o below_o the_o horizon_n last_o mercury_n who_o planet_n be_v say_v to_o be_v good_a with_o the_o good_a and_o bad_a with_o the_o bad_a act_v visible_o as_o the_o good_a planet_n do_v but_o he_o never_o act_v alone_o it_o be_v jupiter_n that_o always_o send_v he_o out_o and_o this_o be_v the_o horoscope_n which_o the_o poet_n make_v for_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o three_o external_a cause_n of_o the_o manner_n be_v the_o country_n in_o which_o one_o be_v born_n virgil_n bestow_v great_a commendation_n on_o the_o country_n of_o his_o hero_n and_o advance_v it_o far_o above_o greece_n 2._o as_o long_o as_o troy_n be_v assault_v fair_o by_o force_n it_o always_o remain_v victorious_a it_o be_v only_o the_o fraud_n and_o treachery_n of_o the_o grecian_n that_o gain_v the_o mastery_n over_o the_o generosity_n of_o the_o trojan_n so_o that_o according_a to_o their_o country_n the_o one_o party_n be_v brave_a and_o generous_a the_o other_o knave_n and_o cheat_n the_o one_o civil_a the_o other_o barbarous_a the_o one_o hardy_n the_o other_o nice_n etc._n etc._n after_o these_o cause_n that_o be_v proper_o external_a follow_v next_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n who_o blood_n be_v derive_v down_o to_o their_o child_n we_o can_v say_v that_o the_o parent_n be_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v altogether_o foreign_a to_o the_o inclination_n of_o those_o who_o be_v form_v from_o their_o substance_n let_v we_o apply_v this_o to_o our_o subject_n aeneas_n spring_v from_o the_o royal_a blood_n of_o troy_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o this_o family_n be_v as_o virtuous_a as_o powerful_a but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n these_o two_o thing_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o different_a branch_n ilus_n leave_v the_o crown_n to_o laomedon_n and_o his_o virtue_n to_o assaracus_n priam_n and_o paris_n be_v heir_n to_o the_o first_o anchises_n and_o aeneas_n to_o the_o second_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o poet_n bestow_v upon_o his_o hero_n the_o good_a inclination_n of_o his_o ancestor_n before_o ever_o he_o restore_v to_o he_o the_o regal_a power_n his_o piety_n deserve_v the_o sceptre_n of_o his_o father_n and_o the_o perfidiousness_n of_o the_o other_o branch_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o priam_n family_n be_v extirpate_v the_o innocent_a themselves_o feel_v likewise_o the_o smart_n of_o it_o as_o 3._o virgil_n observe_v of_o polydore_n this_o be_v more_o clear_o express_v by_o the_o greek_a poet._n iliad_n he_o lay_v down_o the_o genealogy_n of_o priam_n and_o aeneas_n and_o add_v that_o jupiter_n hate_v the_o family_n of_o priam_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o aeneas_n be_v to_o command_v the_o trojan_n and_o transmit_v the_o empire_n to_o his_o posterity_n these_o be_v the_o advantage_n aeneas_n derive_v from_o his_o father_n his_o mother_n be_v the_o goddess_n from_o who_o he_o derive_v the_o character_n of_o good_a nature_n and_o meekness_n which_o be_v the_o fine_a ornament_n of_o his_o manner_n parent_n likewise_o hand_n down_o to_o their_o child_n their_o nobility_n which_o often_o make_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o difference_n between_o those_o that_o be_v noble_a and_o those_o that_o be_v not_o now_o that_o which_o happen_v often_o or_o ordinary_o in_o these_o thing_n be_v the_o rule_n which_o the_o poet_n ought_v to_o go_v by_o it_o will_v argue_v ignorance_n or_o childishness_n to_o do_v otherwise_o and_o one_o shall_v fall_v under_o these_o censure_n if_o for_o instance_n one_o shall_v cause_v a_o poetical_a person_n to_o be_v bear_v under_o a_o unlucky_a constellation_n to_o who_o we_o will_v give_v good_a inclination_n and_o a_o happy_a fortune_n whatsoever_o instance_n may_v be_v oppose_v against_o the_o pretend_a doctrine_n of_o astrologer_n yet_o that_o which_o be_v admirable_a and_o extraordinary_a in_o poet_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o contradict_v the_o common_a receive_v opinion_n about_o these_o thing_n education_n be_v another_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o two_o former_a to_o wit_n the_o care_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o parent_n virgil_n have_v not_o forget_v this_o cause_n those_o likewise_o with_o who_o one_o converse_v contribute_v very_o much_o towards_o those_o various_a inclination_n that_o proceed_v from_o education_n whether_o one_o suit_v himself_o to_o their_o humour_n or_o whether_o that_o conformity_n
surely_n seneca_n design_n in_o make_v she_o speak_v thus_o be_v only_o to_o put_v her_o audience_n upon_o admire_v her_o fine_a faculty_n of_o discourse_v pro_fw-la and_o con_n and_o what_o a_o great_a many_o pretty_a sentence_n she_o have_v get_v by_o heart_n let_v the_o case_n be_v how_o it_o will_v since_o he_o have_v a_o design_n to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o nurse_n to_o debauch_v the_o chaste_a resolution_n of_o hippolytus_n he_o make_v she_o speak_v well_o enough_o this_o second_o speech_n and_o he_o reassumes_a the_o poetical_a goodness_n when_o he_o quite_o the_o moral_a goodness_n and_o when_o he_o make_v she_o vent_v such_o profligate_v maxim_n since_o then_o the_o goodness_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o poetical_a manner_n be_v to_o make_v they_o appear_v such_o as_o they_o be_v it_o be_v necessary_a to_o observe_v what_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o discover_v to_o we_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o personage_n the_o first_o thing_n be_v the_o speech_n and_o action_n 15._o there_o be_v manner_n in_o a_o poem_n say_v aristotle_n if_o as_o we_o say_v the_o speech_n and_o the_o action_n discover_v to_o we_o any_o inclination_n the_o poet_n make_v his_o personage_n speak_v and_o act_v as_o he_o please_v so_o that_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v owe_v to_o he_o they_o be_v whole_o at_o his_o disposal_n and_o they_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n when_o the_o manner_n be_v well_o express_v after_o this_o way_n they_o be_v denote_v pure_o and_o simple_o by_o the_o term_n good_a and_o this_o ibid._n goodness_n make_v their_o first_o qualification_n aristotle_n place_n it_o in_o the_o front_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o exact_o observe_v poet._n horace_n likewise_o order_v the_o poet_n to_o be_v exact_a in_o demonstrate_v the_o manner_n the_o second_o thing_n be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o a_o genius_n study_n and_o experience_n give_v we_o of_o the_o inclination_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o each_o person_n according_a to_o the_o complexion_n the_o dignity_n and_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whether_o natural_a or_o acquire_v internal_a or_o external_a all_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o poet_n have_v give_v the_o dignity_n of_o a_o king_n to_o one_o of_o his_o personage_n without_o hear_v he_o speak_v or_o see_v he_o act_n we_o know_v that_o he_o ought_v to_o be_v grave_n majestical_a jealous_a of_o his_o authority_n and_o the_o like_a the_o inclination_n shall_v be_v suitable_a to_o that_o which_o the_o poet_n have_v propose_v and_o poet._n this_o conformity_n and_o suitableness_n make_v the_o second_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n the_o three_o thing_n be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o we_o deduce_v from_o the_o fable_n or_o the_o history_n this_o sort_n of_o discovery_n be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o common_a opinion_n or_o fame_n for_o the_o reason_n we_o have_v already_o mention_v so_o that_o when_o a_o poet_n have_v name_v alexander_n we_o know_v that_o the_o inclination_n of_o this_o personage_n be_v all_o for_o greatness_n and_o glory_n and_o that_o his_o ambition_n be_v large_a than_o the_o extent_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n if_o he_o introduce_v achilles_n we_o know_v he_o be_v angry_a passionate_a and_o impatient_a the_o manner_n of_o these_o hero_n in_o the_o poem_n shall_v be_v like_a to_o that_o which_o fame_n have_v report_v of_o they_o and_o this_o resemblance_n poet._n make_v the_o three_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n last_o because_o the_o poem_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n as_o the_o aeneid_n the_o one_o half_n whereof_o require_v piety_n and_o patience_n and_o the_o other_o violence_n and_o war_n a_o man_n may_v fancy_n according_a to_o these_o so_o different_a state_n he_o may_v likewise_o make_v the_o character_n of_o his_o hero_n different_a and_o then_o the_o manner_n of_o each_o part_n will_v be_v good_a in_o particular_a but_o because_o the_o speech_n and_o the_o action_n of_o the_o first_o part_n have_v discover_v the_o inclination_n which_o the_o poet_n give_v his_o hero_n and_o because_o the_o reader_n see_v it_o be_v so_o in_o the_o fable_n and_o history_n and_o have_v the_o same_o effect_v as_o common_a fame_n this_o will_v be_v to_o offend_v against_o the_o first_o and_o three_o qualification_n if_o we_o change_v the_o character_n that_o be_v know_v from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o poet_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v it_o constant_a and_o even_o that_o be_v such_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o poem_n as_o it_o appear_v to_o be_v at_o the_o beginning_n and_o this_o poet._n evenness_n of_o the_o character_n be_v the_o four_o qualification_n of_o the_o manner_n so_o that_o there_o be_v four_o thing_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o manner_n first_o that_o they_o be_v good_a second_o suitable_a three_o likely_a and_o four_a even_o these_o four_o qualification_n be_v comprehend_v in_o aristotle_n definition_n so_o that_o if_o one_o shall_v transgress_v any_o one_o of_o these_o he_o will_v transgress_v this_o definition_n by_o make_v we_o pass_v a_o wrong_a judgement_n upon_o the_o inolination_n of_o a_o personage_n and_o the_o resolution_n he_o ought_v to_o take_v the_o most_o important_a and_o hard_a thing_n be_v to_o distinguish_v these_o two_o sort_n of_o goodness_n in_o the_o manner_n the_o one_o which_o we_o may_v call_v moral_a goodness_n and_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o virtue_n and_o the_o other_o poetical_a to_o which_o the_o most_o vicious_a man_n have_v as_o much_o right_n as_o the_o virtuous_a it_o consist_v only_o in_o the_o skill_n of_o the_o poet_n to_o discover_v right_o the_o inclination_n of_o those_o he_o make_v to_o speak_v and_o act_v in_o his_o poem_n that_o which_o raise_v the_o great_a scruple_n be_v that_o the_o poetical_a manner_n suppose_v the_o other_o and_o aristotle_n not_o only_o speak_v of_o these_o two_o sort_n in_o his_o poesy_n but_o far_o he_o make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d term_n to_o express_v these_o two_o sort_n of_o goodness_n to_o wind_v ourselves_o out_o of_o this_o difficulty_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o begin_v here_o by_o examine_v whether_o according_a to_o aristotle_n the_o poetical_a hero_n ought_v necessary_o to_o be_v a_o honest_a and_o virtuous_a man._n for_o if_o this_o be_v not_o so_o then_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o when_o aristotle_n require_v for_o the_o first_o and_o most_o principal_a quality_n of_o the_o manner_n that_o they_o be_v good_a he_o will_v not_o be_v understand_v to_o speak_v of_o that_o moral_a goodness_n which_o make_v man_n good_a and_o which_o be_v inseparable_a from_o virtue_n so_o that_o though_o we_o do_v not_o perhaps_o penetrate_v through_o all_o the_o obscurity_n of_o this_o expression_n yet_o we_o shall_v at_o least_o know_v the_o bottom_n of_o his_o thought_n and_o since_o this_o question_n be_v necessary_a we_o shall_v not_o stick_v to_o add_v reason_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o other_o to_o that_o of_o aristotle_n and_o that_o will_v establish_v it_o the_o better_a chap._n v._o whether_o the_o hero_n of_o the_o poem_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o honest_a man_n or_o no_o this_o question_n will_v seem_v unreasonable_a to_o those_o who_o have_v but_o one_o single_a idea_n of_o their_o hero_n and_o who_o acknowledge_v none_o of_o that_o name_n but_o those_o excellent_a man_n who_o be_v endue_v with_o every_o virtue_n be_v master_n of_o their_o passion_n and_o all_o their_o inclination_n and_o who_o a_o excellent_a and_o divine_a nature_n raise_v above_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n but_o neither_o the_o ancient_a poet_n nor_o the_o master_n of_o this_o art_n ever_o think_v of_o place_v their_o hero_n in_o so_o high_a a_o sphere_n without_o think_v it_o lawful_a to_o put_v they_o in_o a_o low_a form_n it_o be_v requisite_a then_o to_o make_v the_o same_o distinction_n between_o a_o hero_n in_o morality_n and_o a_o hero_n in_o poetry_n as_o we_o do_v between_o moral_a and_o poetical_a goodness_n and_o to_o say_v that_o achilles_n and_o mezentius_n have_v as_o much_o right_n to_o the_o poetical_a goodness_n as_o ulysses_n and_o aeneas_n so_o that_o these_o two_o cruel_a and_o unjust_a man_n be_v as_o regular_a hero_n of_o poetry_n as_o these_o two_o prince_n that_o be_v so_o just_a so_o wise_a and_o so_o good_n in_o the_o poem_n itself_o this_o term_n admit_v of_o two_o sense_n sometime_o it_o signify_v indifferent_o all_o the_o person_n of_o note_n so_o that_o not_o only_a aeneas_n and_o turnus_n but_o likewise_o entellus_n in_o the_o sport_n of_o the_o five_o book_n and_o misenus_n the_o trumpeter_n of_o aeneas_n in_o the_o six_o be_v style_v hero_n by_o the_o poet._n but_o though_o the_o name_n of_o hero_n may_v be_v also_o bestow_v on_o other_o personage_n yet_o there_o be_v so_o particular_a a_o application_n of_o it_o make_v to_o the_o first_o that_o when_o one_o
of_o aeneas_n or_o to_o lay_v it_o again_o so_o likewise_o a_o woman_n stab_v to_o the_o heart_n with_o a_o poniard_n as_o dido_n be_v may_v very_o well_o die_v of_o the_o wound_n without_o iris_n be_v send_v by_o juno_n to_o clip_v a_o lock_n of_o hair_n off_o her_o head_n a_o ship_n well_o man_v and_o near_o the_o haven_n may_v without_o any_o miracle_n enter_v in_o before_o another_o that_o be_v far_o off_o it_o be_v therefore_o without_o any_o necessity_n that_o the_o poet_n make_v use_v of_o the_o god_n therein_o and_o say_v that_o mnestheus_n will_v have_v gain_v the_o prize_n perhaps_o have_v not_o cloanthes_n put_v up_o so_o many_o vow_n and_o have_v not_o so_o many_o sea-god_n that_o hear_v he_o lend_v he_o a_o help_a hand_n virgil_n make_v use_v of_o several_a way_n from_o whence_o one_o may_v discover_v there_o be_v necessity_n for_o machine_n sometime_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v do_v by_o a_o god_n be_v necessary_a but_o it_o may_v as_o well_o have_v be_v do_v by_o a_o mortal_a aeneas_n shall_v be_v inform_v of_o what_o have_v happen_v to_o dido_n but_o there_o be_v no_o need_n that_o venus_n shall_v disguise_v herself_o under_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o tyrrhenian_a damsel_n that_o be_v hunt_v in_o a_o wood._n a_o mere_a damsel_n may_v have_v inform_v he_o and_o it_o be_v thus_o that_o we_o ought_v to_o interpret_v the_o change_n of_o the_o god_n into_o men._n these_o be_v the_o way_n whereby_o poet_n express_v themselves_o a_o historian_n will_v say_v that_o beroe_n excite_v the_o other_o trojan_a dame_n to_o fire_v their_o fleet_n and_o a_o poet_n say_v that_o iris_n send_v express_v by_o juno_n take_v upon_o she_o the_o shape_n of_o beroe_n sometime_o the_o action_n ascribe_v to_o a_o deity_n can_v be_v do_v by_o a_o mere_a man_n but_o then_o this_o action_n shall_v not_o be_v at_o all_o necessary_a a_o mere_a mortal_n can_v transform_v the_o ship_n of_o aeneas_n into_o nymph_n but_o then_o whether_o they_o be_v thus_o transform_v or_o whether_o they_o be_v destroy_v by_o fire_n still_o they_o be_v lose_v nor_o can_v any_o one_o see_v what_o alteration_n one_o of_o these_o two_o incident_n will_v have_v cause_v in_o the_o affair_n of_o aeneas_n more_o than_o the_o other_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v the_o infernal_a shade_n of_o the_o six_o book_n the_o fury_n that_o be_v send_v by_o jupiter_n to_o turnus_n and_o several_a other_o we_o may_v therefore_o conclude_v that_o a_o machine_n in_o the_o epic_a poem_n be_v not_o a_o invention_n to_o wind_v one_o self_n out_o of_o any_o difficulty_n that_o be_v intricate_a affect_v and_o proper_a to_o some_o part_n of_o the_o poem_n but_o that_o it_o be_v the_o presence_n of_o a_o deity_n and_o some_o supernatural_a extraordinary_a action_n which_o the_o poet_n insert_v into_o almost_o all_o the_o incident_n of_o his_o work_n to_o make_v it_o look_v more_o majestical_a and_o surprise_v and_o to_o give_v his_o reader_n a_o lesson_n of_o piety_n and_o virtue_n this_o mixture_n shall_v be_v so_o make_v that_o one_o may_v retrench_v the_o machine_n without_o cut_v off_o any_o thing_n from_o the_o action_n chap._n vi_o whether_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o god_n be_v any_o disparagement_n to_o the_o hero_n the_o care_n of_o our_o poet_n in_o make_v the_o action_n and_o design_n of_o their_o hero_n to_o succeed_v by_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o god_n put_v i_o upon_o add_v the_o follow_a reflection_n to_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v one_o will_v think_v there_o be_v no_o question_n to_o be_v make_v whether_o the_o love_n and_o favour_n of_o god_n be_v a_o honour_n or_o a_o disparagement_n to_o those_o he_o thus_o love_v and_o favour_n and_o yet_o we_o suffer_v ourselves_o to_o be_v so_o far_o prepossess_v with_o sensible_a and_o ordinary_a thing_n that_o we_o become_v liable_a to_o more_o extravagant_a thought_n we_o judge_v of_o the_o justice_n the_o favour_n and_o if_o i_o may_v so_o say_v of_o the_o duty_n of_o god_n just_a as_o we_o do_v of_o the_o 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