should seeme rather to doe the office of a father then the dutie of an highe minister Paulus Emilius after his moste noble victorie had of Kyng Perse desired of God that if after suche a triumphe there were any harme lyke to happen to the Romaines the same might fal vpon his owne house Whereupon when God had taken his two children from hym immediatly after he thancked God for grauÌ„tyng him his bound For in so doyng he was a meane that the people rather lamented Paulus Emilius lacke theÌ„ that Paulus or any bewailed any misfortune that the Romains had Examples be innumerable of those whiche vsed lyke moderation in subduyng their affections as Zenophon Quintus Martius Iulius Cesar Tiberius Cesar Emperours bothe of Rome But what seeke I for misfortunate men if any suche be misfortunate seyng it is an harder matter and a greater peece of worke to finde out happie men Let vs loke round about euen at home and we shal finde enowe subiect to this misfortune for who liueth that hath not lost Therfore I woulde wishe your grace euen nowe to come in againe with God and although he be angry yet show you your self most obedient to his wil coÌ„sideryng he is Lorde ouer Kynges Emperours and ouer al that be bothe in heauen and in yearth and spareth noone whom he listeth to take and no doubt he wil take all at the last His dart goeth daily neither is any darte cast in vaine whiche is sent amongest a whole armie standyng thicke together Neither can you iustly lament that they lyued no longer for they lyued long enough that haue liued well enough You muste measure your children by their vertues not by their yeres For as the wise man saith a mans wisedom is the grey heeres and an vndefiled life is the old age Happie is that mother that hath had Godly children and not she that hath had long lyuyng children For if felicitie should stande by length of tyme some tree were more happy then is any man for it liueth longer and so likewyse brute beastes as the Stagge who liueth as Plinius dothe say two hundreth yeares and more If we woulde but consider what man is we shoulde haue small hope to lyue and litle cause to put any great assuraunce in this lyfe Let vs se him what he is Is his body any thyng els but a lumpe of earth made together in suche forme as we do see A frail vessell a weake carion subiect to miserie cast doune with euery light disease a man to daie to morowe none A flower that this daie is freshe to morowe withereth Good Lorde do we not see that euen those thynges whiche nourishe vs doe rotte dye as herbes birdes beastes water and al other without the whiche we cannot lyue And how can we lyue euer that are susteined by dead thinges Therfore when any one doth dye why do we not thynke that this may chaunse to euery one whiche now hath chaunsed to any one We be now as those that stande in battail raie Not one man is suer of him selfe before an other but al are in daunger in lyke maner to death â–ª That your children died before other that were of riâ—er yeares we may iudge that their ripenes for vertue and all other giftes of nature were brought euen to perfection wherby deaâ—h thâ— soner approched for nothyng long lasteth that is sone excellent God gaue your grace two most excellent childreÌ„ God neuer geueth for any long tyme those that be right excellent Their natures were heauenly and therfore more meete for God then man Emong frute we se some appels are sone ripe and fal from the tree in the middest of summerâ— other be stil greene tary til winter hereupoÌ„ are coÌ„monly called wynter frute Euen so it is with meâ— some dye young some dye old some die in their midle age Your sunnes wer euen .ij. suche already as some hereafter may be with long coÌ„tinuance of tyme. Thei had that in their youth for the giftes of nature whiche al men would require of theÌ„ bothe scacelie in their age Therfore beeyng both now ripe they were now most ready for God There was a childe in Rome of a mans quantite for face legges oâ— her partes of his body wherupon wise men iudged he would not be long liuyng How could your grace thynke that when you sawe auncient wisdoÌ„ in the one most pregnant wit in the other meruailouse sobriete in the elder most laudable gentlines in the younger them bothe most studious in learnyng most forward in al feates aswel of the body as of the mind beyng two suche so excellent that they were lyke long to continue with you God neuer suffreth such excelleÌ„t rare iewels long to enherite therth Whatsoeuer is nie perfectioÌ„ the same is most nigh falling Uertue being oâ—s absolute caÌ„not long be seen with these our fleshly iyes neither can that cary the latter end with other that was ripe it self first of al before other Fier goth out the soner the clearer that it burneth that light lasteth longest that is made of most course matter In greene wood we may see that where as the fuel is not most apt for burning yet the fier lasteth loÌ„ger than if it were nourished with like quantitie of drie wood EueÌ„ so in the nature of man the mynde beeyng ripe the body decaiyeth streight and life goeth away beeyng ones brought to perfection Neither can there be any greater token of shorte lyfe than full ripenes of naturall witte The whiche is to the bodie as the heate of the Sunne is to thynges yearthly Therfore iudge right honourable ladie that euen now they both died when they both wer most readie for God neither thinke that thei died ouer soone because thei liued no loÌ„ger They died both Gods seruauntes therfore they died wel and in good tyme. God hath set their tyme and taken them at his tyme blessed children as they be to reigne with hym in the kyngdom of his father prepared for them from the beginnyng Unto whose wil I wishe and I truste your grace doth wholy referre your wil thankyng hym as hartely for that he hath taken them as you euer thanked hym for that he euer lent you them I knowe the wicked wordes of some vngodly folke haue muche disquieâ—ed your grace notwithstandyng God beyng iudge of your naturall loue towardes your children and al your faithful frendes and seruauntes bearyng earnest witnes with your grace of the same there vngodly talke the more lightely is to bee estemed the more vngodly that it is Nay your grace may reioyce rather that whereas you haue doen well you heare euill accordyng to the wordes of Christe Blessed are you when men speake al euil thynges against you And again consider GOD is not ledde by the reporte of men to iudge his creatures but perswaded by y e true knowlege of euery mans conscience
whereas contrary wyse Maydens that haue made a scape are commonly called to bee Nurses yet can it not bee but that the mothers mylke shoulde be muche more naturall for the childe than the mylke of a straunger As by experience let a man be long vsed to one kynde of drynke if the same man chaunge his ayre and his drynke he is lyke to mislyke it Lastely for the mothers howe are they troubled with sore brestes besydes other diseases that happen throughe plentie of mylke â–ª the whiche Phisicians can tell and women full ofte haue felte Lykewyse in speakyng of fastyng I might vse this diuision Firste 〈…〉 godly to fast because the spirite is more free and apâ—er for any good worke Again it is wholesome because thereby euill humours are waisted and many diseases either clerely put awaie or muche abated of their tiraâ—nie Lastly it is profitable because men spende lesse money the lesse bankequetyng that thei vse Therfore if men loue either to be wise godly healthfull or wealthy let theÌ„ vse fastyng forbeare excesse Now vpon a diuision there might also be made a subdiuision as where I saie it is godly to fast I might diuide goâ—linesse into the hearyng of Goddes worde into praâ—yng â—â—uoutly and charitable dealyng with all the worlde Again speakyng of healthe I mighte saie that the whole body is not onely more Iustie with moderate fastyng but al so more apte for al assaies The learned man studieth better when he fasteth then when he is full The couÌ„sailor heareth causes with lesse pain beyng emptie then he shalbe able after a full gorge Again whereas the fiue senses bryng vs to the knowlegâ— of many thynges the more apte that euery one is the moâ—e pleasure thei bryng euer with theÌ„ The iyes se more clerely the eares heare more quickely the toÌ„gue rouleth more rouÌ„dly and tasteth thinges better and the nose smelleth euill sauours the soner Philosophie is diuided into the knowlege of thynges naturall thynges morall and into that arte whiche by reason findeth out the truthe commonly called Logique Nowe of these three partes of Philosophie I might make other thre subdiuisions and largely set them out But these maie suffice for this tyme. ¶ Of Proposicions QUintilian willeth that streight and immediatly after the Narracion there should also be vsed suche sentences as might bee full of pithe and contein 〈◊〉 theÌ„ the substance of muche matter the rather that the hearers maie be stirred vpoÌ„ the only report of some sentencious saiyng or weightie text in the law As in speakyng largely against extorcioÌ„ one might after his reasons applied to the purpose bryng in a pithie and sentencious proposicion as thus Those handes are euill that scratche out the iyes and what other dooe thei that by force robbe their Christian brethreÌ„ Wo be to that realme where might outgoeth right Or thus wheÌ„ rage doth rule and reason doeth waite what good maÌ„ can hope to liue long in rest Also an act of a realme maie wel serue to make a proposicion As thus The lawe is plain that man shall dye as an offendour whatsoeuer he bee thatbreaketh vp another mannes house and seketh by spoyle to vndo his neighbour Now here is no manâ— that doubteth but that thou hast doen this deede therfore what nedes any more but that thou muste suffer accordyng to the lawe In diuidyng a matter proposicioÌ„s are vsed and orderly applied for the better setting furth of the cause As if I should speke of thankfulnesse I might first shewe what is thankfulnesse next how nedefull it is and last how commendable and profitable it is vniuersally Thankfulnesse is a kynde of remeÌ„bryng good will shewed and an earnest desire to requiâ—e the same Without thankfulnesse no man would do for another The brute beastes haue these properties and therefore man cannot want theÌ„ without his greate rebuke Some proposicions are plain spoken without any cause or reason added therunto As thus I haue charged this man with felony as you haue hard but he denieth it therfore iudge you it I pray you Sometymes a cause is added after the allegyng of a proposicioÌ„ As thus I haue accused this man of felonie because he tooke my pursse by the high waie side and therfore I call for iustice Thus proposicions might bee gathered nexte and immediately after the rehersall of any cause and beautifie muche the matter beyng either alleged with the cause annexed or els beyng plainly spoken without geuyng any reason to it at all ¶ Of confirmacion in matters of iudgement WHen we haue declared the chief poynctes wherevnto wee purpose to referre all our reasons wee muste heape matter and finde out argumentes to confirme thesame to the outermoste of our power makyng firste the strongest reasons that wee can and nexte after gatheryng all probable causes together that beeyng in one heape thei maie seme strong and of greate weighte And whatsoeuer the aduersarie hath said against vs to answere thereunto as tyme and place beste maie serue That if his reasons be light and more good maie bee doen in confutyng his then in confirmyng our awne it were best of all to sette vpon hym and putte awaie by arte all that he hath fondely saied without witte For prouyng the matter and searchyng out the substaunce or nature of the cause the places of Logique muste helpe to sette it forward But when the persone shalbe touched and not the matter we must seke els where and gather these places together i. The name ii The maner of liuyng iij. Of what house he is of what countre and of what yeres iiij The wealthe of the man v. His behauiour or daily enuryng with thynges vi What nature he hath vij Whereunto he is moste geuen viij What he purposeth froÌ„ tyme to tyme. ix What he hath doen heretofore x. What hath befaulne vnto hym heretofore xi What he hath confessed or what he hath to saie for hymself IN well examinyng of all these matters muche maie be said greate likelihodes maie be gathered either to or fro the whiche places I vsed heretofore when I spake of matters in iudgement against the accused souldiour Now in triyng the truth by reasons gathered of the matter we must first marke what was doen at that time by the suspected persone when suche and suche offences wer committed Yea what he did before this acte was dooen Again the tyme muste bee marked the place the maner of doyng and what hart he bare hym As thoportunitie of doyng and the power he had to do this deede The whiche all sette together that either acquitte him or finde him giltee These argumentes serue to confirme a matter in iudgement for any hainous offence But in the other causes which are occupied either in praisyng or dispraisyng in perswadyng or diswadyng the places of confirmacion be suche as are before rehersed as when wee commende a thyng to proue it thus Honest to be doen. Profitable Easie. Necessarie And so of other in like
the Sonne who euer kepeth one course in speakyng of incoÌ„staunce to showe the Mooâ—e whiche keepeth no certaine course Againe in younge Storkes wee may take an example of loue towardes their damme for when she is olde and not able for her crooked bil to picke meat the youngones fede her In young Uipers there is a contrary example for as Plinie saieth they eate out their dammes wombe and so come forthe In Hennes there is a care to bryng vp their chickens is Egles the contrarie whiche caste out their egges if thei haue any mo then thre and al because they woulde not be troubled with bryngyng vp of many There is also a notable kynde of amplification when we would extenuate and make lesse great faultes which before we did largely encrease to thende that other faultes might seeme the greatest aboue all other As if one had robbed his maister thrust his felow through the arme accoÌ„paned with harlottes kepte the tauerne till he had been as dronke as a ratte to say after a large inuectiue against al these offences You haue heard a whole court roule of ribauldrie and yet al these are but fle bitynges in respect and comparison of that which I shal now show you Who doth not loke for a maruâ—ilouse great matter a most hainouse offence when those faultes that are thought moste greuouse are counted but fle bitynges in respect and comparison of that whiche he myndeth to reherse In like maner one might exhort y e people to godlinesse and whereas he hath set forthe al the commodities that folowe the same as in showyng a quiet conscience not gilty of any great faulte the libertie of spirite the peace whiche we haue with GOD the felowship with al the electe for the seruant of Sathan to be the sonne of GOD the comforte of the soule the greatenesse wherof no man is able to conceiue to say at lengthe and what can be greater what can be more excellent or more blesseful yet al these are smal matters if thei be coÌ„pared with the blessed enheritaunce of the euerliuing God prepared for al those that liue Godlie here vpon earthe fastenyng there whole trust vpon Christe aboue whiche bothe is able and will saue all those that caâ— vnto him with faith We do encrease our cause by reasonyng the matter and casting our accompt when either by thynges that folow or by thynges that go before or elles by suche thynges as are annexed with the matter wee geue sentence how great the thyng is By thynges goyng before I iudge when I see an â—nuiouse or hasty man fight wiâ—h an other as hastie that there is lyke to be bloudshed As who should saie can enuiouse or hastie men matche together but that they must needes trie the matter with bloudshedyng Assuredly it can not be otherwyse but that bloude must appease their rage Likewyse seeyng two wyse men earnestly talkyng together I cannot otherwyse iudge but that their talke must nedes be wittie and concerne some weightie matter For to what ende shoulde wyse men ioyne or wherefore shoulde they laie their heades together if it were not for some earnest cause whâ—t a shame iâ— it for a strong man of muche health great manhode to be ouercome with a cuppe of drynke FroÌ„ thynges ioyned with the cause thus A woman hauyng her housbande emprisoned and in daunger of death soubdenly steppe before the Kyng and craued his pardon Bold was that womaÌ„ whiche durst aduenture to knele before a Kyng whose housband had so greuously offended Though woâ—en by nature are fearful yet in her appered a manly stomake and a good bolde harte yea euen in greatâ—st daunger By thynges that folowe thus al England lament the death of Duke Henrie and Duke Charles twoo noble brethren of the house of Suffolke Then may we wel iudge that these two ientlemen were wonderfully beloued when they both were so lamented There is a kynde of Amplifiyng when in speakyng of .ii. that fought together wee praise hym muche that had the worse because we would the other to haue more praise CoÌ„sideryng for a man to beate a boye it were no praise but for a talle man to matche with an other that were as talle as hym selfe that were somwhat worthe Therfore I woulde haue the Scottes wel praised whome the Englishmen haue so often vanquished He that praiseth muche â—he stronghold of Boleine must nedes thereby praise kyng Henry the .viij. of England who by martial power wonne it and kepte it al his lyfe tyme. Or thus Suche a one kepes a marueilouse good house for the worst boie in his house drynkes one and thesame drynke with his master and al one bread yea euery one hath his meate in siluer chamber vessels and all are of siluer We iudge by apparel by armour or by harnesse what a man is of stature or biggenes We iudge by occasion the goodnes of men as when they might haue doen harme thei would not when they might haue slaine thei sought rather to saue FroÌ„ the place where one is encrease may be gatherd As thus Beyng euen in the Court he was neuer moued to gaÌ„myng beyng at Rome he hated harlottes where thereis by report so great plentie as there are starres in the elemeÌ„t From the tyme thus he must needes be well learned in the lawes of our Realme that hath been a student this thirtie wynter From the age assuredly he is lyke to be good for beeyng but a childe he was euer most godlie From the state of lyfe no doubt but he is honest for beyng but a seruaunt he lyued so vprightely as none coulde iustly blame his lyfe From the hardenesse of a thyng That whiche is almost onely proper to Aungels must nedes be harde for man therefore chastitie is a rare gifte and harde for man to kepe From the straungenesse of a thyng EloqueÌ„ce must nedes bee a wonderful thyng when so fewe haue attained it Lykewyse notable aduentures doen by a fewe are more praise worthy than suche as haue been done by a great nombe Therfore the battail of Muskelborow against the Scottes where so fewe Englishmen were slaine and so many Scottes dispatched must nedes be more praise worthie than if the nomber of Englishmen had been greater Uehemencie of woordes full often helpe the matter forwarde when more is gatherde by cogitacion than if the thyng had been spoken in plaine woordes When wee heare one say suche a maÌ„ swelled seyng a thyng against his mynd we gather that he was then more than half angrie Againe when wee heare one saie suche a woman spittes fier we gather streight that she is a Deuill The Preacher thunderde in the Pulpite belyke then he was metely hoote But concernyng all suche speaches the knowlege of a Metaphore shall bryng men to muche knowlege whereof I wil speake hereafter emong the figures and therefore I surcease to speake of it in this place We encrease our cause by heapyng of wordes sentences together couchyng
dissoluyng or wipyng awaie of all suche reasons as make against vs. The Conclusion is a clarkely gatheryng of the matter spoken before and a lappyng vp of it altogether Now because in euery one of these greate hede ought to be had and muche arte must be vsed to content and like all parties I purpose in the second boke to set furthe at large euery one of these that bothe we maie knowe in all partes what to folowe and what to eschewe And first when tyme shalbe to talke of any matter I would aduise euery man to consider the nature of the cause self that the rather he might frame his whole Oracion thereafter ¶ Euery matter is conteined in one of these .iiii. EIther it is an honest thyng whereof we speake or els it is filthy and vile or els betwixte bothe and doubtfull what to bee called or els it is some triflyng matter that is of small weight That is called an honest matter when either wee take in hande suche a cause that all menne would maintein or els gainsaie suche a cause that no man can well like Then do we hold and defende a filthy matter wheÌ„ either wee speake against our conscience in an euill matter or els withstande an vpright truthe The cause then is doubtfull when the matter is half honest and halfe vnhonest Suche are triflyng causes wheÌ„ there is no weight in theÌ„ as if one should phantasy to praise a Gose before any other beast liuyng as I knowe who did or of fruict to commende nuttes chefly as Ouid did or the feuer quartaine as Phauorinus did or the Gnatte as Uirgill did or the battaill of Frogges as Homere did or dispraise beardes or commende shauen heddes ¶ Good hede to bee taken at the firste vpon the handelyng of any matter in Iudgement NOT onely it is necessarie to knowe what maner of cause wee haue taken in hande when wee firste enter vpon any matter but also it is wisedome to consider the tyme the place the man for whom we speake the man against whom we speake the matter whereof we speake and the iudges before whom we speake the reasons that best serue to further our cause and those reasons also that maie seme somewhat to hynder our cause and in no wise to vse any suche at all or els warely to mitigate by protestacion the euill that is in theim and alwaies to vse whatsoeuer can bee saied to wynne the chief hearers good willes and perswade theim to our purpose If the cause go by fauour and that reason cannot so muche auaile as good wil shalbe able to do or els if mouyng affeccioÌ„s can do more good then bryngyng in of good reasons it is meete alwaies to vse that waie whereby we maie by good helpe get the ouer hand That if mine aduersaries reasons by me beyng coÌ„futed serue better to help forward my cause then mine awn reasons confirmed can be able to doe good I should wholy bestowe my tyme and trauaill to weaken and make slender all that euer he bringeth with hym But if I can with more ease proue myne awne saiynges â—ither with witnesses or with wordes then be able to coÌ„fute his with reason I must labour to withdrawe mennes myndes from myne aduersaries foundacion and require theÌ„ wholy to herken vnto that whiche I haue to saie beyng of it self so iust and so reasonable that none can rightly speake against it and shewe theim that greate pitie it were for lacke of the onely hearyng that a true matter should want true dealyng Ouer and besides all these there remain twoo lessons the whiche wisemenne haue alwaies obserued and therefore ought of all men assuredly to be learned The one is that if any matter be laied against vs whiche by reason can hardely bee auoyded or the whiche is so open that none almoste can deny it were wisedome in confutyng all the other reasons to passe ouer this one as though we sawe it not and therefore speake neuer a worde of it Or els if necessitie shall force a man to saie some what he may make an outward bragge as though there wer no matter in it euer so speakyng of it as though he would stande to the triall makyng men to beleue he would fight in the cause wheÌ„ better it were if necessitie so required to run clene awaie And herein though a man do flie and geue place euermore the gladder the lesse rauyng there is or stirryng in this matter yet he flieth wisely and for this ende that beyng fensed otherwise strongly appoyncted he maie take his aduersary at the best aduauntage or at the least werie hym with muche lingeryng and make hym with oft suche fliyng to forsake his chief defence The other lesson is that whereas we purpose alwaies to haue the victorie wee should so speake that we maie labour rather not to hynder or hurt our cause then to seke meanes to further it And yet I speake not this but that bothe these are right necessarie and euery one that will doo good muste take peines in theim bothe but yet notwithstandyng it is a fouler faulte a greate deale for an Orator to be founde hurting his awne cause then it should turne to his rebuke if he had not furthered his whole entent Therefore not onely is it wisedome to speake so muche as is nedefull but also it is good reason to leaue vnspoken so muche as is nedelesse the whiche although the wisest can do and nede no teachyng yet these common wittes offende muche nowe and then in this behalfe Some man beyng stirred shall hurt more our cause then twentie other Tauntyng wordes before some menne will not be borne at all Sharpe rebukyng of our aduersary or frumpes geuen before some persones cannot be sufferd at all Yea sometymes a man must not speake all that he knoweth for if he doo he is like to finde small fauour although he haue iuste cause to speake and maie with reason declare his mynde at large And albeit that witlesse folke can soner rebuke that whiche is fondly spoken then redely praise that whiche is wisely kept close yet the necessitie of the matter must rather be marked then the fonde iudgement of the people estemed What a sore saiyng were this When a lawyer should take in hande a matter concernyng life and death and another should aske how he hath sped to heare tel that the lawyer hath not onely cast awaie his clieÌ„t but vndoen hymself also in speakyng thynges inconsideratly as no doubt it ofteÌ„ happeneth that wise men and those also that bee none euill men neither maie vnwares speake thynges which afterward thei sore repent would cal backe again with losse of a greate soâ—â—e Now what a foly it is not to remember the tyme and the men Or who will speake that whiche he knoweth will not be liked if he purpose to finde fauour at their handes before whom he
his cause the Rhetorician is alwaies knowne ¶ The places of Logique are these Definition Causes Partes Effectes Thyâ—ges adioyâ—yâ—g Contraries I Do not se otherwise but that these places of Logique are confounded with thother iiiij of confirmacion or rather I thinke these of Logique must first be mynded ere thother can well be had For what is he that can cal a thyng honest by reason proue it except he first knowe what the thyng is the whiche he can not better doe then by definyng the nature of the thyng Againe how shal I know whether myne attempte be easie or hard if I know not the efficient cause or be assured how it maie be doen. In affirmyng it to be possible I shall not better knowe it then by searchyng thende and learnyng by Logique what is the final cause of euery thyng ¶ An example in commendacion of Iustice or true dealyug SO many as loke to liue in peaceable quietnesse beyng mynded rather to folowe reason than to be led by wilfull affection desire iustice in al thynges without the which no countrie is able long to coÌ„tinue Then may I be bolde to commende that whiche all men wishe fewe can haue whiche all men loue none can want not doubtyng but as I am occupied in a good thyng so al good men wil heare me with a good wil. But woulde God I were so wel able to perswade all men to Iustice as al men know the necessarie vse therof and then vndoubtedly I woulde be muche boulder and force some by violence whiche by faire wordes can not be entreated And yet what nedes any perswasion for that thyng whiche by nature is so nedeful by experience so profitable that looke what we want without iustice we get not loke what we haue without iustice we kepe not God grauÌ„t his grace so to worke in the hartes of al men that they may aswel practise well doyng in their owne lyfe as they would that other should folowe iustice in their lyfe I for my part wil bestow some labor to set forth the goodnes of vpright dealing that al other men the rather may do therafter That if through my wordes God shal worke with any man than may I thynke my self in happy case reioyce much in the trauaile of my wit And how can it be otherwyse but that al men shalbe forced inwardly to allowe that whiche in outwarde acte many do not folowe seyng God poured first this law of nature into mans hart grauÌ„ted it as a meane wherby we might know his wil as I might saie talke with him groundyng stil his doinges vpoÌ„ this poinct that maÌ„ should do as he would be done vnto the whiche is nothyng elles but to lyue vprightly without any wil to hurte his neighbour And therfore hauyng this light of Goddes wil opened vnto vs thorowe his mere goodnesse we ought euermore to referre al our actions vnto this ende both in geuyng iudgement and deuisyng lawes necessarie for mans lyfe And here vpon it is that when men desire the lawe for trial of a matter they meane nothyng elles but to haue iustice the whiche iustice is a vertue that yeldeth to euery man his owne to the euer liuyng God loue aboue al thynges to the Kyng obedience to the inferiour good counsel to the poore maÌ„ mercie to the hateful and wicked sufferaunce to it self truthe and to al men perfite peace and charitie Now what can be more said in praise of this vertue or what thyng can be like praised Are not al thynges in good case when al men haue their owne And what other thyng doeth iustice but seketh meanes to contente al parties Then how greatly are they to be praised that meane truely in al thâ—ir doynges and not onely do no harme to any but seke meanes to helpe al. The sunne is not so wonderful to the world saith Aristotel as the iust dealyng of a gouernour is merueilous to al meÌ„ No the yerth yeldeth not more gaine to al creatures than doth the iustice of a Magistrate to his whole Realme For by a lawe we liue and take the fruites of the yearth but where no law is nor iustice vsed there nothyng caÌ„ be had though al thynges be at hande For in hauyng the thyng we shall lacke the vse and liuyng in great plentie we shal stande in great nede The meane therfore that maketh men to enioye their owne is iustice the whiche beyng ones taken away all other thynges are lost with it neither can any one saue that he hath nor yet get that he wanteth Therfore if wroÌ„g doyng shoulde be borne withal and not rather punished by death what man coulde lyue in reste Who coulde be suer either of his lyfe or of his liuyng one whole day together Now because euery man desiereth the preseruation of hym selfe euery man should in lyke case desire the sauegarde of his neighbour For if I shoulde wholly mynde myne own ease and folowe gaine without respect to the hinderaunce of myne euen Christian why should not other vse thesame libertie and so euery man for hymselfe and the deuil for vs al catche that catche may The whiche custome if all men folowed the earth woulde soone be voide for want of men one woulde be so gredie to eate vp an other For in sekyng to lyue we shoulde lose our lyues in gapyng after gooddes we shoulde soone go naked Therefore to represse this rage and with holsome deuises to traine men in an order God hath lightened man with knowledge that in al thynges he may se what is right and what is wrong and vpon good aduisement deale iustly with al men God hath created al thynges for mans vse and ordeined man for mannes sake that one man might helpe another For thoughe some one haue giftes more plentifully then the coÌ„mune sorte yet no man can liue alone without helpe of other Therfore we shoulde striue one to helpe another by iuste dealyng some this way some that way as euery one shal haue nede and as we shalbe alwaies best able wherein the lawe of nature is fulfilled and Goddes commaundemeÌ„t folowed We loue them here in yearth that geue vs faire wordes and we can be content to speake wel of them that speake wel of vs and shall we not loue them and take them also for honest men whiche are contented from tyme to time to yelde euery maÌ„ his owne and rather woulde dye then consent to euill doyng If one be ientle in outwarde behauiour we lyke hym wel and shal we not esteme hym that is vpright in his outward liuyng and like as we desire that other should be to vs ought not we to bee likewyse affected towardes them Euen emong brute beastes nature hash appoincted a law shal we men lyue without a lawe The Storke beyng not able to feede her selfe for age is fedde of her youngones wherin is declared a natural loue and
fourthe wife that our frende Iouius hath maried And yet he so loued the other wheÌ„ thei wer on liue that none was able to comforte hym in his heauinesse and now he hastened so muche when one was ded to fill vp and supply the voyde roume of his chamber as though he had loued the other very litle But what do we talke so muche of the honestie and pleasure herein seyng that not onely profite doeth aduise vs but also nede doeth earnestly force vs to seke mariage Let it bee forbidden that man and woman shall not come together within fewe yeres all mankynde must nedes decaye for euer When zerxes kyng of the Persians behelde from an high place that greate armie of his suche as almoste was incredible some said he could not forbeare wepyng consideryng of so many thousandes there was not one like to bee a liue within seuentie yeres after Now why should not we consider thesame of all mankynd whiche he meant onely of his armie Take awaie mariage and howe many shall remain after a hundreth yeres of so many realmes countrees kyngdomes citees and all other assemblies that be of men throughout the whole world on now praise we a gods name the single life aboue the nocke the whiche is like for euer to vndooe all mankynde What plague what infeccion can either heauen or hell sende more harmefull vnto mankynd What greater euill is to be feared by any floud What could be loked for more sorowfull although the flame of Phaeton should set the world on fire again And yet by suche sore tempestes many thynges haue been saued harmelesse but by the single life of man there caÌ„ be nothyng left at all We se what a sorte of diseases what diuersitee of missehappes doo night and daie lye in waite to lessen the smal number of mankynde Howe many doeth the plague destroie how many do the Seâ—s swallowe how many doeth battaile snatche vp For I will not speake of the daily dyeng that is in al places Deathe taketh her flight euery where rounde about she runneth ouer theim she catcheth theim vp she hasteneth asmuche as she can possible to destroie al mankynde â–ª now do we so highly coÌ„mend syngle lyfe and eschewe Mariage Except happely we like the profession of the Essens of whome Iosephus speaketh that they wil neither haue wyfe nor seruauntes or the Dulopolitans called otherwyse the Rascalles and Slaues of Cities the whiche companie of theim is alwaie encreased and continued by a sorte of vagabounde peasauntes that continue and be from time to time stil together Do we loke that some Iuppiter shoulde geue vs that same gifte the whiche he is reported to haue geuen vnto Bees that wee shoulde haue issue without procreacion and gather with our mouthes out of flowers the seede of our posteritie Or elles do we desier that lyke as the Poetes feyne Minerua to be borne out of Iuppiters head in lyke sorte there should children leape out of our heades Or last of al doe we looke accordyng as the olde fables haue been that men shoulde be borne out of the yerth out of rockes out of stockes stones olde trees Many thynges breede out of the yearth without mans labour at all Young shrubbes growe and shoute vp vnder the shadowe of their graundsyre trees But nature woulde haue man to vse this one waie of encreasyng issue â–ª that through labour of bothe the housband and wyfe mankynd might stil be kept from destruction But I promise you if all men tooke after you and still forbare to marie I can not see but that these thynges whiche you wonder at and esteme so muche could not haue been at al. Do you yet esteme this syngle lyfe so greatly Doe you praise so muche virginitie aboue al other Why man there will be neither syngle men nor virgines a lyue if men leaue to marie and mynde not procreation why do you theÌ„ preferre virginitie so muche why set it you so hye if it be the vndoyng of all the whole worlde It hath been muche commended but it was for that tyme and in a fewe God woulde haue men to see as though it were a paterne or rather a picture of that heauenly habitacion where neither any shalbe maried nor yet any shall geue theirs to Mariage But when thynges be geuen for an example a fewe may suffise a nomber were to no purpose For euen as al groundes though they be very frutefull are not therefore turned into tillage for mans vse and commoditie but parte lyeth fallowe and is neuer mannered parte is kepte and cherised to lyke the â—ye and for mans pleasure and yet in al this plentie of thynges where so great store of lande is nature suffereth very litle to waxe barren But nowe if none should be tilled and plowe mâ—n went to plaie who seeth not but that wee shoulde al sterue and bee faine shortely to eate acornes Euen so it is praise worthie if a fewe liue syngle but if al should seke to lyue syngle so many as be in this worlde it were to great an inconuenience Now again be it that other deserue worthie praise that seke to liue a virgines life yet it must nedes be a great faulte in you Other shalbe thought to seke a purenesse of lyfe you shalbe coumpted a parricide or a murtherer of your stocke that whereas you may by honest mariage encrease your posteritie you suffex it to decaie for euer through your wilful single lyfe A man may hauyng a house ful of children commende one to God to lyue a virgine al his lyfe The plowe man offereth to God the tenthes of his owne and not his whole croppe al together But you Sir muste remember that there is none lefte aliue of al your stocke but your self alone And nowe it mattereth nothyng whether you kill or refuse to saue that creature which you onely might saue and that with ease But you wil folow the example of your sister and lyue syngle as she doth And yet me thynketh you shoulde chefely euen for this selfe same cause be afraied to lyue single For whereas there was hope of issue heretofore in you bothe nowe ye see there is no hope left but in you onely Be it that your sister may be borne withal because she is a woman and because of her yeares for sue beyng but a girle and ouercome with sorow for losse of her mother toke the wrong way she cast her selfe donne headlong and became a Nunne at the earnest sute either of folishe women or elles of doultishe Munkes but you beyng muche clâ—er must euermore remember that you are a man She woulde nedes dye together with her auncesters you muste labour that your auncesters shal not dye at all Your sister woulde not doe her dutie but shranke away thynke you nowe with your selfe that you haue ij offices to discharge The daughters of Lothe neuer stuck at the matter to haue a doe with their dronken father thinkyng
men to take pitie of the fatherlesse the widowe and the oppressed innocent if we set before their iyes the lamentable afflictions the tyrannouse wronges and the miserable calamities whiche these poore wretches do susteine For if fleshe and bloude moue vs to loue our children our wyfes and our kynsfolke muche more shoulde the spirite of God and Christes goodnes towardes maÌ„ stirre vs to loue our neighbours moste eâ—tirely These exhâ—rtacions the preachers of God may most aptely vse when they open his Gospell to the people and haue iust cause to speake of suche matters ¶ Of Commendyng IN commendyng a man wee vse the reporte of his witte honestie faithfull seruice painefull labour and carefull nature to do his maisters will or any suche lyke as in the Epistles of Tullie there are examples infinite ¶ Of Comfortyng NOw after al these the weake would be comforted and the soroufull woulde bee cherised that there grief might bee aswaged and the passions of man brought vnder the obedience of reason The vse hereof is great aswell in priuate troubles as in commune miseries As in losse of gooddes in lacke of frendes in sicknes in darthe in death In all whiche losses the wyse vse so to comforte the weake that they geue them not iust cause euen at the firste to refuse all comforte And therefore they vse two waies of chereshyng the troubled mindes The one is when wee showe that in some cases and for some causes either they shoulde not lament at all or elles bee sory very litle the other is when we graunt that they haue iust cause to bee sadde and therfore wee are sad also in their behalfe and woulde remedie the matter if it coulde be and thus enteryng into felowshippe of sorowe wee seeke by litle and litle to mitigate their grief For all extreme heauinesse and vehement sorowes cannot abyde comforte but rather seeke a mourner that woulde take parte with theim Therefore muche warenesse ought to be vsed when wee happen vpon suche excedyng sorowfull leaste wee rather purchace hatred than aswage grief Those harmes shoulde bee moderatly borne whiche muste needes happen to euery one that haue chaunced to any one As deathe whiche spareth none neither Kyng nor Cayser neither poore nor riche Therefore to bee impacient for the losse of our frendes is to fall out with God because he made vs men and not Aungelles But the Godly I truste will alwaies remitte thorder of thynges to the wil of God and force their passions to obey necessitie When God lately visited this Realme with the sweatyng disease and receiued the two worthie ientlemen Heâ—ry Duke of Suffolke his brother Lorde Charles I seeyng my Ladies grace their mother takyng their deathe most greauouslie could not otherwise for the duetie whiche I then did and euer shall owe vnto her but comforte her in that her heauinesse the whiche vndoubtedly at that tyme muche weakened her bodie And because it may serue for an example of comforte I haue been boulde to set it forthe as it foloweth hereafter ¶ An example of comforte THough myne enterprise maie be thought folishe and my doynges very slender in busiyng my braine to teache the expert to gyue counsel to other when I lacke it my self and wheras more neede were for me to be taught of other to take vpon me to teache my betters yet dutie byndyng me to doe my beste and emong a nomber though I can doe leaste yet good will settyng me forthe with the foremest I cannot chouse but write what I am able and speake what I can possible for the better comfortyng of your grace in this your great heauines and sore visitacion sent from GOD as a warnyng to vs all The Phisician then deserueth moste thanke when he practiseth his knowlege in tyme of necessitie and then traueileth moste painefullie when he feeleth his paciente to be in moste daunger The souldiour at that tyme and at no tyme so muche is thought most trustie when he showeth at a nede his faithfull harte and in tyme of extreme daunger doeth vse and bestowe his moste earnest labour In the wealthe of this worlde what valiaunt man can wante assistence What mightie Prince can misse any helpe to compasse his desire who lacketh men that lacketh no monie But when God striketh the mightie with his strong hand and displaceth those that were hyghelye placed what one manne dothe once looke backe for the better â—asemente of his deare Brother and Godlye comfortynge his euen Christian in the chiefe of all his sorowe All menne communelye more reioyce in the Sunne risynge then they doe in the Sunne setâ—inge The hope of Lucre and expectation of priuate gayne maketh manye one to bear oute a countenaunce of fauoure whose herte is inwardelye fretted wyth deadlye rancoure But suche Frendes euen as prosperiâ—ye doâ—he gette theim so aduersitye dothe trye theim God is the searcher of euery mannes thought vnto whose iudgemente I referre the assuraunce of my good wyll And thoughe I can do little and therfore deserue as little thancke as I loke for prayse whyche is none at all yet will I endeuoure earnestlye at all tymes as well for mine owne discharge to declare my duty as at this present to say somewhat for the better easemente of youre grace in thys your heauines The passions of the mynde haue diuers effectes and theâ—fore worke straungelye accordynge to theyr properties â–ª For like as ioye comforteth the harte nourisheth bloude and quickeneth the whole bodye so heauinesse and care hinder digestion engender euyll humoures waste the principall partes and wyth tune consume the whole bodye For the better knowledge hereof and for a liuâ—lye syght of the same wee neade not to seeke farre for aâ—ye examplâ— but euen to come strayghte vnto youre grace whose bodye as I vnderstande crediblye and partelye see my selfe is soore appayred within shorte tyme your mynde so troubled youre harte so heauye that you hate in a maner all lyght you lyke not the sighte of anye thynge that myght be your comforte but altogether stricken in a dumpe you seke to be solitarye detestinge all ioye and delitynge in sorowe wishynge wyth harte if it wâ—â—e Goddes will to make youre last ende In whyche youre heauinesse as I desire to be a comfortoure of youre grace so I can noâ— blame your naturall sorowe if that nowe after declaration of the same you woulde moderate all youre griefe hereafter and call backe your pensifenes to the prescripte order of reason And firste for the better remedye of euerye disease and troubled passion it is beste to knowe the principall cause and chiefe occasion of the same Youre grace hadde two sonnes howe noble howe wittye howe learned and how Godlye manye thousandes better knowe it then anye one is able well to â—ell it God at his pleasure hath taken them bothe to his mercy and placed them with him which were surelye ouer good to tarye here with vs. They bothe died as
maner or els to vse in stede of these the places of Logique Therefore when we go aboute to confirme any cause wee maie gather these groundes aboue rehersed and euen as the case requireth so frame our Reasones In confutyng of causes the like maie be had as we vsed to proue if we take the contrarie of thesame For as thynges are alleged so thei maie be wrested and as houses are buylded so thei maie bee ouerthrowen What though many coniectures be gathered diuerse matters framed to ouerthrowe the defendaunt yet witte maie finde out bywaies to escape and suche shiftes maie be made either in auoydyng the daunger by plain denial or els by obieccions and reboundyng again of reasons made that small harme shall turue to the accused persone though the presūptions of his offence be greate and he thought by good reason to be faultie The places of Logique as I saied cannot be spared for the confirmacion of any cause For who is he that in confirmyng a matter wil not know the nature of it the cause of it theffect of it what is agreyng therunto what likenesse there is betwixt that and other thinges what exāples maie bee vsed what is contrary and what can be saied aginst it Therefore I wishe that euery manne should desire and seke to haue his Logique perfect before he looke to profite in Rhetorique consideryng the grounde and confirmaciō of causes is for the moste part gathered out of Logique ¶ Of conclusion A Conclusion is the handsome lappyng vp together and brief heapyng of all that whiche was saied before stirryng the hearers by large vtteraunce and plentifull gatheryng of good matter either the one waie or the other There are twoo partes of a conclusion the one resteth in gatheryng together briefly all suche argumentes as wer before rehersed reportyng the sōme of them in as fewe wordes as can be and yet after suche a sorte that muche varietie be vsed ▪ bothe when the rehersall is made as also after the matter is fully reported For if the repeticion should bee naked and onely set furthe in plain woordes without any chaunge of speache or shift or Rhetorique neither should the hearers take pleasure nor yet the matter take effect Therfore when the Oratour shall touche any place whiche maie geue iuste cause to make an exclamacion stirre the hearers to be sory to bee glad or to be offended it is necessary to vse arte to the outermoste Or when he shall come to the repeatyng of an heinous acte and the maner thereof he maie set the Iudges on fire and heate them earnestly against the wicked offendor Thus in repeatyng arte maie bee vsed and nexte with the onely rehersall matters maie bee handesomely gathered vp together The other part of a conclusion resteth either in augmentyng and vehemently enlargyng that whiche before was in fewe wordes spoken to set the Iudge or hearers in a heate or els to mitigate and asswage displeasure conceiued with muche lamentyng of the matter and mouyng theim thereby the rather to shewe mercie Amplificacion is of twoo sortes whereof I will speake more at large in the nexte Chapiter The one resteth in wordes the other in matter Suche wordes muste bee vsed as be of greate weight wherein either is some Metaphore or els some large vnderstandyng is conteined Yea wordes that fill the mouthe and haue a sound with them set furthe a matter very well And sometymes wordes twise spoken make the matter appere greater Again when we firste speake our mynde in lowe wordes after vse weightier the fault likewise semeth to be greater As whē one had killed a ientleman thus might another amplifie his mynd For one slaue to strike another wer worthy of punishement but what deserueth that wretche whiche not onely striketh a manne but striketh a ientlemanne and not onely striketh a ientleman but cowardly killeth a ientlemanne not geuyng hym one wounde but geuyng hym twentie To kill any manne in suche sorte deserueth deathe but what saie you to him that not onely killeth hym so but also hangeth hym moste spitefully vpon a tree And yet not content with that but scourgeth hym and mangeleth hym whē he is dedde and last of all maketh a iest of his moste naughtie deede leauyng a writyng there aboute the dedde mannes necke Now then seyng his crueltee is suche that thouly killyng cannot content his deuilishe deede and moste dedly malice I aske it for Gods loue and in the waie of Iustice that this wicked Deuill maie suffer worthy death and bee punished to the example of all other Amplifiyng of the matter consisteth in heapyng and enlargyng of those places whiche serue for confirmacion of a matter As the definicion th◠cause the consequent the contrary the example and suche other Again amplificacion maie be vsed whē we make the law to speake the dedde persone to make his complaint the con̄trey to crie out of suche a deede As if some worthy manne wer cast awaie to make the countrey saie thus If England could speake would she not make suche suche cōplaints if the walles of suche a citee or toune had a tongue would thei not talke thus and thus And to bee shorte all suche thynges should be vsed to make the cause seme greate whiche concerne God the commō weale or the lawe of nature For if any of these three bee hindered we haue a large fielde to walke in In praisyng or dispraisyng wee muste exaggerate those places towardes the ende whiche make menne wonder at the straungenesse of any thyng In perswadyng or disswadyng the rehersall of commoditees and heapyng of examples together encrease muche the matter It were a greate labour to tell all the commoditees and all the properties whiche belong vnto the conclusion For suche arte maie bee vsed in this behalfe that though the cause bee very euill yet a wittie manne maie gette the ouerhande if he bee cunnyng in his facultee The Athenians therfore did streightly forbid by a lawe to vse any conclusion of the cause or any enterance of the matter to wynne fauour Cicero did herein so excell that lightly he gotte the victorie in all matters that euer he tooke in hande Therefore as iust◠praise ariseth by this parte so I doubte not but the wittiest will take moste paines in this behalf and the honest for euer will vse the defence of moste honest matters Weapons maie bee abused for murder and yet weapons are onely ordeined for saufgard ¶ Of the figure amplificacio◠EMong all the figures of Rhetorique there is no one that so muche helpeth forwarde an Oracion and beautifieth thesame with suche delitefull ornamentes as dooeth amplificacion For if either wee purpose to make our tale appere vehemente to seme pleasaunt or to be well stored with muche copie nedes must it be that here we seke helpe where helpe chiefly is to be had and not els where And nowe because none shall better bee able to amplifie any matter then
those whiche beste can praise or moste dispraise any thyng here vpon yearth I thinke it nedefull firste of all to gather suche thynges together whiche helpe best this waie Therefore in praisyng or dispraisyng we muste bee well stored euer with suche good sentences as are ofteÌ„ vsed in this our life the whiche through arte beyng encreased helpe muche to perswasion As for example where it is saied ientle behauioure wynneth good will and clerely quensheth hatered I mighte in commendyng a noble ientlemanne for his lowlinesse declare at large howe commendable and howe profitable a thyng ientleâ—behauioure is and of the other side how hatefull and howe harmefull a proude disdainfull manne is and howe beastly a nature he hath that beeyng but a manne thinketh hymself better then any other manne is and also ouer good to haue a matche or felowe in this life As thus if lowelinesse and Charitee maintayne life what a beaste is he that throughe hatered will purchace deathe If God warneth vs to loue one another and learne of him to be ientle because he was ieÌ„tle and humble in harte howe cruell are thei that dare withstande his commaundement If the subiect rebell against his kyng we crie with one voyce hang hym hang hym and shall wee not thynke hym worthy the vilest death of all that beeyng a creature contempneth his creatour beyng a mortall manne neglecteth his heauenly maker beyng a vile moulde of claie setteth lighte by so mightie a God and euer liuyng Kyng Beastes and birdes without reason loue one another thei shroude and thei flocke together and shall men endued with suche giftes hate his euen christian and eschewe companie When Shepe dooe straie or cattell doo striue one against another there are Dogges ready to call them in yea thei wil bite them as it hath been full often seen if twoo fight together and shall man wante reason to barke against his â—ewde affeccions or at the least shal he haue none to checke hym for his faultes and force him to forgeue Likewise if you would rebuke one that geueth eare to backbiters and slaunderers ye muste declare what a greate mischief an euill tongue is what a poysone it is yea what a murder to take a mannes good name from hym We compte hym worthy death that poysoneth a mannes body and shal not he suffer the like pain that poysoneth a mannes honestie and seketh to obscure and darken his estimacion Menne bee well accepted emong the wise not for their bodies but for their vertues Now take a waie the thyng whereby menne are commended and what are menne other then brute beastes For beastes do nothyng against nature but he that goeth against honestie thesame manne fighteth against nature whiche would that all menne should liue well When a manne is killed secretly wee aske Iudgement for the offendour and shall thei escape without Iudgement that couertly murder a mannes soule That separate hym from GOD that Iudge hym to helle whose life hath euer been moste heauenly When oure pursse is piked we make strieght searche for it agayne and emprisone the offendoure and shall we not seke recouerye of our good name when euyll tongues haue stayned it If our fame be of more price then is either golde or groâ—es what meane we to be so carelesse in kepynge the one and so carefull in kepynge the other Fonde is his purpose that beinge in the rayne casteth his garmente in a Bushe and standeth naked him selfe for sauynge the glosse of his gaye coate And yet what other thing do they that esteme the losse of money for greate lacke and counte not the losse of their honestie for anye wante at all Thus we see that from vertues and vyces suche amplifications maye be made and no doubt he that can prayse or dispraise anye thinge plentifullye is able moste copiouslye to exaggerate anye matter Agayne sentences gathered and heaped together commende muche the matter As if one shoulde saye Reuengemente belongeth to God alone and therby exhorte menne to pacience He myghte brynge in these sentences with him and geue greate cause of muche matter No man is hurte but of him selfe that is to saye aduersitie or wronge sufferinge is no harme to him that hathe a constaunt hâ—rte and liues vpright in all his doynges He is more harmed that dothe wronge then he that hath suffereth wronge He is the stowter that contemneth then he is that committeth wronge Yea he gayneth not a little that had rather suffer much losse then trye his ryght by contention Gaine gotte by fraude is harme and no gaine There is no greater victorye then for manne to rule hys affections It is a greater matter to ouercome anger then to winne a fortresse or a tower There is no greater token of a noble harte then to contemne wronge He that requiteth euill for euill throughe hatred of an euil manne is made euyll hym selfe and therfore worthy to be hated He that contemneth his enemye in battayle is counted a goodman of warre and a wise He that requiteth good for euill is an aungell of God He that mindeth reuengemente is at the next doore to manslaughter God is moued wyth nothynge soner to forgeue vs ourâ— offences then if we for his sake foâ—geue one another The requitinge of iniuries hath no ende Strife is best ended throughe Pacience Anger is a madnesse differing from it in this point only that anger is shorte and tarieth not longe madnesse abideth still It is folye to suffer the fome of a horse or the striking of his fote and not abyde anye thynge that a foole dothe or a noughtye disposed felowe speaketh No man trusteth a dronkard And yet seyng the dronkeÌ„nes of rage and madnesse of anger are much more daungerous then surfetinge with wyne he dothe foly shely that trusteth his owne wytte anye thynge when he is in a rage Good dedes shoulde all waies be remembred wronge doing shoulde sone be forgeuen and sone be forgotten Againe for liberalitye these sentences might serue It is the propertie of a God to helpe man He hathe receyued a good turne by geuynge that hath bestowed his liberalitye vpon a worthye man He geueth twise that geueth sone and chearefully God loueth the gladde geuer It is a poyncte of liberalitie sometymes to lose a good turne He that geueth to hym that wyll euyll vse it geueth no good thing but an euil thing Nothyng is more safelye layed vp then is that whiche is bestowed vpon good folke Be not afrayed to sowe good fruite Nothinge is better geuen to Christe then is that whiche is geuen to the pore No one man is borne for him selfe He is vnworthye to haue that hath onelye for him selfe The thirde kinde of Amplifiynge is when wee gather suche sentences as are communelye spoken or elles vse to speake of suche thynges as are notable in thys lyfe Of the first these maye be examples In lamenting the miserye of wardeshyppes I might saie it is not for
glasse to loke in But surelye I thynke he loked awrye for if I hadde bene in hys case I woulde haue tolde him that I espied a muche greater lowte before I sawe the glasse In augmentynge or diminishinge without all reason we geue good cause of muche pastyme As Diogenes seynge a pretye towne hauinge a greate payre of Gates at the comminge in Take hede quod he you menne of this towne lest your towne runne out of your gates That was a marueylous bygge Gate I trow or els a wonderfull little towne where suche passage shoulde be made A Frier disposed to tell misteries opened to the People that the soule of man was so little that a leuen thousande might daunce vpon the nayle of his thumbe One marueylinge much at that I praye you master Frier quod he wher shall the piper stande then when suche a number shall kepe so small a roume Mirthe is moued when vpon a trifle or a worde spoken an vnknowen matter and weightye affayre is opened As if one shoulde finde fault with some mannes sumptuous buildinge or other suche thinge whiche hadde founde muche faâ—oure at the same mans hande an other myght saye well sir he that builded this house saued your worship from hanginge when the time was A nececessarie note for him thaÌ„kefullye to remembre the builder of that house not slaunderouslye to speake euil of him It is a pleasaunt dissembling when we speake one thing merelye and thyncke an other earnestlye or elles when we prayse that which otherwise deserueth disprayse to the shaming of those that are taken to be most honest As in speakinge of one that is well knowen to be nought to saye emong all men that are sene to there is one that lacketh his rewarde He is the diligentiest felowe in hys callinge of all other he hath traueyled in behalfe of his countrey he hath watched daye and night to further his coÌ„mune weale â–ª and to aduaunce the dignitye therof and shall he go emptye home Who stode by it at suche a felde who played the man and cryed stoppe the thiefe when suche a man was robbed Who seeth good rule kept in suche a place can anye here charge him with bawdrye Whiche of you all dare saye or can say that euer you sawe him droâ—ke if then these be true ought not suche to be sene to and rewarded accordingelye For praysinge the vnworthye I remember once that our worthy Latimer did set out the deuyll for his diligence wonderfullie and preferred him for that purpose before all the Bishoppes in England And no doubte the wicked be more busye and stirrynge then the children of light be in their generation What talke you of suche a man say the an other there is an honest man ye maye be assured For if a man had neade of one he is ready at a pynche his body sweates for honesty if you come to him in a hotte sommers day you shal se his honestye in such sort to reeke that it woulde pitye any christian soule liuinge He hath more honestye with him then he neades and therfore bothe is able and will lende where it pleaseth him best Beware of him aboue all menne that eâ—uer you knewe He hathe no felowe there is none suche I thinke he wil not liue longe â–ª he is so honest a man the more pitye that suche good felowes shoulde knowe what deathe meaneth But it maketh no matter when he is gone all the worlde will speake of him hys name shall neuer dye he is so well knowen vniuersallye Thus we maye mockingelye speake well of him when there is not a noughtyer felowe wythin all Englande agayne and euen as well sette out his noughtines this way as thoughe we hadde in verye dede vttered all his noughty conditions plainelye and without iestinge Emonge al that euer were pleasaunte in this kinde of delite Socrates beareth the name and maye worthelye chalenge prayse Sir Thomas More with vs here in England â–ª had an excellent gifte not onely in this kinde but also in all other pleasaunt delites whose witte eueÌ„ at this houre is a wonder to al the worlde shalbe vndoubtedly euen vnto the worldes ende Unto this kinde of dissembling is nexte adioynâ—nge a maner of speache when wee geue an honeste name to an euyll deede As when I woulde call one accordingly that is of a noughtye behaâ—oure to saye Ah sirrha you are a marchant in dede Wher as I thinke a marchauntes name is honest Some olde felowes wheÌ„ they thinke one to be an heritique they will saye he is a gospeller Some newe felowes when they thinke one a Papist they wil call him straight a catholique be euen with him at the landes ende Contrariwise some will geue an â—uil name to a good thinge As a father louynge his Sonne tenderlye and hauynge no cause to be greued with him will sometimes saye to him Come hither sir knaue and the mother merelye beynge disposed wyll saye to her swete Sonne Ah you little horeson wyll you serue me so Where as I thyncke some womenne that ofte so saye wil sweare vpon a booke they are none suche and almoste I hadde sayde I dare sweare for some of theim my selfe if God hadde not forbidden me to sweare at all This Kynde also is pretye when we gather an other thinge by a mannes tâ—le then he woulde â—ladly we shoulde gather When Liuius Saliâ—ator a Romayne capitaine hadde kepte the Castell of Tarenâ—um losinge the towne to Anniâ—al his enemye and that Maximus therupoÌ„ had layed siege to the same towne and gotte it againe by the swerde then Saliâ—ator whyche thus kepte the Castell desiered him to remember that throughe his meanes he gotte the towne Why shoulde I not quod he thyncke so for if you had neuer lost it I had neuer gotte it To dissemble sometymes as thoughe wee vnderstode not what one meant declareth an apte witte â—nd much deliteth such as heare it Diogenes was asked on a time what wyne he loued beste to drincke Marye quod he an other mannes wyne meanynge that he loued that dryncke beste that coste him leaste The same Diogenes likewyse was asked what one shoulde geue hym to lette him haue a blowe at his heade Marye a Helmet quod he One Octaâ—ius a Libian borne as witnesseth Macrobius sayde vnto Tullie when he spake hys mynde vpon a matter Sir I heare you not I praye you speake owder No quod Tullie that is maruaile to me for as I do remember your eares are well bored thorowe meanynge that he was nayled vpon a Pillarie or â—lles hadde holes made in his eares whyche myght well serue as Tullie iested to receiue open ayre WheÌ„ Mettellus toke muster required Cesar to be there not abiding y t he should be absent thoughe his eyes greued him and said What man do you se nothing at all Yes marye quod Cesar as euil as I se I can se a lordship of yours the which was .iiii. or .v.
and vsuall Phrases to sette forthe oure meanynge and can orderlye place them without offence to the eare we maye boldelye commende and beautifie oure talke wyâ—h diuers goodlye coloures and delitefull translations that oure speache maye seme as bryghte and precious as a ryche stone is fayre and orient EXornation is a gorgiousse beautifiynge of the tongue with borowed wordes and chaung of sentence or speache with muche varietie Firste therfore as Tullie saythe an Oration is made to seme ryghte excellente by the kinde selfe by the colour and iuice of speache Ther are .iij. maner of styles or endiâ—inges the great or mighty kind wheÌ„ we vse great wordes or vehemeÌ„t figures The smal kinde when we moderate our heate by meaner wordes and vse not the most stirring sentences The lowe kinde when we vse no Metaphores nor translated wordes nor yet vse any amplificatioÌ„s but go plainelye to worke and speake altogether in commune wordes Nowe in all these three kindes the Oration is muche commended and appeareth notable when wee kepe vs styll to thatistyle whiche wee firste professed and vse suche wordes as seme for that kinde of writinge most conuenient Yea if we minde to encrease or diminish to be in a heate or to vse moderatioÌ„ to speake pleasauntly or speake grauelye to be sharpe or to be softe to talke lordlye or to speake finelie to waxe auncient or familiar which al are comprehended vnder one of the other three we muste euer make oure wordes apte and agreable to that kinde of stile whiche we firste ganne to vse For as frenche hodes do not become Lordes so Parliament Robes are vnsitting for Ladies Comelines therfore must euer be vsed and all thinges obserued that are most mete for euery cause if we loke by attemptes to haue our desire There is another kind of ExornacioÌ„ y t is not eguaâ—ly sparpled throughout y e whole oratioÌ„ but is so disseuered parted as starres stand in the firmament or floures in a gardeÌ„ or prety deuised antiques in a clothe of Araise Vvhat a fygure is A Figure is a certaine kinde either of sentence oration or worde vsed after some new or straunge wise muche vnlike to that which men communely vse to speake The diuision of Fygures THere are thre kindes of figures the one is when the nature of wordes is chaunged from one signification to an other called a Trope of the Grecians The other serueth for woordes when they are not chauÌ„ged by nature but only altered by speaking called of y â— Grecians a Scheme The third is when by deuersity of inuention a sentence is manye wayes spoken and also matters are amplified by heapynge examples by dilatynge argumentes by comparinge of thynges together by similitudes by contraries and by diuers other like called by Tullie Exornacion of sentences or coloures of Rhetorique By all whiche Figures euerye Oration maye be muche beautified and without the same not one can attaine to be counted an Oratoure thoughe his learninge otherwise be neuer so greate Of the fyrste vse of Tropes WHen learned and wise menne gan firste to enlarge their tongue and sought with greate vtteraunce of speache to commende causes they founde full ofte muche wante of wordes to set out their meanynge And therfore remembrynge thinges of like nature vnto those wherof they spake they vsed suche wordes to expresse their minde as were most like vnto other As for example If I shoulde speake against some notable Pharisee I might vse translation of wordes in this wise Yonder man is of a croked iudgment his wyttes are clowdie he liueth in deepe darkenes dusked altogether wyth blynde ignoraunce and drowned in the raginge sea of bottomeles superstition Thus is the ignoraunte set out by callinge hym croked clowdye darke blinde and drownde in superstition All whiche wordes are not proper vnto ignoraunce but borowed of other thinges that are of lyke nature vnto ignoraunce For the vnskilfull man hath his wytte set oute of order as a mannes bodye is set out of ioynte and therupon it maye be sayde to be croked Likewyse he maye be called clowdye for as the clowdes kepe the Sunne shinynge from vs so dothe his Ignoraunce kepe him blindefolde from the true vnderstandinge of thinges And as when the eyes are oute no manne can see anye thinge so when perfecte iudgemente is wantinge the truthe can not be knowen And so likewise of all other Thus as necessitye hath forced vs to borowe wordes translated so hath time and practice made theim to seeme moost pleasaunt and therfore thei are mucht the rather vsed Yea when a thynge full ofte can not be expreste by an apte and mete woorde we do perceyue when it is spoken by a woorde translated that the likenes of that thynge whiche appeareth in an other worde muche lighteneth that which we woulde most gladly haue perceyued And not onely do menne vse translation of wordes called Tropes for nede sake when thei can not finde other but also when they maye haue mooste apte wordes at hande yet wyll they of a purpose vse translated wordes And the reason is this Menne counte it a poynte of witte to passe ouer suche woordes as are at hande and to vse suche as are farre fâ—tcht and translated or elles it is because the hearer is led by cogitacion vpon rehearsall of a Metaphore thinketh more by remembraunce of a word translated then is there expreslye spoken or elles because the whole matter semeth by a similitude to be opened or last of al bicause euery translation is commenly for the most part referred to the senses of the body especially to y e sense of seing which is the sharpest and quickest aboue all other For wheÌ„ I shal saye that an angrye manne fometh at the mouthe I am brought in remembraunce by this translation to remember a bore that is fightyng vseth muche foming the whiche is a fowle and lothelye sighte And I cause other to thinke that he brake pacience wonderfully when I set out his rage coÌ„parable to a bores fominge An other beinge offended wyth checkes geuen will saye I maruaile sir what you meane to be euer snarringe at me wherein is declared a brutishenes consideringe he speaketh biting wordes as muche without reason as vncomelye as a dogge dothe when he snarreth the whiche wee see is nothing semely There is nothing in all the worlde but the same maye haue the name of some other worde the whiche by some similitude is lyke vnto it Notwithstandinge there ought muche warenesse to be vsed in chosyng of wordes tanslated that the same be not vnlike that thing wherunto it is applied nor yet that the translation be vncomely or suche as may geue occasion of any vncleane meaning A Trope A Trope is an alteration of a word or sentence from the proper significatioÌ„ to that whych is not proper The diuision of Tropes Tropes are either of a word or or a longe continued speche or sentence Tropes of a worde
Italian for great witte and pollicie The Scottes for boldenes and the Boeme for stubbornesse Many people are described by their degree as a man of good yeres is compted sober wise and circumspect a young man wilde and carelesse a woman bablyng inconstant and redy to beleue al that is tolde her By vocation of life a souldiour is counted a great bragger and a vaunter of hymselfe a Scholer simple a russed coate sadde aud sometymes craftie a courtier flatteryng a citezen ieâ—tle Iâ— describing of persons there ought alwaies a commelinesse to be vsed so that nothyng be spoken whiche may be thought is not in them As if one shall describe Henry the sixth he might cal hym ientle milde of nature ledde by perswasion redy to forgeue carelesse for wealthe suspectyng none merciful to al fearefull in aduersitie without forecast to espie his misfortune Again for Richarde the third I might bryng hym in cruell of harte ambiciouse by nature enuiouse of mynde a depe dissembler a close man for weightie matters hardie to reuenge and feareful to lose his high estate trustie to none liberal for a purpose castyng still the worst and hoping euer the best By this figure also we imagine a talke for some one to speake and according to his person we frame the Oration As if one should bryng in noble Henry the .viij. of most famouse memorie to enueigh against rebelles thus he might order his Oration What if Henry theight were alyue sawe suche rebellion in this Realme would not he say thus and thus yea me thynkes I heare hym speake euen now And so set forth suche wordes as we would haue hym to saie Some tymes it is good to make God the Countrie or some one towne to speake and loke what we woulde say in our owne person to frame the whole tale to them Suche varietie doth muche good to auoide tediousenes for he that speaketh al in one sort though he spake thinges neuer so wittely shal sone wery his hearers Figures therfore wer inueÌ„ted to auoide sacietie and cause delite to refresh with pleasure quicken with grace the dulnesse of maÌ„s braine Who wil loke of a whit waul an houre together where no worke manship is at al Or who wil cate stil one kinde of meate neuer desire chaunge Certes as the mouthe is daintie so the wit is tickle and wil sone lothe an vnsauery thing ¶ A stop or half tellyng of a tale A Stoppe is wheÌ„ we breake of our tale before we haue told it As thus Thou that art a young man of suche towardnes hauyng suche frendes to plaie me suche a parte wel I will saie no more God amende all that is amisse Or thus Dothe it become the to be shal I tel al Naie I wil not for very shame ¶ A close vnderstandyng A Close vnderstandyng is when more may be gatherd than is openly exprest A naughtie fellowe that vsed muche robbery founde hym selfe greeued that the greate Oratour Demosthenes spent so muche oyle wherby he watched from tyme to tyme in compassyng matters for thy commune weale In dede quoth Demosthenes darke nightes are best for thy purpose meanyng that he was a great robber in the night Oâ—e also beeyng set in a heate because another had contraried hym for the choise of meates was muche more greued when he gaue hym this tauut You may boldely ê™ he speake for fishe eatyng for my maister your father hath many a time ofte wipt his nose vpon his sleeue meanyng that his father was a fishemonger ¶ Shorte sencences THen shorte clauses or sentences are vsed when we speake at a worde parte of our minde and nest after speake as briefely againe vsyng to make almost euery worde a perfite sentence As thus The man is sore wounded I feare me he will dye The Phisicions mistrust hym the partie is fledde none persueth God sende vs good lucke ¶ Abatyng or lessenyng of a thyng WE make our doynges appere lesse wheÌ„ with wordes we extenuate and lessen thesame As when one had geuen his fellowe a sound blowe beyng rebuked for the same saied he scante touched hym Likewise when two haue fought together to say that the one had his legge prickte with a sworde wheÌ„ perchaunce he had a great wounde ¶ Vvittie iestyng MAny pleasaunt ientlemen are well practised in merie conceited iestes and haue both suche grace and delite therin that they are wonderfull to beholde and better were it to be sharpely chidde of diuerse other then pleasauntly taunted by any of theÌ„ When a ientleman of great landes small witte had talked largely at a supper and spake wordes scant worth the hearyng an other beeyng muche greeued with his foolie saied to hym Sir I haue taken you for a plaine meanyng ientlemaÌ„ but I know nowe there is not a more deceiptfull bodie in al Englande with that other beyng greeued with the young ientlemans foolie boldely began to excuse hym for deceipt and therfore said he was to blame to charge hym with that fault consideryng his nature was simple and few can say that euer he was craftie Wel ê™ thother I must nedes say he is deceiptful for I toke hym heretofore for a sober wittie young man but now I perceiue he is a foolish bablyng felowe therfore I am sure he hath deceiued me like a false craftie child as he is with that they al laughed and the ientleman was muche abashed But as touchyng sharpe tauntes I haue largely declared them in place where I treated of laughter ¶ Digression or swaruyng from the matter WE swarue sometymes from the matter vpon iust consideracions makyng the same to serue for our purpose as wel as if we had kepte the matter stil. As in making an inuectiue against rebelles largely setting out the filth of their offence I might declare by the way of a digression what a noble countrie England is how great commodities it hath what trafike here is vsed howe muche more nede other Realmes haue of vs than we haue neede of them Or when I shal geue euidence or rather declame against an hainouse Murtherer I may digresse from the offence doen and enter in prayse of the deade man declaryng his vertues in moste ample wyse that the offense doen may be thought so muche the greater the more honest he was that hath thus been slaine NotwithstaÌ„dyng this would be learned that wheÌ„ we make any suche digression thesame maie well agre to the purpose and be so set out that it confounde not the cause or darken the sense of the matter deuised ¶ Proposicion PRoposicion is a short rehersall of that wherof we mynde to speake I will tell you ê™ one there is none hath a worse name then this felow none hath been so often in trouble he maie he fautelesse but I can hardely beleue it there are enow that will testifie of his naughtinesse and auouche his euill demeanour to bee
that would not haue the Bible to bee in Englishe and after earnest probacion of his cause saied thus but me thynkes I heare one saie Sir you make muche a dooe aboute a litle matter what were we the worse if we had no scripture at al To whom he answered the scripture is left vnto vs by Goddes awne will that the rather we might knowe his commaundementes liue therafter al the daies of our life Sometymes this figure is vsed when we saie we will not speake this or that yet doo notwithstandyng As thus Suche a one is an Officer I will not saie a briber Righte is hyndered throughe mightâ— I will not saie ouerwhelmed Thus in saiyng we will not speake we speake our mynde after a sort notwithstandyng ¶ A Similitude A Similitude is a likenesse when .ij. thynges or mo then two are so coÌ„pared and resembled together that thei bothe in some one propertie seme like Oftentymes brute beastes and thynges that haue no life minister greate matter in this behalfe Therefore those that delite to proue thynges by similitudes must learne to knowe the nature of diuerse beastes of metalles of stones and al suche as haue any vertue in them be applied to mannes life Sometymes in a worde appereth a similitude whiche beyng dilated helpeth wel for amplificacioÌ„ As thus You striue against the streme better bowe then breake It is euill runnyng against a stone wall A man maie loue his house wel and yet not ride vpon the ridge By all whiche any one maie gather a similitude and enlarge it at pleasure The prouerbes of Heiwode helpe wonderfull well for this purpose In comparyng a thyng from the lesse to the greater Similitudes helpe well to set out the matter That if we purpose to dilate our cause hereby with poses and sentences wee maie with ease talke at large This shall serue for an eâ—ample The more precious a thyng is the more diligently should it bee kepte and better hede taken to it Therfore tyme coÌ„sideryng nothyng is more precious should warely bee vsed and good care taken that no tyme bee lost without some profite gotten For if thei are to be punished that spende their money and waist their landes what folie is it not to thynke theim worthie muche more blame that spend their tyme whiche is the chifest treasure that God geueth either idlely or els vngodly For what other thyng doeth manne lose when he loseth his tyme but his life And what can bee more deare to man then his life If wee lose a litle money or a ryng of golde with a stone in it we compt that greate losse And I praie you wheÌ„ wee lose a whole daie whiche is a good porcion of a mannes life shall wee not compte that a losse consideryng though our money bee gone wee maie recouer thesame again but tyme lost can neuer be called backe again Again wheÌ„ we lose our money some bodye getteth good by it but the losse of time turneth to no mannes auayle There is no man that loseth in anye other thynge but some bodye gayneth by it sauynge onelye in the losse of time Yea it hathe saued the lyfe of some to lose al that they hadde For riches be the occasion sometimes of muche mischiefe in this lyfe so that it were better sometymes wastefullye to spende then warely to keepe by the losse of time no man hath profited him selfe any thing at all Besides this the better more precious a thing is the more shame to speÌ„d it fondly Though meÌ„ kepe their goodes neuer so close and locke them vp neuer so fast yet often times either by some mischaunce of fyre or other thinge they are lost or els desperate Dickes borowes nowe and then againste the owners wille all that euer he hathe And now though y e owner be vndone yet is he not therfore dishonest considerynge honestye standeth not in wealthe or heapes of money But the losse of tyme seynge it happeneth throughe oure owne folye not onelye dothe it make vs wretches but also causeth menne to thinke that wee are paste all grace A wonderfull kynde of infamie when the whole blame shall reste vpon none other mannes necke but vpon his onelye that suffereth all the harme Wyth money a manne maye bye lande but none can gette honestie of that pryce and yet with well vsinge of tyme a manne not onely might get him muche worshippe but also myghte purchase himself a name for euer Yea in a smal time a man might get greate fame and liue in much estimation By losinge of money wee lose little elles by losynge of time wee lose all the goodnes and gyftes of GOD whiche by laboure might be hadde Thus a Similitude myghte be enlarged by heapynge good sentences when one thinge is compared wyth an other and a conclusion made therupon Emonge the learned menne of the Churche no one vseth this figure more then Chrisostome whose writynges the rather seme more pleasaunte and swete For similitudes are not onelye vsed to amplifie a matter but also to beautifie the same to delite the hearers to make the matter playne and to shewe a certaine maiestye wyth the reporte of suche resembled thinges but because I haue spokeÌ„ of similitudes heretofore in the boke of Logique I will surcesse to talke anye further of this matter ☞ Example HE that myndeth to perswade muste neades be well stored with examples And therfore muche are they to be commended whiche searche Chronicles of all ages and compare the staâ—e of our elders with this preseâ—te time The historye of Goddes boke to the christian is infallible and therfore the rehearsall of suche good thinges as are therin conteyned moue the faythfull to all vpright doinge and amendmente of their lyfe The Ethnicke aucthoures styrre the hearers beynge well applyed to the the purpose For when it shall be reported that they whiche hadde no knowledge of God liued in a brotherlye loue one towardes an other detested aduoutrye banished periures hanged the vnthanckefull kepte the ydle withoute meate tyll they laboured for their liuynge suffered none extorcion exempted Brybers frome bearynge rule in the commune Weale the Christians muste neades be ashamed of their euyll behauiour and studye much to passe those whiche are in callynge muche vnder theim and not suffer that the ignoraunte and Paganes lyfe shall counteruayle the taughte chyldren of God and passe the Christians so much in good liuynge as the Christians passe theim in good learninge Uneguall examples commende muche the matter I call theim vneguall when the weaker is brought in againste the stronger as if chyldren be faythfull much more ought menne to be faythfull If womeâ—ne be chaste and vndefiled menne shoulde muche more be cleane and wythoute faulte If an vnlearned manne wyll do no wronge a learned man and a preacher muste muche more be vprighte and liue without blame If an housholder will deale iustlye with his seruauntes a Kynge muste muche the rather â—eale iustelye
therfore that famouse Oratour beyng asked what was the chiefest point in al Oratorie gaue the chiefe and onely praise to Pronunciation being demaunded what was the seconde and the thirde he stil made answere Pronunciation and would make none other aunswere till they lefte askyng declaryng hereby that Arte without vtterauÌ„ce can dooe nothyng vtteraunce without Arte can dooe right muche And no doubte that man is in outwarde apparaunce halfe a good Clarke that hath a cleane tongue and a comely gesture of his bodie Aeschines lykewyse beyng baÌ„nished his countrie through Demosthenes when he had redde to the Rhodians his owne Oration and Demosthenes aunswere thereunto by force wherof he was bannished and all they marueiled muche at the excellencie of the same then ê™ Aeschines you would haue marueiled muche more if you had heard hymselfe speake it Thus beyng cast in miserie bannished for euer he could not but geue suche great reporte of his most deadly and mortal ennemy ¶ The partes of Pronunciation PRonunciation standeth partely in fashionyng the tongue and partely in framyng the gesture The tongue or voice is praise worthie if the vtteraunce be audible strong and easie apte to order as we liste Therfore they that mynde to gette praise in tellyng their minde in open audience must at the first beginnyng speake somwhat softely vse meete pausyng and being somewhat heated rise with their voice as the tyme cause shal best require Thei that haue no good voices by nature or cannot wel vtter their woordes must seeke for helpe elswhere Exercise of the bodie fastyng moderacion in meate and drynke gaping wyde or singyng plaine song counterfeityng those that do speake distinctly helpe muche to haue a good deliueraunce Demosthenes beeyng not able to propronounce the first letter of that Arte whiche he professed but would say for Rhethorique Letolike vsed to put litle stones vnder his tongue so pronounced whereby he spake at lengthe so plainely as any man in the worlde coulde doe Musicians in England haue vsed to put gagges in childreÌ„s mouthes that they might pronounce distinctely but nowe with the losse and lacke of Musicke the loue also is gone of bringyng vp children to speake plainely Some therebe that either naturally or through folie haue suche euill voices suche lacke of vtteraunce suche euil gesture that it muche defaceth all their doynges One pipes out his woordes so small through defaulte of his wynde pype that ye woulde thinke he whisteled An other is so hource in his throte that a man woulde thynke he came lately from scouryng of harnesse An other speakes as though he had Plummes in his mouthe An other speakes in his throte as though a good Ale cruÌ„me stacke fast An other ratles his wordes An other choppes his wordes An other speakes as though his wordes had neede to be heaued out with leauers An other speakes as though his wordes shoulde be weyed in a ballaunce An other gapes to fetche wynde at euery thirde woorde This man barkes out his Englishe Northrenlike with Isay and thou ladde An other speakes so finely as though he were brought vp in a Ladies Chamber As I knew a Priest that was as nice as a Nonnes Henne when he would saie Masse he woulde neuer saie Dominus vobiscum but Dominus vobicum In like maner as some now wil say the Commendementes of God blacke vellet for Commaundementes and blacke veluet Some blowes at their noistrelles Some sighes out their wordes Some synges their sentencies Some laughes altogether when they speake to any bodie Some gruntes lyke a Hogge Some cackels lyke a Henne or a Iack Dawe Some speakes as thoughe they shoulde tel a tale in their sleeue Some cries out so loude that they would make a mans eares ake to heare theÌ„ Some â—oughes at euery worde Some heÌ„mes it out Some spittes fier they talke so hotely Some makes a wrie mouthe and so they wreste out their wordes Some whynes lyke a Pig Some suppes their wordes vp as a poore man doth his porage Some noddes their head at euery sentence An other winckes with one iye and some with both This maÌ„ frowueth alwaies when he speakes An other lookes â—uer as though he were mad Some cannot speake but thei must go vp and doune or at the lest be stirryng their feete as though they stode in a cockeryng Bote. An other wil plaie with his cappe in his hande so tel his tale Some when they speake in a great companie will looke al one way as I knewe a reader in my daies who loked in lyke sorte when he redde to Scholers whome one thought to disappoint of suche his constant lookes and therefore against the nexte daie he painted the Deuil with hornes vpon his heade in the selfe same place where the Reader was wont alwaies to looke the whiche straunge monster when the reader sawe he was half abashed and turned his face an other way Some pores vpon the grounde as though thei sought for pynnes Tullie telles of one Theophrastus Tauriscus who is saide to declaime arsee versee Some swelles in the face sillâ—s their chekes ful of wynde as though they would blow out their woordes Some settes forth their lippes two ynches good beyonde their teeth Some talkes as thoughe their tongue went of patyns Some showes al their teeth Some speakes in their teeth altogether Some leates their wordes fall in their lippes scant openyng theim when they speake There are a thousand suche faultes emong menne bothe for their speache and also for their gesture the whiche if in their young yeres they be not remedied they will hartely be forgotte when they come to mans state But the rather that these faultes may be redressed I haue partly declared heretofore the righte vse of vtteraunce and nowe I mynde by Goddes helpe to shewe the right vse of gesture ¶ Vvat is gesture GEsture is a certaine comely moderacion of the countenaunce and al other partes of mans body aptely agreeyng to those thynges whiche are spoken â–ª That if wee shall speake in a pleasaunt matter it is meete that the loke also should be chereful and al the gesture stirryng thereafter The heade to be holden vpright the forehead without frownyng the browes without bendyng the nose without blowyng the iyes quicke and pleasaunt the lippes not laid out the tethe without grennyng the armes not muche cast abrode but comely set out as time and cause shal best require the handes somtymes opened and sometimes holde together the fingers pointyng the brest laid out and the whole body stirryng altogether with a seemely moderacion By the whiche behauiour of our body after suche a sorte we shal not onely delite men with the sight but perswade them the rather the truth of our cause Q. Hortensius had suche delite to vse comely gesture had suche grace in that behaulfe that I doubt whether men had a greater desire to see hym than they had to heare hym His countenaunce so
of a Philosoph xxi Wittes forgetfull cxiii i Wittie deuised tale lxxvii ii Wittie lye makyng xcvi ii Woe of this worlde declared xli.i. Women rebuked lx.ii. Wordes doubtfully spokeÌ„ lxxvi i Wordes taken and not the. lxxvii i Worde makyng what it is xcii ii WroÌ„g dealyng deserueth death xl i Wifes euill happen to euill xxxi i Wordes ouerthwart lxxvii ii X. Xerxes xxxi i Y. YSsue what it is xlviii ii YNke horne letter lxxxvi ii YOung Storkes xiiii ii Finis Richardus Graftonus typographus Regius excudebat Cum priuilegio 2d imprimendum solum Rhetorique occupied aboute all lawes concernyng man Questions of two sortes Questions infinite Questions definite Questions definite belong properly to an Orator Questions infinite proper vnto LogiciaÌ„s Orators bouÌ„d to perfourme 〈◊〉 thynges Plain wordes proper vnto an Oratour A Philosophierâ— wittie saiyng to a yong manne that soughte to speake darke language Orators muste vse delightful woordes and saiynges Preachers not so diligentely heard as common plaiers Prechers must sometymes be merie when thei speake to the people Deliâ—â—ng nedefull Scurrilitie odious AffeccioÌ„s must be moued Practise maketh all thynges perfect Rhetorique firste made by wise men and not wise men firste made by Rhetorique Imitacion or folowyng the waies of wise men is nedefull Rhetorique to what purpose it serueth Arte surer guide then nature Orators must haue fiue thinges to make them perfect Inuencion what it is Disposicion what it is Elocucion what it is Memorie what it is PronunciatioÌ„ what it is Oracions in generall consist vpon seuen partes Enteraunce what it is Narration Proposicion Diuision Confirmacion Confutacion Conclusion Matters iÌ„ general stand in iiii poynctes Matters honest Matters filthie Matters doubtfull Matters trifelyng CircuÌ„staunces necessary in al causes to bee noted Fauoure wynnyng and affeccions mouyng when thei are moste necessarie Aduersaries reasons when thei shuld best be confuted Argumentes whoÌ„ thei shuld chiefly be vsed Matters hard to auoide shuld alwaies bee past ouer as thoughwe saw them not at al Good to bee bolde in moste daungier if otherwise wee cannot escape Better not to hurte a good matter by euil speach then to further it by good talke â—arenesse in speakyng and forbearyng to speake The person before whom we speake must be well marked Tyme must be obserued Orations oâ— causes of thrâ—e kyndes Oracion Demonstratiue Noble personages howe thei should be praised The house oâ— auÌ„cestrie wherof a noble personage cometh ii The realme iii. The Shire or Toune iiii The seâ—e or kynde v. Educacâ—on vi InclinacioÌ„ of nature vii Attemptes worthy viii Tyme of it departing this worlde After departure Duke of Suffolke and lord Charles Gorgias Heliogabalus Phauorinus Henry duke of Suffolke and lorde Charles his brother Oracion Demoâ—stratiue of a deede Dauid coÌ„mended for killing Goliah who Dauid against Goliah what Dauid killed Goliah where About the vale of Terebithus Dauids enterprise honest and godly By what help and by whose Alone without the help of any manne liuyng Dauids enterprise praise worthy why For the saufegarde of his countrey Dauides enterprise prostâ—aâ—ie to hymself and his countrey Dauides enterprise appered easy to himself Dauides enterprise accompted of his freÌ„des harde aud impossible How with a slyng Logique must be learned for confirmacion of causes Iustice commended Iustice naturally in euery one of vâ— Iustice what it is and howe largely it extendeth Aristotel Wvrong dealyng deserueth death Iustice necessarie for almoÌ„ From the lesse to the greater Young Storkes Vnnaturalnes in man towardes God Ihon. â—iiii Matth. â—ix 〈◊〉 â— Proner â—vâ— Prouer. iiii Psal. xcvi Profite of iustice Sauegarde had by iustice Gradation The necessitie of iustice Vvhere iustice is executed vice is exiled ¶ Aegiptians what order they vsed to banishe ydelnesse Iustice easy to be obserued if wil be not waÌ„â—yng Valer. lib. vi Oration deliberatiue â—onestie comprehendeth al vertues Profite howe largely it extendeth Profite beareth the name of goodnes whiche is thre folded Pleasures largely sette out Easâ—nesse of trauaile Trauaile vnto whome it is â—arde 〈…〉 Lawfull Necessary 〈◊〉 waies taken Lawes of Englande Vertnes especiall and chief foure in noÌ„â—â—e Prudence what it is Partes of Prudence Iustice what it is Nature what it is Religion Naturall loue Thankfulnes Stoutenesse Reuerence Assured and constant truth Right by custome Custome with 〈◊〉 grounde vnâ—â—dly Commons Iudgement geuen Right by Lawe Manhode Honorablenes Stoutenesse Sufferaunce Continuaunce Temperaunce Sobrietie Ieutlenesse Modestie Hope of rewarde maketh men take paines The Romaynes lawes for Churche digniâ—ees Lawe profitable to the purse Circumstaunces in obseruyng profite Foly in many that go to the Lawe Lawyers neâ—â—r dy beggers Lâ—wes mainteine lyfe Praise worthie to marie Right and 〈◊〉 to maâ—te Mariage first made by God After maÌ„ was made the woman was ioyned vnto hym Matrimonie renewed after the floude ¶ Naâ—â—re worke alloweâ— by Goddes worde Mariage beautified by a miracle Mariage honorable Deut. vi Lia. Hebrues lawe for maried folke Plutarchus in the lyfe of Cato Augustus Cesar. Miscella Vlpianus Iâ—â—enal Licurgus law against vnmaâ—â—ed folke PunishmeÌ„tes appoynted for breaking of wedlocke The Grecians reuengement for aduâ—â—trye The Hebrues stoned Aduouterers Lawful for the maried man among the Hebrues to kyll the aduoutereâ— Matrimonie natural Mariage emonge trees Mariage emong precious stones Mariage betwene the firâ—â—ament and the earth The fable of Giauntes that fought against Nature Orpheuâ— The most wicked can not chose but alow mariage All nacions euer estemed mariage The Hebrues and Persians had a number of wiues Abraham Iacob Salomon Socrates Priestes mariage Virginitie Hieromâ— praise vpon Virginitie Hebrues Timon a deadly hater of all companie Euill wifes happen to euil men onely Ielousie vnknowen to wise men Cornelia Alcestes wife Iulia. Porâ—ia Lucretia Artemisia Hipsicratea â—ertia Aemilia Turia Lentula Aâ—ria Prouer. x. Necessitee enforceth mariage zerxes Essens haâ—ed Mariage Iosephus xvâ—â—â— cap. liâ— ii Daughters of Loth. The conclusion Exhortyng Praisyng â— dâ—ede Praisyng a man the rather to encourage him Expectacion of al men â—ope of victorie 〈…〉 Shame foloweth fearfulnesse when manhode is thought nedeful Heauen the rewarde of hault Capitoines Moâ—yng of pitie The maner of commendyng â–ª The maner of comfortyng Comfortyâ—g two waies â—sed Sweatyng disease Passions woâ—ke diuerslye The cause why God taketh awaâ— the moste worthâ—est Vvheâ— necessitie ruleth sorow is nedelesâ— The folye of such as sorow the want of theâ—e frendes Deathe commune to all Euil to liue emonge the euil To dye happelye is great happines Vvisd iiii Psal. lxxxiiii Psal. xlii Life the right way to death Death purchaseth reâ—t Death more frendly the soner it cometh Thracians Children by wepyng declare out 〈◊〉 Iob. Lent goodes muste be restored at the awneâ—s will The nature of brute beastes Immoderate sorowe not naturall Tyme a remedie for fooles to take awaie their sorowe 〈…〉 The great miserie of this worlde makes 〈◊〉 of life Impacience without comforte Trees not accursed because Apples fall from cheins Commodus Nero. Dauid .ii. Reguâ—â—â—