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1669._o numb_a 50_o the_o invention_n whereof_o be_v attribute_v by_o the_o publisher_n to_o that_o honourable_a and_o worthy_a person_n mr._n boyl_n who_o conclusion_n and_o trial_n i_o never_o much_o call_v in_o question_n but_o find_v this_o opposite_a and_o contrary_a to_o what_o i_o have_v demonstrate_v i_o shall_v crave_v liberty_n to_o say_v amicus_fw-la socrates_n amicus_fw-la plato_n sed_fw-la magis_fw-la amica_fw-la veritas_fw-la and_o shall_v therefore_o examine_v it_o as_o brief_o as_o may_v be_v the_o word_n of_o the_o publisher_n be_v as_o follow_v the_o author_n of_o this_o invention_n be_v the_o noble_a robert_n boyl_n who_o be_v please_v to_o comply_v with_o our_o desire_n of_o communicate_v it_o in_o english_a to_o the_o curious_a in_o england_n as_o by_o insert_v the_o same_o in_o the_o latin_a translation_n of_o his_o hydrostatical_a paradox_n he_o have_v gratify_v the_o ingenious_a abroad_o and_o it_o will_v doubtless_o be_v the_o more_o welcome_a for_o as_o much_o 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stem_n be_v h_n c_o the_o weight_n that_o sink_v the_o glass_n be_v b._n the_o surface_n of_o water_n under_o which_o it_o be_v drown_v be_v a_o d._n the_o balance_n to_o which_o the_o glass_n be_v knit_v by_o a_o string_n be_v n_o o._n and_o last_o e_o f_o r_o be_v the_o water_n that_o come_v in_o and_o fill_v the_o half_a of_o the_o bubble_n now_o i_o say_v it_o be_v not_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n e_o f_o r_o that_o turn_v the_o scale_n above_o and_o make_v a_o alteration_n in_o the_o balance_n but_o '_o its_o only_a the_o weight_n of_o the_o lead_n b_o that_o do_v it_o for_o evince_v this_o consider_v that_o all_o heavy_a body_n be_v either_o light_a in_o specie_fw-la than_o water_n
weigh_v by_o a_o piece_n of_o lead_n or_o stone_n in_o a_o artificial_a balance_n for_o know_v how_o many_o ounce_n or_o pound_n it_o be_v of_o as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v endeavour_v to_o weigh_v the_o water_n e_o f_o r_o by_o help_n of_o the_o balance_n above_o which_o in_o effect_n be_v impossible_a experiment_n xviii_o figure_n 25._o make_v a_o wooden_a ark_n after_o this_o follow_a manner_n the_o plank_n must_v be_v of_o oak_n a_o inch_n thick_a the_o height_n 40_o inch_n the_o breadth_n 36._o closs_n on_o all_o side_n and_o above_o and_o open_v below_o and_o because_o the_o form_n be_v foursquare_a there_o must_v be_v four_o standart_v of_o timber_n in_o each_o corner_n one_o to_o which_o the_o plank_n must_v be_v nail_v four_o likewise_o upon_o the_o top_n cross_v the_o other_o four_o at_o right_a angle_n to_o which_o the_o cover_n must_v be_v join_v the_o side_n must_v be_v plain_v and_o the_o edge_n both_o plain_v and_o gripe_v in_o all_o the_o part_n that_o the_o joyning_n 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sense_n and_o so_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o fall_v out_o of_o the_o ark_n or_o if_o his_o foot_n shall_v slide_v off_o the_o footstool_n and_o his_o hand_n fail_v he_o too_o a_o chord_n knit_v to_o one_o of_o those_o and_o fasten_v about_o his_o waist_n or_o middle_a may_v bring_v he_o up_o though_o he_o be_v dead_a then_o it_o be_v far_o easy_a to_o cut_v out_o a_o window_n or_o two_o in_o the_o side_n of_o it_o not_o very_o large_a but_o little_a as_o k_o and_o i_o whereby_o they_o be_v cover_v with_o glass_n a_o man_n may_v see_v at_o a_o distance_n what_o be_v upon_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o what_o be_v upon_o the_o left_a and_o what_o be_v before_o this_o device_n be_v of_o excellent_a use_n for_o through_o the_o want_n of_o it_o the_o diver_n see_v no_o more_o but_o what_o be_v just_a below_o he_o which_o sometime_o when_o he_o be_v near_o the_o ground_n will_v not_o exceed_v the_o compass_n of_o a_o large_a milâ—wheel_n but_o if_o so_o be_v three_o hole_n be_v cut_v through_o one_o on_o every_o hand_n and_o one_o before_o he_o may_v see_v as_o much_o bound_n and_o all_o thing_n in_o it_o as_o if_o he_o be_v not_o enclose_v and_o environ_v with_o a_o cover_n a_o little_a schelf_n likewise_o may_v be_v fix_v upon_o the_o one_o side_n or_o the_o other_o for_o hold_v a_o compass_n with_o a_o magnetical_a needle_n for_o know_v how_o such_o and_o such_o a_o thing_n lie_v in_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o one_o of_o the_o corner_n may_v hang_v a_o little_a bottle_n with_o some_o excellent_a spirit_n for_o refresh_v the_o stomach_n under_o water_n many_o more_o advantage_n i_o may_v name_v this_o engine_n be_v of_o timber_n but_o shall_v forbear_v leave_v the_o collection_n of_o they_o to_o the_o ingenious_a reader_n and_o proceed_v to_o answer_v some_o objection_n that_o may_v be_v make_v against_o it_o first_o if_o this_o engine_n be_v make_v of_o wood_n it_o will_v not_o sink_v so_o easy_o as_o be_v make_v of_o lead_n i_o answer_v this_o difficulty_n be_v soon_o overcome_v namely_o by_o make_v the_o footstool_n the_o heavy_a therefore_o how_o light_n soever_o it_o be_v a_o weight_n may_v be_v find_v to_o counterpoise_v it_o in_o the_o water_n if_o it_o be_v judge_v too_o light_a in_o timber_n it_o may_v be_v line_v with_o lead_n especial_o without_o second_o if_o it_o be_v of_o wood_n there_o must_v be_v couple_n and_o joyning_n in_o it_o and_o so_o rift_n and_o leak_n in_o it_o through_o which_o the_o water_n may_v come_v i_o answer_v there_o be_v less_o difficulty_n here_o than_o in_o the_o former_a because_o the_o joint_n may_v be_v make_v so_o close_o in_o all_o the_o part_n and_o may_v be_v so_o cover_v over_o with_o pitch_n or_o with_o some_o such_o like_a matter_n that_o it_o may_v defy_v either_o water_n to_o come_v in_o or_o air_n to_o go_v out_o three_o if_o it_o be_v make_v of_o wood_n it_o will_v be_v in_o hazard_n of_o break_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o water_n for_o oft_o time_n be_v find_v that_o the_o strong_a hogshead_n will_v burst_v asunder_o by_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o if_o they_o go_v but_o down_o 7_o or_o 8_o fathom_n i_o answer_v this_o objection_n flow_v from_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o fluid_a body_n if_o so_o be_v then_o that_o a_o man_n know_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o water_n be_v uniform_a most_o equal_a and_o press_v upon_o all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o body_n within_o it_o alike_o no_o such_o scruple_n will_v occur_v i_o say_v then_o the_o ark_n though_o no_o thick_a in_o the_o side_n than_o a_o thin_a sawen_v dale_n will_v go_v down_o in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o
the_o contraction_n of_o the_o air_n must_v be_v the_o great_a that_o be_v to_o say_v there_o must_v be_v more_o quantity_n of_o air_n contract_v in_o the_o one_o space_n than_o in_o the_o other_o but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o the_o further_o down_o the_o contraction_n be_v the_o less_o they_o judge_v likewise_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o water_n to_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o side_n of_o empty_a vessel_n be_v break_v in_o go_v down_o but_o if_o this_o be_v than_o a_o strong_a vessel_n shall_v go_v no_o further_o down_o than_o a_o weak_a vessel_n see_v cold_a can_v pierce_v through_o the_o side_n of_o the_o one_o as_o well_o as_o through_o the_o side_n of_o the_o other_o and_o why_o be_v it_o that_o a_o bladder_n full_a of_o wind_n will_v go_v down_o 40_o or_o 50_o fathom_n without_o burst_v yea_o 100_o and_o yet_o a_o stone-bottle_n or_o glass-bottle_n can_v go_v beyond_o 20_o or_o 30_o if_o cold_a have_v in_o it_o that_o power_n to_o break_v the_o side_n of_o a_o strong_a bottle_n it_o must_v be_v far_o more_o able_a to_o burst_v the_o side_n of_o a_o thin_a bladder_n this_o difference_n be_v clear_o explicate_v from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n but_o i_o defy_v any_o man_n to_o show_v the_o difference_n from_o the_o coldness_n of_o it_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o all_o such_o experiment_n of_o sink_v of_o vessel_n as_o hogshead_n barrel_n and_o bottle_n they_o must_v be_v close_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o if_o a_o man_n desire_v to_o know_v how_o far_o down_o a_o glass-bottle_n be_v able_a to_o go_v without_o burst_v he_o must_v stop_v the_o mouth_n of_o it_o exact_o with_o a_o piece_n of_o wood_n and_o cement_n in_o set_v down_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o ark_n i_o have_v restrict_v they_o to_o 40_o inch_n high_a and_o 36_o inch_n wide_a but_o if_o any_o man_n be_v desirous_a to_o enlarge_v they_o or_o make_v they_o less_o he_o may_v do_v it_o only_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o large_a the_o ark_n be_v the_o footstool_n that_o sink_v it_o must_v be_v the_o heauâ—er_n yet_o it_o have_v this_o advantage_n that_o it_o contain_v much_o air_n which_o be_v the_o great_a perfection_n of_o it_o one_o of_o a_o lesser_a size_n have_v this_o advantage_n that_o it_o be_v more_o tractable_a and_o easy_a to_o let_v down_o and_o to_o be_v pull_v up_o but_o these_o thing_n be_v best_a know_v from_o experience_n or_o if_o a_o man_n please_v he_o may_v calculate_v as_o the_o ark_n be_v a_o most_o useful_a device_n for_o profit_n so_o it_o be_v excellent_a for_o pleasure_n and_o recreation_n if_o a_o man_n be_v dispose_v to_o see_v the_o ground_n and_o channel_n of_o deep_a water_n or_o be_v incline_v to_o find_v out_o hydrostatical_a conclusion_n a_o knowledge_n very_o profitable_a and_o which_o few_o have_v attain_v to_o though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o difficult_a to_o enter_v the_o ark_n and_o go_v down_o below_o the_o water_n yet_o a_o little_a use_n will_v expel_v all_o fear_n then_o a_o man_n may_v go_v down_o with_o less_o hazard_n and_o fear_v in_o the_o ark_n then_o in_o the_o bell_n because_o he_o may_v convenient_o fasten_v his_o hand_n to_o each_o side_n of_o the_o ark_n if_o need_n be_v he_o may_v convenient_o sit_v as_o in_o a_o chair_n all_o the_o time_n of_o down_o go_v and_o up-coming_a by_o fix_v a_o little_a seat_n in_o it_o he_o may_v have_v window_n to_o look_v out_o at_o his_o body_n may_v be_v so_o fix_v that_o there_o needs_o be_v no_o fear_n of_o fall_v out_o if_o a_o man_n be_v desirous_a to_o make_v hydrostatical_a conclusion_n by_o dive_v under_o the_o water_n the_o dimension_n of_o the_o ark_n may_v be_v enlarge_v so_o that_o it_o may_v convenient_o cover_v a_o man_n whole_a body_n by_o which_o mean_n have_v much_o air_n in_o it_o a_o diver_n may_v continue_v under_o water_n half_o a_o day_n if_o need_n be_v let_v we_o suppose_v then_o the_o height_n of_o it_o to_o be_v 8_o foot_n and_o the_o breadth_n 3_o foot_n or_o more_o in_o such_o a_o case_n a_o man_n may_v continue_v under_o the_o water_n many_o hour_n and_o yet_o not_o one_o part_n of_o his_o body_n wet_a for_o if_o the_o ark_n be_v 8_o foot_n high_a and_o the_o man_n 5_o foot_n in_o stature_n at_o the_o deepness_n of_o 10_o fathom_n the_o water_n can_v scarce_o rise_v 3_o foot_n in_o it_o but_o why_o may_v not_o a_o man_n come_v up_o every_o half_a hour_n when_o he_o find_v difficulty_n to_o tarry_v down_o in_o a_o little_a ark_n i_o answer_v he_o may_v but_o it_o be_v trouble_n and_o pain_n to_o pull_v he_o up_o and_o let_v he_o down_o so_o frequent_o and_o it_o may_v so_o happen_v that_o through_o want_n of_o air_n in_o a_o small_a ark_n he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o come_v up_o before_o he_o end_v his_o work_n and_o leave_v the_o work_n imperfect_a he_o may_v find_v difficulty_n in_o the_o second_o down_o go_v to_o find_v sometime_o the_o place_n where_o he_o be_v or_o the_o thing_n he_o be_v about_o to_o lift_v v_o g._n a_o chest_n of_o gold_n if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o a_o great_a weight_n of_o stone_n or_o lead_n be_v require_v to_o sink_v a_o ark_n 8_o foot_n high_a which_o will_v amount_v to_o 4032_o pound_n weight_n i_o answer_v it_o be_v so_o indeed_o but_o here_o be_v the_o advantage_n when_o it_o be_v once_o below_o the_o surface_n there_o be_v little_a more_o trouble_n then_o with_o a_o ark_n of_o lesser_a dimension_n because_o of_o the_o equipondium_fw-la that_n between_o it_o and_o the_o weight_n that_o sink_v it_o in_o such_o a_o vessel_n many_o trial_n may_v be_v make_v as_o first_o that_o of_o the_o torricellian-experiment_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o glass-tub_n so_o many_o inch_n long_o with_o a_o mercurial_a cylinder_n in_o it_o of_o 29_o inch_n high_a that_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v keep_v up_o at_o that_o height_n by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air._n if_o this_o be_v take_v down_o about_o 34_o foot_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a the_o mercury_n will_v rise_v other_o 29_o inch_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o air_n within_o the_o ark_n that_o press_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o stagnant_a mercury_n must_v be_v under_o as_o much_o pressure_n again_o as_o the_o air_n above_o but_o the_o air_n above_o be_v able_a to_o support_v 29_o therefore_o this_o air_n must_v sustain_v 58._o the_o reason_n why_o the_o bensil_n be_v exact_o double_v be_v this_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n have_v exact_o as_o much_o pressure_n in_o it_o as_o the_o whole_a element_n of_o air_n therefore_o the_o air_n within_o the_o ark_n be_v 34_o foot_n down_o must_v not_o only_o have_v in_o it_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n above_o but_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n likewise_o this_o necessary_o follow_v because_o when_o two_o fluids_n touch_n or_o be_v contiguous_a to_o other_o the_o one_o can_v be_v under_o five_o degree_n of_o pressure_n unless_o the_o other_o be_v under_o as_o many_o according_a to_o this_o reason_n if_o the_o ark_n go_v down_o 68_o foot_n the_o mercury_n will_v rise_v from_o 58_o to_o 87._o if_o to_o 102_o it_o rise_v 116._o this_o reckon_n be_v found_v upon_o this_o namely_o that_o water_n be_v 14_o time_n light_a than_o mercury_n and_o therefore_o one_o inch_n of_o mercury_n require_v 14_o of_o water_n to_o support_v it_o in_o a_o tub_n and_o therefore_o before_o water_n be_v able_a to_o raise_v 29_o inch_n of_o it_o the_o pipe_n must_v be_v 34_o foot_n deep_a for_o a_o second_o trial_n blow_v a_o bladder_n as_o full_a of_o wind_n as_o it_o can_v hold_v and_o have_v knit_v the_o neck_n about_o with_o a_o packthread_n place_v it_o in_o the_o ark_n and_o you_o will_v find_v the_o side_n that_o have_v be_v stiff_o bend_v become_v flaccid_a and_o feeble_a as_o if_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o wind_n have_v go_v out_o and_o this_o will_v come_v to_o pass_v before_o the_o ark_n can_v go_v down_o eight_o or_o nine_o fathom_n the_o strong_a bensil_n of_o the_o air_n within_o the_o ark_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o for_o as_o the_o ark_n go_v down_o the_o air_n grow_v 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that_o scarce_o any_o be_v find_v without_o they_o in_o lesser_a or_o great_a degree_n such_o be_v gae_n and_o dykes_n that_o alter_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o the_o metal_n very_o incident_a to_o every_o coal_n though_o in_o some_o less_o frequent_a conform_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o kind_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o coal_n be_v three_o i_o shall_v speak_v something_o of_o damp_n and_o of_o their_o different_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o wildfire_n and_o other_o such_o like_a thing_n which_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o work_n of_o coal_n and_o last_o of_o the_o best_a way_n for_o try_v ground_n to_o find_v coal_n where_o never_o any_o have_v be_v hitherto_o discover_v of_o carry_v on_o of_o level_n for_o drain_n the_o water_n of_o coal_n and_o make_v it_o workable_a it_o be_v to_o be_v cosider_v that_o all_o freestone_n though_o of_o different_a nature_n have_v the_o same_o course_n with_o the_o coal_n that_o lie_v either_o above_o they_o or_o below_o they_o except_o 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therefore_o through_o want_n of_o air_n and_o other_o difficulty_n you_o can_v dig_v so_o deep_a as_o be_v necessary_a to_o that_o effect_n except_o the_o sink_n shall_v be_v make_v to_o decline_v as_o do_v the_o line_n a_o d._n all_o these_o dipp_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o several_a place_n of_o lothian_n the_o first_o be_v most_o conspicuous_a in_o the_o earl_n of_o wintons_n ground_n at_o tranent_n where_o the_o coal_n and_o other_o metal_n be_v extraordinary_a flat_a and_o even_o the_o second_o be_v within_o the_o say_a lordship_n of_o tranent_n in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n call_v wester-fauside_a the_o three_o in_o lonhead_n of_o lasway_v which_o pertain_v to_o sir_n john_n nicolson_n of_o nicolson_n and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n one_o may_v see_v very_o different_a declination_n who_o be_v curious_a to_o observe_v they_o from_o this_o general_a position_n of_o the_o dipp_n and_o cropp_n of_o all_o free_a metal_n there_o be_v one_o consequent_a which_o be_v no_o uncouth_a 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the_o crop_n of_o the_o stone_n above_o it_o must_v be_v find_v back_o at_o the_o point_n d_o and_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n under_o it_o which_o be_v l_o m_o must_v be_v find_v at_o m._n and_o this_o distance_n of_o cropp_n be_v proportion_v by_o the_o length_n of_o the_o perpendicular_a between_o they_o and_o the_o quantity_n of_o their_o declination_n for_o the_o more_o even_a and_o flat_a a_o coal_n be_v in_o its_o course_n and_o other_o metal_n above_o and_o below_o the_o far_a do_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o low_a coal_n advance_v before_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o uppermost_a for_o illustration_n whereof_o let_v we_o suppose_v in_o two_o several_a ground_n two_o coal_n between_o which_o there_o be_v a_o equal_a distance_n of_o perpendicular_a and_o suppose_v the_o metal_n in_o the_o one_o ground_n to_o decline_v at_o 13_o to_o 24_o the_o other_o at_o 13_o to_o 16_o then_o will_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o crop_n in_o the_o two_o ground_n be_v very_o considerable_a as_o 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