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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A39333	The compleat body of the art military in three books : I. The postures of the pike and musket ..., II. Twelve exercises ..., III. The drawing up and exercising of regiments after the manner of private companies ... : also, the duties of all souldiers and officers ... / by Richard Elton ... ; to which is added a supplement comprehending these particulars, I. the duties and qualifications of all officers belonging to an army .., formerly written by Capt. Tho. Rudd ...	Elton, Richard, fl. 1650.; Rudd, Thomas, 1584?-1656.	1668 (1668)	Wing E655	278,856	257

doubt he had lost his Country In a word if you fight you set your fortune upon the Dice if you husband your business warily the storm will over If you be an undertaker the sooner you bring your Cause to trial the better you are like to speed delays are dangerous for change of Air Diet and other inconveniencies may breed sickness and divers ill humors in your Army and if your Enemy will not fight but make a Fabian or lingring War he may put you to your shifts therfore first acquaint your self with the strength and quality of your Enemies forces with the state of his Country with his own disposition and the disposition of those that are neerest about him and before you declare your self gain some of his great men if it be possible to take your part maintain good Spies in his Court. Forecast all that can further or hinder your design before you undertake it and let your Cause be just left you draw the vengeance of God and jealousie of other Princes upon you In your preparation let your first care be of the belly want of Victuals hath been the loss of many a brave design and the ruine of great Armies Let your men be well trained and such as have been used to exercise and labour if you can let them be all of your own Subjects provide plenty of materials and other necessaries for your design and use the means to begin your War with some notable loss to your Enemy so shall you terrify him and discourage his Allyes and friends from giving him assistance When you come to fight chuse ground as neer as you can to fight upon proper for the number and quality of your men if you be strong in Horse chuse champion if your strength be on foot and that you want Horse chuse uneven bushy or inclosed ground and place some Muskettiers in the distances between those Troops you have which may advance and give fire upon the Enemies Horse if they offer to charge cover one of your Flanks if you can with some River Morass or Wood. Make your Front so large that your Enemy may not be able with his Wings to charge you in Flank Let your Battalions be small as of five or six hundred at the most which may nimbly move charge retire or succour each other at their pleasures for great Bodies are unweildy and being forced to move cannot keep their order unless the ground be very even for upon uneven ground they will either fall foul or be forced to open and if an Enemy can then make use of his advantage and charge they are easily broken and being broken are irrecoverable whereas small Troops although they break may under the favour and succour of their seconds put themselves again in order and be able to do good service Use means to draw your Enemy off the ground he hath chosen to stand upon it may to your advange perhaps bring some disorder in his Troops Be sure to have store of Seconds and always keep some Troops in reserve rather give then attend the charge it will encourage your own men and dishearten the Enemy Charge on that hand you think your self the strongest Let the distances between the Battalions as also between the Ter●●a's of your Army be carefully kept and get the advantage of Sun and Wind if you can Of a Chase IF your Enemy turn his back and fly let the third part of your Van-guard Battail and Reer as also a third part of both the Wings of Horse be appointed for the Chase and let one third part of them so appointed chase the Enemy disbanded the rest following in their order to succour the disbanded Troops if the Enemy should turn head and make resistance and let the other two thirds of the Army leisurely advance in good order to countenance the Troops in Chase if occasion should require When you would have the Chasers retire let the Drums and Trumpets of those Chasers that keep their order sound the Retreat that the disbanded Chasers may know where to find their Troops and if it be night let the Drums and Trumpets of the rest of the Army likewise sound And let there be fires made in divers places in the Army whereby all the Chasers may the better find the way to their Quarter Of a Retreat TO make a good Retreat is one of the Master-pieces of a General nor is it dishonorable for him to take the advantage of any time that he finds useful for the safety of his Army and good of the Cause although some young Souldiers more hardy then wise think it a disparagement to retire in the night but he that will not retire in the night when reason and the benefit of his party doth require may stay and be beaten in the day Many Examples there are in Histories of Armies that have been lost by such gallantry and their party thereby ruined There is no experienced General so indiscreet or ill advised as to follow a retiring Enemy with his Gross in the night especially if he find him retire in good order for so he may be drawn into Ambuscadoes or his enemy may wait for him in places of advantage and do him an affront and what knows he when he finds the Retreat made orderly but his Enemy seeks to draw him out purposely to intrap him by this means the party retiring may before day get into a place of safety whereas if he retire by day his Enemy may safely follow him with his whole Army and pass upon all advantages whereof he shall find plenty in a well-ordered Army if he know how to make use of them and take his opportunity I therefore conclude that to retire by night without sound of Drum with matches covered or to use any other secret way to avoid an Enemy when occasion doth require is not dishonorable but the duty of a good Captain The Order that the Prince of Orange retired in from Gelders FIrst He possessed a high piece of Ground that lay half-way between Gelders and Rhineberk to which Town he was resolved to March and lodged there 2000 men well intrenched with some pieces of Ordnance then he made ready three ways for the Tertia's of the Army to march in Front before the Troops began to march he sent away the Baggage and great Ordnance with some part of the Ammunition An hour before day or thereabouts he gave Order that the Army should march and the three Tertia's drew out of the Quarter without sound of Drum and marched in even Front about 200 paces distant from each other until they came an English mile or more from the Quarter and then Command was given that the Drums should beat In the Reer of each Tertia came ten or twelve Field-pieces with Ammunition and all other necessaries belonging to them On either Flank marched sixteen Troops of Horse and after the Foot at a large distance came the rest of the Horse In this Order did he

I have here set down words of Command to make every man a File-leader both by Succession and Dignity a Commander is not thereby tyed up but may if he please practise the same upon a whole Company altering but a little some words of Command As for Example we cannot say in a File Double your Ranks there being none until there be some other Files joyned thereunto and therefore if we intend a doubling by a single File we command it to rank two to the right or left which in a Company must be exprest Ranks to the right or left double Thus you see with a little alteration every man is brought up into the Front either by Succession or Dignity whether the Files be even numbers or odd great bodies or small But here by the way I must crave pardon to speak something in commendation of these Doublings in answer to them that account them but Toys to whom I will be so bold as to tell them that it is not for want of ignorance they so slightly esteem of them for were they truly knowing in the Art of Drilling they must of force confess abundance of variety in them affording much delight to him that shall command and great content unto them that are commanded perceiving themselves to be made File-leaders by the skill and worth of their Leaders And besides there may be just cause at one time or other many times to alter the Ranks exchanging the one for the other bringing thereby their best deserving Souldiers into the chiefest places of honour and casting others into their rooms at the discretion of the Commander Therefore I could wish all Leaders whatsoever to be well skill'd and verst in these Doublings the frequent practice whereof will make them more apt in the Exercise of more difficult things in the Art Military To which ingenious study I leave them and in the next place proceed to shew them several Figures of Battail to be performed by single Files consisting of several Depths of men CHAP. LXIV Concerning Figures of Battail to be performed by singles Files with some admonitions to those that shall practice themselves therein THe great plenty and variety of matter that may be performed in the exercising of a single File makes me wonder at the ignorance of those who are famed abroad for able knowing Souldiers who after they have passed over the Postures are at a stand as if there were nothing else to be done with the same But did they truely understand what dishonour and disparagement it is unto them they would not be so idle and backward but set times a part often inuring themselves to the practice thereof going through all the Motions Distances Facings Doublings Counter-marches and Wheelings and may farther if he please with his single File draw forth divers Figures of Battail declaring unto his Souldiers their several reasons and uses The exercising his Company after this manner affords unto them both content and delight and it is likewise very useful in greater Bodies when time of need shall require as shall appear in the sequel of this Book But here me thinks I hear some say Of what use are your Figures seeing for the most part in pitcht Battails or skirmishes in the field they commonly fire one against another in Square or by Forlorns drawn forth from the Body and being relieved return into their places again To whom I answer that in one respect it is true there being scarce any pitcht Battail in the field fought in these latter times but it hath been with even Fronts who are first engaged whether it be by Divisions drawn off by way of Forlorns Wings or Battail they fight with even Fronts or Squadrons as having every five or six Files divided a part from each other having six foot ground interval betwixt the abovesaid number of Files for the conveniency of the Ranks wheeling off after they have fired As concerning such Figures as are framed like the Wedge Saw Sheers or Diamond I must confess there is little or no use at all except it be for delight or for the practice and experience of some young Souldier whereby he may plainly see the custom of the Ancients in setting forth such ancient Figures But to let this pass and to come to the place where we left I shall shew unto the Souldier how needful it is for him to be well skilled in the framing of Figures of Battail and likewise to be throughly acquainted with their several uses Wherefore take this for a general rule that there was never any pitcht Battail but there were Reserves appointed out unto all the parts thereof whereby they might bring off and at time of need relieve each other and if so certainly they must of necessity carry along with them several forms and Figures of Battail according to the discretion of the Major-general or the Commanders in chief whom it shall concern It will therefore be expedient since there is a necessity of Figures of Battail and for the setting apart of Divisions for the relieving of each other for every Commander that will be truely knowing to have always some imprinted in his memory that in time of need he may not be to seek or wanting in them To which purpose I have collected some few putting them to their view being formerly practised by me for the satisfaction of those loving Gentlemen which have private Meetings in London but more especially for those of the Town-ditch unto whom I am especially bound And therefore without more delay I shall lay before them certain Figures of Battail upon all the Depths of Files set forth in the former Table leaving them to their own discretion to make use of what shall best comply and suit to their intended purpose CHAP. LXV Military experiments upon a File six deep branching forth eight several Figures of Battail with their reducement Command FIle rank two to the left 2 1 4 3 6 5 Command The middlemost Rank open to the right and left to open order   2 1   4     3   6 5   Command The last Rank advance forward into the next Rank that is before you and to open from the midst to open order and the first Rank move forward one pac e.     2 1     4 6     5 3 Command The first Rank open outward two foot beyond open order the last Rank close forward to Order   2     1   4   6 5   3 Command Division upon the left face about march all till you be clear each of other face all to the left and march two paces face to your Leader the last Rank open outward to double distance   1   5   3   2   4   6 Command The first Rank open outward to double distance the first man in the Front face about move down and double the middlemost man to the right Rank-wise 5     3   2 1   4     6

where he lodgeth When he commandeth in the Army in absence of the Lord General upon occasion of fight his place is in the Battle that he may the better give Order to all Usually he hath a Company to lodge with him to serve him as his Guard and six or more of his Company attending on him He should not resolve upon any enterprize unless he consider of all that might happen and propound to himself greater difficulties in the action then in reality there be and so prepare remedies surpassing the said difficulties it being a singular benefit to be able to foresee with good judgement those things which might succeed in the uncertain and variable accidents of War As Sertorius saith A good Commander should rather look behind him then before him II. Of the Lieutenant-General of Horse THe Charge of the Lieutenant-General of the Horse is of great importance and must therefore be supplied by a Souldier of known Experience and Valour careful and vigilant he must be he marcheth and lodgeth for the most part with the Cavalry he ought to be well versed in the ways of the Country that he may either meet or avoid his Enemy as occasion shall required He must be always busied about his Enemies motion considering with himself from what place they may shew themselves with what number whether Infantry or Cavalry in what time they may probably come upon him and where to place himself to advantage to prevent them He must be circumspect and wary in the choice of the place appointed for Quarters in preparing good Guards causing the High-ways to be cleared and by-ones discovered placing men on those places where he supposes the Enemy may make head sending forth Scouts continually and placing Sentinels omitting no diligence to secure the Quarter where the Cavalry findeth it self to be exposed to most danger especially if they be lodged without Infantry He must be sure to have Spies in and about his Enemies Quarters He must look that the Captains wrong not their Souldiers but that he see them well armed and kept in good Order and that they and his Officers observe good Orders and Discipline As he ought to be severe in punishing so he must be ready and willing to hear his Souldiers just complaints and relieve them He must not suffer any extortion to be used by himself or others by which the Country is ruined and the Souldiery hated for too great liberty of the Souldiers produceth bad effects He ought to be knowing in the command of the Infantry for upon occasion of sending a good part of the Cavalry to several places he hath the charge not only of the Horse but of the Foot also And in the absence of the General the Orders from the Lord General or Lord Marshal come to him and to him are all reports made of the occurrences of the Cavalry and Army He may suspend a Captain of his command upon just cause but cannot restore him again without order from the General who must first give notice thereof to the Lord General When he passeth the Quarters of Cavalry the Trumpets sound but not in the presence of the General or in his Quarters When the General of Horse commands the whole Army and therefore takes his place in the Battle the Lieutenant-General placeth himself in the Van-guard of the Cavalry where otherwise the General useth to be III. Of the Commissary-General HE ought to be a good and experienced Souldier for that in the absence of the Lieutenant-General he is to have the command He must reconcile Differences which at any time arise among the Souldiers as having most to do with the Souldiery He is to keep Lists of the Guards Convoys and other services and is to distribute the Orders Every evening he is to go and receive the Orders and the Word and having given it to the General and Lieutenant-General he is to give it to the Quartermaster-General for him farther to distribute He is upon all occasions of singular use and entrusted with the Execution of the Orders In appointing the places or lodgings in several Exploits he must be free from partiality and such as at one time have cause of discontent he must make them amends the next that so he may see it was of necessity not of partiality His place being of great importance ought therefore to be supplied by one knowing and experienced IV. Of the Quartermaster-General THe Office of the Quartermaster-General is to a appoint the Lodgings or Quarterings wherefore he must be well acquainted with the Countrey with the Towns and Villages about it not only by Maps which in some measure will inform him but by his own experience that he may the better know where to place the Corps-du-gards and Sentinels and visit them by day and night and order what ways to secure them and is to keep a List of all the Guards Convoys Cavalcadoes or exploits by Horse He must shew the Allarm-place to the particular Quarter-masters when they receive the Word of him in the Evening He must be very cautious in giving in his reports true and if any Order for haste be delivered him by mouth he must not trust it to others but must himself deliver it V. Of the Captain A Captain ought to be a man Sober Continent and modest in his Apparel aiming rather at good Arms and Horses then gorgeous Apparel to see his Souldiers punctual in their respective Duties and often calling them to exercise Let him be generous and not given to Gaming lest the Souldiers pay by that means be diminished which will overthrow his credit He is diligently to observe the Orders he receives and to be punctually ready with his Troop where appointed himself being first on Horsback seeing his Troop compleat and full before he march He ought to know every Souldier in his Troop by name that upon any Exploit he may draw forth such as he discerns most fit for the business he hath in agitation The Captains taking notice of a Souldier does very much animate and encourage him He must cherish his well-deserving Souldiers and cashier the idle and debauched Let him always have 2 or 3 of his Souldiers well skilled in the Countrey for they may serve him as Guides for that those of the adjacent Towns or Villages are not always to be had nor is it at all times safe to intrust them to these Souldiers he is to contribute something extraordinary besides their pay Out of his Troop he is to chuse his Lieutenant Cornet c. impartially by their merit and not for favour or affection by which he shall be beloved of his Souldiers and not be forced to alter his choice by the Generals Order In the absence of the Captain the Lieutenant commands the Troop VI. Of the Lieutenant THe Lieutenant of a Troop ought to be an experienced Souldier having attained thereunto by the experience he attained in being a Corporal and Cornet from which by desert he attained to be

a Lieutenant In the Captains absence he commands the Troop He must be diligent to see the Souldiers do their duties and see that their Horses and Arms be in good case He is to bring up the Reer of the Troop and see the Souldiers keep Rank File and Distance orderly after the Captain and Cornet and to permit none to depart from the Body or Troop In fight he is to be still in the Reer with his Sword drawn encouraging the Souldiers and cutting if not killing such as shall presume to flinch He is to keep a List of the names and sirnames of the Souldiers in his Troop and know the sufficiency of each Souldier that he may make use of them accordingly The Troop being to go to Guard when neer the Lieutenant is to go before to the Lieutenant that is to be relieved and take notice of the Corps-du-guard and receive information from him when and where the Sentinels are to be placed what ways to clear and all other things necessary and he must visit the Sentinels often both by night and day he first himself having placed them If the Troop be lodged in a Village the Billets must be signed by the Quartermaster of the Troop and distributed to the Souldiers before the Cornets lodging where the Alto is made to attend the said Billets so that in case of an Allarm the Souldiers may know whither to repair If they stay longer then a day in one place the Lieutenant is to visit the houses to see that the Souldiers keep good orders and being to go away to bid them be careful to put out their Fires If they go to be lodged in a Town or Fort and there to keep Garrison the Lieutenant is to accommodate their Lodgings according to their degrees and deserts and wheresoever they lodge longer then a day he must write the name of the Souldiers upon the said Billets that if the Souldier commit any Misdemeanor he may be the readier discovered and punished When the Troop is to March and the Trumpets sound to Horse he must be first mounted and see the Souldiers do the same with all speed and finding any lingering either out of idleness or an intent to Plunder severely to chastise them He ought to have knowledge of the ways And if the Troop be charged by the Enemy himself with some of the most experienced Souldiers and best mounted in the Troop are to stay behind VII Of the Cornet IN the absence of the Captain and Lieutenant the Cornet is to command the Troops but in the Captains presence upon a March his place is in the Front before the first Rank but behind the Captain in his charging of an Enemy he is to charge with the Captain and endeavour to break his Standard upon the Enemy and being broken and falling to the ground he is not to regard taking it up again his honour lying much in the breaking of his Standard in chase either of Horse or Foot But if the Enemy should take the Cornets Standard unbroken it were to him a great disgrace And this is contrary to the practice of an Ensign in the Infantry the preserving of whose Colours is ever esteemed his greatest glory as is evident in the Example of one Jaques Martaeus who when most of his Souldiers had forsaken him he fought so long as he could and finding himself over-powred wound himself up in his Colours and dyed The Cornet of Cuirassiers in march hath his place at the head of the Troop and presenteth himself in the Alarm-place but in fight in the midst of the Troop having two third parts of the Souldiers behind him And this is the place of his marching in these times which does most agree with the manner of marching of the Infantry where the Ensign marches before the division of Pikes The Souldiers in the Front-division of the Troop must be those best armed and the most couragious He must keep a List of the Troop and send so many to the Guard as the Captain or Lieutenant shall appoint Once every day he is at the Lord-Generals passing by the Troop to do obeysance to him by inclining his body and Cornet towards the ground VIII Of the particular Quarter-Masters THe Quarter-Masters duty is when all the Troops are lodged together to accompany the Quarter-Master-General in his laying out of the general Quarters but if they are to be lodged in several places some of the particular Quarter-masters accompany the Lieutenant-General others the Commissary-General and if a Captain command the Quarters then the particular Quarter-Master maketh the Quarter There is much trust reposed in him as the distributing of the Word and the Billets and therefore ought to be honest and true to his charge When he goes with the Quarter-Master-General to make the Quarters or Lodgings he must be very diligent taking with him two or three of his Souldiers which are to return to their Troop as guides to conduct the rest to their Quarters IX Of the Corporals THe Corporal is to assist his Lieutenant in placing the Sentinels the Harquebusiers are to discover and scoure the ways and to officiate as forerunners or Scouts under the charge of one of their Corporals who must be an experienced person in respect of the ways If any place of importance be to be guarded a Corporal with his Squadron is sent thither he must be capable of good literature for that he must keep a particular List of his Squadron X. Of the Trumpeters A Trumpeter ought to be a politick discreet and cunning person for that the delivery of Embassies to and from the Enemy are by him performed In going upon any such he ought to have a vigilant eye upon their Works Sentinels and other things that lye in his passage and privately conceal them till his return And in his discourse with his adversary very cautious and catching or circumventing him by trapping him in his parley Besides this he must sound all the sounds of the Trumpet as the Bontezelle that is Set on the Saddle the Cheval which is Mount on Horse-back the Standard that is Repair to your Colours One Trumpet must always lodge with the Cornet for which the Captain must give allowance and he must always have his Trumpet about him upon a sudden Alarm XI Of the Auditor THe Auditor ought to be a man of great integrity and understanding in the Law In the absence of the Auditor-General he heareth and judgeth the causes of the Cavalry and maketh report thereof to his General or in his absence to the Lieutenant-General without whose order he cannot execute any of his sentences He is to keep neer the person of the General or Lieutenant-General who are to see him respected He is to take notice of the prizes of Victuals brought to the Quarters of Horse that they be sold at reasonable rates and to see that the Victuals suffer no extortion by the Provost-Marshal or his Officers In the States Army and at this time