Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	great_a	let_v	see_v	3,350	5	3.0636	3	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60281	The hydrostaticks, or, The weight, force, and pressure of fluid bodies, made evident by physical, and sensible experiments together vvith some miscellany observations, the last whereof is a short history of coal, and of all the common, and proper accidents thereof, a subject never treated of before / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1672 (1672)	Wing S3854; ESTC R38925	208,492	331

by_o the_o agitation_n of_o a_o man_n body_n that_o sometime_o abundance_n of_o air_n be_v see_v to_o ascend_v up_o through_o the_o pipe_n which_o in_o effect_n make_v the_o cylinder_n short_a than_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v but_o if_o so_o be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o pipe_n be_v immerge_v among_o quicksilver_n contain_v in_o a_o glass_n with_o a_o narrow_a orifice_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v stop_v complete_o you_o will_v find_v no_o reciprocation_n at_o all_o and_o to_o make_v all_o thing_n the_o more_o sure_a the_o glass_n may_v be_v fill_v up_o either_o with_o mercury_n or_o with_o water_n above_o the_o mercury_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o cylinder_n in_o the_o downcoming_a or_o in_o the_o up-going_a shall_v remain_v immovable_a beside_o the_o stop_n of_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o say_a glass_n you_o may_v have_v a_o wide_a vessel_n that_o may_v receive_v the_o same_o glass_n into_o it_o and_o it_o be_v full_a of_o water_n may_v so_o cover_v the_o seal_a orifice_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o hazard_n of_o any_o air_n come_v in_o or_o this_o experiment_n may_v be_v first_o try_v at_o the_o root_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o have_v stop_v complete_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o vessel_n the_o whole_a engine_n may_v be_v carry_v up_o to_o the_o top_n where_o you_o will_v find_v the_o mercury_n subside_o and_o fall_v down_o so_o much_o namely_o after_o the_o say_a orifice_n be_v open_v for_o as_o the_o stop_n of_o the_o orifice_n at_o the_o root_n of_o the_o hill_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o that_o same_o degree_n of_o pressure_n remain_v in_o the_o stagnant_a liquor_n so_o the_o open_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o become_v less_o this_o experiment_n let_v we_o see_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o be_v as_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n namely_o the_o further_a down_o the_o great_a and_o the_o further_o up_o the_o less_o and_o therefore_o as_o by_o come_v up_o to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o 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the_o sky_n red_a but_o clear_a also_o and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o pendulum_n clock_n i_o have_v observe_v his_o body_n to_o be_v long_o in_o set_v than_o it_o ought_v by_o eight_o minute_n and_o sometime_o by_o ten_o and_o his_o diameter_n long_o in_o go_v out_o of_o sight_n than_o it_o ought_v by_o two_o and_o sometime_o by_o three_o minute_n the_o reason_n of_o these_o phenomena_n must_v be_v the_o refraction_n unquestionable_o observation_n vi._n upon_o saturday_n evening_n the_o 30_o of_o july_n 1670_o and_o the_o night_n follow_v till_o about_o two_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o sabbath_n morning_n there_o fall_v out_o a_o considerable_a rain_n with_o great_a thunder_n and_o many_o lightning_n about_o sunset_n the_o convocation_n of_o black_a cloud_n appear_v first_o towards_o the_o horizon_n in_o the_o south-west_n with_o several_a lightning_n and_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o that_o point_n carry_v the_o cloud_n and_o rain_n over_o mid_a and_o east-lothian_n towards_o the_o firth_n and_o sea-coast_n about_o 9_o a_o clock_n the_o whole_a heaven_n almost_o be_v cover_v with_o dark_a cloud_n yet_o the_o rain_n be_v not_o very_o great_a neither_o be_v the_o thunder_n clap_v frequent_a but_o every_o five_o or_o six_o second_v of_o time_n a_o large_a and_o great_a lightning_n break_v out_o but_o before_o the_o thunder_n crack_n be_v hear_v which_o happen_v every_o four_o or_o five_o minute_n the_o lightning_n be_v so_o terrible_a for_o greatness_n and_o brightness_n that_o it_o may_v have_v breed_v astonishment_n and_o because_o the_o night_n be_v very_o dark_a and_o the_o lightning_n very_o splendid_a a_o man_n may_v have_v perceive_v house_n and_o cornfield_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n and_o if_o any_o have_v resolve_v to_o catch_v it_o in_o the_o break_n out_o it_o do_v so_o dazzle_v the_o eye_n that_o for_o half_a a_o minute_n he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o see_v any_o thing_n about_o he_o sometime_o the_o lightning_n that_o go_v before_o the_o thunder_n break_v forth_o from_o the_o cloud_n like_o a_o long_a spout_n of_o fire_n or_o rather_o like_o a_o long_a flame_n raise_v high_a with_o a_o smith_n bellows_o but_o do_v not_o continue_v long_o in_o sight_n such_o a_o one_o above_o the_o firth_n be_v see_v to_o spout_v downward_o upon_o the_o sea_n sometime_o there_o appear_v from_o the_o one_o end_n of_o the_o cloud_n to_o the_o other_o a_o hiatus_fw-la or_o wide_a open_n all_o full_a of_o fire_n in_o form_n of_o a_o long_a furrow_n or_o branch_n of_o a_o river_n not_o straight_o but_o crooked_a i_o suppose_v the_o breadth_n of_o it_o in_o itself_o will_v have_v be_v twenty_o pace_n and_o more_o and_o the_o length_n of_o it_o five_o or_o six_o hundred_o pace_n the_o duration_n of_o it_o will_v have_v be_v about_o a_o second_o of_o time_n sometime_o a_o man_n may_v have_v perceive_v the_o nether_a side_n of_o the_o cloud_n before_o the_o crack_n come_v all_o speckled_a with_o stream_n of_o fire_n here_o and_o there_o like_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n where_o moorburn_a be_v which_o break_v forth_o into_o a_o lightning_n but_o there_o be_v one_o after_o which_o follow_v a_o terrible_a thunder_n crack_v which_o far_o exceed_v all_o the_o rest_n for_o quantity_n and_o splendour_n it_o break_v out_o from_o the_o cloud_n be_v shoot_v from_o north_n to_o south_n in_o form_n of_o fire_n from_o a_o great_a cannon_n but_o in_o so_o great_a quantity_n as_o if_o a_o gun_n ten_o foot_n wide_a with_o 500_o pound_n weight_n of_o powder_n in_o it_o have_v be_v fire_v and_o sure_o the_o lightning_n behove_v to_o be_v far_o great_a in_o itself_o see_v it_o appear_v so_o great_a at_o so_o great_a a_o distance_n it_o do_v not_o evanish_v in_o a_o instant_n like_o the_o fire_n of_o a_o gun_n but_o continue_v about_o a_o second_o and_o a_o half_a by_o reason_n it_o seem_v that_o it_o can_v not_o break_v out_o all_o at_o once_o this_o do_v so_o dazzle_v the_o sight_n that_o for_o half_a a_o minute_n almost_o nothing_o be_v see_v but_o like_o a_o white_a mist_n fly_v before_o the_o eye_n the_o whole_a country_n about_o be_v see_v distinct_o all_o these_o great_a lightning_n be_v see_v a_o considerable_a time_n before_o the_o crack_n be_v hear_v sometime_o 30_o second_n number_v by_o the_o pendulum_n clock_n interveened_a namely_o when_o the_o thunder_n be_v at_o a_o distance_n about_z 7_o or_o 8_o mile_n sometime_o 15_o or_o 16_o only_o interveen_v but_o when_o the_o thunder_n be_v just_a above_o our_o head_n no_o more_o pass_v than_o 7_o or_o 8_o which_o seem_v to_o demonstrat_fw-la that_o these_o thick_a black_a cloud_n out_o of_o which_o the_o thunder_n break_v be_v not_o a_o scottish_a mile_n from_o the_o earth_n when_o they_o be_v direct_o above_o we_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o in_o all_o lightning_n and_o thundering_n there_o be_v no_o smoke_n to_o be_v see_v which_o seem_v to_o evince_v that_o the_o matter_n whereof_o they_o be_v generate_v must_v be_v most_o pure_a and_o subtle_a who_o know_v but_o this_o country_n that_o abound_v with_o coal_n may_v occasion_v more_o thunder_n and_o lightning_n than_o other_o place_n namely_o by_o send_v up_o sulphurous_a exhalation_n to_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n wherewith_o the_o coal-mine_n abound_v observation_n vii_o this_o be_v a_o method_n for_o find_v out_o the_o true_a south_n and_o north_n point_n which_o be_v in_o effect_n very_o difficult_a to_o know_v take_v therefore_o four_o piece_n of_o timber_n each_o one_o of_o they_o five_o foot_n long_o and_o about_o six_o inch_n thick_a square-wise_a sharpen_v their_o end_n and_o fix_v they_o so_o in_o the_o ground_n that_o they_o may_v stand_v perpendicular_a and_o as_o near_o to_o south_n and_o north_n by_o a_o magnetic_a needle_n

inch_n in_o diameter_n and_o which_o be_v the_o just_a weight_n also_o of_o each_o pillar_n of_o air_n by_o which_o the_o two_o vessel_n be_v keep_v together_o which_o will_v be_v more_o weight_n than_o seven_o hogshead_n full_a of_o water_n this_o be_v easy_o know_v for_o see_v a_o quart_n of_o our_o measure_n weigh_v seven_o pound_n or_o to_o speak_v strict_o six_o pound_n fourteen_o ounce_n see_v the_o standard-jug_n of_o strivil_v contain_v three_o pound_n seven_o ounce_n of_o water_n a_o gallon_n must_v weigh_v 28_o pound_n but_o 16_o time_n 28_o be_v 448._o a_o puncheon_n then_o full_a of_o water_n weigh_v 448_o pound_n if_o then_o you_o divide_v 3192_o by_o 448_o you_o will_v find_v more_o than_o 7._o the_o 9_o horse_n then_o upon_o this_o side_n have_v 3192_o pound_n weight_n to_o draw_v or_o 199_o stone_n or_o the_o weight_n of_o seven_o hogshead_n full_a of_o water_n the_o other_o 9_o horse_n upon_o the_o other_o side_n have_v as_o much_o to_o pull_v it_o be_v no_o wonder_n then_o to_o see_v so_o much_o difficulty_n and_o pain_n to_o make_v a_o separation_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o before_o the_o air_n be_v exsuct_v and_o draw_v out_o of_o the_o two_o vessel_n one_o man_n be_v able_a to_o pull_v they_o asunder_o with_o his_o hand_n only_o nay_o which_o be_v more_o if_o he_o but_o blow_v into_o they_o as_o a_o man_n do_v into_o a_o bladder_n he_o will_v separat_fw-la they_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o air_n within_o be_v of_o as_o great_a force_n as_o the_o air_n without_o it_o be_v observable_a next_o that_o the_o large_a the_o vessel_n be_v in_o diameter_n the_o more_o strength_n be_v require_v to_o pull_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o upon_o supposition_n then_o they_o be_v 4_o foot_n wide_a i_o very_o believe_v 30_o yoke_n of_o ox_n upon_o every_o side_n will_v hardly_o disjoin_v they_o because_o the_o weight_n of_o each_o pillar_n of_o air_n will_v be_v no_o less_o than_o 22844_o pound_n which_o will_v take_v 63_o strong_a horse_n to_o overcome_v the_o force_n of_o it_o to_o pull_v the_o one_o vessel_n therefore_o from_o the_o other_o there_o must_v be_v 126_o horse_n that_o be_v 63_o on_o every_o side_n observation_n xix_o though_o this_o observation_n may_v seem_v useless_a because_o the_o proposal_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o it_o can_v be_v make_v out_o and_o bring_v to_o pass_v the_o author_n have_v die_v before_o he_o have_v encouragement_n to_o prosecute_v they_o yet_o for_o these_o follow_a reason_n i_o have_v adventure_v to_o insert_v it_o here_o first_o that_o other_o may_v either_o be_v mind_v to_o find_v out_o if_o possible_a his_o invention_n or_o set_v a_o work_n to_o find_v out_o something_n that_o may_v be_v as_o useful_a next_o because_o he_o be_v one_o of_o this_o same_o nation_n and_o a_o great_a master_n of_o the_o mathematics_n not_o only_o in_o the_o speculative_a but_o in_o the_o practical_a part_n chief_o and_o admirable_a for_o invention_n and_o for_o this_o cause_n principal_o i_o have_v 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they_o live_v then_o be_v they_o far_o more_o to_o be_v commend_v and_o if_o this_o be_v not_o such_o knowledge_n be_v of_o small_a advantage_n to_o themselves_o or_o other_o many_o of_o the_o ancient_n and_o late_a astronomer_n have_v be_v and_o be_v famous_a for_o practice_n as_o witness_v the_o indefatigable_a pain_n they_o have_v be_v at_o in_o make_v their_o observation_n what_o have_v so_o high_o commend_v merchiston_n over_o all_o europe_n as_o his_o invention_n especial_o his_o logarithme_n and_o if_o all_o be_v true_a that_o be_v report_v which_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v he_o may_v have_v be_v more_o renown_v for_o his_o many_o excellent_a engine_n which_o though_o useful_a yet_o because_o hurtful_a to_o mankind_n he_o bury_v with_o himself_o i_o be_o confident_a if_o the_o author_n of_o these_o proposal_n have_v have_v time_n to_o have_v prosecute_v they_o he_o will_v have_v be_v celebrate_v in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o most_o famous_a mathematician_n of_o his_o time_n but_o leave_v this_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o they_o in_o his_o own_o word_n but_o first_o his_o apology_n these_o bold_a proposal_n will_v need_v perhaps_o a_o apology_n to_o such_o to_o who_o the_o cause_n and_o circumstance_n be_v unknown_a let_v it_o suffice_v that_o the_o proposer_n find_v himself_o between_o two_o extreme_n either_o to_o leave_v unprosecute_v this_o affair_n for_o fear_v of_o be_v mistake_v by_o some_o as_o impudent_a or_o to_o commit_v himself_o open_o to_o the_o charitable_a judgement_n of_o other_o who_o will_v suspend_v their_o censure_n till_o they_o have_v see_v what_o his_o endeavour_n will_v produce_v he_o have_v rather_o choose_v this_o last_o especial_o consider_v that_o his_o silence_n can_v not_o answer_v to_o his_o duty_n which_o he_o owe_v to_o his_o country_n service_n see_v the_o follow_a engine_n may_v be_v so_o useful_a to_o it_o a_o deduction_n of_o the_o fabric_n cause_n and_o occasion_n of_o these_o new_a engine_n that_o set_v the_o inventor_n a-work_o will_v take_v a_o long_a time_n to_o discourse_n upon_o this_o paper_n therefore_o be_v only_o destine_v for_o a_o short_a information_n of_o their_o use_n the_o rest_n which_o can_v not_o here_o be_v insert_v without_o impertinency_n may_v be_v supply_v afterward_o if_o need_v be_v either_o by_o a_o discourse_n or_o by_o a_o particular_a demonstration_n the_o proposer_n than_o be_v of_o opinion_n if_o self-love_n of_o his_o own_o invention_n do_v not_o blind_v his_o judgement_n that_o these_o paradox_n may_v be_v true_o affirm_v that_o if_o it_o shall_v please_v his_o majesty_n to_o arm_v with_o these_o new_a arm_n and_o engine_n 500_o foot_n or_o few_o this_o small_a number_n shall_v be_v master_n of_o the_o field_n in_o france_n germany_n spain_n or_o where_o else_o it_o shall_v please_v his_o majesty_n however_o encounter_v by_o the_o most_o powerful_a army_n of_o horse_n or_o foot_n arm_v with_o ordinary_a arm_n of_o pistol_n carabine_n pike_n musket_n which_o 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and_o a_o half_a of_o air_n n_o g_o be_v as_o heavy_a as_o the_o 25_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o water_n that_o be_v go_v this_o make_v it_o evident_a also_o that_o when_o the_o pipe_n be_v half_a full_a of_o water_n as_o e_o k_o the_o air_n i_o g_o have_v the_o weight_n of_o 952_o pound_n because_o e_z be_v in_o itself_o 1904_o but_o be_v burden_v with_o e_o k_o 952_o it_o can_v make_v the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n k_o press_v upon_o i_o with_o more_o weight_n than_o 952_o and_o therefore_o by_o the_o 20_o theorem_fw-la the_o air_n g_o i_o must_v weigh_v 952_o likewise_o i_o affirm_v eighthly_a that_o when_o the_o pipe_n be_v full_a of_o water_n from_o e_z to_z g_z if_o a_o man_n poise_v it_o in_o his_o hand_n he_o do_v not_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n e_o g._n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o it_o be_v sustain_v by_o the_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n e._n but_o if_o the_o air_n e_o sustain_v it_o my_o hand_n can_v sustain_v it_o i_o find_v then_o only_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o tub_n but_o not_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n within_o it_o i_o say_v ninthly_a that_o when_o i_o poise_v the_o say_a tub_n i_o find_v the_o whole_a weight_n of_o the_o pillar_n of_o air_n l_o m_o which_o be_v exact_o 1904_o pound_n i_o prove_v it_o thus_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o a_o fluid_a be_v then_o only_o find_v when_o there_o be_v not_o a_o potentia_fw-la to_o counterpoise_v it_o or_o at_o least_o when_o the_o potentia_fw-la be_v inferior_a to_o the_o pondus_fw-la but_o there_o be_v here_o no_o potentia_fw-la counterpoise_v the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o air_n l_o m._n therefore_o i_o must_v find_v the_o weight_n of_o it_o when_o i_o lift_v up_o the_o tub._n the_o major_a proposition_n be_v clear_a from_o the_o ten_o theorem_fw-la it_o be_v evident_a also_o from_o common_a experience_n for_o while_o a_o balance_n be_v hang_v upon_o a_o nail_n with_o six_o pound_n in_o the_o one_o scale_n and_o nothing_o in_o the_o other_o you_o will_v find_v the_o 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force_n it_o can_v have_v to_o counterbalance_n l_o m_o be_v from_o the_o surface_n of_o air_n e_o but_o this_o be_v in_o equilibrio_n with_o it_o already_o i_o say_v that_o the_o air_n l_o m_o be_v exact_o 1904_o pound_n weight_n this_o also_o be_v evident_a because_o it_o be_v just_a of_o these_o same_o dimension_n with_o the_o air_n f_o h._n if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o air_n l_o m_o must_v be_v thick_a see_v its_o equal_a to_o

the_o hydrostaticks_n or_o the_o weight_n force_n and_o pressure_n of_o fluid_a body_n make_v evident_a by_o physical_a and_o sensible_a experiment_n together_o with_o some_o miscellany_n observation_n the_o last_o whereof_o be_v a_o short_a history_n of_o coal_n and_o of_o all_o the_o common_a and_o proper_a accident_n thereof_o a_o subject_a never_o treat_v of_o before_o by_o g._n s._n edinburgh_n print_v by_o george_n swintoun_n james_n glen_n and_o thomas_n brown_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1672._o g._n sinclari_fw-la p._n professoris_fw-la hydrostatica_fw-la edinburgi_n ann._n dom._n 1672_o intus_fw-la se_fw-la vasti_fw-la proteus_n tegit_fw-la obice_fw-la saxi_fw-la to_o my_o very_a honourable_a and_o noble_a lord_n robert_z viscount_n of_o oxfuird_n lord_n mackgill_n of_o cousland_n etc._n etc._n my_o noble_a lord_n the_o first_o application_n i_o make_v be_v for_o pardon_n that_o i_o have_v adventure_v to_o prefix_v your_o name_n to_o the_o frontispiece_n of_o this_o work_n which_o 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favour_n and_o assurance_n of_o your_o affection_n and_o skill_n to_o love_v it_o and_o understand_v it_o both_o which_o be_v conspicuous_a the_o first_o in_o your_o encouragement_n to_o all_o learning_n the_o other_o in_o your_o capacity_n and_o understanding_n to_o comprehend_v whatever_o you_o encourage_v though_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v be_v much_o embolden_v to_o offer_v this_o dedication_n to_o your_o lordship_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o your_o own_o heroic_a virtue_n yet_o i_o must_v not_o pass_v over_o in_o silence_n a_o most_o special_a motive_n which_o to_o i_o shall_v be_v the_o last_o spare_v to_o express_v all_o the_o great_a cause_n obliege_v i_o so_o to_o do_v and_o that_o be_v the_o memory_n of_o your_o worthy_a and_o near_a relation_n who_o be_v my_o lord_n your_o father_n grandfather_n and_o great-grand-father_n not_o only_o memorable_a for_o their_o virtue_n and_o learning_n and_o peculiar_a endowment_n whereby_o they_o be_v think_v worthy_a to_o serve_v their_o king_n and_o country_n in_o council_n and_o honourable_a court_n of_o justice_n for_o these_o many_o year_n but_o for_o the_o dignity_n and_o antiquity_n of_o their_o famous_a ancestor_n how_o old_a your_o lordship_n name_n be_v buchanan_n testify_v in_o the_o close_a of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o history_n who_o write_v thus_o certÃ¨_fw-la gildus_n vetus_fw-la est_fw-la in_o scotia_n nomen_fw-la ut_fw-la vetus_fw-la mackgildorum_fw-la sive_fw-la mackgillorum_fw-la gens_fw-la indicat_fw-la Ã¨_fw-la cujus_fw-la posteris_fw-la honestae_fw-la adhuc_fw-la in_o scotia_n &_o anglia_fw-it sunt_fw-la familiae_fw-la that_o be_v sure_o gilled_a be_v a_o ancient_a name_n in_o scotland_n as_o witness_v the_o old_a family_n of_o mackgilds_n or_o mackgill_n of_o who_o posterity_n there_o be_v yet_o in_o scotland_n and_o england_n many_o family_n of_o good_a account_n and_o as_o a_o instance_n of_o this_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o of_o the_o great_a thane_n of_o galloway_n mackgillum_fw-la gallovidiae_fw-la longÃ¨_fw-la potentissimum_fw-la in_o the_o life_n of_o macbeth_n who_o by_o this_o usurper_n be_v put_v to_o death_n for_o his_o adherence_n to_o his_o prince_n from_o who_o your_o lordship_n and_o your_o worthy_a progenitor_n be_v lineal_o descend_v and_o of_o who_o buchanan_n mean_v in_o the_o forego_n passage_n since_o our_o predecessor_n flourish_v in_o his_o time_n your_o great-grand-father_n have_v then_o be_v his_o majesty_n advocate_n his_o brother_n lord_n register_n have_v now_o my_o noble_a lord_n lay_v before_o you_o so_o many_o considerable_a motive_n which_o i_o humble_o desire_n may_v prevail_v i_o can_v but_o make_v my_o next_o application_n for_o acceptance_n and_o serious_o entreat_v this_o work_n may_v be_v receive_v into_o the_o tuition_n of_o your_o favour_n and_o get_v a_o full_a protection_n from_o the_o censorious_a and_o be_v enlighten_v with_o the_o splendour_n of_o your_o name_n and_o receive_v the_o impression_n of_o your_o authority_n upon_o it_o may_v safe_o pass_v through_o the_o world_n for_o which_o singular_a favour_n i_o shall_v fervent_o wish_v to_o yourself_o and_o noble_a family_n all_o prosperity_n and_o happiness_n and_o shall_v think_v myself_o very_o happy_a under_o the_o character_n of_o edinburgh_n may_v 20._o the_o day_n of_o your_o lo._n birth_n and_o majority_n 1672._o my_o noble_a lord_n your_o lo._n most_o humble_a and_o much_o oblige_v servant_n george_z sinclar_a to_o the_o reader_n courteous_a reader_n i_o shall_v not_o detain_v thou_o entry_n with_o a_o long_a preface_n but_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o what_o be_v needful_a to_o be_v know_v of_o the_o cause_n occasion_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o follow_a treatise_n after_o the_o publication_n of_o my_o last_o piece_n about_o the_o weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n i_o find_v it_o needful_a to_o treat_v of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n because_o of_o the_o near_a relation_n between_o the_o two_o the_o operation_n and_o effect_n of_o both_o depend_v almost_o upon_o the_o same_o principle_n and_o cause_n and_o that_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n which_o can_v thorough_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n without_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n therefore_o to_o make_v the_o first_o the_o more_o evident_a i_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o second_o the_o effect_n and_o operation_n of_o hydrostatical_a experiment_n be_v more_o conspicuous_a and_o sensible_a than_o the_o effect_n and_o operation_n of_o the_o other_o the_o occasion_n be_v some_o spare_a time_n i_o have_v now_o and_o then_o for_o make_v some_o trial_n part_v whereof_o be_v publish_v here_o the_o rest_n be_v rather_o some_o production_n of_o reason_n attentive_o exercise_v on_o that_o subject_a which_o notwithstanding_o may_v be_v call_v experiment_n though_o never_o actual_o try_v nor_o haply_o can_v be_v because_o of_o some_o accidental_a impediment_n yet_o suppose_v they_o be_v i_o make_v it_o evident_a that_o such_o and_o such_o phenomena_n will_v follow_v whence_o many_o necessary_a conclusion_n be_v infer_v as_o for_o the_o subject_a matter_n there_o be_v first_o more_o than_o thirty_o theorem_n in_o order_n to_o the_o pressure_n of_o fluid_a body_n as_o air_n water_n and_o mercury_n which_o in_o effect_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o so_o many_o conclusion_n rational_o deduce_v from_o various_a and_o diverse_a effect_n of_o aerostatical_a hydrostatical_a and_o hydrargyrostatical_a experiment_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n i_o have_v try_v myself_o there_o be_v next_o twenty_o experiment_n brief_o describe_v by_o their_o own_o distinct_a schematism_n their_o phenomena_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n be_v salve_v and_o several_a new_a conclusion_n infer_v a_o proposal_n be_v likewise_o make_v of_o a_o more_o convenient_a engine_n for_o dive_v here_o several_a difficulty_n be_v propose_v and_o answer_v and_o all_o the_o obvious_a phenomena_n of_o dive_v explicate_v if_o the_o lead_n which_o sink_v the_o ark_n be_v judge_v too_o weighty_a and_o big_a which_o may_v render_v it_o not_o

theorem_fw-la ix_o in_o all_o fluid_n there_o be_v a_o twofold_a weight_n one_o sensible_a the_o other_o insensible_a the_o first_o be_v common_a to_o all_o heavy_a body_n which_o we_o find_v in_o water_n while_o we_o lift_v a_o vessel_n full_a of_o it_o from_o the_o ground_n the_o insensible_a weight_n of_o water_n and_o air_n or_o of_o any_o other_o fluid_a can_v scarce_o be_v discern_v by_o the_o sense_n though_o it_o be_v as_o real_a as_o the_o former_a because_o the_o pressure_n be_v uniform_a by_o virtue_n of_o the_o second_o bodies_z natural_o light_a than_o water_n be_v drive_v from_o the_o bottom_n to_o the_o top_n as_o cork_n so_o a_o man_n fall_v into_o a_o deep_a water_n go_v present_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o instant_o come_v up_o again_o here_o be_v a_o natural_a effect_n which_o can_v want_v a_o natural_a cause_n and_o this_o can_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n by_o virtue_n whereof_o he_o come_v up_o and_o yet_o he_o find_v nothing_o drive_v he_o up_o or_o pull_v he_o up_o therefore_o there_o be_v in_o all_o fluid_a body_n a_o insensible_a weight_n as_o there_o be_v one_o sensible_a see_v the_o man_n that_o perhaps_o weigh_v seventeen_o stone_n be_v drive_v up_o fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o fathom_n by_o it_o and_o it_o must_v be_v very_o considerable_a and_o exceed_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o man_n see_v it_o be_v able_a to_o overcome_v such_o a_o weight_n so_o be_v vapour_n and_o smoke_n drive_v upward_o by_o the_o insensible_a weight_n of_o the_o air_n and_o by_o that_o same_o weight_n do_v the_o cloud_n swim_v above_o we_o theorem_fw-la x._o the_o insensible_a weight_n of_o fluids_n be_v only_o find_v by_o sense_n when_o the_o pressure_n be_v not_o uniform_a for_o understanding_n of_o this_o proposition_n i_o must_v suppose_v something_n that_o be_v possible_a but_o not_o practicable_a put_v the_o case_n then_o while_o a_o man_n open_v his_o hand_n the_o air_n below_o be_v remove_v he_o will_v scarce_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n that_o rest_v upon_o the_o palm_n above_o or_o if_o the_o air_n above_o be_v annihilate_v he_o will_v not_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v down_o the_o weight_n that_o press_v upward_o or_o while_o a_o diver_n be_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o free_v any_o one_o part_n of_o his_o body_n from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n suppose_v his_o right_a arm_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o the_o blood_n will_v spring_v out_o in_o abundance_n from_o his_o finger-end_n for_o the_o arm_n be_v free_a and_o the_o other_o part_n extreme_o press_v the_o blood_n of_o necessity_n must_v be_v drive_v from_o the_o shoulder_n downward_o with_o force_n which_o can_v be_v without_o considerable_a pain_n it_o be_v evident_a also_o from_o the_o application_n of_o the_o cuppin-glass_n which_o be_v due_o apply_v to_o a_o man_n skin_n cause_v the_o air_n to_o press_v unequal_o the_o part_n without_o be_v more_o press_v than_o the_o part_n within_o in_o which_o case_n the_o unequal_a pressure_n cause_v the_o pain_n and_o so_o be_v find_v by_o sense_n theorem_fw-la xi_o a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n or_o of_o any_o other_o fluid_a body_n lose_v of_o its_o weight_n according_a to_o its_o reclination_n from_o a_o perpendicular_a position_n towards_o a_o horizontal_n or_o level_v situation_n for_o understanding_n of_o this_o consider_v that_o while_n a_o pipe_n full_a of_o water_n stand_v perpendicular_a the_o low_a foot_n sustain_v the_o whole_a weight_n of_o the_o water_n above_o it_o but_o no_o soon_o you_o begin_v to_o recline_v the_o pipe_n from_o that_o position_n but_o assoon_o the_o pressure_n upon_o the_o low_a foot_n grow_v less_o so_o that_o if_o the_o low_a foot_n in_o a_o perpendicular_a position_n sustain_v the_o burden_n of_o ten_o foot_n it_o can_v sustain_v above_o five_o or_o six_o when_o it_o be_v half_o recline_v a_o certain_a evidence_n whereof_o be_v this_o the_o more_o a_o cyilnder_n of_o water_n be_v recline_v towards_o the_o horizon_n or_o level_v it_o take_v the_o short_a cylinder_n of_o water_n to_o counterpoise_v it_o as_o be_v evident_a in_o siphons_n for_o though_o the_o one_o leg_n be_v sixteen_o inch_n long_o and_o the_o other_o but_o six_o yet_o a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n six_o inch_n long_o will_v counterpoise_v a_o cylinder_n of_o sixteen_o but_o this_o can_v be_v unless_o a_o alteration_n be_v make_v in_o the_o pressure_n for_o how_o be_v it_o possible_a that_o a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n can_v sometime_o be_v in_o aequilibrio_fw-la with_o a_o lesser_a and_o sometime_o with_o a_o great_a weight_n unless_o the_o weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o it_o be_v sometime_o more_o and_o sometime_o less_o when_o i_o say_v a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n lose_v of_o its_o weight_n by_o reclination_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o the_o insensible_a weight_n for_o the_o sensible_a weight_n be_v unchangeable_a see_v it_o be_v always_o a_o pillar_n of_o so_o many_o inch_n or_o foot_n now_o the_o true_a reason_n why_o the_o pressure_n upon_o the_o low_a foot_n grow_v less_o be_v this_o the_o more_o the_o pipe_n be_v recline_v the_o more_o weight_n of_o the_o cylinder_n rest_n upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o pipe_n within_o by_o which_o mean_n the_o low_a foot_n be_v ease_v of_o the_o burden_n and_o be_v altogether_o ease_v when_o once_o the_o pipe_n lie_v horizontal_n theorem_fw-la xii_o all_o motion_n in_o fluids_n be_v from_o the_o unequal_a pressure_n of_o the_o horizontal_n surface_n figure_n 1._o for_o understand_v this_o i_o must_v distinguish_v a_o twofold_a motion_n in_o fluids_n one_o common_a another_o proper_a by_o virtue_n of_o the_o first_o they_o incline_v as_o all_o other_o heavy_a body_n to_o be_v at_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v evident_a in_o the_o motion_n of_o river_n which_o descend_v from_o the_o high_a place_n to_o the_o valley_n even_o by_o virtue_n of_o that_o tendency_n they_o have_v to_o be_v at_o the_o centre_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o second_o they_o incline_v to_o move_v every_o way_n not_o only_o downward_o but_o upward_o hither_o and_o thither_o this_o sort_n of_o motion_n be_v peculiar_a and_o proper_a only_a to_o fluids_n and_o it_o be_v that_o which_o be_v speak_v of_o in_o this_o theorem_fw-la i_o say_v then_o that_o all_o motion_n in_o fluids_n be_v from_o the_o unequal_a pressure_n of_o the_o horizontal_n surface_n for_o put_v the_o case_n a_o be_v more_o press_v then_o b_o e._n g._n with_o a_o stone_n then_o sure_o as_o the_o part_n a_o descend_v the_o other_o part_n b_o will_v ascend_v and_o so_o will_n c_o and_o d_o rise_v high_o too_o suppose_v next_o the_o part_n a_o be_v fir_v of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n then_o sure_o in_o the_o same_o instant_n of_o time_n will_v the_o part_v a_o ascend_v and_o the_o part_n b_o c_o d_o descend_n as_o this_o proposition_n be_v true_a in_o order_n to_o the_o first_o and_o visible_a surface_n a_o b_o c_o d_o so_fw-mi it_o be_v true_a in_o order_n to_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n i_o k_o l_o m_o for_o put_v the_o case_n the_o space_n i_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o body_n natural_o heavy_a than_o water_n as_o lead_v or_o stone_n than_o behove_v that_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n to_o yield_v it_o be_v more_o press_v than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o same_o surface_n k._n or_o if_o the_o space_n k_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o body_n natural_o light_a than_o water_n as_o cork_n then_o ought_v the_o water_n r_o to_o ascend_v it_o be_v less_o press_v than_o the_o water_n n_o or_o s._n theorem_fw-la xiii_o a_o body_n natural_o heavy_a than_o water_n descend_v and_o a_o body_n natural_o light_a ascend_v figure_n 1._o for_o understanding_n of_o this_o let_v we_o suppose_v the_o quadrat_fw-la space_n e_z to_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o piece_n of_o lead_n or_o iron_n i_o say_v then_o it_o must_v go_v down_o to_o i_o and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o quadrat_fw-la foot_n of_o water_n i_o be_v more_o press_v than_o the_o quadrat_fw-la foot_n of_o water_n k._n to_o illustrat_fw-la this_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o each_o quadrat_fw-la foot_n of_o this_o water_n weigh_v a_o pound_n and_o that_o the_o heavy_a body_n exist_v in_o e_o weigh_v two_o pound_n if_o this_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o water_n i_o must_v yield_v see_v it_o be_v more_o press_v than_o k_o upon_o the_o same_o account_n must_v the_o water_n n_o yield_v and_o give_v way_n to_o the_o stone_n see_v it_o be_v more_o press_v then_o r._n for_o according_a to_o the_o twelve_o theorem_n there_o can_v be_v unequal_a pressure_n upon_o a_o surface_n unless_o motion_n follow_v for_o understand_v the_o second_o part_n let_v we_o suppose_v the_o space_n r_o to_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o piece_n of_o cork_n

matter_n whither_o the_o glass_n tub_n be_v wide_a or_o narrow_a that_o be_v use_v in_o counterpoise_v fluid_a body_n one_o with_o another_o and_o this_o be_v the_o true_a reason_n why_o it_o be_v no_o matter_n whither_o the_o tub_n of_o the_o baroscope_n be_v a_o wide_a one_o or_o a_o narrow_a one_o see_v the_o air_n do_v not_o counterpoise_v the_o mercury_n according_a to_o thickness_n that_o be_v to_o say_v neither_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n that_o sustain_v nor_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o mercury_n that_o be_v sustain_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v but_o only_o their_o altitude_n it_o be_v true_a the_o element_n of_o air_n be_v fourteen_o thousand_o time_n high_o than_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n yet_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a and_o true_a proportion_n keep_v between_o their_o height_n so_o that_o if_o the_o element_n of_o air_n shall_v by_o divine_a providence_n become_v high_a or_o low_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mercury_n will_v alter_v according_o experiment_n ii_o figure_n 6._o take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n the_o wide_a pipe_n e_o g_o ay_o and_o stop_v the_o orifice_n i_o pour_v in_o water_n above_o at_o e_o till_o the_o tub_n be_v complete_o full_a have_v do_v this_o thrust_v down_o the_o stop_a orifice_n i_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o there_o open_a it_o then_o shall_v you_o see_v the_o water_n fall_v down_o from_o e_z to_z g_z and_o there_o halt_v the_o reason_n be_v take_v from_o unequal_a pressure_n for_o the_o tub_n be_v full_a of_o water_n from_o e_z to_o i_o that_o part_n of_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n upon_o which_o the_o pillar_n of_o water_n rest_v be_v more_o burden_v than_o any_o other_o part_n of_o it_o namely_o more_o than_o l_o or_o k_o therefore_o see_v one_o part_n be_v more_o burden_v than_o another_o the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n that_o cause_v the_o burden_n must_v so_o far_o fall_v down_o till_o all_o the_o part_n be_v alike_o press_v in_o which_o instant_a of_o time_n the_o motion_n cease_v this_o lead_v we_o to_o a_o clear_a discovery_n of_o the_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o baroscope_n the_o mercury_n fall_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tub_n of_o any_o height_n always_o to_o the_o twenty_o and_o nine_o inch_n above_o the_o stagnant_a quicksilver_n for_o example_n fill_v the_o pipe_n n_o q_n which_o be_v sixty_o inch_n high_a with_o mercury_n and_o open_v the_o orifice_n qui_fw-fr the_o liquor_n shall_v fall_v out_o and_o fall_v down_o from_o n_o till_o it_o rest_v at_o r_o which_o be_v twenty_o nine_o inch_n above_o the_o open_a orifice_n q._n the_o reason_n be_v the_o same_o namely_o unequal_a pressure_n see_v one_o part_n of_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n of_o air_n x_o saint_n upon_o which_o the_o cylinder_n of_o mercury_n stand_v be_v more_o burden_a then_o the_o other_o next_o adjacent_a therefore_o so_o long_o and_o so_o far_o must_v the_o mercury_n subside_o and_o fall_v down_o till_o the_o part_n qui_fw-fr upon_o which_o the_o basis_n of_o the_o pillar_n rest_v be_v no_o more_o burden_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o part_n in_o which_o instant_a of_o time_n the_o motion_n cease_v and_o there_o happen_v a_o equal_a balance_n between_o the_o silver_n within_o the_o tub_n and_o the_o air_n without_o if_o it_o be_v say_v i_o see_v a_o clear_a reason_n why_o the_o outward_a water_n m_o l_o aught_o to_o sustain_v the_o inward_a g_o i_o but_o can_v see_v why_o the_o outward_a air_n t_o z_o s_o and_o v_o r_o x_o aught_o to_o sustain_v the_o inward_a mercury_n r_o x_o neither_o do_v i_o see_v a_o reason_n why_o it_o shall_v halt_v at_o r_o as_o the_o water_n rest_v at_o g._n i_o answer_v though_o sense_n can_v perceive_v the_o one_o as_o evident_o as_o the_o other_o yet_o the_o one_o be_v as_o sure_a as_o the_o other_o for_o take_v up_o the_o reason_n why_o it_o halt_v at_o r_o 29_o inch_n above_o x_o you_o must_v remember_v from_o the_o 25_o theorem_fw-la that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o body_n be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n perpendicular_o or_o 29_o inch_n of_o quicksilver_n the_o pillar_n of_o air_n then_o t_o z_o s_o and_o v_z r_z x_o be_v as_o heavy_a each_o one_o of_o they_o as_o two_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n each_o one_o of_o they_o 29_o inch_n high_a it_o follow_v of_o necessity_n that_o the_o mercury_n within_o the_o tub_n must_v be_v as_o high_a as_o r._n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n to_o see_v the_o silver_n halt_v at_o r_o provide_v r_o x_o and_o z_o s_o be_v two_o bulk_n of_o mercury_n environ_v the_o pipe_n as_o the_o outward_a water_n environ_n the_o wide_a and_o narrow_a pipe_n neither_o aught_o any_o to_o wonder_v when_o the_o silver_n fall_v down_o and_o rest_v at_o r_o nothing_o environ_v the_o pipe_n but_o air_n see_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o 29_o inch_n of_o quicksilver_n this_o experiment_n be_v easy_o make_v take_v therefore_o a_o slender_a glass-pipe_n of_o any_o length_n beyond_o 30_o inch_n open_a at_o both_o end_n but_o the_o low_a and_o q_o must_v be_v draw_v so_o small_a by_o a_o flame_n of_o a_o lamp_n that_o the_o entry_n may_v be_v no_o wide_o than_o may_v admit_v the_o point_n of_o a_o small_a needle_n or_o the_o hair_n of_o one_o head_n then_o stop_v the_o say_a orifice_n pour_v in_o mercury_n above_o at_o the_o orifice_n n_o till_o the_o pipe_n be_v complete_o full_a next_o close_o the_o say_a orifice_n with_o wet_a paper_n and_o the_o pulp_n of_o your_o finger_n and_o open_v the_o low_a orifice_n you_o shall_v find_v which_o be_v very_o delightful_a to_o behold_v the_o mercury_n spring_v out_o like_v unto_o a_o small_a silver_n thread_n and_o fall_v down_o from_o the_o top_n n_o shall_v rest_v at_o r_o the_o motion_n cease_v at_o the_o narrow_a orifice_n q._n this_o show_v evident_o that_o there_o be_v not_o need_v always_o of_o stagnant_a mercury_n for_o try_v the_o torrieellian_a experiment_n but_o only_o when_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o pipe_n below_o be_v wide_a for_o be_v narrow_a the_o silver_n run_v slow_o out_o and_o consequent_o subside_v slow_o above_o and_o come_v down_o slow_o to_o r_o there_o rest_v but_o when_o the_o mouth_n be_v wide_o below_o the_o silver_n fall_v down_o so_o quick_o that_o it_o go_v beyond_o r_o before_o it_o can_v recover_v itself_o which_o recovery_n will_v never_o be_v unless_o there_o be_v stagnant_a mercury_n to_o run_v up_o again_o from_o what_o be_v say_v we_o see_v first_o that_o when_o one_o part_n of_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n or_o air_n be_v more_o burden_a than_o another_o the_o burden_a part_n present_o yield_v till_o it_o be_v no_o more_o burden_a than_o the_o other_o this_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o fall_n down_o of_o the_o water_n from_o e_z to_z g_z which_o can_v be_v support_v by_o the_o part_n i_o because_o more_o burden_a than_o the_o rest_n we_o see_v second_o that_o the_o element_n of_o air_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_v of_o all_o body_n with_o a_o considerable_a weight_n otherwise_o it_o can_v not_o sustain_v the_o water_n before_o it_o fall_v down_o from_o e_z to_z g_z for_o if_o it_o do_v not_o leave_v upon_o the_o surface_n m_o h_n with_o weight_n the_o water_n can_v never_o be_v suspend_v see_v the_o application_n of_o the_o finger_n to_o the_o orifice_n e_o be_v only_o the_o accidental_a cause_n of_o this_o sustentation_n we_o see_v three_o that_o according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o natural_a weight_n between_o two_o fluid_n so_o be_v the_o proportion_n of_o altitude_n between_o two_o of_o their_o cylinder_n therefore_o air_n be_v reckon_v 14000_o time_n light_a than_o mercury_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o cylinder_n of_o mercury_n sustain_v by_o the_o air_n must_v be_v 14000_o time_n low_o and_o short_a than_o the_o cylinder_n of_o air_n that_o sustain_v it_o which_o appear_v from_o this_o experiment_n to_o be_v true_a see_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n which_o be_v think_v to_o be_v about_o 7000_o fathom_n high_a 29_o inch_n of_o mercury_n be_v support_v between_o r_o and_o x._o in_o a_o word_n if_o air_n be_v natural_o 14000_o time_n light_a than_o mercury_n which_o be_v very_o probable_a then_o must_v the_o altitude_n of_o it_o common_o call_v the_o atmosphere_n be_v fourteen_o thousand_o time_n nine_o and_o twenty_o inch_n that_o be_v 406000_o or_o of_o foot_n 33833._o experiment_n iii_o figure_n 6._o while_o the_o outward_a and_o inward_a water_n be_v of_o the_o same_o altitude_n withdraw_v the_o inward_a air_n e_o g_o by_o suction_n or_o by_o any_o other_o device_n you_o think_v fit_a and_o you_o will_v find_v the_o water_n rise_v as_o high_a as_o e_z which_o i_o suppose_v to_o be_v 34_o foot_n above_o

m_o g_o h._n the_o same_o phenomenon_n happen_v in_o take_v the_o air_n out_o of_o the_o narrow_a pipe_n f_o k._n the_o reason_n be_v still_o unequal_a pressure_n for_o in_o remove_v the_o air_n that_o be_v within_o the_o pipe_n the_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n m_o and_o the_o part_n h_n remain_v burden_a while_o the_o part_n g_z be_v free_v of_o its_o burden_n therefore_o this_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n be_v liberate_v of_o its_o burden_n that_o come_v down_o through_o the_o pipe_n instant_o rise_v and_o climb_v up_o as_o far_o as_o the_o outward_a air_n rest_v upon_o m_n and_o h_n can_v raise_v it_o which_o be_v to_o e_o 34_o foot_n for_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o the_o surface_v of_o all_o water_n according_a to_o the_o 25_o theorem_fw-la be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n must_v raise_v the_o say_a water_n in_o the_o pipe_n 34_o foot_n you_o do_v not_o wonder_v why_o it_o rise_v from_o i_o to_o g_o as_o in_o the_o first_o experiment_n no_o more_o ought_v you_o to_o wonder_n why_o it_o rise_v from_o g_z to_z e_z see_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n do_v the_o same_o thing_n that_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_n m_o h_n will_v do_v from_o this_o experiment_n we_o see_v first_o that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v the_o proper_a cause_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o water_n up_o through_o pump_n and_o siphons_n or_o any_o other_o instrument_n that_o be_v use_v in_o water-work_n of_o that_o kind_n for_o if_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_n m_o h_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o water_n climb_v up_o from_o g_z to_z e_z the_o same_o must_v be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o stagnant_a water_n follow_v the_o sucker_n of_o the_o pump_n while_o it_o be_v pull_v up_o and_o the_o same_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o water_n ascend_v the_o leg_n of_o a_o siphon_n and_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o motion_n continue_v after_o suction_n be_v end_v we_o see_v second_o that_o every_o press_v fluid_a have_v a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n to_o which_o it_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v the_o fluid_a that_o be_v press_v this_o be_v evident_a in_o this_o experiment_n because_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n rest_v upon_o m_n h_n be_v able_a to_o raise_v the_o water_n the_o height_n of_o e_o in_o the_o wide_a pipe_n and_o the_o height_n of_o f_o in_o the_o narrow_a and_o no_o further_o even_o though_o the_o say_v pipe_n be_v far_o long_o and_o this_o altitude_n and_o high_a point_n be_v precise_o 34_o foot_n between_o air_n and_o water_n we_o see_v three_o that_o it_o be_v all_o one_o matter_n whether_o pump_n and_o siphons_n be_v wide_a or_o narrow_a whether_o the_o tub_n of_o the_o baroscope_n be_v wherein_o the_o mercury_n be_v suspend_v of_o a_o large_a diameter_n or_o of_o a_o lesser_a diameter_n this_o be_v also_o evident_a from_o the_o same_o experiment_n see_v there_o be_v no_o more_o difficulty_n in_o cause_v the_o water_n ascend_v the_o wide_a pipe_n than_o in_o cause_v it_o ascend_v the_o narrow_a one_o and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o press_a fluid_n repect_v not_o the_o press_v fluid_a according_a to_o its_o thickness_n and_o breadth_n but_o only_o according_a to_o its_o altitude_n therefore_o '_o be_v as_o easy_a for_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o water_n through_o a_o pump_n four_o foot_n in_o diameter_n as_o to_o press_v it_o up_o through_o a_o pump_n but_o one_o foot_n in_o diameter_n experiment_n iv._o figure_n 7._o this_o schematism_n represent_v a_o large_a vessel_n full_a of_o water_n who_o first_o and_o visible_a surface_n be_v d_o e_o h_o k._n the_o second_o that_o be_v imaginary_a be_v l_o i_o six_o foot_n below_o it_o the_o three_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n be_v m_n g_o six_o foot_n low_o the_o four_o be_v n_o f_o o_o six_o foot_n yet_o low_o the_o last_o and_o low_a be_v a_o b_o c._n there_o be_v here_o also_o four_o tub_n or_o rather_o one_o tub_n under_o four_o divers_a position_n with_o both_o end_n open_a after_o this_o tub_n d_o a_o be_v thrust_v below_o the_o water_n till_o it_o ascend_v as_o high_a as_o d_o in_o it_o lift_v it_o up_o between_o your_o finger_n till_o it_o have_v the_o position_n of_o the_o second_o pipe_n e_o f_o and_o then_o you_o shall_v see_v as_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o pipe_n ascend_v the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n fall_v out_o by_o little_a and_o little_a until_o it_o be_v no_o long_o than_o e_o f._n again_o lift_v it_o further_o up_o till_o it_o have_v the_o position_n of_o the_o pipe_n h_o g_o then_o shall_v you_o find_v the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n become_v yet_o short_a last_o if_o it_o be_v situate_v as_o the_o pipe_n k_o i_o the_o internal_a water_n become_v no_o long_a than_o k_o i._o the_o reason_n of_o these_o phenomena_n be_v the_o same_o namely_o unequal_a pressure_n for_o the_o orifice_n a_o be_v lift_v up_o as_o high_a as_o f_o it_o come_v to_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n n_o o_o which_o be_v not_o under_o so_o much_o pressure_n as_o the_o other_o be_v therefore_o one_o part_n of_o it_o be_v more_o burden_v than_o another_o namely_o the_o part_n upon_o which_o the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n rest_v it_o present_o yield_v and_o suffer_v the_o cylinder_n to_o become_v short_a and_o light_a till_o it_o become_v no_o heavy_a than_o be_v proportionable_a to_o its_o own_o strength_n to_o make_v this_o reason_n more_o evident_a it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o no_o surface_n of_o water_n be_v able_a to_o support_v a_o cylinder_n high_a than_o its_o own_o deepness_n that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o a_o surface_n be_v 40_o foot_n deep_a it_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v a_o cylinder_n 40_o foot_n high_a and_o no_o more_o therefore_o the_o surface_n n_o o_o be_v but_o 18_o foot_n deep_a it_o can_v sustain_v a_o cylinder_n 24_o foot_n long_o for_o if_o that_o be_v than_o the_o potentia_n shall_v be_v inferior_a to_o the_o pondus_fw-la which_o be_v impossible_a in_o the_o hydrostaticks_n in_o effect_n it_o be_v no_o less_o absurdity_n then_o to_o say_v 18_o ounce_n be_v able_a to_o counterbalance_v 24._o for_o a_o second_o trial_n lift_v up_o the_o same_o pipe_n high_o till_o it_o acquire_v the_o position_n of_o the_o tub_n g_o h_n in_o this_o case_n the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n within_o it_o become_v yet_o short_a even_o no_o long_o than_z g_z h._n the_o reason_n be_v the_o same_o namely_o unequal_a pressure_n for_o when_o a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n 18_o foot_n high_a come_v to_o rest_v upon_o this_o surface_n that_o be_v but_o 12_o foot_n deep_a it_o make_v one_o part_n of_o it_o more_o burden_v than_o another_o therefore_o the_o part_n that_o be_v more_o press_v present_o yield_v and_o suffer_v the_o cylinder_n to_o fall_v down_o till_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o it_o become_v equal_a to_o its_o own_o potentia_fw-la for_o the_o last_o trial_n lift_v up_o the_o tub_n till_o it_o acquire_v the_o position_n of_o the_o pipe_n k_o i_o in_o this_o case_n the_o water_n within_o it_o become_v no_o long_o than_o k_o i_o the_o surface_n l_o i_o that_o be_v but_o six_o foot_n deep_a not_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v a_o cylinder_n 12_o foot_n high_a from_o this_o experiment_n we_o see_v first_o that_o in_o all_o fluid_a body_n there_o be_v a_o pressure_n which_o be_v more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o deepness_n of_o that_o fluid_a this_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o four_o several_a surface_n there_o be_v more_o pressure_n and_o force_n in_o the_o low_a a_o b_o c_o then_z in_o the_o next_z n_o o_o and_o more_o in_o this_o then_o in_o the_o surface_n m_o g_o and_o more_o in_o this_o then_o in_o l_o 1_n we_o see_v second_o that_o in_o all_o fluid_n there_o be_v a_o pondus_fw-la and_o a_o potentia_n which_o two_o be_v always_o of_o equal_a force_n and_o strength_n the_o potentia_n be_v clear_a and_o evident_a in_o the_o surface_n by_o support_v the_o pillar_n which_o pillar_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o pondus_fw-la support_v and_o that_o they_o be_v always_o of_o equal_a strength_n be_v most_o evident_a also_o for_o when_o you_o endeavour_v to_o make_v the_o pondus_fw-la unequal_a to_o the_o potentia_n in_o make_v a_o surface_n 18_o foot_n deep_a to_o support_v a_o pillar_n 24_o foot_n high_a they_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n become_v equal_a the_o pillar_n become_v short_a and_o suitable_a to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o surface_n that_o sustain_v it_o we_o see_v three_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o one_o part_n of_o the_o same_o horizontal_n surface_n to_o be_v more_o burden_v than_o another_o for_o when_o you_o endeavour_v to_o do_v it_o by_o set_v a_o long_a pillar_n upon_o it_o the_o part_n burden_v

instant_o yield_v till_o it_o be_v no_o more_o press_v than_o the_o next_o part_n to_o it_o we_o see_v four_a that_o the_o inequality_n that_o be_v between_o the_o pondus_fw-la and_o the_o potentia_fw-la in_o fluids_n be_v the_o proper_a cause_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o fluids_n for_o when_o you_o endeavour_v to_o make_v a_o surface_n 30_o foot_n deep_a sustain_v a_o pillar_n 40_o foot_n high_a this_o inequality_n be_v the_o true_a cause_n why_o the_o pillar_n subside_v and_o fall_v down_o and_o why_o the_o surface_n yield_v and_o give_v way_n to_o it_o and_o this_o inequality_n be_v the_o true_a cause_n why_o the_o motion_n of_o water_n through_o siphons_n continue_v for_o understand_v this_o you_o must_v conceive_v a_o siphon_n to_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o crooked_a pipe_n with_o two_o leg_n the_o one_o drown_v among_o water_n the_o other_o hang_v in_o the_o open_a air._n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v for_o convey_v wine_n or_o water_n from_o one_o vessel_n to_o another_o 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pipe_n when_o a_o man_n suck_v with_o his_o mouth_n before_o suction_n the_o potentia_n that_o be_v in_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n among_o which_o the_o end_n of_o the_o pipe_n be_v drown_v be_v of_o equal_a force_n with_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o pillar_n of_o air_n that_o come_v down_o through_o the_o pipe_n or_o pump_n but_o assoon_o as_o a_o man_n begin_v to_o suck_v the_o say_a pillar_n of_o air_n become_v light_a and_o the_o water_n find_v this_o present_o ascend_v the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o mercury_n fall_v down_o to_o 29_o inch_n in_o the_o baroscope_n and_o no_o further_o for_o as_o long_o as_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n exceed_v the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n of_o air_n so_o long_o do_v the_o motion_n continue_v and_o when_o both_o be_v become_v equal_a in_o force_n the_o motion_n cease_v when_o the_o glass-tub_n be_v 40_o inch_n long_o and_o fill_v with_o mercury_n and_o invert_v after_o the_o common_a manner_n you_o be_v endeavour_v as_o it_o be_v to_o cause_v a_o surface_n 29_o inch_n deep_a sustain_v a_o pillar_n 40_o inch_n high_a which_o be_v utter_o impossible_a in_o fluids_n it_o be_v judge_v by_o many_o a_o wonder_n to_o see_v the_o deflux_n of_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o baroscope_n but_o in_o effect_n there_o be_v no_o more_o cause_n of_o admiration_n in_o it_o than_o to_o see_v the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n grow_v short_a by_o lift_v the_o pipe_n up_o from_o one_o surface_n to_o another_o from_o this_o experiment_n we_o see_v the_o true_a reason_n why_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n of_o the_o baroscope_n become_v short_a and_o short_a according_a as_o a_o man_n climb_v up_o a_o mountain_n with_o it_o for_o at_o the_o root_n of_o the_o hill_n the_o surface_n of_o air_n that_o sustain_v the_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n be_v of_o great_a force_n than_o the_o surface_n at_o the_o middle_a part_n and_o this_o be_v strong_a than_o any_o surface_n at_o the_o top_n the_o pipe_n therefore_o be_v carry_v up_o from_o one_o surface_n to_o another_o the_o mercury_n in_o it_o must_v subside_o and_o fall_v down_o even_o as_o the_o water_n fall_v down_o and_o become_v short_a by_o lift_v the_o pipe_n from_o the_o surface_n a_o b_o c_o d_o to_o the_o surface_n n_o o._n and_o as_o the_o whole_a water_n will_v fall_v down_o if_o the_o orifice_n i_o be_v lift_v above_o the_o surface_n d_o e_o h_o k_o so_o if_o the_o baroscope_n can_v be_v carry_v so_o high_a till_o it_o come_v above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o air_n the_o whole_a mercurial_a cylinder_n will_v sure_o fall_v down_o and_o as_o by_o thrust_v down_o the_o say_a pipe_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n again_o as_o the_o pipe_n d_o a_o the_o water_n ascend_v in_o it_o so_o by_o bring_v down_o the_o baroscope_n to_o the_o earth_n again_o the_o whole_a 19_o inch_n will_v rise_v again_o experiment_n v._o figure_n 8._o fill_v the_o vessel_n a_o d_o g_o h_o with_o water_n to_o the_o brim_n next_o thrust_v down_o the_o open_a orifice_n of_o the_o tub_n d_o a_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o you_o shall_v see_v the_o water_n ascend_v in_o it_o as_o high_z as_o d_o according_a to_o the_o first_o experiment_n when_o this_o be_v do_v recline_v the_o say_a pipe_n till_o it_o lie_v as_o b_o e_z and_o you_o shall_v find_v the_o pipe_n complete_o full_a of_o water_n next_o erect_v the_o same_o tub_n again_o as_o d_o a_o and_o you_o shall_v see_v the_o cylinder_n of_o water_n fall_v down_o and_o become_v short_a as_o at_o first_o for_o salve_v this_o phenomenon_n and_o such_o like_a i_o must_v suppose_v this_o water_n to_o be_v 50_o inch_n deep_a and_o the_o tub_n i_o a_o and_o b_o e_z 90_o inch_n long_o and_o the_o say_a tub_n in_o recline_v to_o describe_v the_o quadrant_a of_o a_o circle_n f_o e_o g._n now_o the_o question_n be_v why_o there_o be_v but_o 50_o inch_n of_o water_n in_o the_o tub_n while_o erect_v there_o shall_v be_v 60_o in_o it_o when_o it_o be_v recline_v second_o why_o there_o shall_v be_v 90_o inch_n of_o water_n in_o the_o tub_n b_o e_o and_o but_o 50_o in_o it_o when_o it_o stand_v perpendicular_a as_o d_o a_o if_o you_o reply_v because_o there_o be_v 90_o inch_n in_o recta_fw-la linea_fw-la between_o the_o point_n b_o and_o the_o point_n e_o and_o but_o 50_o between_o a_o and_o d._n but_o this_o will_v not_o answer_v the_o case_n because_o if_o you_o stop_v the_o orifice_n e_o with_o the_o pulp_n of_o your_o finger_n before_o it_o be_v erect_v you_o will_v find_v the_o tub_n remain_v full_a of_o water_n even_o while_o it_o stand_v perpendicular_a and_o fall_v down_o when_o the_o orifice_n be_v open_v or_o while_o the_o tub_n stand_v perpendicular_a stop_v the_o orifice_n i_o and_o recline_v it_o as_o b_o e_z yet_o no_o more_o water_n will_v be_v find_v in_o it_o than_o 50_o inch_n but_o by_o unstop_v the_o say_a orifice_n the_o water_n climb_v up_o from_o r_z to_z e_z and_o become_v 90_o inch_n now_o what_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o it_o run_v up_o from_o r_z to_z e_z and_o why_o it_o fall_v down_o from_o i_o to_o d_o i_o answer_v then_o the_o water_n must_v run-up_v from_o r_z to_z e_z because_o of_o the_o inequality_n that_o be_v between_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o cylinder_n b_o r_o and_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n a_o b_o c_o that_o support_v the_o say_v cylinder_n for_o understand_v this_o know_v while_o the_o tub_n be_v erect_v there_o be_v a_o perfect_a equality_n between_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o pillar_n a_o d_o and_o the_o force_n or_o power_n of_o the_o surface_n that_o sustain_v it_o see_v a_o surface_n 50_o inch_n deep_a support_v a_o pillar_n 50_o inch_n

touch_v the_o ground_n be_v detain_v by_o the_o way_n by_o a_o surface_n counterpoise_v it_o or_o if_o it_o do_v touch_v through_o the_o swiftness_n of_o the_o motion_n it_o will_v sure_o as_o it_o be_v â—rebound_n and_o be_v carry_v up_o again_o it_o be_v always_o to_o be_v remember_v that_o in_o such_o trial_n the_o air_n be_v suppose_v not_o to_o follow_v or_o to_o be_v unite_v after_o the_o stone_n pass_v thorough_a now_o if_o the_o air_n be_v able_a to_o do_v this_o far_o more_o the_o water_n that_o be_v a_o body_n a_o thousand_o time_n heavy_a we_o see_v five_o the_o reason_n why_o heavy_a body_n move_v so_o easy_o through_o air_n and_o water_n namely_o because_o the_o part_n that_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o body_n that_o be_v move_v be_v present_o reunite_v and_o close_v again_o by_o which_o mean_v it_o be_v drive_v forward_o the_o pressure_n upon_o the_o back_n be_v as_o much_o as_o the_o pressure_n before_o if_o this_o be_v not_o no_o body_n whatsoever_o will_v be_v able_a to_o 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string_n the_o other_o end_n be_v fasten_v to_o a_o balance_n in_o the_o air_n gravitat_n and_o weigh_v down_o the_o scale_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o lead_v and_o gold_n be_v natural_o and_o specifical_o heavy_a than_o water_n but_o a_o piece_n of_o metal_n of_o the_o same_o specific_a weight_n with_o water_n or_o water_n itself_o can_v gravitat_fw-la in_fw-la water_n or_o weigh_v down_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n upon_o which_o they_o rest_v bear_v they_o up_o with_o as_o great_a weight_n and_o force_n as_o they_o press_v down_o with_o if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o water_n k_o m_o rest_v upon_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n within_o and_o therefore_o if_o the_o man_n above_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o glass_n he_o must_v find_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n within_o it_o i_o answer_v the_o consequence_n be_v bad_a because_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n within_o be_v sustain_v and_o 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the_o same_o day_n we_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n with_o another_o seal_a bubble_n large_a than_o the_o former_a be_v as_o big_a as_o a_o great_a hens-egg_n and_o have_v break_v this_o under_o water_n it_o grow_v heavy_a by_o 7._o drachm_n and_o 34_o grain_n and_o have_v take_v out_o the_o bubble_n and_o drive_v out_o the_o water_n into_o a_o counter_a poise_v glass_n we_o find_v the_o transvasated_a liquor_n to_o amount_v to_o the_o same_o weight_n abate_v 6_o or_o 7_o grain_n which_o it_o may_v well_o have_v lose_v upon_o such_o account_n as_o have_v be_v new_o mention_v thus_o he_o figure_n 24._o the_o design_n then_o of_o this_o experiment_n be_v to_o prove_v that_o water_n weigh_v in_o water_n but_o it_o seem_v there_o be_v here_o a_o very_a great_a mistake_n which_o i_o shall_v make_v out_o after_o this_o manner_n for_o which_o cause_n let_v this_o schematism_n 24_o represent_v the_o experiment_n already_o describe_v the_o â—lass-bubble_n than_o be_v e_o p_o f_o r._n the_o 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hogshead_n will_v burst_v asunder_o by_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o if_o they_o go_v but_o down_o 7_o or_o 8_o fathom_n i_o answer_v this_o objection_n flow_v from_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o fluid_a body_n if_o so_o be_v then_o that_o a_o man_n know_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o water_n be_v uniform_a most_o equal_a and_o press_v upon_o all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o body_n within_o it_o alike_o no_o such_o scruple_n will_v occur_v i_o say_v then_o the_o ark_n though_o no_o thick_a in_o the_o side_n than_o a_o thin_a sawen_v dale_n will_v go_v down_o in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o

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the_o 33_o theorem_fw-la these_o two_o fluid_n can_v cease_v from_o motion_n if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o surface_n n_o b_o be_v strong_a than_o the_o surface_n e_o l_o c_o see_v it_o be_v low_a i_o answer_v the_o difference_n be_v so_o unsensible_a that_o they_o may_v be_v judge_v but_o one_o now_o i_o say_v if_o this_o siphon_n work_n in_o air_n with_o water_n it_o must_v likewise_o work_n in_o water_n with_o mercury_n therefore_o this_o siphon_n be_v 34_o foot_n below_o the_o first_o surface_n f_o g_o the_o liquor_n must_v run_v out_o constant_o at_o b._n because_o there_o be_v here_o a_o unequal_a pressure_n the_o surface_n of_o water_n n_o b_o be_v more_o burden_v than_o the_o surface_n e_o l_o c._n though_o there_o be_v more_o weight_n in_o n_o b_o than_z in_o e_z l_o c_o because_o it_o be_v low_a yet_o because_o the_o difference_n be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o be_v between_o the_o weight_n of_o b_o d_o and_o the_o weight_n of_o l_o d_o it_o prove_v nothing_o note_v here_o that_o so_o long_o as_o d_o be_v within_o 58_o inch_n of_o e_o l_o c_o this_o siphon_n will_v work_v the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o pressure_n of_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n with_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o f_o g_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v mercury_n exact_o 58_o inch_n but_o if_o d_o exceed_v that_o height_n no_o art_n will_v make_v the_o liquor_n run_v out_o at_o b._n note_v second_o that_o this_o siphon_n will_v operate_v with_o air_n and_o water_n though_o the_o top_n d_o be_v 34_o foot_n above_o m_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v able_a to_o raise_v a_o pillar_n of_o water_n to_o that_o height_n note_n three_o that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o orifice_n open_v at_o c_o upon_o the_o level_a line_n e_o l_o c_o the_o two_o water_n will_v become_v of_o the_o same_o weight_n the_o one_o not_o be_v able_a to_o move_v the_o other_o if_o you_o bear_v a_o hole_n at_o r_o the_o liquor_n ascend_v from_o r_z to_z d_o and_o go_v down_o from_o d_o to_o a_o and_o so_o the_o motion_n end_v but_o if_o the_o leg_n a_o d_o be_v six_o time_n wide_a than_o b_o d_o the_o liquor_n will_v not_o run_v out_o at_o b._n i_o shall_v answer_v this_o in_o the_o close_a from_o this_o experiment_n we_o see_v first_o that_o the_o motion_n of_o fluid_a body_n up_o through_o pump_n and_o siphons_n be_v not_o for_o shune_v vacuity_n but_o because_o they_o be_v press_v up_o violent_o we_o see_v next_o that_o when_o the_o pressure_n be_v uniform_a there_o be_v no_o motion_n in_o fluids_n but_o assoon_o as_o one_o part_n be_v more_o press_v than_o another_o motion_n begin_v because_o this_o siphon_n will_v not_o operate_v if_o the_o orifice_n be_v make_v in_o c_o but_o if_o so_o be_v it_o be_v in_o d_o than_o the_o motion_n begin_v because_o there_o be_v here_o a_o unequal_a pressure_n which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o other_o we_o see_v three_o that_o fluids_n have_v a_o determinate_a sphere_n of_o activity_n to_o which_o they_o be_v able_a to_o press_v and_o no_o further_o because_o this_o water_n be_v not_o able_a to_o press_v mercury_n high_o than_o 58_o inch_n so_o the_o air_n can_v raise_v water_n high_o than_o 34_o foot_n if_o this_o water_n be_v 68_o foot_n deep_a the_o sphere_n of_o its_o activity_n will_v be_v 116_o inch_n we_o see_v four_a that_o in_o fluids_n there_o be_v a_o pondus_fw-la and_o a_o potentia_n and_o that_o the_o inequality_n of_o weight_n between_o the_o two_o be_v the_o only_a cause_n of_o motion_n we_o see_v five_o that_o as_o long_o as_o this_o inequality_n of_o weight_n continue_v as_o long_o continue_v the_o motion_n because_o as_o long_o as_o b_o d_o be_v heavy_a than_o l_o d_o the_o motion_n persevere_fw-la we_o see_v sixthly_a the_o possibility_n of_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n in_o fluids_n because_o the_o liquor_n run_v perpetual_o out_o at_o b._n if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o motion_n end_v when_o the_o stagnant_a mercury_n a_o e_o l_o fail_v i_o answer_v this_o stop_n be_v only_o accidental_a and_o not_o essential_o from_o the_o nature_n of_o fluids_n if_o it_o be_v inquire_v whether_o or_o not_o will_v the_o mercury_n run_v out_o at_o b_o upon_o supposition_n the_o shank_n l_o d_o be_v twice_o as_o wide_o as_o the_o shank_n b_o d_o i_o answer_v it_o will_v if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o one_o be_v far_o heavy_a than_o the_o other_o namely_o l_o d_o than_o d_o b._n i_o answer_v weight_n in_o fluids_n be_v not_o count_v according_a to_o thickness_n but_o according_a to_o altitude_n experiment_n xx._n figure_n 27._o this_o last_o be_v for_o demonstrate_v the_o precise_a and_o just_a weight_n of_o any_o pillar_n of_o air_n water_n mercury_n or_o of_o any_o other_o fluid_a body_n if_o some_o of_o their_o dimension_n be_v but_o once_o know_v a_o b_o then_o be_v a_o square_a pipe_n 12_o foot_n high_a and_o six_o inch_n in_o wideness_n full_a of_o water_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o air_n a_o c._n and_o e_z g_z be_v a_o square_a pipe_n 12_o foot_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n wide_a full_a of_o water_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o air_n e_o f._n none_o needs_o to_o doubt_v but_o the_o two_o water_n will_v be_v suspend_v after_o this_o manner_n even_o though_o the_o orifice_n a_o and_o e_o be_v downward_o especial_o if_o they_o be_v guard_v with_o water_n but_o the_o demonstration_n will_v be_v the_o more_o evident_a that_o we_o suppose_v the_o two_o pillar_n of_o water_n to_o be_v suspend_v as_o they_o be_v from_o this_o experiment_n i_o say_v first_o that_o the_o pillar_n of_o air_n c_o d_o be_v 168_o pound_n weight_n at_o least_o which_o i_o prove_v thus_o the_o water_n a_o b_o be_v 168_o pound_n therefore_o the_o air_n c_o d_o must_v be_v as_o much_o i_o prove_v the_o antecedent_n because_o it_o be_v a_o pillar_n of_o water_n 12_o foot_n high_a and_o six_o inch_n thick_a but_o every_o half_a cubical_a foot_n of_o water_n that_o contain_v 216_o inch_n weigh_v seven_o pound_n therefore_o see_v the_o pillar_n be_v 12_o foot_n it_o must_v contain_v 24_o half_a foot_n but_o 24_o time_n 7_o be_v 168._o the_o only_a difficulty_n be_v to_o prove_v the_o connexion_n which_o i_o do_v thus_o from_o the_o seven_o theor._n all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o fluid_a in_o the_o same_o horizontal_n line_n be_v equal_o press_v but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o the_o part_n a_o and_o the_o part_n c_o be_v in_o the_o same_o horizontal_a surface_n therefore_o the_o part_n a_o and_o the_o part_n c_o be_v equal_o press_v but_o if_o the_o part_n a_o and_o the_o part_n c_o be_v equal_o press_v the_o pillar_n of_o air_n c_o d_o must_v be_v as_o heavy_a as_o the_o pillar_n of_o water_n a_o b._n i_o say_v second_o that_o the_o pillar_n of_o air_n f_o h_n weigh_v 672_o pound_n i_o prove_v it_o thus_o the_o water_n e_o g_z weigh_v 672_o pound_n therefore_o the_o air_n f_o h_n weigh_v as_o much_o the_o antecedent_n be_v clear_a because_o e_z g_o be_v a_o square_a pillar_n of_o water_n 12_o foot_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n thick_a but_o every_o cubical_a foot_n of_o water_n weigh_v 56_o pound_n but_o 12_o time_n 56_o be_v 672._o i_o prove_v the_o connexion_n as_o before_o all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o horizontal_a surface_n be_v equal_o press_v therefore_o the_o part_n f_o must_v sustain_v as_o much_o burden_n as_o the_o part_n e._n to_o proceed_v a_o little_a further_o let_v we_o suppose_v the_o pipe_n a_o b_o to_o be_v 34_o foot_n high_a and_o the_o pipe_n e_o g_o to_o be_v as_o much_o i_o assert_v then_o three_o the_o pillar_n of_o air_n c_o d_o to_o weigh_v 476_o pound_n which_o i_o prove_v

that_o decemb._n 13._o 1669_o one_o doctor_n beal_n find_v the_o mercury_n in_o the_o baroscope_n never_o to_o be_v so_o high_a as_o it_o be_v then_o that_o same_o very_a day_n i_o find_v the_o height_n of_o it_o 29_o inch_n and_o nine_o ten_o part_n which_o i_o never_o observe_v before_o and_o though_o the_o day_n here_o be_v dark_a and_o the_o heaven_n cover_v with_o cloud_n yet_o no_o rain_n for_o many_o day_n follow_v but_o much_o dryness_n and_o fair_a weather_n on_o saturday_n night_n march_v 26_o 1670_o i_o find_v the_o altitude_n no_o more_o than_o 27_o and_o nine_o ten_o part_n this_o night_n be_v exceed_v windy_a with_o a_o great_a rain_n on_o february_n 1_o 1671._o i_o find_v the_o altitude_n 30_o inch_n and_o the_o heaven_n most_o clear_a but_o in_o the_o most_o part_n of_o may_n follow_v i_o have_v find_v the_o height_n but_o 27_o inch_n and_o five_o ten_o part_n in_o which_o time_n there_o be_v abundance_n of_o rain_n observation_n fourteen_o november_n 7._o 1670._o i_o make_v exact_a trial_n with_o the_o magnetic_a needle_n for_o know_v the_o variation_n and_o i_o find_v it_o vary_v from_o the_o north_n three_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a towards_o the_o west_n hevelius_n write_v from_o dantzick_n to_o the_o royal_a society_n at_o london_n july_n 5._o 1670_o that_o it_o vary_v with_o he_o seven_o degree_n twenty_o minute_n west_n observation_n xv._n december_n 17._o 1669_o i_o observe_v with_o a_o large_a quadrant_n half_o 9_o a_o clock_n at_o night_n the_o foremost_a guard-star_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o meridian_n and_o low_a to_o have_v 41_o degree_n 22_o minute_n of_o altitude_n and_o on_o january_n 7._o 1670_o at_o 7_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o morning_n i_o find_v it_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o meridian_n and_o high_a to_o have_v 70_o degree_n 27_o minute_n hence_o i_o conclude_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n here_o to_o be_v 55_o degree_n 54_o minute_n 30_o second_n and_o consequent_o as_o much_o at_o edinburgh_n because_o both_o the_o place_n be_v upon_o one_o and_o the_o same_o parallel_n observation_n xvi_o for_o find_v the_o true_a meridian_n follow_v this_o method_n in_o some_o convenient_a place_n fix_v two_o wyre_n string_n with_o weight_n at_o they_o that_o they_o may_v hang_v perpendicular_a then_o in_o the_o night_n time_n observe_v when_o the_o four_o star_n of_o the_o plough_n begin_v to_o come_v near_o to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o meridian_n at_o which_o time_n you_o will_v find_v the_o polar_a star_n high_a then_o so_o order_v the_o two_o string_n by_o move_v they_o hither_o and_o thither_o till_o both_o of_o they_o cover_v both_o the_o say_a star_n then_o shall_v they_o in_o that_o position_n give_v you_o the_o true_a south_n and_o north._n this_o observation_n be_v the_o product_n of_o the_o seven_o observation_n xvii_o there_o fall_v out_o in_o mid_a and_o east-lothian_n on_o thursday_n may_v 11_o 1671_o in_o the_o afternoon_n a_o considerable_a shower_n of_o hail_n with_o thunder_n and_o rain_n it_o come_v from_o the_o south-west_n with_o a_o great_a blast_n of_o wind_n and_o run_v along_n from_o picts-land-hill_n north-east_n towards_o the_o sea_n coast_n the_o hail_n be_v big_a in_o several_a place_n as_o musket_n ball_n and_o many_o of_o they_o rather_o oval_a than_o round_o some_o person_n suffer_v great_a loss_n of_o their_o young_a pease_n other_o of_o their_o glass_n window_n eight_o or_o ten_o day_n before_o there_o be_v a_o considerable_a heat_n and_o dry_a weather_n for_o 20_o day_n after_o cold_a easterly_a wind_n with_o rain_n every_o day_n but_o especial_o in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o month_n extraordinary_a rain_n and_o mistress_n this_o be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o to_o be_v observe_v because_o in_o this_o country_n seldom_o such_o extraordinary_a hail_n fall_v out_o this_o year_n the_o ague_n and_o tremble_v fever_n have_v be_v most_o frequent_a and_o to_o many_o deadly_a observation_n xviii_o i_o do_v hear_v late_o of_o a_o curious_a experiment_n in_o germany_n make_v by_o a_o person_n of_o note_n which_o i_o shall_v brief_o in_o this_o observation_n let_v the_o reader_n understand_v and_o though_o i_o have_v hear_v since_o that_o it_o be_v now_o publish_v in_o print_n yet_o i_o hope_v it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o mention_v it_o here_o especial_o for_o their_o cause_n who_o can_v convenient_o come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o such_o thing_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n also_o that_o i_o may_v explicat_fw-la the_o phenomena_n thereof_o from_o the_o forego_n doctrine_n and_o demonstrat_fw-la particular_o the_o true_a cause_n of_o that_o admirable_a effect_n that_o be_v see_v in_o it_o which_o i_o desiderat_fw-la in_o the_o publisher_n the_o auctor_fw-la then_o take_v two_o vessel_n of_o brass_n each_o one_o of_o they_o in_o form_n of_o half_a a_o sphere_n of_o a_o pretty_a large_a size_n nothing_o can_v more_o fit_o represent_v they_o for_o form_n and_o quantity_n than_o two_o bee-skeps_a only_o each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o strong_a ring_n of_o brass_n upon_o the_o centre_n without_o and_o they_o be_v so_o contrive_v by_o the_o artist_n that_o their_o orifice_n agree_v most_o exact_o so_o that_o when_o they_o be_v unite_v they_o represent_v a_o entire_a sphere_n almost_o in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n there_o be_v a_o hole_n and_o a_o brass_n spigot_n in_o it_o through_o which_o the_o whole_a air_n within_o be_v exsuct_v and_o draw_v out_o namely_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o air-pump_n and_o when_o by_o several_a exsuction_n the_o vessel_n be_v make_v empty_a the_o stop-cock_n be_v turn_v about_o by_o which_o mean_n no_o air_n can_v come_v in_o and_o they_o remain_v empty_a be_v take_v from_o the_o pump_n and_o do_v cleave_v so_o fast_o together_o that_o though_o a_o number_n of_o lusty_a fellow_n 12_o on_o each_o side_n do_v pull_v vigorous_o by_o help_n of_o rope_n fasten_v to_o the_o ring_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o able_a to_o pull_v they_o asunder_o and_o because_o this_o will_v not_o do_v it_o he_o yoke_v in_o 12_o coach_n horse_n six_o on_o every_o side_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o sufficient_a though_o they_o pull_v contrariwise_o to_o other_o to_o make_v a_o separation_n but_o to_o let_v the_o spectator_n see_v that_o they_o may_v be_v pull_v asunder_o he_o yoke_v in_o 9_o or_o 10_o on_o every_o side_n and_o then_o after_o much_o whip_n and_o sweat_v they_o pull_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o admirable_a effect_n be_v not_o the_o fear_n of_o vacuity_n as_o some_o do_v fancy_n for_o if_o that_o be_v all_o the_o horse_n in_o germany_n will_v not_o pull_v they_o asunder_o no_o not_o the_o strength_n of_o angel_n it_o must_v then_o be_v some_o extrinsic_a weight_n and_o force_n that_o keep_v they_o together_o which_o can_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o environ_v air._n because_o no_o soon_o a_o force_n be_v apply_v that_o be_v more_o powerful_a than_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n but_o assoon_o they_o come_v asunder_o and_o so_o neither_o six_o man_n nor_o six_o horse_n on_o each_o side_n be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o but_o nine_o or_o ten_o on_o each_o side_n make_v a_o separation_n for_o understand_v the_o true_a cause_n of_o this_o phenomenon_n we_o must_v consider_v that_o the_o vessel_n be_v 18_o inch_n in_o diameter_n iâ—_n this_o be_v then_o according_a to_o the_o last_o experiment_n there_o be_v two_o pillar_n of_o air_n each_o one_o of_o they_o as_o heavy_a as_o a_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n 18_o inch_n thick_a and_o 29_o inch_n long_o by_o which_o they_o be_v unite_v or_o each_o pillar_n of_o air_n be_v as_o heavy_a as_o a_o pillar_n 0â—_n water_n 34_o foot_n high_a and_o 18_o inch_n in_o diameter_n for_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o it_o in_o pound_n and_o consequent_o the_o weight_n of_o each_o pillar_n of_o air_n by_o which_o the_o two_o vessel_n be_v unite_v follow_v this_o method_n first_o multiply_v 9_o the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o pillar_n by_o 54_o the_o circumference_n and_o this_o give_v you_o 486_o the_o half_a whereof_o be_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o area_n namely_o 243._o and_o because_o 34_o foot_n contain_v 408_o inch_n i_o multiply_v 408_o by_o 243_o the_o product_n whereof_o be_v 99144_o so_o many_o square_a inch_n be_v in_o a_o pillar_n of_o water_n 34_o foot_n high_a and_o 18_o inch_n thick_a now_o see_v there_o be_v 1728_o inch_n in_o a_o cubical_a foot_n i_o divide_v the_o number_n 99144_o by_o this_o number_n and_o i_o find_v 57_o square_a foot_n of_o water_n and_o more_o and_o because_o every_o square_a foot_n weigh_v 56_o pound_n trois_fw-fr i_o multiply_v 56_o by_o the_o number_n 57_o and_o the_o product_n be_v 3192_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o just_a weight_n of_o a_o pillar_n of_o water_n 34_o foot_n high_a and_o 18_o

that_o scarce_o any_o be_v find_v without_o they_o in_o lesser_a or_o great_a degree_n such_o be_v gae_n and_o dykes_n that_o alter_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o the_o metal_n very_o incident_a to_o every_o coal_n though_o in_o some_o less_o frequent_a conform_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o kind_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o coal_n be_v three_o i_o shall_v speak_v something_o of_o damp_n and_o of_o their_o different_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o wildfire_n and_o other_o such_o like_a thing_n which_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o work_n of_o coal_n and_o last_o of_o the_o best_a way_n for_o try_v ground_n to_o find_v coal_n where_o never_o any_o have_v be_v hitherto_o discover_v of_o carry_v on_o of_o level_n for_o drain_n the_o water_n of_o coal_n and_o make_v it_o workable_a it_o be_v to_o be_v cosider_v that_o all_o freestone_n though_o of_o different_a nature_n have_v the_o same_o course_n with_o the_o coal_n that_o lie_v either_o above_o they_o or_o below_o they_o except_o it_o be_v accidental_o interrupt_v therefore_o whatsoever_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o one_o be_v applicable_a to_o the_o other_o and_o so_o we_o find_v in_o digging_z or_o sink_v that_o after_o the_o clay_n be_v past_a which_o keep_v no_o course_n all_o metal_n as_o stone_n and_o till_v which_o be_v seem_v of_o black_a stone_n and_o participate_v much_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o coal_n lie_v one_o above_o another_o and_o keep_v a_o regular_a course_n wherein_o the_o three_o thing_n most_o remarkable_a be_v their_o dipp_n and_o rise_v and_o their_o streek_n as_o it_o be_v term_v the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v be_v nothing_o but_o a_o decline_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o metal_n and_o this_o general_a hold_n that_o all_o of_o they_o from_o their_o centre_n rise_v till_o they_o be_v at_o the_o very_a surface_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o only_a at_o a_o foot_n or_o two_o foot_n some_o at_o a_o ell_n distance_n from_o the_o surface_n which_o be_v here_o term_v a_o crop_n and_o whether_o coal_n or_o stone_n the_o near_o they_o come_v to_o the_o surface_n the_o soft_a they_o become_v till_o at_o last_o they_o be_v convert_v if_o it_o be_v a_o stone_n to_o a_o very_a sand_n and_o if_o coal_n to_o a_o dross_n which_o will_v not_o burn_v this_o decline_a or_o dip_v of_o the_o coal_n be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sensible_a sometime_o lesser_a and_o almost_o insensible_a there_o be_v some_o that_o if_o you_o consider_v the_o declination_n it_o will_v not_o be_v find_v one_o foot_n in_o ten_o some_o one_o foot_n in_o twenty_o or_o one_o in_o thirty_o whereas_o in_o other_o it_o will_v be_v one_o foot_n in_o three_o or_o one_o in_o five_o and_o sometime_o it_o have_v its_o course_n from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n almost_o in_o a_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o surface_n it_o cut_v it_o near_o to_o a_o right_a angle_n the_o first_o sort_n they_o term_v flate-broad-coal_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o plainness_n and_o evenness_n of_o its_o course_n the_o next_o they_o call_v hinging-coal_n the_o last_o be_v call_v edge-coal_n the_o first_o be_v the_o most_o profitable_a in_o regard_n that_o it_o be_v long_o before_o the_o coal-hewers_a can_v reach_v the_o cropp_n and_o consequent_o the_o more_o of_o it_o be_v workable_a the_o second_o and_o three_o sort_n be_v sometime_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n more_o firm_a and_o fit_a for_o burn_v but_o less_o of_o they_o can_v be_v reach_v in_o work_v the_o course_n of_o all_o the_o three_o be_v most_o perceptible_a in_o the_o three_o follow_a schematism_n figure_n 1._o in_o all_o the_o three_o figure_n the_o point_n b_o be_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n the_o line_n b_o c_o be_v the_o body_n of_o the_o coal_n decline_v or_o the_o dipp_n from_o the_o cropp_n a_o c_o be_v the_o perpendicular_a fall_v from_o the_o horizontal_n line_n whereby_o the_o true_a declination_n or_o dipp_n of_o the_o coal_n be_v find_v so_o that_o after_o you_o have_v find_v your_o coal_n at_o b_o you_o must_v set_v down_o your_o sink_n at_o the_o point_n a._n in_o the_o flat-broad-coal_n which_o we_o suppose_v only_o to_o decline_v three_o fathom_n in_o sixty_o the_o sink_v that_o answer_v to_o the_o perpendicular_a a_o c_o will_v be_v of_o deepness_n three_o fathom_n if_o the_o distance_n b_o a_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v 120_o fathom_n alongst_o the_o grass_n or_o surface_n then_o will_v the_o deepness_n of_o the_o sink_v be_v six_o fathom_n and_o so_o forth_o in_o the_o second_o if_o the_o coal_n be_v suppose_v to_o decline_v one_o fathom_n in_o three_o the_o sink_v a_o c_o be_v set_v down_o at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o cropp_n b_o with_o the_o former_a it_o will_v prove_v thirty_o fathom_n deep_a if_o the_o say_a distance_n be_v double_v it_o become_v sixty_o fathom_n deep_a and_o so_o forth_o in_o the_o three_o keep_v that_o same_o distance_n alongst_o the_o surface_n you_o shall_v not_o encounter_v the_o coal_n with_o a_o perpendicular_a sink_n because_o of_o its_o great_a declination_n and_o therefore_o through_o want_n of_o air_n and_o other_o difficulty_n you_o can_v dig_v so_o deep_a as_o be_v necessary_a to_o that_o effect_n except_o the_o sink_n shall_v be_v make_v to_o decline_v as_o do_v the_o line_n a_o d._n all_o these_o dipp_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o several_a place_n of_o lothian_n the_o first_o be_v most_o conspicuous_a in_o the_o earl_n of_o wintons_n ground_n at_o tranent_n where_o the_o coal_n and_o other_o metal_n be_v extraordinary_a flat_a and_o even_o the_o second_o be_v within_o the_o say_a lordship_n of_o tranent_n in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n call_v wester-fauside_a the_o three_o in_o lonhead_n of_o lasway_v which_o pertain_v to_o sir_n john_n nicolson_n of_o nicolson_n and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n one_o may_v see_v very_o different_a declination_n who_o be_v curious_a to_o observe_v they_o from_o this_o general_a position_n of_o the_o dipp_n and_o cropp_n of_o all_o free_a metal_n there_o be_v one_o consequent_a which_o be_v no_o uncouth_a observation_n namely_o that_o these_o metal_n rise_v from_o their_o dipp_n to_o a_o cropp_n every_o one_o of_o they_o rise_v in_o their_o proper_a course_n if_o none_o of_o these_o thing_n whereof_o we_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o intervene_v and_o make_v a_o alteration_n that_o be_v the_o coal_n or_o stone_n which_o be_v low_a come_v farre_v out_o in_o its_o crop_n which_o be_v easy_o understand_v by_o the_o subsequent_a schematism_n figure_n 4._o wherein_o the_o line_n a_o m_o represent_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n c_o d._n e_o f._n g_z h._n ay_o k._n l_o m_o be_v so_o many_o several_a metal_n lie_v in_o course_n one_o above_o another_o suppose_v c_o d_o be_v a_o stone_n and_o the_o roof_n of_o the_o coal_n e_o f_o for_o so_o they_o term_v the_o stone_n immediate_o next_o above_o the_o coal_n and_o g_o h_n i_o k_o be_v other_o two_o stone_n interveen_v between_o the_o coal_n e_o f_o and_o l_o m_o then_z if_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o uppermost_a coal_n be_v find_v at_o f_o the_o crop_n of_o the_o stone_n above_o it_o must_v be_v find_v back_o at_o the_o point_n d_o and_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n under_o it_o which_o be_v l_o m_o must_v be_v find_v at_o m._n and_o this_o distance_n of_o cropp_n be_v proportion_v by_o the_o length_n of_o the_o perpendicular_a between_o they_o and_o the_o quantity_n of_o their_o declination_n for_o the_o more_o even_a and_o flat_a a_o coal_n be_v in_o its_o course_n and_o other_o metal_n above_o and_o below_o the_o far_a do_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o low_a coal_n advance_v before_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o uppermost_a for_o illustration_n whereof_o let_v we_o suppose_v in_o two_o several_a ground_n two_o coal_n between_o which_o there_o be_v a_o equal_a distance_n of_o perpendicular_a and_o suppose_v the_o metal_n in_o the_o one_o ground_n to_o decline_v at_o 13_o to_o 24_o the_o other_o at_o 13_o to_o 16_o then_o will_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o crop_n in_o the_o two_o ground_n be_v very_o considerable_a as_o may_v be_v represent_v by_o the_o two_o follow_a figure_n figure_n 5._o suppose_v then_o that_z d_o ay_o be_v of_o equal_a length_n in_o both_o triangle_n which_o be_v the_o perpendicular_a between_o the_o two_o coal_n yet_o d_o f_o in_o the_o five_o figure_n be_v much_o long_o than_o d_o f_o in_o the_o 6._o and_o the_o reason_n be_v evident_a because_o the_o angle_n d_o i_o f_o in_o the_o 5_o be_v great_a than_o the_o angle_n d_o i_o f_o in_o the_o 6_o and_o therefore_o the_o base_a d_o f_o which_o be_v subtend_v by_o the_o great_a angle_n in_o the_o 5_o must_v be_v great_a than_o the_o base_a d_o f_o which_o be_v subtend_v by_o the_o lesser_a angle_n in_o the_o 6_o which_o euclid_n prove_v in_o his_o

and_o near_o the_o house_n the_o cropp_n be_v turn_v downward_o towards_o the_o march_n between_o elphingston_n and_o ormiston_n where_o the_o dipp_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o former_a and_o from_o elphingston-mains_a it_o take_v its_o course_n almost_o round_o through_o the_o land_n of_o panston_n and_o return_n to_o the_o toun_n of_o tranent_n where_o it_o begin_v which_o body_n of_o coal_n will_v be_v in_o length_n two_o mile_n and_o in_o some_o place_n as_o much_o in_o breadth_n now_o i_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o judgement_n of_o any_o person_n if_o there_o be_v not_o more_o reason_n to_o persuade_v that_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o these_o mineral_n where_o such_o pregnable_a instance_n to_o evince_v it_o be_v find_v then_o to_o conclude_v the_o contrary_a from_o these_o coal_n the_o course_n whereof_o can_v be_v follow_v because_o of_o the_o invincible_a impediment_n i_o mention_v before_o however_o i_o leave_v every_o one_o to_o be_v determine_v by_o his_o own_o opinion_n and_o shall_v be_v satisfy_v to_o enjoy_v my_o own_o till_o these_o of_o more_o experience_n convince_v i_o of_o the_o contrary_n there_o be_v some_o other_o thing_n far_a to_o be_v remark_v about_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v of_o coal_n which_o possible_o every_o one_o have_v not_o see_v they_o be_v so_o very_o rare_a and_o therefore_o be_v not_o fit_a here_o to_o be_v pass_v without_o be_v consider_v one_o be_v of_o a_o coal_n which_o have_v that_o contrary_a dipp_n and_o rise_v whereof_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v in_o one_o of_o the_o crop_n have_v not_o come_v out_o to_o the_o grass_n and_o terminat_fw-la but_o after_o it_o have_v rise_v a_o considerable_a way_n in_o its_o contrary_a course_n in_o stead_n of_o crop_v out_o have_v take_v a_o dipp_n towards_o the_o same_o point_n to_o which_o it_o dip_v first_o and_o so_o have_v dip_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o its_o course_n it_o have_v rise_v again_o and_o crop_v to_o the_o contrary_a point_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o this_o eight_o figure_n figure_n 8._o where_o a_o b_o be_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o point_n b_o be_v the_o cropp_n of_o a_o coal_n dip_v from_o n_o w_n to_o the_o s_o e._n from_o c_z it_o take_v its_o rise_n and_o course_n to_o a_o contrary_a cropp_n towards_o the_o point_n f_o where_o the_o dead_a cropp_n ought_v to_o be_v find_v but_o in_o stead_n of_o go_v that_o length_n it_o take_v another_o course_n from_o the_o point_n e_o dip_v saint_n e_o towards_z d_o from_o which_o it_o take_v its_o rise_n and_o continue_v it_o to_o the_o point_n a_o where_o it_o terminat_n and_o where_o the_o dead_a cropp_n be_v find_v i_o grant_v that_o it_o meet_v with_o a_o trouble_n or_o gay_a at_o the_o point_n e_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o its_o natural_a course_n be_v change_v but_o it_o be_v very_o extraordinary_a to_o see_v such_o a_o effect_n but_o of_o this_o afterward_o in_o its_o own_o place_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o thing_n to_o be_v remark_v in_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_n of_o coal_n which_o be_v this_o in_o the_o most_o part_n of_o coal_n that_o have_v their_o course_n from_o dipp_n to_o crop_n without_o the_o intervention_n of_o a_o dyke_n or_o gay_n the_o declination_n be_v straight_o down_o from_o the_o horizontal_a line_n draw_v from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o crop_n to_o the_o far_a point_n of_o the_o dipp_n that_o be_v the_o coal_n decline_v from_o that_o point_n in_o a_o right_a line_n make_v with_o the_o horizontal_a line_n a_o right_n line_v angle_n angulus_fw-la rectilineus_fw-la though_o in_o some_o the_o angle_n be_v more_o acute_a and_o in_o other_o less_o as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o figure_n where_o a_o b_o be_v the_o horizontal_a line_n and_o b_o the_o crop_n b_o c_o be_v the_o body_n of_o the_o coal_n decline_v which_o meet_v with_o a_o b_o in_o the_o point_n b_o constitute_v a_o right_o line_v angle_n and_o where_o a_o b_o c_o in_o the_o second_o figure_n be_v a_o great_a angle_n than_o a_o b_o c_o in_o the_o first_o yet_o i_o have_v see_v a_o coal_n the_o body_n whereof_o from_o the_o dipp_n or_o far_a point_n of_o declination_n have_v its_o rise_n towards_o the_o crop_n very_o insensible_o it_o be_v flat_a and_o then_o begin_v to_o be_v more_o sensible_a till_o at_o last_o come_v near_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o take_v in_o a_o sudden_a such_o a_o rise_n that_o from_o decline_v one_o foot_n of_o 12_o or_o 14_o it_o decline_v now_o one_o foot_n of_o three_o as_o may_v be_v make_v evident_a from_o this_o follow_a figure_n figure_n 9_o where_o a_o b_o be_v the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o extreme_a point_n of_o the_o cropp_n right_a horizontal_a the_o body_n of_o the_o coal_n rise_v insensible_o be_v d_o c._n but_o assoon_o as_o it_o come_v to_o c_o it_o rise_v with_o a_o great_a ascent_n till_o it_o cropp_n out_o at_o a._n here_o you_o see_v that_o in_o stead_n of_o one_o side_n of_o a_o triangle_n which_o the_o course_n of_o other_o coal_n in_o their_o rise_n or_o in_o their_o declination_n make_v this_o coal_n in_o rise_v make_v two_o side_n namely_o d_o c_z and_o c_z a_o the_o figure_n d_o b_o c_o a_o be_v quadrilateral_a the_o coal_n of_o this_o course_n be_v real_o wrought_v and_o be_v yet_o visible_a in_o its_o waste_n where_o there_o be_v find_v no_o gay_a or_o dyke_n to_o make_v this_o alteration_n these_o be_v the_o chief_a thing_n that_o i_o have_v think_v worthy_a of_o observation_n in_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_n of_o coal_n and_o therefore_o i_o come_v now_o to_o touch_v a_o little_a the_o other_o part_n of_o their_o course_n which_o be_v common_o term_v the_o streek_a of_o a_o coal_n to_o make_v intelligible_a to_o those_o who_o be_v not_o experimental_o acquaint_v with_o coal_n this_o term_n or_o what_o the_o streek_a be_v we_o must_v lay_v this_o foundation_n that_o the_o coal_n be_v a_o physical_a body_n and_o so_o have_v its_o three_o principal_a dimension_n which_o do_v constitute_v it_o so_o viz_o longitude_n latitude_n and_o profundity_n '_o its_o latitude_n be_v that_o part_n contain_v between_o its_o extreme_a line_n which_o be_v measurable_a by_o its_o surface_n to_o which_o its_o dip_v and_o rise_v though_o always_o incident_a yet_o be_v but_o accidental_a it_o be_v profundity_n be_v to_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o surface_n immediate_o next_o to_o it_o above_z and_o below_o which_o be_v term_v in_o coallery_n its_o roof_n and_o pavement_n because_o of_o the_o resemblance_n they_o have_v to_o the_o roof_n and_o pavement_n of_o a_o house_n the_o longitude_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o what_o be_v term_v by_o the_o coal-hewers_a the_o streek_a for_o if_o you_o imagine_v a_o line_n draw_v along_o the_o extreme_a point_n of_o the_o rise_v or_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n that_o be_v proper_o the_o streek_a of_o the_o coal_n there_o be_v but_o few_o thing_n to_o be_v remark_v as_o to_o this_o part_n of_o coal_n only_a first_o to_o find_v how_o it_o lie_v to_o what_o point_v of_o the_o compass_n it_o move_v for_o know_v whereof_o there_o be_v this_o general_a rule_n that_o have_v find_v your_o dipp_n and_o rise_v to_o what_o ever_o point_v that_o course_n be_v direct_v the_o streek_a be_v to_o the_o quite_o contrary_a for_o suppose_v a_o coal_n dipp_n saint_n e_o the_o two_o point_n that_o respect_v the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v must_v be_v s_o e_o and_o n_o w_o be_v the_o point_v opposite_a one_o to_o another_o then_o it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o the_o streek_n must_v run_v s_o w_n and_o n_o e_z which_o two_o course_n divide_v the_o compass_n at_o right_a angle_n and_o therefore_o where_o a_o coal_n be_v find_v to_o have_v contrary_a dipp_n and_o rise_n they_o decline_v sometime_o to_o all_o the_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n whereof_o there_o have_v be_v give_v two_o notable_a instance_n before_o it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v also_o contrary_a streeks_n and_o so_o the_o streek_a of_o a_o body_n of_o coal_n be_v sometime_o find_v to_o describe_v a_o round_a figure_n though_o not_o perfect_o circular_a and_o sometime_o a_o multangular_a figure_n for_o it_o can_v be_v suppose_v that_o the_o streek_a make_v always_o a_o right_a line_n between_o the_o two_o point_n from_o which_o it_o be_v reckon_v for_o example_n between_o the_o laird_n of_o prestongrange_n his_o house_n at_o preston-pan_n and_o the_o stobhill_n there_o be_v the_o streeks_n of_o several_a coal_n lie_v one_o above_o another_o which_o will_v be_v of_o length_n about_o seven_o or_o eight_o mile_n lie_v near_o upon_o saint_n w_n and_o n_o e_z yet_o the_o crop_n of_o the_o say_a coal_n their_o dipp_n and_o

Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

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