Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	great_a	know_v	lord_n	3,918	5	3.5901	3	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07706	A fruteful, and pleasaunt worke of the beste state of a publyque weale, and of the newe yle called Vtopia: written in Latine by Syr Thomas More knyght, and translated into Englyshe by Raphe Robynson citizein and goldsmythe of London, at the procurement, and earnest request of George Tadlowe citezein [and] haberdassher of the same citie; Utopia. English	More, Thomas, Sir, Saint, 1478-1535.; Robinson, Ralph, b. 1521.	1551 (1551)	STC 18094; ESTC S110035	99,585	282

vnlawfull assembles But they be in y â— present sight vnder the iyes of euery man So that of necessitie they must other applie their accustomed labours or els recreate theÌ„selfes with houest laudable pastymes This fassion being vsed amoÌ„g the people they must of necessitie haue store pleÌ„tie of all thinges And seing they be al therof parteners equally therfore cane no man there be poore or nedye In the councel of Amanrot whether as I sayde euery citie sendeth .iij. meÌ„ a pece yearly assone as it is perfectly knoweÌ„ of what thyuges there is in euery place plentie and agayne what thynges be sâ—aâ—t in anye place incontinent the lacke of the one is performed and fylled vp with the aboundaunce of the other And this they doo frelye without any benifite takyng nothing agayn of theÌ„ to whoÌ„ the thinges is geueÌ„ but those cyties that haue geuen of their store to anye other cytie that lacketh reguyrynge nothynge agayne of thesame cytie do take suche thinges as they lacke of an other cytie to whome they gaue nothynge So the hole Ilande is as it were one famelie or housholde But when they haue made sufficiente prouision of stoore for them selfes whiche they thynke not doone vntyll they haue prouyded for two yeared followynge bicause of the vncortentie of the nexte yeares proffe then of those thynges wherof they haue abundaunce they carry furthâ— into other contrâ—is greate plenty as grayne honnye wulle flaxe woode madder purple-die felles waxe tallowe lether and liuyng beastes And the seuenth part of all thies thynges they gyue franckely and frelye to the poore of that coÌ„trey The resydewe they fell at a reasonable and meane price By this trade of traffique or marchaÌ„dise they bring into their own coÌ„trey not only great pleÌ„tie of golde and siluer but also all suche thynges as they lacke at home whych is almoste nothynge but Iron And by reason they haue longe vsed thys trade nowe they haue more abundaunce of thies thynges then any man wyll beleue Nowe therfore they care not whether they sell for reddye moneye or els vpon truste to be paide at a daye and to haue the most part in debtes But in so doyâ—g they neuer followe the credence of pryuat men but the assurâ—aunce or warrauntrse of the hole citye by instrumentes and writinges made in that behalfe accordinglye When the daye of paymente is come and expyred the cytye gathereth vp the debte of the priuate dettours and putteth it into the common boxe and so long hath the vse and proffytte of it vntyll the vtopians their creditours demaunde it The mooste parte of it they neuer aske For that thynge whyche is to them no proffyte to take it from other to whom it is proffytable they thinke it no righte nor coÌ„science But yf the case so stande that they must lende parte of that money to an other people then they requyâ—â— they re debte or when they haue warre For the whyche purpose onelye they keap at home al y â— treasure whiâ—h they haue to be holpen and so coured by yt other in extreame ieopardyes or in suddeyne daungers But especyallye and chieflye to hiere therwyth and that for vnreasonable greate wayges straunge foldyours For they hadde rather put strâ—ungers in ieopardye then theyrâ— owne contreye men knowinge that for monâ—ye enoughe theire enemyes themselfes manye tymes maye be bowghte and solde or els throughe treason be sette togethers by the eares emonge themselfes For thys cause they kype an inestymable treasure But yet not as a treasure but so they haue yt vse yt as in good faythe I am ashamede to shewe fearynge that my wâ—ordes shal not be beleued And thys I haue more cause to feare for that I knowe howe â—yffâ—cultlye and hardelye I meselfe wolde haue beleued an othere man tellynge the same yf I hadde not presentlye seene yt wyth myâ—e owne iyes For yt muste nedes be that howe farre a thing is dissonaunt and disagre inge from the guyse and trade of the hearers so farre shall yt be owte of theyr beleffe Howe be yt a wyse and in dyfferente estymer of thynges wyll not greatly marueil perchauÌ„ce seing al they re other lawes and customes doo so muche dyfferre from owres yf the vse also of golde and syluer amonge them be applyed rather to theyr owne fassyons then to owers I meane in that they occupye not moneye themselfes but kepe yt for that chaunce whyche as yt maye happen so yt maye be that yt shall neuer come to passe In the meane tyme golde and sylueâ— whereof moneye ys made they doo soo vse as none of them dothe more estyme yt then the verye nature of the thynge deseruethe And then who dothe not playnlye see howe farre yt ys vnder Iron as wythoute the whyche men canne no better lyue them wythowte fyere and water Whereas to golde and syluer nature hathe geuen no vse that ws may not wel lacke yf that the folly of men hadde not sette it in hygher estymâ—cyon for the rareâ—â—s sake But of the contrary parte nature as a moste tender and louynge mother hath placed the beste and moste ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ cessarye thynges open a brode as the ayere the water and the earth it selfe And hath remoued and hydde farthest from vs vayne and vnprofytable thynges Therfore yf thies metalles amoÌ„g them shoulde be fast locked vp in some tower it myghte be suspected that the pryuâ—â— and the cowâ—cell as the people is euer foolyshelye ymagininge iâ—tended by some subtyltye to deceaue the commons and to take some proffette of ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ to themselfes Furthermore if they should make therof plat such other fâ—nely cunningly wrought stuffe yf at anye tyme they shoulde haue occasyon to breake it and melte it agayne and therwyth to paye their souldiours wâ—ges they see and perceiue very well that men wolde be lothe to parte from those thynges that they oâ—s begome to haue pleasure and delytein To remedye all thys they haue fownde owt a meanes which as it is agreable to al their other lawes and customes so it is from ours where golde is so muche set by and so delygently kepte very farre discrepant and repugnaunt and therfore vncredâ—ble but only to them that be wise For where as they eate and drincke in earthen and glasse vesselles which in dede be curiously and properlie made and yet be of very small value of gold and siluer they make commonlye chamber pottes and other like vesselles that serue for moste vile vses not only in their common halles but in euery mans priuate house Furthermore of thesame mettalles they make greate cheynes with fetters and giues wherin they tye their bondmen Finally who so euer for any offence be infamed by their eares hange ringes of golde vpon their fingers they were ringes of golde and about their neckes chaynes of gold and in conclusioÌ„ their heades be tiede about with golde Thus by all meanes that may be they procure to haue gold and siluer emong them in reproche and infamy And

therfore thies â—â—etalles which other nations do as greuously and sorroufully forgo as in a maner froÌ„ their owne liues if they should all togethers at ones be taken from the vtopians no man there wold thinke that he had lost the worth of one farthing They gather also peerles by the sea side Diamondes and CarbuÌ„cles vpoÌ„ certein rockes and yet they seke not for them but by chaunce finding them they cutt and polish theÌ„ And therwith they decke their yonge infanntes Which like as in the first yeares of their childhod they make much and be fond and proud of such ornameâ—tes so when they be a litle more growen in yeares and discretion perceiuing that none but children do were such toies and trifeles they lay them awaye euen of they re owne shame fastenes wythowte annye biddyng of there parentes euen as oure chyldren when they waxe bygge doo caste awaye nuttes brouches and puppettes Therfore thyes lawes and customes whych be so farre dyfferente from all othere natyons howe diuers fanseys also and myndes they doo cause dydde I neuer so playnlye perceaue as in the Ambassadoures of the Anemolians Thyes Ambassadoures came to Amaurote whyles I was there And bycause they came to entreat of greate weighty matters those .iij. citizeins a pece out of euery city were commen thether before theÌ„ But al the Ambassadours of y â— next contreis which had bene there beâ—ore and knewe the fassions maners of the Vtopians amonge whome they perceaued no honoure geuen to sumptuous aud costelye apparrell silkes to be contemned golde also to be enfamed and reprochefull were wont to come thether in very homely and simple a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ parrell But the Anemolianes bicause they dwell farre thence and had verye litle acquaintaunce with theÌ„ hearinge that they were al apparelled a like and that verye rudelye and homelye thynkynge them not to haue the thynges whyche they dydde not weare beynge therefore more proud then wise determined in the gorgiousnes of their apparel to represent very goddes and wyth the bright shynynge and glisteringe of their gaye clothinge to dasell the eyes of the silie poore vtopains So ther came in .iij. Ambassadours w t C. seruauntes all apparelled in chaungeable colours the moost of them in silkes the Ambassadours themselfes for at home in their owne couÌ„trey they were noble meÌ„ in cloth of gold wÌ„â— great cheiues of gold â–ª wÌ„â— gold haÌ„ging at their eares with gold ringes vpoÌ„ their fingers in brouches aglettes of gold vpon their cappes which glistered ful of peerles pretious stones to be short trâ—med aduorned with al those thinges which emoÌ„g the vtopians were other the punnishement of bond men or the reproche of in famed persones or elles trifels for yonge children to playe with all Therfore it wolde haue done a man good at his harte to haue sene howe proudelye they displeyed theire pecockes fethers howe muche they made of their paynted sheathes and howe loftely they sett forth aud aduaunced them selfes when they compared their gallaunte apparrell with the poore rayment of the vtopiaÌ„s For al the people were swarmed furth into the stretes And on the other side it was no lesse pleasure to consider howe muche they were deceaued and how farre they missed of their purpose being contrary wayes taken then they thought they shoulde haue bene for to the iyes of all the vtopians excepte very fewe whiche had bene in other contreys for some resonable cause al that gorgeousnes of apparrel semed shamefull and reprochefull In so much that they most reuerently saluted the vylest â–ª and most abiect of them for lordes passing ouer the Ambassadours themselfes without any honour iudging them be their wearing of golden cheynes to be bondeme â—Yea you shuld haue sene children also that had caste away their peerles and pretious stones wheÌ„ they sawe the like sticking vpon the Ambassadours cappes digge and pushe their mothers vnder the sides sayinge thus to them Loke mother how great a lubbor doth yet were peerles and pretious stoones as â—hough he were a litel child still But the mother yea and that also in good earnest peace sone saith she I thynk he be some of the Ambassadouâ—s fooles Some fownde fawte at theire golden cheynes as to no vse nor purpose beynge to small and weake that a bondeman myghte easelye breake them and agayne so wyde and large that when it pleased him he myght cast them of and runne awaye at lybertye whether he wolde But when the Ambassadoures hadde bene there a daye or .ij. and sawe so greate abundaunce of gold so lyghtelye estymed yea in no lesse reproche then yt was wyth them in honour and besydes that more golde in the cheynes and gyues of one fugytyue bondeman then all the costelye ornamentes of them .iij. was worth they beganne to abate they re currage and for verye shame layde awaye all that gorgyouse arraye wherof theye were so prowde And specyallye when they hadde talkede famylyerlye wyth the Vtopyans and hadde learnede all they re fassyons and opynyoâ—s For they marueyle that annye men be soo folyshe as to haue delyte and pleasure in the glysterynge of a lytyll tryfelynge stone whyche maye beholde annye of the starres or elles the soone yt selfe Or that annye man ys so madde as to couâ—te him selfe the nobler for the smaller or fyner threde of wolle whyche selfe samewoll be it nowe iâ— neuere so fyne a sponne threde dyde ones a â—hepe weare aâ—d yet was she all that time no other thing then a shepe They marueyle alâ—o that golde whyche of the owne nature is a thynge so vnprofytable is nowe emonge all people in soo hyghe estymatyon that man hym selfe by whoÌ„ yea and for the vse of whome yt ys so muche sett by ys in muche lesse estymatyon then the golde yt selfe In so muche that a lumpyshe blockehedded churle â–ª and whyche hathe no more wytte then an asse yea and as full of noughtenes and folyshenes shall haue neuertheles many wyse and good men in subiectyon and bondage onlye for thys bycause he hathe a greate heape of golde Whyche yf yt should be taken from hyme by annye fortune â–ª or by some subtyll wyle of the lawe â–ª which no lesse then fortune doth raise vp the lowe and plucke downe the high and be geueÌ„ to the most vile slaue and abiect dreuell of all his housholde then shortely after he shall goo into the seruice of his seruaunt as an augmentation or an ouerplus besyd his money But they much more marueill at and detest the madeues of them whyche to those riche men in whose debte and daunger they be not do giue almoste diuine honowres â—or â—on other consideration but bicause they be riche and yet knowing them to be suche nigeshepenuy fathers that they be sure as loÌ„g as they liue not the worthe of one farthinge of that heape of gold shall come to them Thies and such like opinions haue they conceaued partely by education beinge brought vp in that commoÌ„

with an other he or she whether it be is sharpely punyshed And both the offenders be forbydden euer after in all their life to marrye oneles the faulte be forgeuen by the princes pardone But bothe the good maÌ„ and the good wyfe of the house where that offence was done as beyng slacke and neglygent in lokyng to there chardge be in daunger of great reproche and infamye That offence is so sharpelye punyshed bicause they perceaue that onles they he diligentlye kept from the lybertie of this vice fewe wyll ioyne together in the loue of marriage wherin all the lyfe must be led with one also all the griefes displeasures that come therewith must paciently be taken borne Furthermore in cheusyng wyfes and husbandes they obserue earnestly and â—â—raytelye a custome whiche semed to vs very fonde and folysh For a sad â—n honest matrone sheweth the womâ—â— be she maide or widdowe ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ to the wower And lykewyse a sage and discrete man exhibyteth the wowere naked to the woman At this custome we laughed aâ—d disalowed ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ foolyshe But they on the other part doo greatlye woâ—der at the follye of all other nations whyche in byinge a câ—lte â–ª where as a lytle money is in hassarde be so charye and circumspeâ—te that though he â—e almoste all bare yet they wyll not bye hym oneles â–ª the saddel and all the harneys be taken of leaste vâ—der those couerynges be hydde som galleâ—â— soore And yet in chewsynge a wyfe whyche shal be other pleasure or dyspleasure to them all theire lyfe after they be so recheles that all the resydewe of the woomans bodye beinge coâ—ered wyth cloothes they esteme here scaselye be one handebredeth for they can se no more but her face and so do ioyne her to them not without great ieoperdie of euell agreiâ—g together if any thyâ—ge in her body afterwarde do offende aâ—d myslyke them For all men be not so wyse as to haue respecte to the vertuous condicions of the partie And the endowmeÌ„tes of the bodye cause the vertues of the myndâ— more to be estemed and regarded â—ea euen in the mariages of wâ—se men We rely so fowle deformitâ—e may be hydde vnder thoes coueringes that it maye quite alienate take awaye the â—â—ans mynde from his wyfe wheÌ„ it shal not be lawfull for their bodies to be sepâ—rate agayne If suche deformitie happen by any chaunce after the mariage is coÌ„sumate and finyshed well there is no remedie but patience Euery maÌ„ must take his fortune well a worthe But it were well done that a lawe were made wherebye all suche deceytes myghte be eschewed aduoyded before hand And thys were they constre yâ—ed more earnestlye to looke vpon because they onlye of the the nations in that parte of the worlde bee contente euerye man wyth one wyfe a piece And matrymoney is there neuer broken but by death excepte adulterye breake the bonde or els the intollerable waiward maners of eyther partie For if either of them fynde themselfe for any suâ—he cause greued they maye by the licence of the councell chaunge and take an other But the other partie lyueth euer after in infamye and out of wedlocke But for the husbande to put away his wyfe for no faulte but for that some myshappe is falleâ— to her bodye thys by no meaâ—es they wyll suffre For they iudge it a greate poynte of crueltie that any â–ª body in their moste nede of helpe and comforte shoulde be cast of and forsaken and that olde age whych both bryâ—geth syâ—knes with it and is a syckenes it selfe should vnkyndlye vnfaythfullye be delte withall But nowe and then it chaunseth where as the man and the woman cannot well agree betwene themselfes bothe of theÌ„ fyndyâ—ge other with whome they hope to lyue more quyetlye and meryly that they by the full consent of them both be diuorsed a sonder and newe maâ—ied to other But that not without the aucthoritie of the councell Which agreeth to no dyuorses before they and their wyfes haue diligently tried and examyned the matter Yea and theÌ„ also they be loth to coÌ„sent to it bicause they knowe thys to be the nexte waye to breke loue betwene man and wyfe to be in easye hope of a newe mariage Breakers of wedlocke be punyshed with moste greuoâ—s bondage And if both the offenders were maried theâ— the partyes whiche in that behalfe haue suffered wronge be diuorsed from the auoutrers if they wyll and be maried together or els to whoÌ„ they luste But if eyther of them both do styll contynewe in loue towarde so vnkynde a bedfellowe the vse of wedlocke is not to them forbydden if the partie be disposed to followe in toylinge and drudgerye the person which for that offence is condempned to bondage And very ofte it chaunceth that the repeâ—tauÌ„ce of the one and the earnest diligence of the other dothe so moue the prince with pytie and compassion that he restoreth the boâ—de persoâ—e from seruitude to libertie and fredom again But if the same partie be taken â—ftsones in y â— faulte there is no otherway but death To other trespaces there is no presâ—ript punyshment appoynted by anye lawe But accordinge to the heyâ—ouseâ—es of the offence or contrarye so the punyshemente is moderated by the discretion of the councell The husbandes chastice theire wyfes and the parentes theire chyldren oneles they haue done anye so horryble an offence that the open punyshemente thereof maketh muche for the aduauncemente of honeste maâ—ers But moste commenlye the moste heynous faultes be punyshed with the in commoditie of bondage For that they suppose to be to the offenders no lesse griefe and to the common wealth more profitable then if they should hastely put theÌ„ to death and make them out of the waye For there cummeth more profite of theire laboure then of theire deathe and by theire example they feare other the lenger from lyke offences But if they beinge thus vsed doo rebell and kicke agayâ—e then forsothe they be stayne as desperace and wilde beastes whom â—o ther pryson nor chayâ—e could restraine and kepe vnder But they whiche take theire bondage patientlye be not left all hopeles For after they haue bene broken and tamed with longe myseries yf then they shewe suche repenâ—aunce wherebye it maye be perceaued that they be soryer for theire offence then for theire punyshemente sumtymes by the Pryâ—ces prerogatyue and sumtymes by the voyce and coâ—sent of the people theire bondage other is mitigated or els cleane remytted and forgeueÌ„ He that moueth to aduoâ—trye is in no lesse daunger and ieoperdie then yf he hadde committed aduontrye in dede For in all offences they counte the intente and pretensed purpose as euell as y â— acte or dede it selfe For they thynke that no lette owghte to excuse hym that dyd hys beste too haue no lette They sette greate store by fooles And as it is greate reproche to do to annye of them hurte or iniury so they prohibite not to take

it myght seme a verye reprochefull thynge yf in the â—eagues of them whyche by a pecuâ—iare name â—e called faythfull faythe shoulde haue no place But in that newefoâ—nde parte of the worlde whiche is scaselye so farre from vs beyonde the lyâ—e equinoctiall as owre lyfe and manners be dissideâ—te from theirs no truste nor confydence is in leagues But the mo and holyer cerymonies the league is knytâ—e vp with the soâ—er it is broken by some cauillation founde in the woordes whyche manye tymes of purpose be so craftelye put in and placed that the bandes can neuer be so sure nor so stronge but they wyll fynde some hole open to crepe owte at and to breake bothe league and trewthe The whiche crafty dealynge yea the whiche fraude and deceyte yf they shoulde knowe it to bee practysed amonge pryuate men in theire bargaynes and contractes they woulde incontinent crye owte at it with a sower conntenaâ—nce as an offence most detestable and worthie to be punnyshed with a shamefull death yea euen verye they that auaunce themselfes authours of like councel geueÌ„ to princes Wherfore it maye well be thought other that all iustice is but a basse and a lowe vertue and whiche avaleth it self farre vnder the hyghe dignitie of kynges Or at the least wyse that there be two iustices the one mete for the inferioure sorte of the people goinge a fote and crâ—pynge by â—owe on the grounde and bounde downe on euery side with many bandes because it shall not run at rouers The other a pryncely vertue whiche lyke as it is of muche hygher maiestie then the othâ—r poore iustice so also it is of muche more lybertie as to the whiche nothinge is vnlawful that it lusteth after Thies maners of princes as I sayde whiche be there so euyll kepers of leagues cause the Vtopians as I suppose to make no leagues at all whiche perchaunce woulde chaunge theire mynde iâ— they lyued here Howebeit they thynke that thoâ—ghe leagues be neuer so faythfullye obserued and kept yet the custome of makinge leagues was verye euel be gonne For this causeth meÌ„ as though â—ations which be separate a sondre by the space of a lytle hyl or a ryuer were coÌ„pled together by â—o societe or bonde of nature to thynke them selfes borne aduersaryes and enemyes one to an other and that it is lawfull for the one to seke the death and destruction of the other it leagues were not yea and that after the leagues be accorded fâ—yndeshyppe dothe not growe and encrease But the lycence of robbynge and stealynge doth styll remayne as farâ—urthe as for lacke of forsight and aduisement in writinge the woordes of the league anny sentence or clause to the contrary is not therin suffycyentlye comprehended But they be of a contrary opinioÌ„ That is that no man ought to be counted an enemy whyche hath done no iâ—iury And that the felowshyppe of nature is a stronge league and that men be better and more surely knitte togethers by loue beneâ—oleâ—ce theÌ„ by couenauÌ„tes of leagues by hartie affectioÌ„ of minde then by woordes Of warfare â–ª WArre or battel aâ— a thinge very â—rastâ—lye and yet to no kynde of beastes in so muche vse as it is to man they do detest and abhorre And contrarye to the custome almost of all other natyons they cowâ—te nothinge somuch against glorie as glory gotten in warre And therefore though they do daily practise and exercise themselfes in the discypline of warre and that not only the men but also the women vpon certeyne appoynted dayes leste they shoulde â—e to seke in the feat of armes yf nead should requyre yet they neuer to goo to battayle but other in the defence of their owne cowntreye or to dryâ—e owâ—e of theyr frendes lande the enemyes that be comen in or by their powre to deliuer froÌ„ the yocke and bondage of tyranâ—ye soâ—â—e people that be oppressed wyth tyraÌ„ny Whyche thynge they doo of meere pytye and compassion Howebeit they sende healpe to they re fryndes not euer in theire defence But sumtimes also to requyte and reuenge iniuries before to them done But thys they do noâ—â—â—les their counsell and aduise in the matter be asked whyles yt ys yet newe and freshe For yf they fynde the cause probable and yf the contrarye parte wyll not restore agayne suche thynges as be of them iustelye demaunded then they be the chyeffe auctores and makers of the warre Whyche they do not onlye as ofte as â—y iâ—rodes and inâ—asions of soldiours prayes and booties be dreuen away but then also much more mortally wheÌ„ their frindes marchauÌ„tes in any land other vnder y â— pretence of vniust lawes orels by the wresting wronge vnderstonding of good lawes do sustaine an vniust accusation vnder the colour of iustice Nother the battel which the vtopians fowghte for the Nephelogetes against the Alaopolitanes a lytle before oure time was made for annye other cause but that the Nephelogete marchaunte men as the vtopians thought suffred wrong of the Alaopolitaâ—es â–ª vnder the pretence of righte But whether it were righte or wrong it was with so cruell and mortal warre reuenged the countrâ—is rouÌ„d about ioyâ—ing their healpe and powre to the puysaunce and malice of bothe parties that most flâ—rishing and wealthie peoples beyng some of theÌ„ shrewedely shaken and some of them sharpely beaten the mischeues were not finisshed nor ended vntill the Alaopolitanes at the last were yelded vp as bondmen into the iurisdiction of the Nephelogetes For the vtopians foughte not this warre for themselfes And yet the Nephelogetes before the warre when the Alaopolitanes flourished in wealth were nothyng to be coÌ„pared with theÌ„ So egerly the Vtopians prosequâ—te the iniuries done to ther frindes yea in money matters and not their owne likewise For if they by coâ—eyne or gyle be wiped beside their gooddes so that no violeÌ„ce be done to their bodies they wreake their anger by absteining from occupieng with that nation vntill they haue made satisfaction Not for bicause they set lesse stoore by their owne cytyzeyns then by theire frindes but that they take the losse of their fryndes money more heuely then the losse of theyr owne Bicause that their frindes marchaunte men forasmuche as that they leise is their owne priuate gooâ—des susteyne great damage by the losse But their owne citizeyns leise nothing but of the commeÌ„ gooddes aâ—d of y â— which was at home plentifâ—ll and almost superfluous elles hadde it not bene sent furth Therfore no maÌ„ feeleth the losse And for this cause they thynke it to cruell an acte to reuenge that losse wyth the death of many the incommoditie of the whiche losse no man feeleth nother in his liâ—fe nother in his liuinge But if it chaunce that any of their men in any other countreye be mayâ—ed or â—ylled whether it be done by a commeÌ„ or a priuate councell knowing and trying out the treuth of the matter by their ambassadours oâ—les the offeÌ„ders be rendered vnto them in

the fortune of the hole battayll and spyte of there tethes wrestynge owt of theire handes the sure vâ—dowted victory being a litle before conquered haue for theire parte coÌ„quired the coÌ„querers It is hard to say whether they be craftier in laynge an ambusshe or wittier in â—duoydynge thesame Yowe woulde thynke they iâ—tende to fâ—ye â–ª whem they â—eane nothing lesse And coÌ„trary wise when they go about that purpose â–ª yow wold beleue it were y â— least part of their thoughte For it they perceaue themselfes other ouermatched in numbre or closed in to narrowe a place then they remoue their campe other in the â—yght season with silence or by some pollicie they deceaue theire enemies or in the daye time they retiere backe so softely that it is no lesse ieoperdie to medle with them when they gyue backe then when they preese on They fence and fortifie theire campe sewerlye with a deape and a brode trenche The earth therof is cast inward Nor they do not set drudgeis and slaues a worke about it It is doone by the haâ—des of the souldiours them selfes All the hole armye worketh vpon it except them that watche in harneis before the trenche for sodeyne auentures Therefore by the labour of so manye a large trenche closinge in a great coÌ„passe of grounde is made in lesse tyme theÌ„ any maÌ„ wold beleue Theire armoure or harâ—eiâ— whiche they weare is sure and stronge to receaue strokes and handsome for all moâ—inges and gestures of the bodye in somuche that it is not vnweldy to swymme in For in the discipline of theire warefare amonge other feates thei lerne to swimme in harneis Their weapons be arrowes afarre of which they shote both strongely and suerly not onelye fotemen but also horsemen At hande strokes they vse not swordes but pollaâ—es whiche be mortall aswel in sharpenes as in weyghte bothe for foynes and downe strokes Engines for warre they deuyse and inuente woÌ„ders wittely Whiche when they be made they kepe very secret leaste if they should be knowen before neade requyre they should be but laughed at and serue to no purpose But in makynge them herevnto they haue chiefe respecte that they be both easy to be caried and handsome to be moued and turned about Truce taken with theire enemies for a shorte time they do so fermelye and faythfully keape that they wyll not breake it no not though they be theire vnto prouoked They do not waste nor destroy there enemies laâ—de with forraginges nor they burne not vp theire corne Yea they saue it as muche as maye be from beinge onerrune and troden downe other with men or horses thynkynge that it groweth for theire owne vse and proffyt They hurt no man that is vnarmed onles he be an espiall All cities that be yelded vnto them they defende And suche as they wynne by force of assaute they no ther dispoyle nor sacke but them that withstode and dyswaded the yeldynge vp of thesame they put to death the other souldiours they punnyshe with bondage All the weake multitude they leaue vntouched If they knowe that aâ—ye cytezeins counselled to yelde and rendre vp the citie to them they gyue parte of the condempned mens goodes The resydewe they distribute and gyue frely amonge them whose helpe they had in thesame warre For none of them selfes taketh anye portion of the praye But when the battayll is fynyshed and ended they put theire frendes to neuer a penny coste of al the chardges that they were at but laye it vpon theire neckes that be conquered Them they burdeâ—ne with the hole chardge of theire expeÌ„ceis which they demaunde of them partelye in money to be kept for lyke vse of battayll and partelye in sandes of greate reuenues to be payde vnto them yearlye for euer Suche reuenues they haue nowe in maâ—ye countreis Whiche by litle and lytle rysyng of dyuers and sondry causes be encreased aboue .vij. huÌ„dreth thousand ducates by the yere Thither they sende furth some of their citezeiâ—s as Lieueteâ—auntes to lyue theire sumptuously lyke men of honoure and renowne And yet this notwithstanding muche money is saued which coÌ„meth to the coÌ„men treasory onles it so chauÌ„ce that thei had rather truste y â— couÌ„trey w t the money Which many times thei do so loÌ„g vntil they haue neade to occupie it And it seldome happeneth y â— thei demauÌ„d al â–ª Of thies laÌ„des thei assigne part vnto theÌ„ which at their request exhortacion put themsâ—lfes in such ieoperdies as I spake of before If anye prynce stirre vp warre agaynst them intendyng to inuade theire lande they mete hym incoâ—tinent owt of theire owne borders with great powre and strengthe For they neuer lyghtly make warre in their owne countreis Nor they be neuer brought into so extreme necessitie as to take helpe out of forreyne landes into thire owne Ilande Of the religyons in Vtopia THere be dyuers kyndes of religioÌ„ not only in sondry partes of the Ilande but also in dyuers places of euerye citie Some worshyp for God the sunne some the mone some some other of the planetes There be that gyue worshyp to a man that was oâ—es of excellente vertue or of famous glory not only as God but also as the chiefest hyghest God But the moste and the wysest parte reiectynge all thies beleue that there is a certayne Godlie powre vnknowen euerlastyng incomprehensible inexplicable farre aboue the capacitie and retche of manswitte dispersed through out all the worlde not in bygâ—es but in vertue aâ—d powre Hym they call the father of all To hym allone they attrybute the begynnynges the encreasynges the procedynges the chaunges and the endes of all thynges Nother they gyue deuine honours to any other then to him Yea all the other also though they be in diuers opinions yet in this pointe they agree all togethers with the wisest sort in beleuynge that there is one chiefe and pryncipall God the maker and ruler of the hole worlde whome they all commonly in theire countrey language call Mythra But in this they disagre that amonge some he is counted one and amonge some an other For euery one of them whatsoeuer that is whiche he taketh for the chiefe God thynketh it to be the very same nature to whose onlye deuyne myght and maiestie the som and soueraintie of al thinges by the consent of all people is attributed and geuen Howe be it they al begynne by litle and litle to forsake fall from thys varietie of superstitioÌ„s and to agree togethers in that religion whiche semethe by reason to passe and excell the resydewe And it is not to be dowted but all the other would longe agoo haue bene abolyshed but that whatsoeuer vnprosperous thynge happened to any of them as he was mynded to chaunge his religion the fearefulnes of people dyd take it not as a thynge cummynge by chaunce but as sente frome God owt of heauen As thoughe the God whose honoure he was forsakynge woulde reuenge that wicked purpose

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